qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centri

International Center for Georgian Language

 Anthony D. Smith

NATIONALISM

Theory, Ideology, History

Translated into Georgian by Mary Chkhartishvili

Georgian Text Editor Rusudan Amirejibi–Mullen

Tbilisi

2004

2
 entoni d. smiTi

nacionalizmi

Teoria, ideologia, istoria

Targmani inglisuridan mariam CxartiSvilisa

qarTuli teqstis redaqtori rusudan amirejibi–maleni

Tbilisi

2004

3
 wigni cnobili Tanamedrove britaneli mecnieris
entoni d. smiTis naSromis nacionalizmi. Teoria,
ideologia, istoria qarTul Targmans warmoadgens,
romelSic sakiTxisadmi sakuTar eTnosimbolistur
midgomas smiTi paradigmebis saxiT sistematizebul
alternatiul TvalsazrisTa fonze gadmoscems. qarTul
Targmans win uZRvis avtoris mier specialurad misTvis
dawerili Sesavali. mTargmnelis winasityvaobaSi ki am
TargmanTan dakavSirebiT saubaria Teoriuli
sociologiuri literaturis qarTulad gadmoRebis
problemebze. wigni gankuTvnilia eTnikuri da
nacionaluri kvlevebiT daintersebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis:
mecnierebisaTvis, politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis, masmediis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis.

gamocemis xarjebi gaiRo

qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centrma

wigni gamiznulia, rogorc saCuqari konferenciis

erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi identoba monawileebisaTvis

The book is Georgian translation of the Nationalism. Theory,

Ideology, History by the eminent contemporary British scholar Anthony D.
Smith presenting his own ethno-symbolist account against the background
of historiography on subject systematized as paradigms. The Georgian
edition is introduced by Smith. In the translator’s preface problems dealed
with rendering of theoretical sociological literature into Georgian is outlined
in connection with present translation. The book is intended for readers
interested in ethnic and national studies: academics, policymakers,
representatives of the media, students.

Publication is provided with the financial support of the

International Center for Georgian Language

Book is a gift for the participants at the conference on

National and Religious Identities

4
 mTargmnelis winasityvaoba

entoni devid smiTi, Tanamedrove britaneli

mecnieri, eTnikuri jgufebis da naciebis, eTnikurobisa
da nacionalizmis urTierTdakavSirebuli fenomenebis
dasavleTSi farTod aRiarebuli mkvlevaria. mecnieris
piradad gacnobis da masTan uSualo akademiuri
kontaqtebis saSualeba momeca 2001 da 2003 wlebSi did
britaneTSi samecniero mivlinebiT yofnisas. garda amisa,
me mqonda bedniereba Tvalyuri medevnebina profesor
smiTis muSaobisaTvis aspirantebTan londonis
ekonomikisa da politikuri mecnierebis skolaSi (evropis
instituti, samTavrobo departamenti) da saerTaSoriso
samecniero organizaciis eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis
kvlevis asociaciaSi (romlis wevri meca var) seminarze
(2003 wlis 4 maisi) misi TandaswrebiT wamekiTxa moxseneba
qarTuli identoba: ganviTarebis safexurebi.
rodesac profesor smiTs gavuziare Cemi survili
Sevdgomodi misi naSromebis qarTulad Targmans, man
(rogorc igi Tavadac miuTiTebs SesavalSi) am
mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijis gadasadgmelad ori wigni
SemirCia. maT Soris erT-erTia winamdebare Targmani.
wigni warmoadgens rogorc Tavad smiTis Tvalsazrisis,
aseve sakiTxze arsebuli umTavresi literaturis
sistematizebul gadmocemas.
cxadia, Tanamedrove dasavluri Teoriuli
literaturis qarTulad Targmnis idea spontanurad, did
britaneTSi kolegebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, ar gamCenia. am
saqmisaTvis xelis mokidebis aucileblobaSi Tanamedrove
qarTul istoriografiaze dakvirvebam damarwmuna.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs Zalian bevri konkretuli
xasiaTis gamokvleva da daskvna, rogorc wesi, isini ar
arian saTanadod konteqstualizebuli, ar xdeba
mopovebuli faqtebis zogadsociologiuri mimarTebebis
da ganzomilebebis fiqsireba, ar arsebobs istoriuli da
kulturuli rekonstruqciis araviTari meTodologiuri
koncefcia, araviTari Teoriuli CarCo. am mizeziT ver

5
poulobs saqarTvelos istoriis faqtebi asaxvas
kacobriobis istoriaSi. amis TvalsaCino magaliTi
Tundac es wignia: Teoriuli debulebebis
sailustraciod moyvanil mraval magaliTs Soris
qarTuls ver SexvdebiT.
aRniSnulis mizezi Zneli misaxvedri ar aris.
TiTze CamosaTvlelia dasavleTevropul enebze
Sesrulebuli qarTvelologiuri gamokvlevebi. enobrivi
barieris gamo qarTvel specialistTa umetesoba
konkretuli istoriuli aRwerebisas ar (da ver)
iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturas da
Tavadac kargavs dasavlel specialist mkiTxvels.
Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosvlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs imas, rom dasavluri Teoriuli sociologiuri
literaturis qarTulad Targmnam gegmazomieri da
permanentuli xasiaTi miiRos. miTumetes, rom Targmna
yovelTvis iyo qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis qmediTi
saSualeba. Zvel saqarTveloSi mTargmnelobiTi
saqmianoba sapatiod, sazogadoebrivad uaRresad
mniSvnelovanad iTvleboda. Targmani xels uwyobda ara
marto axali ideebis Semotanas, aramed saazrovno
instrumentariumis daxvewasac. igiQqarTuli enis
ganviTarebisaTvis udides stimuls warmoadgenda. swored
aRniSnulma garemoebebma, survilma imisa, rom Cemi
mcireodeni wvlili Semetana qarTuli istoriografiis
winaSe mdgari mwvave problemebis gadaWraSi,
gadamawyvetina da gamabedina xeli momekida iseTi rTuli
da sapasuxismgeblo saqmisaTvis, rogoricaa Tanamedrove
inglisuri enidan Teoriuli xasiaTis naSromis
qarTulad gadmoReba.
winamdebare gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili yvela
Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa Tanabrad misaRebi ar aRmoCndes
qarTveli specialistebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa,
gaiziareben Tu ara Tavad smiTis Tu mis mier ganxilul
sxva avtorTa midgomebs, me Rrmad var darwmunebuli, es
wigni unda waikiTxon qarTvelma humanitarebma Tu
socialur mecnierebaTa specialistebma. xom
aucilebelia, rom sakiTxebs vsvamdeT da vwyvetdeT im
mniSvnelovani gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic
nacionaluri ganviTarebis istoriis kvlevaSi ukve

6
dagrovilia mTeli msoflios masStabiT. piradad me
eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis, eTnikuri erTobebis
(eTnieebis) da naciebis Sesaxeb smiTis Tvalsazrisi
kargad dasabuTebulad da praqtikuli istoriografiuli
saqmianobisaTvis nayofierad mimaCnia. kerZod, CemTvis
misaRebia, rom nacionalizmSi mecnieri arc absolutur
borotebas xedavs, arc absolutur sikeTes, udgeba mas
yovelgvari (eTikuri TvalsazrisiT) Sefasebis gareSe,
rogorc kanonzomier sazogadoebriv movlenas, romelic
arsebobda, arsebobs da, safiqrebelia, rom momavalSic
iarsebebs. marTebulad mimaCnia, agreTve, Tvalsazrisi
Tanamedrove naciebis kulturuli, socialuri Tu
politikuri saxis xangrZlivi eTnikuri ganviTarebis
Sedegad Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, maTi eTnikuri
fesvebisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, xolo Tavad
eTnikurobis upiratesad subieqturi faqtorebis, kerZod,
erTobis wevrTa preferenciebis sibrtyeSi gaazreba.
winamdebare wigni smiTis fundamenturi vrceli
gamokvlevebis mokle versiaa. kargia, rom smiTis
naSromebidan pirvel rigSi swored is miewodeba qarTvel
mkiTxvels: mas SeuZlia dagvexmaros sakiTxis arsSi
erTbaSad gaverkveT. magram ramdenadac es wigni
mosaxerxebelia mkiTxvelisaTvis, rogorc vrceli
koncefciis mokled gadmocema, imdenad rTulia
mTargmnelisaTvis. im obieqtur sirTuleebs, rac axlavs
samecniero teqstis gramatikulad sruliad
gansxvavebuli inglisuri enidan qarTulad gadmoRebas,
emateba avtoris uaRresad SemWidroebuli stilis
mizeziT gamowveuli sirTuleebi. me vcdilobdi rac
SeiZleba axlos vyofiliyavi dedanTan rogorc azris,
ise avtoris Txrobis maneris gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT.
yvelafer amis qarTul yalibSi Camosxma ki qarTuli
Targmanis redaqtoris – rusudan amirejib–malenis
damsaxurebaa.
TargmanTan dakavSirebul yvela problemaze,
bunebrivia, winasityvaobaSi ver mivuTiTeb. mxolod
ramdenime faqtTan dakavSirebiT minda gavakeTo mokle
SeniSvna. kerZod, Sevexebi cnebebs, romlebic
uTargmnelad iqna danarCunebuli; romlebic iTargmna,
magram ganmartebas saWiroebs qarTuli ekvivalentis

7
arCevani; avtoris Taviseburi gadmocemis maneris
mimaniSnebel calkeul SemTxvevebs; qarTulisaTvis
erTgvarad xelovnur zog gamoTqmas.
mkiTxvelis gakvirveba SeiZleba gamoiwvios iman,
rom nacionalizmis Sesaxeb dawerili wignis qarTul
TargmanSi termin ers praqtikulad ver SexvdebiT.
rogorc cnobilia, es ukanaskneli warmoadgens uZveles,
didi Sinagani resursis mqone qarTuli termins, romlis
uzogadesi mniSvneloba aris adamianTa krebuli (Cven-
jgufi). Sua saukunebSi igi umTavresad socialuri azris
matarebeli iyo, eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRsaniSnavad ki
sxva sityvebi gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad, naTesavi. eris
eTnikuri Cven-jgufis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba XIX
saukunidan daiwyes. man faqtobrivad sruliad Caanacvla
Zvel saqarTveloSi eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRmniSvneli
yvela sxva termini. es qarTveluri Cven-jgufis wevrTa
mier jgufuri kavSirebis xasiaTis gaazrebaSi
Tvisebrivad axali etapis dasawyisi iyo. eri, iseve
rogorc naTesavi, koleqtivs aRniSnavda, magram misgan
gansxvavebiT, erSi geneturi erTianoba, rogorc Cven-
jgufis arsebobis safuZveli, aqcentirebuli ar iyo
(Tumc, cxadia, arc gamoiricxeboda). amave saukunidan
daiwyo eris gamoyeneba evropuli naciis Sesatyvisad.
Tumc arc dRes da miTumetes arc maSin, isini azrobriv
zustad ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs (razedac yuradReba
ukve iyo gamaxvilebuli qarTvelologiur specialur
literaturaSi). swored amitom, gaugebrobis da
yovelgvari orazrovnebis Tavidan asacileblad,
gadavwyvite konkretulad am wignis (romelic terminebis
definiciebs uTmobs sagangebo yuradRebas) qarTul
TargmanSi dedniseuli nation yvelgan naciad gadmomeRo.
miTumetes, rom qarTuls arc is da arc misgan
warmomdgari termini nacionalizmi eucxoeba. am dargis
meore umTavresi cnebac eTnikuri SeuZlebelia
gadmoqarTuldes da es, vfiqrob, aravisTvis sakamaTo ar
aris. Tu ufro zogadad mivudgebiT sakiTxs, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom qarTulSi ucxo terminebis damkvidrebas ar
unda vufrTxodeT da yvelafrisaTvis qarTuli
Sesatyvisebis Ziebam zedmetad ar unda gagvitacos (ilia:
‘enis gamdidreba sxvisa sityvebiTa ers ar daamdablebs,

8
Tu ar aamaRlebs’). Targmanma rom Tvalsawieri
gagvifarToos, misi kiTxvisas Cven unda davinaxoT, rom is
Teoriebi, romlebic araqarTul samyaroSi warmoiSva,
axalia ara marto azrobrivad, aramed ucxo da axalia
enobrivi inventariTac.
identoba (identity), iseve rogorc nacia, laTinuri
warmomavlobis sityvaa da zogadad igiveobas niSnavs.
Tumca am wignis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxveli Tavadac
darwmundeba, rom es sulac araa sakmarisi identobis,
rogorc sociologiuri terminis, ganmartebisaTvis.
amitomac Sevikave Tavi qarTuli ekvivalentiT misi
Secvlisagan. aseve uTargmnelad vtoveb smiTis mier
gamoyofili paradigmebis saxelwodebebs primordializms,
perenializms, modernizms: primordial – Tavdapirveli,
sawyisi, pirvelqmnili; perennial – mudmivi, gangrZobadi,
uWknobi; modern – Tanamedrove, axali.MaRniSnulma
sityvebma, rogorc terminebma, sruliad specifikuri
Sinaarsi SeiZina, rasac, cxadia, Cveulebrivi leqsikoni,
romlidanac zemoT moxmobili ganmartebebia amokrebili,
ver asaxavs.
aseve gadavwyvite ar mecada qarTuli ekvivalenti
gamomeZebna sityvisaTvis vernacular, romelic
zemodasaxelebulTa msgavsad Tavad inglisurs
laTinuridan aqvs nasesxebi. igi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba: mSobliuri, xalxuri, adgilobrivi ena,
dialeqti. eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebis
konteqstSi vernakuluri ena niSnavs eTnikuri erTobis
enas nacionaluri standartizebuli enis warmoqmnamde.
qarTulSi socialuri ganviTarebis am niuansis
aRmniSvneli termini aqamde Semotanili ar yofila. amis
mizezi, vfiqrob, oria: qarTulma, romelic Tavidanve
warmoadgenda liturgiis enas, adreve miaRwia sakmaod
maRali xarisxis standartizebas da amitomac qarTul
cnobierebaSi enis ganviTarebis iseTi mkafio texili,
rogoric dasavleTi evropis qveynebisaTvis nacionalur
standartizebul enaze gadasvlis faqti iyo, ar
dafiqsirebula, yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi aRar gvaxsovs.
nawilobriv ki, aRniSnuli viTareba aixsneba imiT, rom
Teoriuli xasiaTis eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebi

9
CvenSi TiTqmis ar warmoebs da am mizeziT specialuri
terminis saWiroebac ar warmoSobila.
agreTve ar vTargmni sityvas loyalty – loialoba,
romelic Zveli frangulidan aris inglisurSi Sesuli.
igi ukve sakmaod gavrcelebulia qarTul sinamdvileSi
sociologiur specialur literaturaSi Tu yoveldRiur
sityvaxmarebaSi. samwuxarod, xSirad arasworadaa
gagebuli, rogorc raRacisadmi, rbili, erTgvarad
uprincipo, damokidebuleba. sinamdvileSi ki loialoba
niSnavs erTgulebas, umetesad politikuri azriT, anu
erTgulebas saxelmwifo instituciebis da politikuri
xelisuflebis mimarT.
inglisur enaSi damkvidrebul im ucxo sityvebs
Soris, romlebic me qarTulad vTargmne, pirvel rigSi
aucilebelia ganmartebis micema civic mniSvnelobisaTvis.
es laTinuridan momdinare sityvaa da, zogadi azriT,
qalaqTan dakavSirebuls niSnavs. misi qarTuli zusti
Sesatyvisebia saqalaqo an samoqalaqo. am sityvebma
qarTvel mkiTxvels SeiZleba asociaciebi aRuZras
specifikurad qalaqis mowyobasTan dakavSirebul
movlenebTan an samxedroebisagan gansxvavebul
pirovnebebTan. am ukanasknelT ki inglisuri
gansxvavebuli formiT (civil) gadmogvcems. ramdenadac
wignSi saubaria nacionalizmis tipze, romelic nacias
instutucionalur loialobaze dafuZnebul moqalaqeTa
erTobad ganixilavs (sisxliT naTesaobis principiT
Sekruli erTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri
nacionalizmis sapirispirod), qarTuli Targmanis
redaqtorTan sakiTxis xangrZlivi ganxilvis Semdeg,
gadavwyvite civic gadmomeRo rogorc moqalaqeobrivi,
Tumc adre, zogi kolegis msgavsad, civic nacionalizmTan
kavSirSi vTargmnidi, rogorc samoqalaqos (qarTulSi
ukve farTod damkvidrebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
analogiiT).
rac Seexeba sityvas public, me igi vTargmne sityviT
sajaro. Cveulebriv igi gvevlineba kulturis
msazRvrelad da kulturis saxelmwifos mier marTul
standartizebul Tanamedrove tips aRniSnavs. mxolod
ganaTlebasTan wyvilSi maqvs me es sityva naTargmni,
rogorc saxalxo, radgan qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis

10
termin saxalxo ganaTlebis gamoyenebas sakmaod myari
tradicia aqvs. sxva SemTxvevebSi saxalxo an xalxuri
winamdebare TargmanSi Seesatyviseba sityvas popular. am
laTinuridan momdinare sityvas inglisurSi
qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi konotacia
(farTod cnobiloba da miRebuloba) ar gaaCnia. igi
xalxSi gavrcelebulobaze miuTiTebs, rac garkveul
konteqstebSi niSnavs, rom saqme exeba ara maRal,
elitarul kulturas, aramed masobrivi moxmarebis, da
amitom mdare kulturis tips.
qarTul politikur da sociologiur leqsikaSi
damkvidrebulia sityva TviTgamorkveva. misi ekvivalenti
inglisur enaSi aris self-determination. magram smiTi
adamianTa erTobebze marto maT mier politikuri formis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi ar laparakobs, xSirad mxedvelobaSi
kulturuli aspeqtebi aqvs da amitom TviTgamorkvevis
semantikuri vels arapolitikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
sityvebis mTel speqtrs iyenebs. bunebrivia, me Sevecade
ar gameRaribebina dednis azri, ris gamoc
TviTgamorkvevis gverdiT gamoviyene iseT sityvebi,
rogoric aris TviTgamoxatva, TviTgansazRvra,
TviTcnobiereba, TviTcnoba. yvela es sityva kompozitia
da mis pirvel nawils TviTi warmoadgens. marTalia,
qarTulSi es sityva bolo dromde calke ar ixmareboda
(Tu ar CavTvliT epizodur SemTxvvevebs), magram
vfiqrob, misi damkvidreba inglisuri self Sesatyvisad
aucilebelia (TviToba – selfhood). termini meoba, romelic
zogjer imave azriT gamoiyeneba, aseve xelovnuria, Tanac
adamianTa erTobasTan mimarTebaSi aSkarad arazustic,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, imaze, rom mas erTgvari
yoveldRiuri enis elferic dakravs. es wigni ki
mecnierulia da, Sesabamisad, misi qarTuli Targmanis
enas vfiqrob, unda etyobodes gansxvavebuloba
yoveldRiuri qarTulisagan.
dasavleTSi eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebis
gaintensiureba umTavresi fenomenebis ufro niuansuri
wvdomis saSualebas iZleva. amitom mecnierebis
aRniSnuli sferosaTvis ucxo araa axal terminTa
SemoReba, Zveli sityvebisaTvis axali Sinaarsis miniWeba,
Taviseburi samecniero Jargonis gaCena da a.S. sasurvelia,

11
es qarTvelma mkiTxvelmac igrZnos. zogierTi, erTi
SexedviT, arabunebrivi Tu moulodneli sityvis
TargmanSi gamoyenebac amiT aris ganpirobebuli. kerZod,
mkiTxveli gadaawydeba qarTulisaTvis dRemde ucnob
sityvas naciadyofna (nationhood). eTnikuri da nacionaluri
kvlevebis sferoSi mecnieruli diskursis qarTul enaze
srulyofilad warmodgenisaTvis am terminis gamoyenebac
aucilebelad meCveneba.
amave mosazrebiT, e.i. qarTuli samecniero enis
gamdidrebis surviliT, vxelmZRvanelobdi, roca frazaSi
core concept sityvas core azrobrivi ekvivalenti ki ar
gamovuZebne, aramed zustad vTargmne, rogorc birTvi, ris
Sedegad miviReT kompoziti birTvi-cneba, romelic,
vfiqrob, Teoriuli mecnieruli azris gadmocemisaTvis
Zalze mosaxerxebelia. M
mkiTxveli Sexvdeba araerT moulodnel frazas,
romelic, erTi SexedviT, arasrulyofili Targmnis
Sedegad SeiZleba moeCvenos. ufro dakvirvebiT wakiTxvis
Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi gasagebi gaxdeba.
magram me mainc Tavidanve Sevecdebi sicxadis Setanas
zogierT axal terminTan dakavSirebiT. agrarul-wignieri
(agro-literary) nacionalizmis cnobili mkvlevris gelneris
mier Semotanili cnebaa. igi preindustriuli
sazogadoebis kulturaze miuTiTebs. TviTigiveobrivi
(self-same) erToba ki im debatebis anareklia, romelic
erTi da imave saxelis matarebeli erTobebis Sinagani
arsis cvlileba-ucvlelobis Taobaze mimdinareobs.
swored am sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli pozicia
warmoadgens nacionalizmisa da naciebis Sesaxeb azrTa
sxvadasxvaobis mTavar maprovocirebel faqtors.
gadasadnobi qvabi (melting pot) im doqtrinis aRmniSvneli
xatovani gamoTqmaa, romlis mixedviTac, amerikuli
identoba amerikaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri da nacionaluri
erTobebis SerwymiT unda Camoyalibebuliyo. wignSi
naxavT sityvas aspirant community, romelic me CvenSi
arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT maZiebel erTobad
vTargmne. aq is faqtia aqcentirebuli, rom adamianTa
erTobebi naciis statusis maZiebelni arian.
imisaTvis, rom megrZnobinebina smiTis gadmocemis
da msjelobis Taviseburi stili, Segnebulad davinarCune

12
ramdenime, qarTulisaTvis erTgvarad xelovnuri momenti.
aseTia, magaliTad, fenomenebis arsobrivi daxasiaTebisas
mravlobiTis gamoyeneba: naciebi da eTnieebi aris
ganxilvis sagani da ara nacia da eTnie. davinarCune,
agreTve, dedniseuli stili paragrafebis saTaurebis
erTi nawilis arasruli kiTxviTi frazis saxiT
gaformebisa. avtori mkafiod ar ayalibebs am kiTxvebs,
isini TiTqos daeWvebis fiqrebia, da ara dasmuli
SekiTxvebi.AarcTu iSviaTad, dedanSi gvxdeba gamoTqmebi
frangul, germanul, laTinur enebze. me isinic ucvlelad
gadmovitane, rogorc aseve avtoris stilis
Taviseburebaze mimaniSnebeli faqtebi. vfiqrob, maTi
umravlesoba mkiTxvelisaTvis savsebiT gasagebia, Tu
arada, maTi Sinaarsis gageba Sesabamisi leqsikonebis
daxmarebiT araviTari sirTule ar iqneba. rac Seexeba
sakuTar saxelebs, me maTTan dakavSirebiT vcdilobdi
damecva erTi principi: isini inglisurad gamoTqmis
mixedviT gadmomeca, Tu amaSi ar mzRudavda ukve
damkvidrebuli dawerilobis tradicia.
Targmanze muSaobisas TavianTi sasargeblo
rCevebiT didi daxmareba gamiwies mark malenma da levan
CxartiSvilma, risTvisac orives uRrmes madlobas
movaxseneb.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mec da qarTuli gamocemis
redaqtorsac Zalisxmeva ar dagviSurebia, rom mkiTxvels
Sinaarsobrivad adekvaturi da stilisturad gamarTuli
teqsti mieRo, calkeuli xarvezebisagan es gamocema, ra
Tqma unda, dazRveuli ver iqneba. yvela saqmiani SeniSvna
didi madlierebiT iqneba miRebuli.

mariam CxartiSvili

13
 Introduction for Georgian Edition
As a country of ancient culture and traditions Georgia has always
attracted the attention of western scholars. Modern Georgia is a subject of
their interest as well. However the information one can find in the relevant
literature is still scanty. The topics according to which historical
descriptions or generalizations are usually arranged are sometimes
disappointing for they ignore the theoretical achievements of modern social
sciences. This prevents one from going deeper in perceiving the rich
historical heritage of the country associated with the Golden Fleece and the
Lord Tunic and modern Georgian state born as a result of the Rose
Revolution. The reason for this undoubtedly lies in the long isolation of
Georgian academics from western colleagues, in the fact that during the
many years of Marxian social science, they practically had no alternative.
When in the last year Professor Mary Chkhartishvili approached to
me concerning the translation of my books into Georgian I chose for this
purpose two of my recent publications: Nationalism. Theory, Ideology,
History and The Nation in History. Historiographical Debates about
Ethnicity and Nationalism. The first of these is a present volume. This book
aims to provide a short introduction to the concept of nationalism. My
purpose throughout is twofold: in the first place, to outline the key debates
in the field as clearly as possible, and, second, to offer my own ethno-
symbolic account.
I should like to record my gratitude to Professor Mary
Chkhartishvili for her effort in translating my book. My thanks also to the
Director of the International Center for Georgian Language, Mrs. Rusudan
Amirejibi–Mullen, who being a professional linguist took the trouble of
editing the Georgian text.
I was told that the present publication is designed as a gift for the
participants at the conference on National and Religious Identities. I salute
them and would be indeed very happy if the translation will help Georgian
academics and students in their professional activities.

Anthony D. Smith

14
 Sesavali qarTuli gamocemisaTvis
saqarTvelo, rogorc uZvelesi kulturisa da
tradiciebis qveyana, yovelTvis ipyrobda dasavleli
mecnierebis yuradRebas. Tanamedrove saqarTveloc maTi
interesis sagans warmoadgens. Tumca informacia, romlis
moZiebac SeiZleba Sesabamis literaturaSi, jer kidev Zalzed
mwiria. Temebi, romelTa garSemoc, Cveulebriv, Tavs iyris
istoriuli aRwerilobani Tu ganzogadebani zogjer
imedgacruebas iwvevs, radganac maTSi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebis
Teoriuli miRwevebi. yovelive es xels uSlis im qveynis
umdidresi istoriuli memkvidreobis Rrma wvdomas, romelic
oqros sawmisTan, uflis kvarTTan da vardebis revoluciaSi
naSob Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan asocirdeba.
amis mizezi, ueWvelia, dasavlel kolegaTagan qarTveli
mecnierebis xangrZlivi izolaciaa, is faqtia, rom mravali
wlis ganmavlobaSi maTTvis ar arsebobda marqsistuli
socialuri mecnierebis raime alternativa.
roca gasul wels profesorma mariam CxartiSvilma
mommarTa Cemi wignebis qarTulad TargmnasTan dakavSirebiT, am
miznisaTvis ori bolodroindeli publikacia SevurCie:
nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria da nacia istoriaSi.
istoriografiuli debatebi eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis
Sesaxeb. winamdebare tomi pirveli maTgania da miznad isaxavs
nacionalizmis koncefciis mokle mimoxilvas. me orgvari
amocana davisaxe: pirveli, SeZlebisdagvarad, srulad gadmovce
am dargSi mimdinare kamaTis ZiriTadi arsi; da meore, mkiTxvels
sakuTari eTnosimbolisturi Tvalsazrisi SevTavazo.
madliereba minda gamovxato profesor mariam
CxartiSvilisadmi wignis Targmanze gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis.
agreTve madloba minda gadavuxado qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso
centris direqtors qalbaton rusudan amirejib–malens,
romelmac, rogorc profesionalma lingvistma, Tavs ido
qarTuli teqstis redaqtireba.
rogorc Sevityve, es publikacia konferenciis erovnuli
da sarwmunoebrivi identoba monawileTa saCuqrad aris
gamiznuli. me mivesalmebi maT da namdvilad bednieri viqnebi,
Tu es Targmani qarTvel mecnierebsa da studentebs maT
profesiul saqmianobaSi waadgeba.

Eentoni d. smiTi

15
 Sinaarsi

________________________________

winasityvaoba 18

Sesavali 21

1 cnebebi 26
‘nacionalizmis’ mniSvnelobebi 26
ganmartebebi 31

2 ideologiebi 46
fundamenturi idealebi 49
birTvi-cnebebi 55
nacionalizmi, rogorc kultura da religia 62
voluntarizmi da organicizmi 65
‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’ nacionalizmebi 69

3 paradigmebi 74
modernizmi 76
perenializmi 81
primordializmi 84
eTnosimbolizmi 91
daskvna 96

4 Teoriebi 98
ideologia da industrializmi 98
goneba da emocia 106
politika da kultura 113
konstruireba da reinterpretacia 119
daskvna 129

16
5 istoriani 130
‘didi naciebi’, patara eTnieebi 131
naciebi nacionalizmamde 136
naciebi antikur epoqaSi? 148
naciebi istoriaSi: alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi 154
daskvna 167

6 perspeqtivebi 170
mzardi nacionalizmi 170
nacia-saxelmwifos dasasruli? 173
hibriduli identobani? 178
nacionalizmis gaqroba? 182
momxmarebeli sazogadoeba 184
globaluri kultura? 187
internacionalizebadi nacionalizmi 190
araTanabari eTnoistoriebi 194
sakraluri safuZvlebi 197
daskvna 201

SeniSvnebi 203

damowmebani 224

17
 winasityvaoba

________________________________

es wigni nacionalizmis cnebis ganmartebis mokle

Sesavals warmoadgens. igi miznad isaxavs studentebsa da
sxva dainteresebul mkiTxvels am sakiTxis garSemo
arsebuli didi samecniero literaturis imgvari
kritikuli sinTezi SesTavazos, romlis fokusSic
moqceulia mxolod Teoriuli naSromebi, da ara
empiriuli gamokvlevebis mTeli korpusi. Cemi ZiriTadi
amocanaa nacionalizmis cnebis sxvadasxva Teoriuli,
ideologiuri da istoriuli aspeqti da am sferoSi
sakiTxis ganmartebebis ZiriTadi paradigmebi ganvixilo.
es uciloblad gulisxmobs momdevno TavebSi
ideologiad, moZraobad da simbolur enad gagebuli
‘nacionalizmidan’ yuradRebis gadatanas misi mimarTebis
obieqtisaken – ‘naciisaken’, romelic sakamaTo cnebaa da
gaiazreba, rogorc erTobis forma da institucionaluri
qceva. praqtikaSi es ori koncefcia mWidrodaa
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, da, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT,
Tavidan unda aviciloT maTi Serwyma, vinaidan
SesaZlebelad mimaCnia ganvasxvavoT naciis kategoriis
sxvadasxva forma nacionalizmis ideologiis
gamoCenamdec da am ukanasknelis warmoSobis arealis
miRmac.
me ara maqvs pretenzia amgvar mokle wignSi raime
amomwuravi ganmarteba warmovadgino. iZulebuli gavxdi
ugulebelmeyo da gamometovebina zogierTi sfero. iseT
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli debatebisaTvis, rogoricaa
liberalizmi da nacionalizmi, genderi da nacia,
mkiTxvels vTxov Sesabamis dargebSi ukve arsebul farTo
literaturas mimarTos, xolo Cemi zogadi
msjelobebisaTvis nacionalizmi da modernizmi ixilos.
garda amisa, Tumca wignis saerTo organizeba da
gadmocemis stili Cemi, rogorc naciebisa da
nacionalizmis Taobaze mimdinare debatebis aqtiuri

18
monawilis, Sexedulebebs asaxavs, am debatebis
mimarTulebaTa aRwerisas, gansakuTrebiT meoTxe TavSi,
Cemi upirvelesi sazrunavi iyo, rac SeiZleba, naklebi
adgili dameTmo saganze sakuTari SexedulebebisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe TavSi mainc Sevecade naciis
alternatiuli istoriis monaxazi momeca. imedi maqvs
erTgvari warmodgena Sevqmeni im vnebaTaRelvasa da
sirTuleebze, rac gasuli naxevari saukunis
ganmavlobaSi am sferoSi mimdinare debatebs axlda Tan,
da amave dros SevZeli warmomedgina mkafio CarCo,
romelic nacionalizmis kvlevaSi Setanili sxvadasxva
wvlilis iolad aRqmas gaxdida SesaZlebels.
msurs madloba movaxseno jon tomsons da
gamomcemloba politis, romlebmac mTxoves
meTanamSromla socialuri mecnierebis sakvanZo cnebebis
seriasTan da siita persauds teqstis xelnaweris
gadabeWdvaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. Tumca yovel
Secdomasa da xarvezze, iseve rogorc aq gamoTqmul
Sexedulebebze, pasuxismgebloba mTlianad me mekisreba.

entoni d. smiTi

londonis ekonomikis skola

19
Sen daasaxle yoveli kaci Tavis adgilas,
siriisa da nubiis qveynebSi, egviptis miwaze,
Sen moec maT yovelive, rac saWiroa:
yvelas aqvs sakvebi, da misi sicocxlis dro miTvlili.
maTi enebi gansxvavebulia metyvelebisas,
iseve rogorc maTi buneba;
radgan Sen ganasxvave ucxo xalxebi.
…
yvela Soreul ucxo qveyanas Senve mianiWe sicocxle,
radgan Sen daamkvidre zecaSi nilosi,
…
nilosi zecaSia, is ucxo xalxebisTvisaa …

(himni atons)

20
 Sesavali

________________________________

es mokle wigni miznad isaxavs nacionalizmis

cneba im mkiTxvelebsa da studentebs warmoudginos,
romlebisTvisac aRniSnuli sfero ucnobia. wigni
fokusirebulia nacionalizmze, upirveles yovlisa,
rogorc ideologiaze, magram, agreTve, rogorc
socialur moZraobasa da simbolur enaze, da mis
mniSvnelobebs, nairsaxeobebs da wyaroebs ikvlevs. es
gardauvlad moiTxovs nacionalizmTan dakavSirebuli
iseTi cnebebis ganxilvasac, rogoricaa nacia,
nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri saxelmwifo. amis
Sedegia, rom winamdebare naSromis CarCoebi farTo da
uciloblad disciplinaTaSorisia: kerZod, igi iyenebs
iseT disciplinebs rogorebicaa istoria, sociologia,
politikuri mecniereba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da
garkveulwilad anTropologia; am ukanasknels imdenad,
ramdenadac eTnikurobis momijnave sferoc saWiroebs
garkveul yuradRebas, radganac eTnikuri identobani da
sazogadoebani naciebisa da nacionalizmis istoriuli da
socialuri fonis did nawils Seadgens, risi Cvenebac,
imedia, SevZeli.
am Temis mniSvnelovneba ar SeiZleba eWvs iwvevdes
masSi, vinc odnav mainc icnobs 1989 wels berlinis
kedelis dacemis Semdgom ganviTarebul movlenebs.
mxolod ramdenime im mraval saerTaSoriso krizisTagan,
romlebic ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarda, ar Seicavda eTnikuri sentimentisa da
nacionalisturi miswrafebebis Zlier komponents,
zogierTi ki (maT Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
yofili iugoslavia, kavkasia, indoeTis naxevarkunZuli
da axlo aRmosavleTi) saerTodac amgvari grZnobebis da
miswrafebebis Sedegad gaCaRda da kidec ganisazRvra
maTiT. eseni yvelaze mwvave da Znelad dasamorCilebeli,

21
Sewirul sicocxleTa Tu resursebis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze ZviradRirebuli konfliqtebi aRmoCnda, yvelaze
Seuvali mTavrobaTa da sxvaTa mcdelobebisaTvis
gaeTavisebinaT Sesabamisi mxareebis interesebi, da
yvelaze metad smenadaxSuli megobrebisa da mtrebis
Txovnebis Tu muqarebis mimarT.
magram sagazeTo statiebis saTaurebis,
konfliqtebisa da ‘cxeli’ nacionalizmiT gamowveuli
Zaladobis maTeuli aRwerilobebis garda, Cven
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ufro stabilur da
wyalobad miCneul struqturasac vxdebiT, romelic
ayalibebs da mimarTulebas aZlevs Tanamedrove
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebsa da movlenebs. es aris
is, rac xSirad ‘naciaTa msofliod’ iwodeba. am frazis
qveS igulisxmeba ara naciebisa da nacia-saxelmwifoebis
arsobrivi konkretuloba, aramed, umeteswilad,
politikuri ruka da institucionaluri da emociuri
CarCo, romlis SigniT da romlis meSveobiTac
pirovnebebi, movlenebi da cvlilebaTa ufro farTo
procesebi TavianT kvals toveben da wvlili SeaqvT ukve
gamokveTil gardaqmnebze, agrZeleben Tanamedrove
msoflios formirebas. maikl biligi (Billig 1995) am rukas
da am CarCos yoveldRiur, ‘banalur’ nacionalizms
uwodebs, nacionalizms, romelic bunebrivad aris
Caqsovili cxovrebasa da politikaSi, marad CvenTan
myofi da odnav SesamCnevi, igi msgavsia im ‘droSisa,
romelic ar frialebs’.
magram nacionalizmis mniSvnelovneba mxolod
politikis sferoTi ar Semoifargleba. mas kulturuli
da inteleqtualuri Sinaarsic aqvs, radgan Cvens
msoflxedvas da simboloTa sistemas ‘naciaTa msoflio’
gansazRvravs. me ar vamtkiceb, rom nacionalizms
ramdenadme mniSvnelovani xarisxis inteleqtualuri
Tanmimdevruloba an Tundac filosofiasTan kavSiris is
tradicia moepoveba, romelic liberalizmisa da
socializmisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom nacionalizms aklda didi moazrovneebi, man, an
umjobesia vTqvaT, naciis cnebam, mravali gavleniani
inteleqtuali miizida: mwerlebma, msaxiobebma,
kompozitorebma, istorikosebma, filologebma,

22
pedagogebma – herderidan, burkedan, rusodan
moyolebuli da dostoevskiT, sibeliusiT, diego
riveraTi, ikbaliT damTavrebuli – didi energia Sealies
sakuTari naciebis identobebisa da saxeebis aRmoCenasa da
warmoCenas.
naciisa da, Sesabamisad, nacionalizmis
kulturuli da fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba ufro Rrmac
kia. nacionalizmis sayovelTaooba, gavlena, romelic
aqvs mas dRes sxvadasxva kontinentze mcxovreb
milionobiT adamianze, cxadyofs mis unars aRanTos
‘xalxi’, gamoZaxili hqondes maTSi da isini imdagvarad
garemoicvas, rogorac es adre mxolod religias SeeZlo.
es miuTiTebs nacionalizmis enasa da ideologiaSi
simboluri elementebis rolis, naciis da mis mimarT
ganxorcilebuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb diskursis moraluri,
ritualuri Tu emociuri aspeqtebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis miqcevis aucileblobas. ar aris sakmarisi,
rom konkretuli nacionaluri (nacionalisturi)
diskursi garkveul politikur aqtorebs an socialur
jgufebs davukavSiroT, maSinac ki, roca pirvels
ukanasknelTa socialuri pozicidan da maTi
maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT ganvixilavT. nacionalizms
Tavisi sakuTari wesebi, ritmi, maxsovrobani aqvs,
romelnic maT matarebel pirovnebaTa interesebs ufro
metadac ki ayalibeben, vidre Tavad isini moxazaven maT
konturebs, mosaven ra maT TvalsaCino ‘nacionalisturi’
politikuri formiT da warmarTaven ra maT kargad
nacnobi nacionaluri miznebisaken.
nacionalizmis swored es wesebi, ritmebi da
maxsovrobani aris is, rasac me konkretulad Sevexebi am
wignSi. isini qmnian xids Zalis politikasa da socialur
interesebs, gare samyarosa da nacias, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cnebebis, simboloebis da emociebis Sida
samyaros Soris. Tavis mxriv, amgvari midgoma
ganapirobebs im meTods, romlis saSualebiTac vageb
dasabuTebas am wignSi. es argumentacia utrialebs am
dargis safuZvelSive mdebare umTavres gagebiT
‘paradigmebs’ da im politikur, istoriografiul da
sociologiur debatebs, romelTac isini sawvaviT
amarageben. es debatebi difuziuri da farTo diapazonis

23
mqonea. isini araTu nacionalizmis konkurent
ideologiebs, aramed calkeuli Teoriebis Sejaxebasac ki
ar Seexeba. isini moicaven umTavres terminebTan
dakavSirebul ukidures winaaRmdegobebs, naciis
sxvadasxva, urTierTisagan Zalian daSorebul istoriebs
da sapirispiro Sexedulebebs ‘mermisis saganTa formebze’.
am debatTagan da gansxvavebaTagan TiToeuli cal-
calke ganxilvis Rirsia. iseTi sakvanZo cnebebis da
terminebis ganmartebaTa mimoxilvis Semdeg, rogorebicaa
‘eTnie’, ‘nacia’, ‘nacionalizmi’ da ‘nacionaluri
saxelmwifo’, sakuTar gzas gavikvlev am danaRmul velze
da ganvixilav nacionalizmis ideologias, ufro zustad,
ideologiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, ‘organicistul’ da
‘voluntaristul’ midgomebs Soris mimdinare debatebs da
Sevexebi sakamaTo sakiTxs nacionalizmis ‘birTvi-
doqtrinis’ Taobaze.
mesame Tavi sakiTxebis ganmartebas da
‘modernistul’ da sxva midgomebs Soris ZiriTad
gamyofze msjelobas eZRvneba. Sesabamisad, am TavSi
mimoixileba axsnis oTxi umTavresi paradigmis –
modernizmis, primordializmis, perenializmis da
eTnosimbolizmis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani, gamoikveTeba
maTi Teoriuli urTierTmimarTeba. meoTxe Tavi am
diskusias imis CvenebiT agrZelebs, rom dargSi mimdinare
ZiriTadi Teoriuli debatebi naciebisa da nacionalizmis
warmoSobisas ideologiis rolze, racionalur arCevanze,
Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da socialur agebulebaze am
oTxi paradigmidan momdinareobs da avlens maT Sesabamis
Zalasa da sazRvrulobas.
mexuTe TavSi naCvenebia ‘naciis istoriebis’ –
axalis, Suasaukunoebrivisa da Zvelis – mimarTeba
konkretuli Teoriebisa da maTi umTavresi
paradigmebisadmi. amis Semdeg moxmobilia argumentebi
eTnosimbolisturi interpretaciis sasargeblod,
romelic Tanamedrove naciebs winare xanis eTniesTan
miTebiT, simboloebiT, maxsovrobebiT, RirebulebebiT da
tradiciiT akavSirebs. bolo TavSi ganxilulia naciebis
da nacionalizmis perspeqtiva eTnikuri aRorZinebis,
globalizaciisa da mzardad hibriduli identobebis
‘postmodernistul’ epoqaSi, da, agreTve, naciebisa da

24
nacionalizmis momavlis postmodernistuli da
konstruqcionistuli gagebebis da kulturuli
eTnosimbolisturi interpretaciebis sargeblianoba.
mTel wigns ori mizani gamsWvalavs: pirvel rigSi,
me vcdilob am sferoSi mimdinare debatebi,
SeZlebisdagvarad, mkafiod warmovadgino. meores mxriv,
mkiTxvels vTavazob sakuTar eTnosimbolistur
Tvalsazriss. cxadia, es ar aris ioli amocana.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar midgomas me gansxvavebuli
poziciebidan vayalibeb (da vicav), gacnobierebuli maqvs,
rom saWiroa am SezRudul moculobaSi, rac SeiZleba,
meti alternatiuli Teoria da interpretacia movicva,
uzrunvelvyo mkiTxveli saWiro informaciiTa da
argumentebiT imisaTvis, raTa mas saSualeba mieces Tavad
gansajos. amisTvis ki vcdilob srulyofilad
warmovaCino naciebisa da nacionalizmis fenomenebTan
dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebani mecnierTa Soris. am sakamaTo
sferoSi problemebis gadaWris da konsensusis miRwevis
ioli gza ar arsebobs, magram dResdReobiT Cven met
informacias vflobT kamaTsa da uTanxmoebaSi sxvadasxva
faqtorisa da gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis rolis
Sesaxeb. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro naTlad
davinaxoT sfero da misi problemebi da, Sesabamisad,
momavalis amocanebic. aseTi suliskveTebiT vTavazob
winamdebare wigns am sferoSi damwyebT.

25
 1

cnebebi

________________________________

erTaderTi Tvalsazrisi, romelTan

dakavSirebiTac specialistebs Soris Tanxmoba sufevs, is
gaxlavT, rom ‘nacionalizmi’ sakmaod axali cnebaa. misi
uadresi, ramdenadme mainc socialuri da politikuri
mniSvnelobiT xmareba dafiqsirebulia XVIII saukunis
miwuruls germaneli filosofosis iohan gotfrid
herderisa da frangi kontrrevolucioneri klerikalis
abat avgustin de baruelis SromebSi. es cneba sakmaod
iSviaTad ixmareboda XIX saukuneSic. ‘nacionalizmis’
(‘nationalism’) pirveli gamoyeneba inglisurad 1836 wels,
rogorc Cans, Teologiur datvirTvas atarebda, kerZod,
garkveuli naciebis RvTiTrCeulobis doqtrinas
aRniSnavda. aqedan moyolebuli Cndeba tendencia misi
nacionalur egotizmTan gaigivebisa. magram, Cveulebriv,
upiratesoba nacionaluri Tavdadebis Tu nacionaluri
individualobis gamomxatvel sxva terminebs eniWeboda,
iseTebs, rogorebicaa ‘nationality’ da ‘nationalness’.1

‘nacionalizmis’ mniSvnelobebi

realurad, mxolod gasul saukuneSi SeiZina

nacionalizmma mniSvnelobaTa is diapazoni, romelTanac
Cven dRes mas vakavSirebT. nacionalizmis sityvaxmarebis
umniSvnelovanesi SemTxvevebia:

(1) naciebis formirebis an zrdis procesi;

(2) naciisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba an cnobiereba;
(3) naciis ena da simbolizmi;
(4) socialuri da politikuri moZraoba naciis
saxeliT;

26
(5) naciis doqtrina an ideologia, rogorc zogadi,
ise kerZo.

sityvaxmarebis am SemTxvevebs Soris pirveli –

naciebis formirebis procesi – Zalze zogadia da Tavad
moicavs im specifikuri procesebis rigs, romlebic
nacionalizmis sagans xSirad terminis sxva, SedarebiT
viwro, mniSvnelobebiT warmogvidgens. amitomac
umjobesia, rom igi Semdgomi msjelobisaTvis
SemovinaxoT, roca termin ‘nacias’ ganvixilavT.
danarCeni oTxi SemTxvevidan meore – nacionaluri
cnobiereba an grZnoba – sxvaTagan frTxil
gamocalkevebas saWiroebs. isini, rasakvirvelia, mWidrod
arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan, magram srulebiTac
ar ganapirobeben erTimeores. ase, magaliTad, adamians
SeiZleba nacionalurobis Rrma SegrZneba hqondes
simbolizmis, naciis saxeliT moZraobis an ideologiis
ararsebobis pirobebSic. es iyo im rTuli mdgomareobis
mizezi, romelSic XVI saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda
nikolo makiaveli, roca misi mowodebani italielebis
mimarT, rom Crdiloeli barbarosebis winaaRmdeg
gaerTianebuliyvnen, rCeboda xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa
Sina. meore mxriv, jgufma SeiZleba nacionaluri
cnobierebis maRali done aCvenos, magram ar hqondes raime
xelSesaxebi ideologia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT naciis
saxeliT warmarTul politikur moZraobaze. Tumca,
rogorc Cans, jgufs mainc unda moepovebodes
nacionaluri simboloebis da miTebis garkveuli
raodenoba. kontrasti, erTis mxriv, nacionalizms,
rogorc organizebul ideologiur moZraobasa da, meores
mxriv, nacionaluri kuTvnilebis SedarebiT difuziur
grZnobas Soris, sakmaod naTelia da saSualebas gvaZlevs
nacionaluri cnobierebis Tu grZnobis cnebebi
nacionalizmisagan gancalkevebulad ganvixiloT imisda
miuxedavad, rom xSirad praqtikaSi isini garkveuli
xarisxiT gadafaraven urTierTs.2
amitom terminiT nacionalizmi am wignSi misi
gamoyenebis ukanaskneli sami SemTxveva aRiniSneba: ena da
simbolizmi, socialur-politikuri moZraoba da naciis
ideologia. magram amasTan erTad, is garemoebac unda

27
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TiToeuli maTgani mocemuli
mosaxleobis did nawilSi Tu ara, Tavad nacionalistebs
Soris mainc ueWvelad, garkveuli doziT nacionaluri
grZnobis arsebobas gulisxmobs, radgan igi, rogorc
wesi, mosaxleobis ufro aqtiuri da organizebuli
seqtorebis bevrad ufro did, ufro pasiur da
danawevrebul segmentebTan dakavSirebas emsaxureba.
nacionalizmi, rogorc socialur-politikuri
moZraoba, sxvebisagan principulad ar ganirCeva
organizebis, moqmedebebis Tu teqnikis TvalsazrisiT,
garda erTi Taviseburebisa: es aris yuradRebis
gamaxvileba kulturis simwifesa da mis warmoCinebaze.
nacionalizmis ideologia naciis kulturaSi CaRrmavebas
moiTxovs – istoriis xelaxal aRmoCenas, adgilobrivi
enis aRorZinebas (iseTi disciplinebis meSveobiT,
rogoricaa filologia da leqsikografia), literaturis,
gansakuTrebiT dramisa da poeziis ganviTarebas,
adgilobrivi xelovnebisa da xelosnobis, aseve musikis,
mSobliuri cekvisa da xalxuri simRerebis aRdgena-
SenarCunebas. amiT aixsneba, is garemoeba, rom
nacionalistur moZraobebs xSirad Tan sdevs
kulturuli renesansebi da kulturuli aqtiurobis is
mdidari mravalferovneba, romlis gamowvevac SeuZlia
nacionalizms. Cveulebriv, nacionalisturi moZraoba
iwyeba ara saprotesto SekrebiT, deklaraciiT an
SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobiT, aramed literaturuli
sazogadoebebis SeqmniT, istoriuli kvleviT, musikis
festivalebiT da kulturuli JurnalebiT – im saxis
kulturuli qmedebebiT, romelTac miroslav hroCi
aRmosavleT evropaSi nacionalizmebis aRmocenebisa da
gavrcelebis pirvel, arsebiT fazad miiCnevs. amas
SegviZlia davumatoT mravali momdevno nacionalizmic
koloniur afrikasa da aziaSi. Sedegad, ‘humanitari’
inteleqtualebi – istorikosebi da filologebi,
msaxiobebi da kompozitorebi, poetebi, mwerlebi da
reJisorebi disproporciulad arian warmodgenilni
nacionalistur moZraobebSi da aRorZinebebSi (Argyle 1969;
Hroch 1985).3
met yuradRebas imsaxurebs nacionalizmis ena da
simbolizmi da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi, romelTa

28
ganxilvasac am wignSi SexvdebiT. nacionalizmis enis an
diskursis simbolizmisgan gancalkevebiT ganxilva
marTebuli ar iqneba, radganac isini metad mWidrod
ukavSirdebian nacionalizmis ideologias. marTlac,
nacionalizmis sakvanZo cnebaTa Taviseburi ena ayalibebs
misi birTvi-doqtrinis Sinagan komponentebsa da misTvis
damaxasiaTebel ideologiebs. enas, am gagebiT, me
ganvixilav meore TavSi saTauriT ideologia.4
meores mxriv, nacionalizmis simbolizmi
dedamiwaze imdenad ganmeorebadia, rom, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia misi gamocalkeveba sakuTari
ideologiuri CarCodan. nacionaluri simbolizmi,
rasakvirvelia, gamoirCeva Tavisi obieqtis – naciis
yovlismomcvelobiT, iseve rogorc, misi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis konkretulobiTa da cxovelmyofelobiT.
yovelive koleqtivis TviTdasaxelebiT iwyeba, risi
TvalsaCino magaliTic gaxlavT ukanaskneli periodis
dava makedoniis saxelwodebis garSemo.
nacionalistebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc veronas mosisxle
ojaxebisaTvis, vards sasiamovno surneli ver eqneboda,
sxva saxeli rom rqmeoda. TviTdasaxelebis SerCevas an
warsulidan gadmoRebas Sesabamisi jgufis wevrebSi
naciis gansakuTrebulobis, heroizmis da bedisweris
gancdis gaRvivebis daniSnuleba aqvs. igive viTarebaa
nacionalur droSebTan da himnebTan dakavSirebiTac: maTi
ferebi, formebi da modelebi, da maTi leqsebi da musika
naciis gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs warmoaCens da miznad
isaxavs martivi formebisa da ritmebis saSualebiT
mocemul mosaxleobaSi unikaluri istoriis da/an
bedisweris cxoveli SegrZnebis gamowvevas. TiTqmis
ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom ucxo TvalisTvis
mraval droSas Soris sxvaoba minimaluria da, rom
himnTa teqstebi Tematikis viwro diapazoniT xasiaTdeba.
samagierod didi yuradReba eqceva im mniSvnelobaTa
potencias, romelic amgvari niSnebis saSualebiT
gadaecema naciis wevrebs. is faqti, rom yovel nacias
Tavi moaqvs sakuTari dedaqalaqiT, nacionaluri krebiT,
nacionaluri fulis moWriT, pasportebiTa da
sazRvrebiT, brZolebSi daRupulTa mosagonari
urTierTmsgavsi ceremoniebiT, samxedro aRlumebis

29
rekvizitebiT da nacionaluri ficiT, iseve rogorc
musikis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis nacionaluri
akademiebiT, nacionaluri muzeumebiTa da biblioTekebiT,
nacionaluri ZeglebiT da omSi daRupulTa
memorialebiT, dResaswaulebiTa da uqmeebiT Tu sxv., da
is faqtic, rom amgvari simboloebis nakleboba didi
nacionaluri deficitis niSania, miuTiTebs: nacionalurma
simbolizmma sakuTari arseboba SeiZina, romelic
globalur Sedarebebs efuZneba da gamokveTs nacionalur
gansakuTrebulobasa da analogiurobas vizualur da
semantikur ‘naciaTa msoflioSi’. nacionalur simboloTa
erToblioba saziaro maxsovrobebis, miTebisaYda
Rirebulebulebis meSveobiT naciis SemosazRvrulobis
naTlad gamoxatvas, warmoCinebas da ganmtkicebas,
agreTve, misi wevrebis konsolidacias emsaxureba.5
nacionalur simbolizms aseve ver ganvixilavT
nacionalizmis ideologiis cnebisagan mowyvetiT. es Cveni
terminis ukanasknel da umTavres mniSvnelobas
warmoadgens. nacionalizmis ideologia Zalas aniWebs da
mimarTulebas aZlevs rogorc simboloebs, ise
moZraobebs. socialur-politikuri moZraobis amocanebi
ganisazRvreba ara qmedebebiT an personaluri
SemadgenlobiT, aramed ideologiis ZiriTadi idealebiTa
da principebiT. amgvaradve, nacionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi da ena formas iZenen im
rolis Sesabamisad, romelsac isini naciis idealebis
ganviTarebasa Tu gamoRviZebaSi, nacionaluri
ideologiis mier dasaxuli amocanebis gadaWrisaTvis
xelSewyobaSi asruleben. maSasadame, es is ideologiaa,
romelmac Cven unda uzrunvelgvyos terminis
‘nacionalizmi’ sawyisi samuSao ganmartebiT, ramdenadac
misi Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba im ideologiebiT, romlebic
nacias sakuTari interesebisa da ganzraxvebis centrSi
aTavseben da acalkeveben mas sxva, momijnave
ideologiebisagan (ix. Motyl 1999: Tavi 5).

30
 ganmartebebi

nacionalizmi

nacionalizmis ideologia mravalgvarad iyo

gansazRvruli, magram ganmartebaTa umravlesobas
urTierTgadafarva da saerTo Temebi axasiaTebs. mTavar
Temas, rasakvirvelia, naciisadmi gansakuTrebuli
damokidebuleba warmoadgens. nacionalizmi aris
ideologia, romelic nacias Tavisi interesebis centrSi
aqcevs da eswrafvis xeli Seuwyos mis keTildReobas.
magram es ganmarteba sakmaod bundovania. ganmartebaSi
aucilebelad unda gamoikveTos da dajgufdes is mTavari
amocanebi, romelTa saxeliTac eswrafvis nacionalizmi
naciis keTildReobis xelSewyobas. aseTi sazogado
mizani samia: nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri
erTianoba da nacionaluri identoba. nacionalistis
azriT, naciis SenarCunebisTvis garkveulwilad samive
maTgania aucilebeli. aqedan gamomdinare SevarCieT
nacionalizmis Semdegi samuSao ganmarteba: ‘ideologiuri
moZraoba im mosaxleobis avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da
identobis miRweva-SenarCunebisaTvis, romelic misi
zogierTi wevris mier ganixileba rogorc arsebuli an
potenciuri “nacia” ’.
es aris samuSao ganmarteba, dafuZnebuli
TviTmarqvia nacionalistTa warmosaxviTi idealebis
saerTo elementebze da amitomac igi Tavisi xasiaTiT,
induqciuria. aSkaraa, rom is amokrebiT, gamartivebulad
warmogvidgens nacionalistTa idealebs, ris gamoc iZens
raRac zogad, idealur-tipur xasiaTs. es ganmarteba
ideologias mizanmimarTul moZraobasTan akavSirebs,
radgan nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia, savaldebulod
miiCnevs garkveuli saxis qmedebebs. miuxedavad amisa,
moZraobis amocanebs ideologiis birTvi-cnebebi
gansazRvraven da mijnaven mas sxva saxis moZraobisagan.
Tumca, ideologiasa da moZraobas Soris mWidro
kavSiri araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aviwroebs
nacionalizmis cnebas mxolod damoukideblobis maZiebel
moZraobebamde. ganmartebaSi naxsenebi sityva
‘SenarCunebisaTvis’ aRiarebs nacionalizmis mudmiv

31
gavlenas im naciebSi, romlebic didi xania arseboben da
maTSic, romlebmac axlaxan miiRes damoukidebloba. amis
gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania, roca gvixdeba
nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi da maT mTavrobebSi
‘ganaxlebuli nacionalizmis’ analizi CavataroT,
rogorc es jon brilim gaakeTa (Breuilly 1993).
Cems mier SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba moicavs
‘naciis’ cnebas, magram is ar gulisxmobs, rom naciebi
‘maT’ nacionalizmebze uwinaresad arseboben. sityvebi ‘an
potenciuri “nacia” ’ xazs usvams iseT situacas, rodesac
abstraqtuli ‘naciis’ zogadi koncefciiT SeiaraRebuli
nacionalistTa mcire jgufi, eswrafvis ‘miwaze’ Seqmnas
konkretuli nacia. Cven xSirad vxvdebiT nacionalizms
naciebis, maTi naciebis, gareSe, gansakuTrebiT, afrikisa
da aziis postkoloniur qveynebSi. aseTi nacionalizmebis
mier damoukideblobis, an ufro zogadad, politikur
miznebis miRweva araa SezRuduli. isini, rogorc vnaxavT,
kulturisa da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan sferoebs
moicaven; kerZod, nacionaluri identobis ideali
ukavSirdeba kulturul sakiTxebs, romelTac sxva
ideologiebi ugulebelyofen. yoveli nacionalizmi
miznad isaxavs miaRwios nacionaluri identobis ama Tu
im dones, magram sabolood isini yovelTvis ubrundebian
naciis ideals.6

eTnie da nacia

maS rogorRa ganvmartoT ‘naciis’ cneba?

eWvgareSea, rom es yvelaze ufro problematuri da
saWirboroto terminia am sferoSi. gvxdebian iseTnic,
romlebic mis gareSec gavidodnen fons. Carlz tili,
axasiaTebs ra nacionalizms rogorc ‘politikuri
leqsikonis yvelaze gaugebar da tendenciur statias’
(Tilly 1975: 6), amjobinebs yuradReba saxelmwifoze
gadaitanos, e.i. cnebaze, romelic Tavadac ar gaxlavT
martivi. sul axlaxan, rojers brubeikerma naciis cnebis
materializebis safrTxeze imiT migviTiTa, rom naciebs
Sexeda, rogorc ‘substanciur, drois gamocdisadmi medeg,
koleqtivebs’. igi amtkicebs, rom Cven unda ‘vifiqroT
nacionalizmze naciebis gareSe’ da SevxedoT ‘naciebs

32
rogorc praqtikis kategoriebs, nationhood, rogorc
institucionirebad kulturul da politikur formas,
xolo nationness, rogorc gauTvaliswinebel an SemTxveviT
movlenas’ (Brubaker 1996:@21).
am sifrTxiles orgvarad SeiZleba gamovexmauroT.
pirveli pasuxi nacionalisturi ideologiis wris SigniT
moqmedebs. am gagebiT, nacionalizmi wina planze
wamoswevs naciis ideiT gamowveul saxalxo sentimentebs.
am ideologiur diskursSi nacia gancdadi da cocxali
erTianobaa, isaa, rac misi wevrebisagan garkveuli saxis
qmedebebs moiTxovs. igi erTdroulad, qceviTi
kategoriacaa da warmosaxviTic. aqedan gamomdinare,
naciis ‘substanciuroba’ da ‘droSi medegoba’ (iseve
rogorc sxva saxis erTobebSi) ganmeorebad SedegebSi
arsebobs. analitikosma gancdili realoba naciis
gamocalkevebuli cnebis meSveobiT unda miiRos
mxedvelobaSi, ise rom am ukanasknelis materializebas
ar Seecados.7
meore pasuxi ufro farTo problemas ukavSirdeba.
Tuki naciis cneba win uswrebs nacionalizmis
ideologias, maSin Cven aRar SegviZlia misi, rogorc
ubralod nacionalisturi praqtikis kategoriis,
daxasiaTeba. amasTanave, Tu msjelobaSi XVIII saukunis
miwuruls nacionalisturi ideologiebis gamoCenamde
arsebul Zvel naciebs vexebiT, naciis cnebis iseTi
ganmarteba dagvWirdeba, romelic nacionalizmis
ideologiisagan damoukidebelia, magram mas ar
ewinaaRmdegeba. es aris nacionalizmis kvlevis udidesi
problema da gadaulaxavi mijnac.8
nacias mravalgvarad ganmartaven, maT Soris
‘obieqtur’ faqtorebze, enaze, religiasa da tradiciebze,
teritoriasa da instituciebze dayrdnobiT, iseve
rogorc ‘subieqtur’ faqtorebze – damokidebulebebze,
percefciebze, sentimentebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT.
‘obieqturi’ faqtorebia wamyvani, magaliTad, ioseb
staliniseul ganmartebaSi: ‘nacia aris adamianTa
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erToba, warmoSobili
enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebisa da im
fsiqikuri wyobis bazaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa
kulturis erToba’ (Stalin 1973: 61). naciis ‘subieqturi’

33
ganmartebis TvalsaCino magaliTs benediqt andersonTan
vxdebiT: ‘nacia aris warmosaxviTi politikuri
sazogadoeba, warmosaxviTi erTdroulad Tvisebrivi
SemosazRvrulobisa da suverenulobis TvalsazrisiT’
(Anderson 1991: 6).
eWvgareSea, rom es ganmartebebi naciis cnebis
mniSvnelovan niSnebs gamoyofs, magram orives SeiZleba
SevedavoT. ramdenadac ‘obieqtur’ ganmartebebs
pirobiToba axasiaTebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis, da zogjer
sruliad ganzraxuladac, isini naciebis siidan
gamoricxaven zogierT farTod aRiarebul nacias.
rogorc maqs veberma (Weber 1948) aCvena, ver xerxdeba
wminda ‘obieqturi’ kriteriumebis – ena, religia,
teritoria da a.S. – gavrceleba zog naciaze. amis
sapirispirod ‘subieqturi’ definiciebi metismetad
zogadad udgebian sakiTxs. naciisa da nacionaluri
kuTvnilebis kriteriumebad sentimentebis, nebelobis,
warmosaxvis da percefciis miCneviT, Zneli xdeba naciis
garCeva sxva saxis erTobebisagan, magaliTad,
iseTebisagan, rogorebicaa regionebi, tomebi, qalaq-
saxelmwifoebi da imperiebi, romelTac msgavi subieqturi
maxasiaTeblebi moepovebaT.9
problema rom yvelasaTvis misaRebad gadaiWras,
unda SeirCes imgvari kriteriumebi, romlebic obieqtur
speqtrsac moicavs da subieqtursac. am strategiam bevr
saintereso da gamosadeg ganmartebamde migviyvana, Tumca
ver mivaRwieT samecniero konsensuss. miuxedavad amisa,
mkvlevarTa umetesoba or sakiTxSi mainc Tanxmdeba: nacia
ar aris saxelmwifo da is ar aris eTnikuri erToba.
nacia ar aris saxelmwifo, radgan saxelmwifos
cneba ukavSirdeba institucionalur qmedebebs, maSin
roca nacia erTobis tips warmoadgens. saxelmwifos cneba
SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc avtonomiuri instituciebis
simravle, romelic gamocalkevebulia sxva
instituciebisagan, da romelic legitimurad flobs
iZulebisa da eqstrdiciis monopolias mocemul
teritoriaze. naciis cnebisaTvis es yvelaferi sruliad
ucxoa. naciebi, rogorc vTqviT, aRiqmebian rogorc
cocxali erTobebi, romelTa wevrebsac saziaro aqvT
samSoblo da kultura.

34
 nacia arc eTnikuri erTobaa, radgan, miuxedavad am
fenomenTa msgavsebisa (orive koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebia), eTnikur erTobas, Cveulebriv, ar axasiaTebs
politikuri mimarTeba da bevr SemTxvevaSi mas ara aqvs
sajaro kultura da teritoriuli ganzomilebac ki ar
gaaCnia, radganac eTnikuri erTobisaTvis ar aris
aucilebeli Tavisi istoriuli teritoriis fizikurad
floba, maSin, rodesac nacias unda ekavos sakuTari
teritoria imden xans mainc, rom naciad Camoyalibeba,
naciadyofna moaswros da aRiareba moipovos. garda amisa,
mas sWirdeba TviTgamorkveva da sajaro kulturis
ganviTareba garkveul donemde. meores mxriv, rogorc
vnaxeT, naciisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris hqondes
sakuTari suverenuli saxelmwifo, arsebiTia garkveuli
zomis avtonomiurobisaken swrafva, rac samSoblo miwis
fizikur dakavebas gulisxmobs.10
Tumca praqtikaSi naciebsa da eTnikur erTobebs
(an, franguli termini rom gamoviyenoT, eTnieebs) Soris
arsebuli gamyofi xazi gamokveTili ar aris, Cven mainc
gvWirdeba maT Soris azrobrivi mijnis SenarCuneba,
rogorc amas marTebulad amtkicebs devid mileri. naciis
(an mileris terminiT ‘nationality’) miseuli ganmarteba
ganmartebaTa speqtris subieqturi bolosken ixreba (misi
gamoyeneba SeiZleba qalaq-saxelmwifoebisa da satomo
konfederaciebis mimarT), da Zalzed aaxloebs naciis
cnebas eTnikuri erTobis cnebasTan: ‘nacia aris sakuTari
gansxvavebuli sajaro kulturis mqone erToba, (1)
Camoyalibebuli saziaro rwmeniTa da
urTierTvaldebulebebiT, (2) ganfenili istoriaSi, (3)
aqtiuri Tavisi xasiaTiT, (4) dakavSirebuli garkveul
teritoriasTan da (5) sxva erTobebTan’ (Miller 1995: 27).
eTnieebi aseve saziaro rwmenisa da valdebulebebis
safuZvelze arian Camoyalibebulni, aqvT saziaro
maxsovrobebi da droSi gangrZobadoba, Cabmulni arian
saerTo qmedebebSi, Cveulebriv, ukavSirdebian konkretul
teritorias, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac ar floben mas.
umTavresi sxvaoba isaa, rom eTnikur erTobebs ara aqvT
sajaro kultura. miuxedavad amisa, mileris definicia
naciis ramdenime mTavar atributs gamokveTs: kerZod, im
faqts, rom naciebi arian erTobebi, rom maT aqvT saziaro

35
rwmenebi an miTebi, rom maT aqvT istoriebi da rom isini
ukavSirdebian garkveul teritoriebs. SegviZlia ki am
definiciis imgvari ganvrcoba, rom win wamoiwios rogorc
damTxvevebi, ise sxvaobebi naciebsa da eTnieebs Soris?

tabula 1.1 eTnieebisa da naciebis atributebi

eTnie nacia
TviTdasaxeleba TviTdasaxeleba
saerTo miTebi winaprebis saerTo miTebi
Sesaxeb da a.S.
saziaro maxsovroba saziaro istoria

kulturuli niSani saerTo sajaro kultura

kavSiri mSobliur miwasTan samSoblos floba
solidaroba (elitaSi saerToOufleba-
mainc) movaleobani
erTiani ekonomika

me nacias ganvsazRvrav rogorc ‘adamianTa

TviTdasaxelebis mqone erTobas, romelsac ukavia
samSoblo miwa da romelsac aqvs saerTo miTebi da
saziaro istoria, saerTo sajaro kultura, erTiani
ekonomika da yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo ufleba-
movaleobani’. Tavis mxriv, eTnie SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc ‘adamianTa TviTdasaxelebis mqone erToba,
romelic dakavSirebulia samSoblo miwasTan, aqvs saerTo
miTebi winaparTa Sesaxeb, saziaro maxsovroba, saziaro
kulturis erTi an meti elementi da garkveuli xarisxis
solidaroba elitis SigniT mainc’.11
es ganmartebebi miviRoT samuSao ganmartebebad.
isini, momdinareoben ra eTnieebisa da naciebis
elitaruli wevrebis Sesabamisi rwmenebisa da
sentimentebis stilizaciisagan, ‘naciisa’ da ‘eTnies’
wmindad idealuri tipis realurad Semajamebel aRweras
warmoadgenen da ar iZlevian saerTo denominatorTa sias.
am mizeziTaa, rom es ganmartebebi avlenen tendencias
gamokveTon naciebisa da eTnieebis damaxasiaTebeli
elementebi da umTavresi gansxvavebani maT Soris. ufro
iolad es SeiZleba gakeTdes orive saxis koleqtiuri

36
kulturuli identobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
atributebis gamoyofiT, imgvarad, rogorc es naCvenebia
tabulaSi 1.1. is, rom eTnikuri erTobebi da naciebi erTi
kategoriis fenomenebia, kargad Cans tabulis zeda
naxevrSi: naciebs eTnieebTan saziaro niSnebi aqvT:
koleqtiuri saxeli, saerTo miTebi da saziaro
maxsovroba. meores mxriv, qveda naxevari aCvenebs, rom
naciebi eTnieebisagan sxvaoben iseTi atributebiT,
rogoricaa wevrebisaTvis saerTo ufleba-movaleobani da
erTiani ekonomika. metic, naciis idealur tips axasiaTebs
samSoblo miwis dakaveba, maSin roca eTnikur erTobebi
SeiZleba mxolod simbolurad ukavSirdebodnen TavianT
teritorias. msgavsad amisa, savaldebulo araa, rom
eTnieebs hqondeT sajaro kultura, saWiroa mxolod
ramdenime saerTo kulturuli elementis arseboba. es
SeiZleba iyos ena, religia, tradicia an saziaro
instituciebi, maSin roca saerTo sajaro kultura
naciebis umTavres atributs warmoadgens. amasTanvea
kavSirSi mesame atributic: eTnieebSi dadasturebuli
mravalferovani zepiri tradicia naciebSi
kodificirebuli, standartizebuli nacionaluri
istoriiT icvleba.12
miuxedavad amisa, Secdoma iqneboda am sxvaobebSi
raime sayovelTao evoluciuri Tanmimdevroba dagvenaxa.
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi
vpoulobT eTnieebs naciebis gverdiT da maT SigniTac. is
sakiTxi mainc xom unda daisvas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba
premodernuli epoqis eTnieebs Soris zogierTis naciad
miCneva. amas dawvrilebiT mogvianebiT ganvixilav. rac
axla SeiZleba iTqvas is aris, rom eTnies idealuri tipi,
Tavisi SedarebiT Tavisufali organizaciiT, ufro
zogadi cnebaa, xolo nacia ufro specifikuria; magram
ufro ‘specifikurad’ gadaqcevis Sedegad, nacia xdeba
ufro inkluziuri, ufro kompleqsuri da naklebad
dakavSirebuli Tavis warmomSob eTnikur bazasTan iqac
ki, sadac igi adre arsebuli eTniesagan aris
warmoSobili. am paradoqsis gasaRebi, rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, eTnikurobasa da kulturas, kulturasa da
politikas Soris kavSirebis transformaciaSi Zevs.

37
 yvelaferi es Zalze abstraqtuli da Teoriulia.
idealuri tipebidan empiriul SemTxvevebze gadasvlisas
Cven miaxloebebsa da gamonaklisebs gadavawydebiT. amis
kargi magaliTia ‘nacia-diaspora’. mkacrad Tu vimsjelebT,
aseTi fenomeni ar SeiZleba rom arsebobdes: nacias,
rogorc davinaxeT, ukavia samSoblo, eTnieebisaTvis
miwaze mxolod ocnebac sakmarisia. magram ra vuyoT im
erTobebs, romelTac pretenzia aqvT naciebad
iwodebodnen, magram somxebisa da ebraelebis msgavsad,
saukuneebis manZilze dakarguli hqondaT
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba? SegviZlia ki Cven
argumentirebulad ganvacxadoT, rom isini aRar arian
naciebi, maSin, roca maT SeZles SeenarCunebinaT sajaro
religiuri kulturebi, saerTo ufleba-movaleobebi da
axali ekonomikuri niSac ki gamonaxes? es aris kiTxva,
romelic calsaxa pasuxis saSualebas ar iZleva da
migvaniSnebs, rom eTnieebisa da naciebis gasarCevad
idealur tipebs frTxilad unda movekidoT.13
garda amisa, arseboben ‘polieTnikuri naciebic’,
romlebic moicaven calkeul eTnieebs, ama Tu im mizeziT
erTad SekrebilT, an iZulebiT erTad myofT, saerTo
istoriis da politikuri maxsovrobebis mqoneT. belgiaSi,
Sveicariasa da espaneTSi calkeuli eTnieebi ganagrZoben
Tanaarsebobas (federaluri) saxelmwifos SigniT da maT
wevrebs pretenzia aqvT, rogorc kerZo eTnikur, aseve
saerTo-nacionalur identobaze. Sveicariis SemTxvevaSi,
magaliTad, zogierTi uri cdilobda bernisagan
kantonuri damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwia, magram maTi
miswrafebani TvalsaCinod iyo zRvardebuli Sveicaruli
‘nacionaluri identobiT’ da politikuri TvalsawieriT.
sazogadod, Sveicarias SeuZlia iamayos garkveuli
sajaro kulturiT, SemosazRvruli samSoblo miwiT,
erTiani ekonomikiTa da moqalaqeTaTvis saerTo ufleba-
movaleobebiT, maSin roca TviT italiurenovan da
frangulenovan kantonebsac ki raRac aqvT aRebuli
Innenschweiz damfuZnebeli miTebidan da Zveli
konfederaciis (Eidgenossenschaft) istoriuli
maxsovrobebidan. ufro rTulad dgas sakiTxi espaneTsa
da belgiaSi arsebul eTnieebTan – baskebTan,
katalonielebTan, flamandrielebTan – dakavSirebiT,

38
romlebic aseve warmoadgenen naciebs zemoT CamoTvlili
kriteriumebis Tu naciadyofnisaken miswrafebis mixedviT.
SesaZloa maTi miCneva ‘naciebad naciebis SigniT’?
flamandrieli da katalonieli naciebi belgiel da
espanel naciebSi? Tu ufro marTebuli da misaRebi
iqneba maTze visaubroT rogorc naciebze ‘nacionaluri
saxelmwifos’ SigniT? (ix. Petersen 1975; Steinberg 1976).

nacionaluri saxelmwifo

es imaTi poziciaa, vinc naciis cnebis mkacrad

eTnicistur definicias moiTxovs. am SemTxvevis kargi
magaliTia uolker konoris ideebiT savse naSromi.
mkvlevris azriT, naciis da nacionalizmis cnebebi
mkveTrad unda gaimijnos saxelmwifosa da patriotizmis
cnebebisagan. amgvarad, belgiur da espanur
‘patriotizmze’ man SeiZleba Tqvas, rom es aris
loialoba ufro didi teritoriuli saxelmwifosa da
misi instituciebisadmi da igi flamandriul da
katalonur ‘eTnonacionalizmebs’ daupirispiros; am
ukanasknels ki avtori ganmartavs rogorc winaprebTan
damakavSirebel fsiqologiur jaWvs, romelic saboloo
jamSi naTesauri sentimentebidan warmodgeba im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saerTo warmomavlobis miTi ar
Seesabameba (rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme) realur,
biologiur warmomavlobas. amgvarive logikiT, konori
britanul saxelmwifo patriotizms ganixilavs, rogorc
inglisur, Sotlandiur da uelsur
eTnonacionalizmebTan Tanaarsebuls (Connor 1994: 102, 202).
miuxedavad imisa, rom analizisas amgvari mkveTri
gamijvna gasaTvaliswinebelia, me mas mxars ver davuWer.
aviRoT ukanaskneli magaliTi: ingliselebs, praqtikulad,
yovelTvis uWirT ‘sakuTari’ inglisuri
eTnonacionalizmis garCeva britanuli patriotizmisagan,
romelsac isini aseve sakuTrad miiCneven. es araa
ubralod imperialisturi refleqsi. es ufro imas
asaxavs, Tu rogor ganicdeboda XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi
inglisuri eTnikuri nacionalizmis ‘bunebrivi’
gagrZeleba – britanuli patriotizmi, da Tu rogor
ganixileboda britaneli nacia ingliselebis mier da ara

39
mcirericxovani Sotlandielebis (‘Crdiloeli britebis’),
iseve rogorc sxva naciebis mier, romlebic
erTiandebodnen, saxlebodnen ra gaerTianebul samefoSi,
miuxedavad ingliselTa dominantobis mimarT sagrZnobi
da ganuwyveteli winaaRmdegobisa. Tu sabolood mainc
ver moxerxda erTiani britaneli naciis Camoyalibeba,
Sesustdeba Tu ara britanuli nacionalizmis
winaaRmdegoba britanuli patriotizmis mimarT (konoris
gagebiT, isini urTierTdapirispirebulia)? (Kearney 1990:
Tavebi 7–8; Colley 1992: Tavi 1).14
msgavsi konceptualuri problemebi Cndeba
frangul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiTac, sadac
integraciis an, sul mcire, akulturizaciis procesi
ufro Sorsac ki Cans wasuli. bretonelebi, baskebi,
elzaselebi da korsikelebic ki (umciresobis
gamoklebiT) SesaZloa arc ki eswrafvodnen
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriobas, Tumca maT
moZraobaTa perioduli gamovlinebebi TviTgamorkvevis
garkveul survils warmoaCens, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
kulturul da ekonomikur sferoSi. magram sadRa rCeba
adgili frangobisaTvis? SesaZlebelia dominanturi
franguli eTnonacionalizmi gamijnul iqnas aseve
hegemonuri franguli saxelmwifo patriotizmisagan?
rogor SegviZlia praqtikulad urTierTisagan
ganvacalkevoT frangi nacia da safrageTi, nacionaluri
saxelmwifo, roca franguli nacionalizmis amdeni
ZiriTadi simbolo politikuria? (ix. Gildea 1994).
ueWvelia, rom gavlenianma frangulma magaliTma
suli STabera saxelmwifosa da naciis gaerTianebis
tendencias sxva konteqstebSic da xeli Seuwyo ‘nacia-
saxelmwifos’ cnebis popularizacias. am Sedgenil
terminTan dakavSirebiT ori problemaa. pirveli mis or
komponents Soris urTierTobas Seexeba. Zalze xSirad
Teoretikosebi saxelmwifos dominanturad, xolo nacias
erTgvarad umcros partniorad an msazRvrelad miiCneven.
naciis dinamikas kiMmcire yuradReba eTmoba. rac Seexeba
nacionalizms, is fsiqologiur, saxelmwifoebrivi
suverenitetis Tanmdev, epifenomenad iqceva. meore
problema empiriuli xasiaTisaa: rogorc amas winaT
uolker konorma miuTiTa, praqtikaSi iSviaTia

40
monoliTuri ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’, roca saxelmwifo da
nacia zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs, roca mocemul
saxelmwifoSi zustad erTi naciaa da erTi saxelmwifoa
mocemuli naciisaTvis; msoflio saxelmwifoebis TiTqmis
90% polieTnikuria da maTgan daaxloebiT naxevari
seriozuladaa danawevrebuli eTnikurad (Connor 1972;
Giddens 1985: 216–220).
garkveuli viTarebebis aRsawerad, iqneb sjobdes,
ufro neitraluri terminis SerCeva, iseTis rogoricaa,
magaliTad, ‘nacionaluri saxelmwifo’. es aris
‘nacionalizmis principebiT legitimuri saxelmwifo,
romlis wevrebs garkveulwilad axasiaTebT nacionaluri
erTianoba da integracia (magram ara kulturuli
homogenuroba)’. nacionaluri erTianobisa da integraciis
cvladad miCneviT es definicia Tavidan icilebs
‘nacionaluri araSesatyvisobis’ problemas, kerZod im
faqts, rom naciaTa da saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi
msoflioSi bevrgan ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. imave
TvalsazrisiT Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT ‘saxelmwifo-
naciebze’, roca polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi
naciadyofnisaken miiswrafvian da cdiloben, rom Tavadac
erTian (magram ara homogenur) naciebad gadaiqcnen
urTierTSewyobisa da integrirebis gziT. aseTia situacia
afrikisa da aziis ramdenime saxelmwifoSi. isini Seiqmnen
koloniuri teritoriebisagan da dainarCunes koloniuri
sazRvrebi da instituciebi (xSirad lingva frankac
administraciuli miznebisaTvis).15

nacionaluri identoba

‘nacionaluri identoba’ bolo terminia

nacionalur fenomenebs Soris, romlis ganxilvac minda
SemogTavazoT. man arcTu didi xnis win moipova
popularoba, Secvala ra adrindeli terminebi –
‘nacionaluri xasiaTi’, da mogviano termini ‘nacionaluri
cnobiereba’, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneboda XVIII, XIX
saukuneebSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. gaugebaria, Tu
ratom unda momxdariyo es cvlileba. dRevandeli didi
interesi identobisadmi SesaZloa Tanamedrove
individualizmis yovlismomcveli tendenciis

41
Semadgeneli nawili iyos; SeiZleba is areklavdes
adamianTa SeSfoTebasa da gaucxoebas ganuwyvetliv
fragmentirebad samyaroSi (ix. Kemilainen 1964; Bhabha 1990:
Tavi 16).
am sferoSi arsebuli sxva terminebis msgavsad,
‘nacionaluri identoba’ aRniSnavs orives, rogorc
nacionalizmis ideologiis centralur ideals, aseve
analitikur cnebas. nacionalistur ideals momdevno
TavSi davubrundebi. amjerad ki am, dRes farTod
gavrcelebuli, cnebis samuSao ganmarteba minda
warmovadgino: ‘nacionaluri identoba aris naciis
damaxasiaTebeli memkvidreobis Semadgenel RirebulebaTa,
simboloTa, maxsovrobaTa, miTTa, tradiciaTa saxeebis
kvlavwarmoeba da reinterpretacia da am saxeebTan da
memkvidreobasTan (misi kulturuli elementebiTurT)
individebis mier sakuTari Tavis identifikacia’.
am ganmartebisaTvis orgvari urTierTmimarTebaa
gadamwyveti: pirveli – analizis koleqtiur da
individualur doneebs Soris, da meore – identobis
mudmivobasa da cvalebadobas Soris. Zalian xSirad erTi
komponenti meoris xarjze win wamoiweva da Tu
nacionaluri identobis cnebis azris Cawvdoma gvsurs,
unda SevinarCunoT maT Soris wonasworoba.

identobis doneebi. dRes bevrs saubroben eTnikur

da nacionalur identobaTa ‘situaciur’ xasiaTsa da
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ‘multiidentobebis’
mravalricxovnobaze. am moduri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
Cveni identificireba xdeba koleqtivebis mTel
mravalferovnebasTan – ojaxTan, sqesis kategoriasTan,
regionTan, profesiul jgufTan, partiasTan da eTniesTan.
situaciis mixedviT, Zalian iolad SegviZliaEerTi
identobidan meoreSi gadasvla. erTsa da imave dros Cven
SegviZlia viyoT colebi an qmrebi, qristianebi an
musulmanebi, specialistebi an muSebi, iseve rogorc
garkveuli regionebis da eTnikuri erTianobis wevrebi.
ase rom, TiToeul CvenTagans mravalgvari identoba aqvs,
viwro ojaxuri wriT dawyebuli da iseTi ufarToesi
wriT damTavrebuli, rogoricaa kacobrioba. amas garda,
Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi bevri am identobaTagani

42
mzardad simboluri da SerCeviTi xdeba (ix. Gans 1979;
Okamura 1981; Hall 1992; Eriksen 1993).
magram es koleqtiuri identobebis mxolod
individualuri wevrebis poziciidan danaxvaa. aRniSnuli
identobani SeiZleba kulturul koleqtivebad, zogjer
ki iseT erTianobebad miviCnioT, romlebic xasiaTdebian
saziaro maxsovrobebiT da miTebiT, saerTo
RirebulebebiT da simboloebiT. analizisas xSirad
xdeba am ori donis – individualurisa da koleqtiuris,
aRreva. amitom saWiroa maTi gamijvna. Tumca kulturuli
koleqtivebi da erTobebi individualuri wevrebisagan
Sedgeba, isini saziaro Tvisebebis mqone erTad mcxovreb
wevrTa ubralo nakrebad ar unda miviCnioT. am
koleqtiur identobaSi Zalze bevri saziaro Rirebuleba,
norma, maxsovroba da simboloa. amave dros mocemuli
erTobisa Tu koleqtiuri identobis niSnebis analizis
safuZvelze SeuZlebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT
individualuri wevrebis qmedebani da ganwyobani; amgvar
analizs raimes Tqma SeuZlia mxolod da mxolod
wevrebis ganwyobebis da akrZalvebis konteqstis Sesaxeb.
amitomac gvesaxeba mniSvnelovnad koleqtiuri identobis
analizis es ori done erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad
davinarCunoT (ix. Scheuch 1966).
Zalze TvalsaCinoa is SemTxveva, roca koleqtiuri
identoba kulturul elementebs efuZneba, rogorc xdeba
kastebis, eTnikuri erTobebis, religiuri denominaciebisa
da naciebis SemTxvevaSi. koleqtiuri identobis iseTi
tipebi, rogorebicaa klasebi da regionebi, rogorc
interesTa jgufebi ise moqmedeben da amis gamo miznis
miRwevis Semdgom iolad qrebian; kulturuli
koleqtivebi ki stabiluria, maTi Semadgeneli bazisuri
kulturuli elementebi – maxsovrobani, Rirebulebani,
simboloebi, miTebi da tradiciebi – met medegobasa da
urTierTbmis unars avlenen; isini koleqtiuri
mudmivobisa da gansakuTrebulobis ganmeorebad
elementebs warmoadgenen. es elementebi xorcieldeba
iseT RirebulebebSi, rogorebicaa koleqtiuri xsovna
gmirobebsa da saxelovan winaprebze, Rirsebasa da
samarTlianobaze; sakraluri simboloebi, sakvebi,
tanisamosi da emblemebi; miTebi warmoSobaze,

43
ganTavisuflebaze, rCeulobaze; tradiciebi da wes-
Cveulebebi, ritualebi da genealogia. am SemTxvevebSi
koleqtiuri kulturuli elementebi gansakuTrebulad
gamokveTilia, droSi gamZlea da individiualuri
identifikaciis sakiTxebisagan damoukidebel analizs
moiTxovs.16
amiT aixsneba Cems mier SemoTavazebuli samuSao
ganmartebis ori nawilis arsebobac: pirveli maTgani
kulturuli gangrZobadobis da cvalebadobis meqanizmebs
koleqtiur doneze gansazRvravs, meore ki Tavis fokusSi
individualuri wevris koleqtivTan urTierTobas aqcevs.

gangrZobadoba da cvalebadoba. zemoT

warmodgenilma analizma SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba
Segviqmnas, rom koleqtiuri kulturuli identobani
erTxel da samudamod fiqsirebulni an statikurni arian.
es Zalian Sorsaa sinamdvilisagan. marTalia, am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs qmnilebebTan, romlebic drois
xangrZliv monakveTSi arseboben, magram ar arian mudmivni.
kulturuli identobani da erTobebi iseve
eqvemdebarebian cvlilebas, rogorc yvelaferi sxva da es
cvlilebebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc TandaTanobiTi da
kumulaciuri, aseve uecari da aragangrZobadi.
kulturul identobaTa erTaderT ganmasxvavebels
danarCeni saxis koleqtiuri identobebisagan kulturul
cvlilebaTa ritmebis sazogadod ufro dabali siCqare
da meti xangrZlivoba warmoadgens, rac moiTxovs kidec
longue durée analizis meTodebs.17
amitomacaa, rom SemoTavazebuli ganmartebebi
naciis gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobis Semadgeneli
Rirebulebebis – maxsovrobaTa, simboloTa, miTebisa da
tradiciebis saxeTa – ‘reinterpretaciis’ procesebs
miemarTeba. dReisaTvis CvenTvis nawilobriv cnobilia, Tu
rogor icvleba nacionaluri identobis komponentebi.
magram es aris procesi, romelsac, rogorc gareSe
movlenas Tu koleqtiuri tradiciebis axleburi gagebis
energiuli waxalisebis mizniT ganxorcielebul
jgufSida gadawyobas, yvela TaobaSi aqvs adgili.
‘eTnosimbolisturi reorganizaciis’ es procesi moicavs
adre arsebuli Rirebulebebis, simboloebis,

44
maxsovrobebis da maT msgavsTa xelaxal seleqcias,
kombinacias da kodifikacias, iseve rogorc yoveli
Taobis mier axali kulturuli elementebis Sematebas.
amgvarad, nacionaluri identobis brZolebis,
ganTavisuflebisa da Tavganwirvis faqtebiT aRsavse
‘heroikuli’ xedva (rac tipuria axlad
damoukideblobamopovebuli naciebisa an ‘saxelmwifo-
naciebisaTvis’) momdevno TaobaSi SesaZloa Secvalos
nacionaluri identobis ufro Ria, pragmatulma da
utilitarulma versiam, romelSic xazi eqneba gasmuli
iseT Temebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gergilianoba,
organizaciuli Cvevebi da tolerantuli damokidebuleba
mravalferovnebisadmi, Temebi, romelTa kvalma SeiZleba
naciis istoriaSi alternatiul eTnikur tradiciebamde
migviyvanos.
aqedan cxadia, rom cvalebadoba nacionaluri
identobis ganmartebisagan ganuyrelia, Tumc es iseTi
cvalebadobaa, romelic moqmedebs mocemuli naciis
kulturisa da tradiciebis, misi gansakuTrebuli
memkvidreobis mkafio parametrebis simravlis SigniT.
sxvagvarad SeuZlebelic iqneboda, vinaidan identoba
gulisxmobs garkveuli zomis stabilurobas, igiveobas
droSi. cvlileba SesaZlebelia mxolod mkafiod
moxazul sazRvrebSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca cvlileba
uecari da damangrevelia (magram mTlianad ar spobs
nacias), is warmoSobs axal elementebs, romelTa
kulturuli aTvisebac jgufis wevrobis gziTaa
SesaZlebeli; revoluciebic ki ubrundebian imas, rasac
funqcionerebi ‘centralur Rirebulebebs’ uwodeben. igive
xdeba naciebis transformaciis drosac, da es saSualebas
gvaZlevs CavTvaloT, rom naciis Semqmneli ‘yoveldRiuri
plebisciti’ marTlac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom Taobidan
Taobamde erTsa da imave naciaze vilaparakoT.

45
 2

ideologiebi

________________________________

xSirad amboben, rom nacionalizms, mis doqtrinas

rom Tavi gavaneboT, ar gaaCnia iseTi ideologia,
salaparakod rom Rirdes. igi mxolod Canasaxovani
sentimentebis grovas warmoadgens, romelic met-naklebad
maRalfardovani ritorikiTaa gadamuSavebuli. amis
alternatiulad, imasac aRniSnaven, rom nacionalizmis
tipTa mravalricxovneba ar iZleva maTi gamocalkevebis
da sayovelTao, mwyobri ideologiis Camoyalibebis
saSualebas. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es Tvalsazrisebi,
naxevradsimarTlea. sxva ideologiebTan SedarebiT
nacionalizmi marTlac SesaZlebelia, rom ‘filosofiuri
saRatakiT da araTanamimdevrulobiTac’ daxasiaTdes
(Anderson 1991: 5), magram masSi imaze bevrad metia, vidre
ubralod sentimentebi da ritorika, rogorc es eli
kedurim (Kedourie 1960) (romelsac ver mivakuTnebT
nacionalizmis damcvelTa ricxvs) dagvanaxa germanuli
romantikuli nacionalizmis herderiseuli da kantiseuli
filosofiuri principebis analiziT. nacionalistur
ideologiebs koleqtiuri TviTmmarTvelobis,
teritoriuli gamTlianebis da kulturuli identobis
gamokveTili amocanebi da xSirad am miznebis miRwevis
naTeli politikuri da kulturuli programac aqvT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac arsebobs nacionalisturi
ideologiis sxvadasxva saxe (religiuri, sekularuli,
konservatuli, radikaluri, imperiuli, seseciuri da a.S.)
da TiToeuli maTgani analizs moiTxovs, isini mainc
avlenen saerTo sabaziso elementebs da maTze erTi da
igive holomarkaa: es aris gansakuTrebuli swrafva
naciadyofnisaken. aRniSnuli saerTo elementebi
gamoarCevs ‘nacionalizms’ sxva moZraobebisa da

46
ideologiebisagan; sxvadasxvagvari nacionalisturi
ideologiebis, moZraobebis da simboloebis safuZvelSi
Cadebuli ‘rwmeniTi sistemebis’ gamocalkevebiT SegviZlia
zogierTi ganmeorebadi qcevac avxsnaT, romelTac
nacionalistur moZraobebsa Tu ‘qmedebebSi’ vawydebiT.1
nacionalisturi rwmeniTi sistemis es saerTo
elementebi, ZiriTadad, sami saxeobisaa:

(1) nacionalistebis umetesobisaTvis misaRebi

amosavali bazisuri mtkicebulebani;
(2) zogi fundamenturi ideali, romelic met-naklebad
yovel nacionalizmSia warmodgenili; da
(3) rigi saerTo warmomavlobis cnebebisa, romlebic
ufro konkretul mniSvnelobas aniWebs
nacionalizmis birTv-abstraqciebs.

TiToeuls rigrigobiT Sevexebi.

nacionalizmis bazisuri mtkicebulebebi sul

ramdenimea, magram yoveli maTgani didi Zalis
matarebelia. isini Semdegnairad SeiZleba Sejamdes:

(1) msoflio iyofa naciebad, romelTaganac TiToeuls

Tavisi sakuTari xasiaTi, istoria da bediswera
aqvs;
(2) Zalauflebis erTaderT wyaros nacia warmoadgens;
(3) naciisadmi loialoba yvela sxva loialobaze
upiratesia;
(4) imisaTvis, rom Tavisufali iyos, yoveli individi
nacias unda ekuTvnodes;
(5) yoveli naciisaTvis aucilebelia sruli
TviTgamoxatva da avtonomiuroba;
(6) globaluri mSvidoba da samarTlianoba
avtonomiuri naciebisagan Sedgenil msoflios
saWiroebs. (ix. Kedourie 1960: 1; Sdr. A. D. Smith 1991:
74).

amas SeiZleba nacionalizmis ‘birTvi-doqtrina’

vuwodoT. igi samyaros nacionalisturi xedvis bazisur
CarCos warmoadgens da ‘damfuZnebel mamaTa’ – rusos,

47
herderis, cimermanis, burkes, jefersonis, fixtesa da
mazinis – da maT Tanamedrove mimdevarTa Sexedulebebis
mTavari elementebis (iqneb, ukanaskneli mtkicebulebis
gamoklebiT) nakrebs warmoadgens. birTvi-doqtrina
logikur safuZvels uqmnis da impulss aniWebs sxvadasxva
saxis nacionalistur moqmedebebs da naciis ideis
gamosaxvisaTvis saWiro simboloebsa da instituciebs. igi
moicavs ara marto politikis, aramed sazogadoebisa da
kulturis sferoebsac; masSi CarTulia rogorc
calkeuli naciebis kulturuli partkularizmi, aseve
‘naciaTa msoflios’ universaluri xedva.2
yoveli nacia rodi moqmedebs am doqtrinisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli idealebis Sesabamisad. kritikosebi
miuTiTeben, rom nacionalistebi xSirad Tavad ise
iqcvevian, rom uaryofen pirveli mtkicebulebiT
gamoxatul ‘naciaTa msoflios’ bazisur ideas, Trgunaven
ra sxva naciebis TviTgamoxatvas, avtonomiurobas da
TviTmyofadobas, roca maTi interesebi an sakuTari
naciis gamogonili interesebi amas moiTxovs. amgvari
qceviT isini uaryofen da amxoben nacionalizmis birTv-
doqtrinas, romelic xazs usvams naciebis sazRvrulobas
da moiTxovs sxva analogiuri naciebis arsebobis, maTi
individualobis da uflebebis eqsplicitur aRiarebas.
rogorc jon brili miuTiTebs, praqtikulad bevri
nacionalisti ise moqmedebs, TiTqosda es ideologia
mxolod erT (maT) nacias ukavSirdeba, Teoriis
farglebSi ki (da zogjer praqtikuladac, risi
magaliTicaa mazinis axalgazrda evropa, romelic
ramdenime iseT moZraobas moicavda, rogoric XIX
saukuneSi resonjimentos dros mazinisave dafuZnebuli
axalgazrda italia iyo) maTTvis misaRebia Teoriulad
Tanasworuflebian SemosazRvrul naciaTa msoflios
policentruli xedva (Breuilly 1993; Sesavali).3
inteleqtaluri kritika ufro seriozulia.
nacionalizms xSirad sayveduroben, rom igi
sazogadoebisa da politikis Sesaxeb ideebisa da
rwmenebis mxolod SezRudul sistemas iZleva da amis
Sedegia is, rom misi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis,
romlebic xSirad miuRwevelicaa, iZulebas ufro metad
mimarTaven, vidre darwmunebas. es iyo eli keduris

48
mxridan nacionalistur ideologiaze, rogorc qveynis
srulyofis miRwevisaTvis fuWad mebrZol, destruqciul
da koleqtiuri nebis gamomxatvel revoluciur
ideologiaze, adrindeli Setevis umTavresi elementi.
axlaxan am poziciam gamoZaxili maikl fridenTan hpova,
romelic amtkicebs, rom saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
nacionalizmi mcire birTvis mqone ‘cudad centrirebuli’
ideologiaa, romelTanac politikuri cnebebis viwro
wrea dakavSirebuli. amitomacaa, rom nacionalizmi
‘cnebaTa Tavidan ganzrax mocilebiTa da maTi
adgilwanacvlebiT mediatorulad ganacalkevebs Tavs
farTo ideebis mimRebi konteqstebisagan’ da, am mizeziT,
moklebulia unars ‘SemogvTavazos argumentTa
kompleqsebi, da es imitom, rom ideaTa bevri jaWvi,
romelTa povnasac bunebrivad moveliT sazogadosa da
abstraqtulidan konkretulisa da praqtikulisaken,
birTvidan periferiisaken SualedSi, iseve rogorc
piruku, ubralod ar arsebobs’ (Freeden 1998: 750). amis gamo
nacionaluri ideologia struqturulad uZluria
daukavSirdes iseT umniSvnelovanes socialur da
politikur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa socialuri
samarTlianoba, resursebis ganawileba an konfliqtebis
marTva. faqtobrivad, xSirad nacionalizmi sulac ar
aris calke ideologia, igi ubralod avsebs ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis mimcem ideologiebs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa
liberalizmi, socializmi da konservatizmi.
naciadyofnis idea SeiZleba yovlismomcveli iyos, magram
SeiZleba ubralod sxva ideologiebis ‘sadRac
mniSvnelovnebis marginaliis’ momijnave mdebareobaze
miuTiTebdes (iqve). nacionalizmi sayovelTao
mniSvnelobas mxolod efemerulad iZens – nacionaluri
mSeneblobis, krizisis, dapyrobis, sagareo safrTxis,
sadavo teritoriis an mtrulad ganwyobili Sida
eTnikuri an kulturuli jgufis dominanturobis
gacnobierebisas (Kedourie 1960; Freeden 1998).

fundamenturi idealebi

raRac simarTle aris am mkacr kritikaSi, Tumca

nacionalizmis kritikosTa mier warmodgenili suraTi,

49
sul mcire, arasrulia. nacionalizmis birTvi-doqtrina
martooden farTo da abstraqtul CarCos gvTavazobs; igi
meoradi cnebebiT da kerZo ideebiT unda Seivsos,
romlebic TiToeuli calkeuli nacionaluri
erTobisaTvis specifikuri iqneba. aseTia, magaliTad,
Sveicaruli saxe xalxisa, romelic sakuTari (alpuri)
landSaftiT sazrdoobs, anda naciis, rogorc wamebuli
da aRmdgari qristes, polonuri ideali. amitomaa, rom
nacionalizmi xSirad ‘ganuyrelia’ sxva ideologiebisagan
da rwmeniTi sistemebisagan da maT idealebs da
politikas nacionalisturi miznebisaken warmarTavs,
rogorc ‘nacional-komunizmTan’ dakavSirebiT moxda post-
stalinistur epoqaSi. nacionalizmi ‘avsebs’ sxva
ideologiebs Tu Tavad ivseba maTiT, meorexarisxovani
sakiTxia; es mimarTeba istoriuli konteqstis Sesabamisad
icvleba. Cven birTvi-doqtrinis iqiTac unda gavixedoT,
raTa aRviqvaT nacionalizmis importis faqti, rac erTob
gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva.4
am kritikaze, faqtobrivad, ori saxis pasuxi
arsebobs. pirveli Semdegis CvenebaSi mdgomareobs:
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia
an, ufro zustad, rwmeniTi sistema, filosofiuri
simwyobris TvalsazrisiT ver utoldeba sxva, ‘ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis mimcem’ politikur ideologiebs,
konceptualurad igi ufro mdidaria, vidre es mis
kritikosebs warmoudgeniaT. meore pasuxi ki imis
dasabuTebaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionalizmi SeiZleba
davinaxoT ara mxolod rogorc rwmeniTi sistema, aramed
rogorc kulturis formac da religiis nairsaxeobac; es
isaa, rac nacionalizms mkafiod mijnavs sxva, ‘ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis mimcemi’ politikuri ideologiebisagan da
imunitetsac gamoumuSavebs mas wminda politikuri
ideologiebis mimarTebebisa da principebis kuTxiT
kritikisadmi.
garkveuli droiT nacionalizmis, rogorc
ideologiis, aRweraze SevCerdeT. rogorc wina TavSi
vnaxeT, sami fundamenturi ideali momdinareobs birTvi-
doqtrinidan, da swored isini acxoveleben
nacionalizmis ideologiur moZraobas. esenia:
nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri erTianoba da

50
nacionaluri identoba. ase Tu ise, nacionalizmis,
rogorc ideologiuri moZraobis, specifikuri amocanebi
am sami idealis variantebs warmoadgens, da amitomaa, rom
isini ase mniSvnelovan rols asruleben nacionalizmis
Cems mier adre warmodgenil samuSao ganmartebaSi,
romlis mixedviTac es avtonomiurobis, erTianobisa da
identobis miRwevaze orientirebuli ideologiuri
moZraobaa im sazogadoebis SigniT, romlis zogierT
wevrsac miaCnia, rom igi realurad arsebul an
potenciur ‘nacias’ ganekuTvneba. modiT, ufro axlodan
SevxedoT nacionalizmis am sam ideals.
birTvi-doqtrinis moTxovnaa, rom yovel nacias
sruli TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba da avtonomiuroba
hqondes. avtonomiis nacionalistur ideals aqvs
ramdenime aspeqti. zogadad, etimologiurad
avtonomiuroba niSnavs TviTmmarTvelobas, Sida kanonebis
an ritmebis qonas, sakuTari Sinagani xmisaTvis yuris
migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas
mivyavarT koleqtiuri nebis da individualobis
realizebis maZiebeli, sakuTar koleqtiur amocanebsa da
moqmedebebze pasuxismgebeli koleqtiuri ‘mes’ cnebasTan,
romelic XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Semoitanes germanelma
romantikosma inteleqtualebma. magram avtonomiuroba,
rogorc koleqtiuri nebis nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
da nacionaluri TviTgamgeblobisaTvis brZolis Sedegi,
SeiZleba niSnavdes politikur Tavisuflebasac da
politikur TviTmmarTvelobasac xalxisa da ‘xalxiT’.
amgvar nacionalur TviTmmarTvelobas SeiZleba sruli,
suverenuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos forma hqondes an
xorcieldebodes arasruli komunaluri an federaluri
TviTgamgeblobis formiT. marTlac, maqs veberma
daasabuTa, rom normalur viTarebaSi naciebi sakuTar
saxelmwifos saWiroeben: ‘nacia grZnobismieri erTobaa. am
grZnobaTa adekvaturi gamoxatva ki mas sakuTar
saxelmwifoSi SeuZlia. aqedan gamomdinare, nacia aris
erToba, romelic, Cveulebriv, sakuTari saxelmwifos
Seqmnisaken ixreba’ (Weber 1948).
miuxedavad amisa, bevri nacionalizmi ufro
naklebsac sjerdeba, zogs ki, espaneTSi katalonielTa
moZraobis msgavsad, arasruli avtonomiac akmayofilebs.

51
arasruli avtonomia, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxisa da
xarisxisaa, religiisa da kulturuli TviTmmarTvelobis,
samarTlebrivi avtonomiis, ekonomikuri avtarqiis da
politikuri ‘Sida mmarTvelobis’ CaTvliT. es ukanaskneli
Sida TviTmmarTvelobas warmoadgens ufro did
saxelmwifoSi, romelic sagareo saqmeebze da Tavdacvazea
pasuxismgebeli. aq igulisxmeba, rom nacionaluri
avtonomia unda gansxvavdebodes saxelmwifo
suverenitetisagan, romelSic is xSirad erevaT
(gansakuTrebiT evropis federaciaSi nacionaluri
suverenitetis dakargvis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebisas)
da, rom SesaZlebelia avtonomiuri naciebis
SeTavsebadoba garkveuli saxis federaciasTan.5
avtonomiuroba xSirad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
koleqtiuri erTianobis ideasTan. es pirvelad
TvalsaCinod gamoixata iakobinelTa idealSi: la République,
une et indivisible da aman migviyvana Sida sabaJoebis,
barierebis da regionaluri instituciebisa da
kulturebis gauqmebamde safrangeTis revoluciis dros.
centralizebuli ekonomikisa da politikuri teritoriis
da erTiani sajaro kulturis SeqmniT patriotebi
imedovnebdnen TiToeuli frangi moqalaqis axladSobili
franguli respublikuri naciisadmi mgznebare
TavgamodebiT ganmsWvalvas. magram teritoriuli
gamTlianeba mimarTuli iyo ara mxolod Sida dayofis,
aramed safrangeTis ‘bunebrivi sazRvrebis’ miRma myofi
gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdegac. sxva, ufro gviandeli
evropuli naciebi, rogoricaa italia, saberZneTi da
germania, aseve iyvnen fokusirebulni teritoriisa da
eTnikuri naTesaobis sakiTxebze. magram erTianobisaken
maTi nacionalisturi svla eTnikuri sanaTesaos da,
agreTve, ‘istoriuli’ miwebis (sadac isini saxlobdnen da
romlebic CamoSorebul iqnen nacionaluri samSoblo
miwisagan dinastiuri an feodaluri katastrofebis
Sedegad) ‘ganTavisuflebisa’ da naciis wiaRSi maTi
dabrunebisaken (ZaliTac, saWiro SemTxvevaSi) mimarTul
iridentistul moZraobebsac uwyobda xels (ix. Kohn 1967b;
Horowitz 1992).6
teritoriuli erTianoba mxolod pirveli nabiji
iyo naciis wevrTa gacilebiT mniSvnelovani socialuri

52
da kulturuli gaerTianebisaken. amgvari erTianoba
homogenurobaSi ar unda agverios. zogierTi mecnieris
bolodroindeli analizis sapirispirod, erTianobis
nacionalisturi ideali eZebs ara ‘obieqtur’ kulturul
erTgvarovnebas, aramed ojaxebisa da individebis
nebelobebisa da sentimentebis socialur da kulturul
kavSirs. nacionalisti ar moiTxovs, rom yvela wevri
erTnairi iyos, aramed mxolod imas, rom maT SeigrZnon
solidarobis mZlavri jaWvis arseboba da amis gamo,
nacionalurad mniSvnelovan yvela saqmesTan
dakavSirebiT, SeTanxmebulad imoqmedon. amitomaa, rom
miuxedavad zogierTi, umTavresad germaneli, romantikosi
filosofosisa da istorikosis (magaliTad, fixtesa da
miuleris) survilisa individualuri neba nacionaluri
saxelmwifos koleqtiurobaSi CaekargaT, nacionalistebis
umetesoba Seecada individualuri miswrafebani
siyvarulisa da Zmobis meSveobiT gaeerTianebina da
mxolod eqstremalur viTarebaSi daemorCilebina isini
nacionaluri nebisaTvis.7
mesame – nacionaluri identobis ideali – albaT,
yvelaze ufro mouxelTebelia dakvirvebisaTvis.
sazogadod, identobis cneba aRniSnavs obieqtis
erTgvarobas droTa msvlelobaSi, specifikuri
struqturis gamZleobas sasruli periodis ganmavlobaSi;
da es kulturul identobebsac Seexeba. magram
nacionaluri identobis ideali koleqtiuri xasiaTisadmi
interesiT da misi istoriul-kulturuli konteqstiT
gamorCeva. am TvisebaTagan pirveli hqonda mxedvelobaSi
rusos, roca werda: ‘pirveli wesi, romelsac Cven unda
mivsdioT, aris nacionaluri xasiaTi: yovel xalxs aqvs
an unda hqondes xasiaTi; Tu xalxs ara aqvs xasiaTi,
pirvel rigSi mas xasiaTi unda SevuqmnaT’ (Rousseau 1915, II:
319, Projet Corse). igi rCevebs aZlevda korsikelebs da
polonelebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda
ganeviTarebinaT maT Sesabamisi nacionaluri tradiciebi
da cxovrebis stili da amiT SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi
naciebis koleqtiuri xasiaTi. meore Tviseba herderis
‘kulturul populizmSi’ vlindeba. yovel nacias,
amtkicebda igi, aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli nacionaluri
‘genia’ (es cneba ukve popularuli iyo iseTi mwerlebis

53
wyalobiT, rogorebic iyvnen lordi Saftsburi, viko da
monteskie), romelsac unda mihyves. amave ganwyobiT
arwmunebda herderi Tavis Tanamemamule germanelebs,
dabrunebodnen mSobliuri kulturis tradiciebs da
literaturul genias: ‘modiT, mivsdioT Cvens sakuTar
gzas… modiT, yovelma kacma, rogorc SeuZlia ise, Tqvas
Cveni naciis, Cveni literaturis, Cveni enis ambavi: isini
Cven gvekuTvnis, isini Tavad Cvena varT, da, dae, es
vikmaroT’…(Herder 1877–1913, citatisaTvis ix. Berlin 1976: 182).
qveteqsti isaa, rom TiToeul nacias Seesabameba
gansxvavebuli istoriuli kultura, azrovnebis,
moqmedebis, komunikaciis gansakuTrebuli wesi, romelic
yvela wevrisaTvis (potenciurad mainc) saziaroa da ucxo
mas ar da ver gaiziarebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom,
sadac amgvari gansxvavebuli kultura ‘daikarga’,
‘daviwyebas mieca’ an ‘daiZira’, iq misi povna SesaZlebelia
da unda moviZioT, gavixsenoT da gavacocxloT.
nacionalistis amocanaa Tavidan aRmoaCinos Tavisi naciis
unikaluri kulturuli genia da xalxs avTenturi
kulturuli identoba aRudginos; ai, rogor Camoayaliba
es didma afrikelma mweralma da ganmanaTlebelma edvard
blaidenma afrikel xalxebTan mimarTebaSi:

yoveli adamianis, yoveli rasis valia ibrZolos

Tavisi individualobisaTvis, raTa Seinaxos da
ganaviTaros igi. amitom giyvardes da pativs
scemde Sens rasas. iyavi is, vinca xar, iseTi,
rogoric RmerTma ineba. mas rom ar surveboda,
arc Segqmnida amgvars. Cven ar ZalgviZs raime
SevmatoT mis Canafiqrs. Tu Sen is ara xar, vinc
xar, Tu Sen Sens pirovnebaze ambob uars,
aRaraferi grCeba, rom msoflios misce. araviTari
siamovneba, araviTari sargebeli araa Sengan,
araferi gagaCnia iseTi, rasac SeuZlia miizidos
da moxiblos adamiani, radganac, individualobis
daTrgunviT, dakarge Seni gansxvavebuli xasiaTi.
(Blyden 1893, citatisaTvis ix. Wilson 1969: 250).

nacionaluri individualurobis xazgasma

gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratomaa ase xSirad nacionalizmis

54
Tanmxlebi da misi masazrdoebeli inteleqtualTa Sroma,
romlis mizanic naciis ‘fesvebisa’ da ‘xasiaTis’ mikvlevaa
iseTi disciplinebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa istoria,
arqeologia, anTropologia, sociologia, lingvistika da
folklori. es disciplinebi uzrunvelgvyofen saTanado
instrumentariumiTa da konceptualuri CarCoTi imis
gamosarkvevad, Tu ‘vin varT’, ‘rodis daviwyeT’, ‘rogor
vizrdebodiT’ da ‘saiT mivdivarT’; zustad imgvari
romantikosi xelovanni da mwerlebi, Jurnalistebi da
ganmanaTleblebi, rogoric blaidenia, uwyoben xels
nacionaluri identobis gamosaxulebebisa da saxeebis
gadmocemasa da gavrcelebas.8
rasakvirvelia, konkretul nacionalizmebSi da
specifikur istoriul momentebSi am sami idealidan xan
erTi gamoikveTeba, xan – meore. iq, sadac potenciur
nacias avtonomiurobis xarisxi aklia, an danawevrebulia,
an ver axerxebs identobis naTlad gamokveTas,
nacionalistebi Seecdebian situacias nacionaluri
avtonomiis, gaerTianebis an identobis miRwevis an misi
ganaxlebis RonisZiebebiT uwamlon. SesaZlebelia
nacionalizmis iseT ideologiur moZraobebs wavawydeT,
romlebic samive idealis srulad asaxvas eswrafvian.

BbirTvi-cnebebi

avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da identobis

idealebi umaRlesi donis abstraqciebs warmoadgenen da
maT dasakavSireblad praqtikul kulturul da
politikur programebTan sxva birTvi-cnebebi xdeba
saWiro, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania
avTenturoba, gangrZobadoba, Rirseba, bediswera,
mijaWvuloba (‘siyvaruli’) da samSoblo. TiToeuli
maTgani naciis warsuli da awmyo mdgomareobis da misi
sanukvari miznebis miRwevis Sefasebis kriteriumebs
gvawvdis, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa isini
konkretuli nacionalizmebiT arc ki iyvnen gamowveulni,
rac SeiZleba gaugebrobis da, saboloo jamSi,
konfliqtis mizezic ki gaxdes (ix. Gilbert 1998: Tavi 1).
rogorc vnaxeT, imisaTvis, rom Tavisufalni iyvnen,
naciebs, TviTgamoxatva esaWiroebaT. magram ras

55
warmoadgens es ‘TviT’? nacionalistisaTvis am kiTxvaze
pasuxi mxolod avTenturobis cnebaSi SeiZleba iqnas
moZiebuli. ‘namdvilad’ TavisTavad yofna niSnavs, rom
Cveni yofierebis ‘avTenturi’ elementebi aRmovaCinoT da
isini epoqaTa danaleqisagan gavwmindoT. ase magaliTad,
XIX saukuneSi germanuli skolis istorikosebi leopold
fon rankes winamZRolobiT cdilobdnen avTenturi
warsuli iseve gamoetanaT dRis sinaTleze, rogoric is
sinamdvileSi iyo (wie es eigentlich war); Tanamedrove
musikaTmcodneebi miznad isaxaven adreuli musika
avTenturi stiliT da avTenturi epoqis instrumentebiT
Seasrulon; Tanamedrove arqeologebi da
xelovnebaTmcodneebi avTenturi Zveli obieqtebis an
Zveli ostatebisaken miiltvian. am SemTxvevaSi
avTenturoba ‘WeSmaritis’ fard cnebad moiazreba,
rogorc originalis dapirispireba nayalbevTan, magram
igi imasac aRniSnavs, rac obieqtis Tavdapirveli versia,
stili an arsebobis wesi iyo. amas TandaTanobiT
mivyavarT avTenturobis, rogorc Tavdapirvelobis,
gamomxatvel cnebamde, rac nacionalistur konteqstSi
warmoSobisa da STamomavlobis miTs Seesabameba: kiTxva
‘vin varT’ drosa da sivrceSi funqciuria kiTxvisa
‘saidan movdivarT’; xasiaTi warmomavlobiTaa
determinebuli, magram igi nawilobriv sxva
mniSvnelobasac atarebs: Tavdapirvelobis da
adgilobrivobis ideas, rac niSnavs ara marto
pirvelobas, aramed avtoqTonobasac, uSualod niadagidan
amozrdas. amas, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT avTenturobis iseT
mniSvnelobasTan, rogoricaa siwminde da Seurevloba,
sadac namdvili ‘Cven’ xeluxlebel Tavdapirvels, magram,
Cveni dRevandeli samwuxaro mdgomareobis gamo, Senarevs
warmoadgens. magram, albaT, yvelaze ufro zogadi
mniSvneloba, romliTac iyeneben nacionalistebi
zedsarTavs ‘avTenturi’, imis aRniSvnaa, rac ‘Zalian
Cvenia’, da meti aravisi, da, amitomac, unikaluri, magram
aseve Sinaganad determinebulic. am SemTxvevaSi
avTenturobis cneba avtonomiurobis cnebas gadafaravs:
‘namdvili’ erToba TviTgamorkvevad naciasac
warmoadgens.9

56
 xSirad nacionalistebis mier yvela es
mniSvneloba savsebiT gulwrfelad gamoiyeneba da
problemas imdenad konceptualuri siRatake ki ar qmnis,
ramdenadac konceptualuri aracalsaxoba. msgavsi
problemebiTaa daxunZluli sxva nacionalisturi
cnebebic. aviRoT gangrZobadobis cneba. is SeiZleba
identobis zogadi cnebis monaTesave cnebas aRniSnavdes,
magaliTad, droSi erTgvarobas; aqedanaa drois
msaxvrali zemoqmedebis qveS ucvlelad myofi, sakuTari
aRorZinebis wamis momlodine naciis idea. magram
gangrZobadobis cneba SeiZleba agreTve niSnavdes
TandaTanobiT cvalebadobas da transformacias, an
arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas gamoCenili Sreebis msgavsad,
warsulis mdgomareobaTa fenebis akumulacias.
evoluciis am modelSi gangrZobadoba ar upirispirdeba
cvalebadobas; cvalebadobaa gangrZobadi, da
gangrZobadoba – zrdis gangrZobadoba – im cvalebadobas
warmoadgens, romelic yovelTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. aq
Tavad termini ganapirobebs aracalsaxobas, anu iseT
rames, rac nacionalists Zlierad nagrZnobic aqvs da
misi gamoiyenebac icis.10
arc nacionaluri Rirsebis cnebaa ise martivi,
rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. awmyoSi damcirebasa da
Seviwroebas upirispireben Rirsebas, romelsac
Tavisufleba moitans, magram es TavisTavad ar warmoqmnis
Rirsebis survils. Rirseba SigniT unda iqnas ‘xelaxla
aRmoCenili’. aqedan modis Rirsebis meore mniSvneloba:
garegani simaxinjiT Sefaruli ‘WeSmariti simdidre’.
mizani isaa, rom moinaxos es Sinagani simdidre, moxdes
avTenturi TviTis Rirsebis realizeba, rac xandaxan erTi
aRmosavluri gamonaTqvamiT gamoixateba: ‘dasavluri
daxelovneba, aRmosavluri zneoba’, romelic aziis
Tandayolil sulier upiratesobas gulisxmobs
dasavleTis teqnologiuri warmatebebis sapirispirod.
amgvari pozicia icavs damcirebulis Sinagan Rirsebas da
aCens imeds, rom Seviwroebuli da meorexarisxovani
aRidgens Tavis Zvel didebas, garegani mdgomareoba ki
Sinagan simdidres aireklavs – es gaxldaT meiZis
liderebis sentimenti iaponiaSi. Rirsebas isic ZaluZs,
rom keTilSobili warmomavlobiTa da siZveliT movides,

57
rac mowiwebasa da mokrZalebas gvinergavs. koleqtiuri
Rirsebis Zieba, Tanamedrove damcirebul mdgomareobasa
da uRirs gareSeebTan Sedarebis gziT, iwvevs ‘WeSmariti’
nacionaluri TviTobis amaRlebas. gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevas ganekuTvneba koleqtiuri awmyos Sefaseba
dokumentirebuli heroikuli ‘oqros’ xanis standartis
gaTvaliswinebiT.11
nacionalistebis azriT, nacia imgvari erTobaa,
romelsac aqvs saerTo istoria da bediswera, ufro
zustad ki erToba, romlis istoria saWiroebs da
ganapirobebs mocemuli naciis bedisweras. bedisweris
idea bevrad ufro meti emociuri datvirTvis
matarebelia, vidre momavlis cneba. bediswera istoriiTaa
winaswargansazRvruli; bediswera moxazavs unikalur
mimarTulebasa da beds; bediswera amowmebs
trancendentobas, iqneb ukvdavebasac, ramdenadac Cven
STamomavlobis maxsovrobasa da gankiTxvaSi ‘vcocxlobT’.
nacionalistisaTvis naciis bediswera yovelTvis
didebulia, msgavsad misi Soreuli warsulisa; marTlac,
oqros warsuli, dafaruli arasaxarbielo awmyoSi, kvlav
gamoanaTebs naciis, Tumc jer kidev arSobilis,
WeSmariti sulis aRorZinebiT. ase rom, bediswera
TiToeuli naciis diad warsulSi dabrunebas ki ar
moaswavebs, aramed Tanamedroveobasa da Secvlil
pirobebSi misi sulis aRorZinebas (ix. Anderson 1999).
nacionalistebisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania
naciasTan cnobieri mijaWvulobis ideali. amgvari
sentimentisadmi cnobieri swrafva araa martooden
nacionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli; ukve perikle,
Tukidides Rirssaxsovari sityvebis Tanaxmad, mouwodebda
aTenel Tanamoqalaqeebs ‘TavdaviwyebiT SeeyvarebinaT
TavianTi qalaqi’. Cven SegviZlia, rogorc moqalaqeobriv,
aseve religiur konteqstebSi mijaWvulobisaken,
siyvarulisaken, Tavganwirvisaken mowodebebis sxva
magaliTebic vipovoT. magram nacionalizmma es
koleqtiuri mijaWvuloba sruliad gansakuTrebul
simaRleze aiyvana. ‘naciis siyvaruli’ misTvis mTavari
politikuri Rirsebaa. aqedanaa yvela mowodeba didi
‘ojaxis’ wevrebisadmi ‘nacnobebisa da naTesavebis’, ‘kerisa
da saxl-karis’ dasacavad da ‘Cveni qveynis’

58
keTildReobisaTvis Tavganwirvis saWiroeba. rogorc XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi siriis baasis (aRorZinebis)
partiis Tanadamaarsebelma miSel aflakma Camoayaliba,
‘nacionalizmi siyvarulia’. keduris TqmiT, es is
abstraqtuli siyvarulia, romelic terorizmis udides
aqtebs asazrdovebda (ix. Binder 1964; Kedourie 1971:
Sesavali).12
politikuri ‘siyvaruli’ naciis abstraqcias
sagrZnob eqspresias aniWebs. es xom, bolos da bolos,
erTi didi ojaxis siyvarulia. magram ‘ojaxi’ da ‘saxli’
xalxis SegnebaSi ganuyrelia. siyvaruli moiTxovs, rom
ojaxebs sakuTari ‘saxlebi’ hqondeT; usaxlkaro ojaxebi
Tavze politikur Wers saWiroeben. nacia ‘samSoblo miwis’
gareSe parias warmoadgens. ase rom, ‘mijaWvuloba’ da
‘samSoblo miwa’ fesvebisadmi dasabrunebeli gzis
Ziebisas urTierTs aZlierebs. is naciebic ki, romlebic
samSobloSi cxovroben, fesvebis ‘xelaxla gaSvebas’,
TavianT namdvil warmomavlobasTan, TavianT avTentur
TviTTan kvlav mijaWvas saWiroeben. swored esaa
samSoblo miwis cnebis mraval mniSvnelobaTagan erT-
erTi.
samSoblo miwis cnebas isec SeuZlia moqmedeba,
rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments, rogorc politikur
pretenzias miwis garkveul farTobze da mis resursebze,
miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad mtrulad ganwyobili
pretendentebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian. am
TvalsazrisiT, samSoblo miwa ganuyofelia ekonomikuri
keTildReobisa da fizikuri usafrTxoebisagan; misi
sasoflo-sameurneo da mineraluri resursebis
eqsploatacia nacionalisturi ganxilvis upirveles
sagnad iqceva. is biZgs aZlevs nacionalistur moZraobas
ekonomikuri TviTkmarobis, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
TviTSenarCunebis gaZlierebisaTvis. amiTve aixsneba
nacionalistis agraruli idilia, misi emociuri
mijaWvuloba ‘xalxTan’ da cxovrebis glexur wesTan da
tradiciebTan, maSin rodesac xSirad praqtikaSi
nacionalizmebi ganuxrelad misdeven swrafi
industrializaciis politikas.13
sxva doneze, samSoblo miwa istoriul
teritorias, winaparTa miwas Seadgens. igi mama-papaTa

59
miwaa, sadac maTi samudamo gansasveneblia. is agreTve
didi pirovnebebis samoRvaweo asparezia da naciis
istoriaSi gardamtexi movlenebis – brZolebisa da
xelSekrulebebis, sinodebisa da asambleebis, gmirTa
Tavdadebisa da samarxebis, da wmindanTa da brZenTa
swavlebaTaTvis aucilebel garemos warmoadgens. Semdegi
aq Tavad landSaftia. rogor ar adidebs nacionalisti
‘Cveni’ gorakebisa da mTebis, Cveni mdinareebis, Cveni
tbebisa da mindvrebis gansakuTrebul mSvenierebas,
romelic RvTaebam (an RvTaebebma) akurTxes. Cven
gagviWirdeba nacionalizmis msoflmxedvelobis wvdoma im
‘poeturi landSaftebis’ Sefasebis gareSe, romlebic
naciis wevrTa didi nawilis (rogorc nacionalistebis,
iseve aranacionalistebis) Segnebaze Zlier moqmedeben. es
is aspeqtia, romelsac bolo dros arasaTanado
yuradReba eqceoda da romelsac qvemoT mivubrundebi.14
imas rodi vamtkiceb, rom yoveli nacionalisturi
ideologia da moZraoba yovelTvis erTi da imave
xarisxiT warmoSobs am cnebas. cxadia, ase ar aris. pol
gilbertis marTebuli mtkicebiT, mtrulad ganwyobil
nacionalizmebs Soris arsebuli zogierTi uTanxmoebis
mizezi naciebis gansxvavebuli da dapirispirebuli
birTvi-cnebebia. magaliTad, is nacionalizmi, romelic
naciis cnebas teritorias da samSoblo miwas ukavSirebs,
imas upirispirdeba, romelic eTnikurobidan da
kulturidan amodis. magram, ramdenadac istoria amgvari
konfliqtebiTaa aRsavse, darwmunebuli ara var, rom
adekvaturia miseuli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom unda
miiCnion am konfliqtebis monawileebma (da Cvenc) yvela
maTgani ‘nacionalizmad’. esesxeba ra veberis miniSnebas,
gilberti amtkicebs, rom maT saziaro aqvT is, rasac
Tavad ‘nacionalizmis damfuZnebel princips’ uwodebs. am
principis mixedviT, naciebi warmoadgenen jgufebs,
romelTac aqvT nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis ufleba,
rasac, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia moicvas ‘nacionaluri
ufleba damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriobaze’; da kidev:
‘nacia aris imgvari jgufi, romelsac aqvs ufleba’ (Gilbert
1998: 16). magram yvela nacionalisti rodi gamoTqvams
amgvar pretenzias. magaliTad, kulturuli
nacionalistebi amtkiceben, rom nacias aqvs kulturuli

60
avtonomiisa da moraluri regeneraciis ufleba, rac
sakmaod axlosaa saxelmwifoebriobasTan; kulturuli
nacionalistebi SeiZleba arc ki miiCnevdnen, rom,
sasurvelia, maTi nacia (an romelime nacia) gaxdes
damoukidebeli da hqondes sakuTari saxelmwifo. ufro
xSirad bevri nacionalizmisaTvis mniSvnelovani, magram
ara erTaderTi mizania saxelmwifoebriobis mopoveba,
nacionalur gamTlianebasa da identobasTan erTad (ix.
Hutchinson 1994: Tavi 1).
iqneb jobdes kidec, rom nacionalistur
ideologiebs ise SevxedoT, rogorc Cems mier ganxiluli
‘nacionalizmis’ urTierTgadamfarav cnebaTa ojaxis
magaliTebs, rac emsgavseba ‘TamaSis’ zogad cnebas,
romelsac ramdenime urTierTgadamfaravi elementi aqvs,
magram yvela es elementi yovel calkeul TamaSSi da
TamaSis yovel tipSi ar vlindeba; albaT, gamonaklisis
saxiT, yvela am nacionalistur ideologiaSi Cven
SegviZlia gavarCioT sami (Tumc sxvadasxva xarisxiT
warmodgenili) farTo mizani: nacionaluri identoba,
mTlianoba da avtonomiuroba. am gagebiT, birTvi-cnebebi
formas aZleven nacionalisturi ideologiebis zogad
msoflxedvas da maTgan momdinare politikur programebs;
magram am cnebebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinacia maT
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs, qmnis ra
nacionalizmebis CvenTvis cnobil sxvadasxva saxes. Tumc,
es ideologiebi ar da verc moicavs im sakiTxebs da
kiTxvebs, romlebic sxva politikuri ideologiebs
axasiaTebs, konceptualurad isini bevrad ufro mdidarni
arian, vidre amas kritikosebi varaudoben. isini
problemebis, saWiroebebis, sazrunavebis farTo wres
miemarTebian, romelTac, sakuTari Tavis sazianodve,
xSirad ugulebelyofen sxva ‘ZiriTadi mimarTulebis
mimcemi’ politikuri ideologiebi. amas garda, rogorc es
kedurim daasabuTa, ‘erTi ideologiis kategoriebis
meore, sruliad gansxvavebuli, ideologiis gamocdisa da
misi doqtrinebis klasifikaciisaTvis’ gamoyeneba ar
amarTlebs (Kedourie 1960: 90). is, rom nacionalizmebs
mxolod Zalian iribad da bundovnad, an sulac ar
gaaCniaT mimarTeba socialuri samarTlianobis an
resursebis distribuciis problemebTan, ganpirobebulia

61
imiT, rom maTi mzera mipyrobilia identobis,
avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da avTenturobis idealebze,
romelTac sxva ideologiebi Znelad Tu Seexeba.

nacionalizmi, rogorc
kultura da religia

meore pasuxi oponentTa mwvave kritikaze imis

CvenebaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionalizmi ufro metia,
vidre politikuri ideologia. is agreTve aris kulturis
forma da ‘religia’. amgvari pasuxis fokusSi moqceulia
nacionalizmis centraluri cneba – ‘nacia’.
naciis nacionalisturi koncefcia, cxadia, ar aris
monoliTuri da me mis zogierT ideologiur variants
mogvianebiT ganvixilav. miuxedavad amisa, yvela varianti
imaSi Tanxmdeba, rom nacia sajaro kulturis formas
warmoadgens, romelic erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis an
‘nacionaluri saxelmwifos’ yvela moqalaqisaTvis Riaa.
rogorc davinaxeT, nacionalizmi unikaluri
nacionaluri identobis xelaxal aRmoCenasa da
ganaxlebas moiTxovs; es winaparTa samSobloSi mosaxle
istoriul-kulturul erTobaSi avTenturi fesvebisadmi
dabrunebas niSnavs. nacionalistTaTvis nacia, rogorc
kulturis forma, is erTobaa, romlis wevrebsac
gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi kulturuli erTianoba da
nacionaluri istoria da TavdadebiT iRvwian
vernakuluri enebis, tradiciebis, xelovnebis dargebis,
landSaftis, nacionaluri ganaTlebisa da instituciebis
meSveobiT nacionaluri individualobis
ganviTarebisaTvis. kvlav movixmoT amonaridi rusodan:

Ce sont les institutions nationales qui forment le génie, le

caractère, le goûts et les moeurs d’un people… qui lui inspirent cet
ardent amour de la patrie (es nacionaluri instituciebia,
xalxis genias, xasiaTs, gemovnebas da znes rom
ayalibeben……isini unergaven xalxs mamulis mwvel
siyvaruls) (Rousseau 1915, II: 431, Considérations sur le
gouvernement de la Pologne).

62
 is, rac adgilobrivia, nacionalistisaTvis ipso facto
xalxuricaa. amitom, saxalxo ganaTlebis gziT, Tavidan
unda aRmovaCinoT ‘xalxis’ kultura da davnergoT
xalxis nacionaluri siyvaruli. aqedan warmodgeba,
xSirad miTiTebuli, nacionalizmebis umetesobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zlieri populisturi da romantikuli
elementebi (Nairn 1977: Tavi 2).15
magram es saxalxo, nacionaluri kultura
ubralod kerZo saqme ar aris. naciis kultura sajaro
gamoxatvas moiTxovs da politikur simbolizms
ganapirobebs. avTentur istoriasTan dabrunebam da
vernakulurma kulturam sajaro forma unda miiRos da
politizirebul unda iqnas. kulturuli nacia
politikuri naciac unda gaxdes, romelsac eqneba sajaro
kultura – sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos forma da
sazomi. amitomaa, rom nacia ‘politikuri kulturiT’, misi
gansakuTrebuli politikuri rolebiTa da instituciebiT
da misi unikaluri simboloebiT – droSebiT, himnebiT,
zeimebiT, ceremoniebiT da maTi msgavsi atributebiT
xasiaTdeba.
iq, sadac nacia winare eTnikuri mocemulobis
safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli, kulturis vernakuluri
formebi mis sajaro yofierebas gamsWvalavs da mis
politikur kulturasTan igivdeba, rogorc es iyo
poloneTSi. sadac nacia polieTnikuria da
‘moqalaqeobriv’ xasiaTze aqvs pretenzia, SesaZlebelia
vernakuluri kulturis zogi elementis sesxeba, rogorc
es moxda indoeTSi, Tumca nawilobriv nacionaluri
erTianobis sazianod. sxva SemTxvevebSi, safrangeTis
msgavsad, sadac winaparTagan momavali kultura naciis
moqalaqeobrivi koncefciis da teritorialuri
nacionalizmis safuZvelSi Zevs, vernakulur kulturul
kodebs gauWirdebaT Tanaarseboba ufro universalur
respublikur simbolizmTan.
am variaciebis miuxedavad, naTelia nacionalizmis
jamuri impulsis arsi: nacia sajaro kulturisa da
politikuri simbolizmis da, sabolood, politizebuli
masobrivi kulturis formaa, romelic naciis siyvarulis,
misi kanonebis gatarebisa da samSoblo miwis dacvisaTvis
moqalaqeebis mobilizacias eswrafvis.

63
 magram nacionalizmi mainc ufro metia, vidre
sekularuli kultura. miuxedavad Mmisi impulsis
sekularizebisa, saboloo jamSi, nacionalizmi mainc
ufro ‘politikuri religiis’ monaTesavea, vidre
politikuri ideologiisa. aq me religiis durkhaimiseul
definicias viyeneb, romlis mixedviTac, religia ‘aris
rwmenisa da praqtikis erTiani sistema, dakavSirebuli
sakralur sagnebTan, romlebic, unda iTqvas, gareSe da
akrZalulia – rwmenebi da praqtika, romelic eklesiad
wodebul zneobriv erTobad kravs yvelas, vinc misi
principebis erTgulia’ (Durkheim 1915: 47). es funqciuri
midgoma nacionalizmis surogatuli religiis gagebaSi
dagvexmareba, ramdenadac Tavad durkhaimi usvams xazs
siwmindisa da ritualis rols. es faqti TvalsaCinoa im
mniSvnelobiTac, romelsac nacionalizmi did
winamZRolTa da brZolebSi daRupulTa mosagonebel
ceremoniebs, sakuTari qveynisaTvis TavganwirulTa
‘didebul sikvdils’ aniWebs. amgvar momentebSi, Cven
SegviZlia nacia davinaxoT, rogorc ‘moqalaqeTa wminda
erToba’. es gageba eTanxmeba nacionalizmis, rogorc
‘surogati religiis’, interpretacias.16
nacionalizmis sxva aspeqtebic avlens misi,
rogorc surogatuli politikuri religiis, xasiaTs.
drodadro Cven vxvdebiT rCeuli naciis, gansakuTrebuli
istoriisa da bedisweris mqone unikaluri xalxis
TviTxats, rac eTnikuri rCeulobis, ‘rCeuli xalxis’
Zveli religiuri rwmenis sekularul memkvidres
warmoadgens. amgvar warmodgenebs SeiZleba iseT,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul da daSorebul qveynebSi
wavawydeT, rogorebicaa safrangeTi da iaponia, indoeTi
da SeerTebuli Statebi. amas garda, arsebobs
kvazimesianisturi mgznebarebac, romelic naciaTa
fuZemdeblebs da winamZRolT axasiaTebT. afrikisa da
aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi adamianebma, romlebmac xalxs
damoukidebloba moapovebines – nerum da sukarnom,
nkrumam da keniatam iseve, rogorc Tavis droze
winaswarmetyvelebma da mxsnelebma, TiTqmis wmindanobis
statusi moipoves, auwyes ra TavianTi xalxebs
Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da siyvarulis axali
epoqis dadgoma. rogorc ukve vaCveneT, ufro metad

64
mniSvnelovanic kia nacionaluri bediswerisa da eTnikuri
STamomavlobis tyupi rwmenebi. es rwmenebi avsebs da
zogjer anacvlebs sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebis
tradiciul religiur rwmenas, romelic maT miwier
planSi gadaaqvT, jer kidev arSobil TaobebSi
koleqtiuri ukvdavebis aRTqmis gziT (ix. A.D.Smith 1999a:
Tavebi 3, 9).
es yvelaferi erTgvar warmodgenas gviqmnis
nacionalizmis kompleqsurobaze. nacionalizmi xan
politikur ideologiad warmogvidgeba, xan ki sajaro
kulturis formad da surogatul politikur religiad.
amitom ar unda SevadaroT nacionalizmis tout court sxva,
‘mimarTulebis mimcem’ politikur ideologiebs TviT
dasavluri samyaros SigniTac ki, romelic misTvis
sakuTari saxli da mTavari asparezia. nacionalizmi unda
miviCnioT mravalwaxnagovan globalur fenomenad da mis
amosaxsnelad vaRiaroT misi yoveli waxnagis Seswavlis
aucilebloba.

voluntarizmi da organicizmi

aqamde nacionalizmis ideologiebs me

garkveulwilad aradiferencirebulad ganvmartavdi.
veswrafvodi saerTo principebi, saziaro idealebi da
birTvi-cnebebi gamomeyo, raTa SesaZlebloba momcemoda
nacionalizmebs Soris zogierTi aSkarad sistematuri
gansxvavebebi meCvenebina. am gansxvavebaTa arseboba
moiTxovs nacionalisturi ideologiis bazisuri
formebis tipologiis SemuSavebas. yvelaze cnobili
tipologia imavdroulad yvelaze martivi da Sors
mimavalia: me mxedvelobaSi maqvs nacionalizmis
‘voluntaristuli’ da ‘organikuli’ saxeebi, romelTac
didi xnis istoria aqvT da dramatuli Sedegebi mosdevT
xolme.17
nacionalizmis ideologiis am or saxes Soris
dapirispireba locus classicus SeiZleba ernst renanis mier
hainrix fon tretSkes kritikaSi vipovoT, romelic
arsebobs 1882 wels wakiTxuli leqciis saxiT Qu’est-ce
qu’une nation? tretSkesagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac
germaniis mier elzasisa da lotaringiis sadavo

65
teritoriebis aneqsirebis kanonierebis saCveneblad
eTnolingvisturi kriteriumi ixmara da amtkicebda, rom
elzaselebi, miuxedavad maTi naTlad gamoxatuli
politikuri nebisa da istoriuli maxsovrobisa,
‘obieqturad’ iyvnen eTnikuri germanelebi, renani ufro
politikurad da erTgvarad voluntaristulad udgeboda
sakiTxs. miuxedavad imisa, rom, garkveulwilad,
simarTled miiCnevda safrangeTis warmoSobis
‘germanikul’ Teziss (imdenad, ramdenadac monarqiuli
mTavroba da myari teritoriuli dayofa dasavleT
evropaSi germanikulma (frankulma) tomebma moitanes), igi
asabuTebda naciebis sulierebas da maTTvis istoriuli
maxsovrobisa da politikuri nebis mniSvnelobas.
eTnikuri determinizmis sawinaaRmdegod, renani kerZo
nacionalur kulturebze ‘adamianuri kulturis’
upiratesobas da ‘Tanxmobisa da erTad cxovrebis
gagrZelebis naTlad gamoxatuli survilis’ saWiroebas
amtkicebs: ‘naciis arseboba (mapatieT es metafora)
yoveldRiuri plebiscitia, iseve rogorc individualuri
arsebobaa sicocxlis mudmivi dadastureba’ (Renan 1882,
citatisaTvis ix. Bhabha 1990: 19). es kargad cnobili pasaJi
xSirad amoglejilia konteqstidan, roca, germanuli
romantikuli ideologiis organicizmisa da
determinizmis sapirispirod, nacionalobis liberaluri
da voluntaristuli idealis saCveneblad aris xolme
moxmobili. gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom renans Tavi
Sors eWira rogorc determinizmisagan, ise organuli
analogiisagan. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi
voluntaristuli nacionalobis doqtrinas an individis
im uflebis icavs, romliTac igi Tavad irCevs nacias.
renani ufro metad naciis istoriuli da aqtivisturi
politikuri gagebis dacvas eswrafvis, romelmac
‘winaparTa kults’ da ‘gmirul warsuls’ saTanado wona
unda mianiWos. naciis individTan analogia imisaTvis araa
gamiznuli, rom individis preferenciaTa da jgufuri
identobebis situaciuri analizis liberalur Teorias
dauWiros mxari. misi daniSnulebaa naciaTa
Camoyalibebisas aCvenos warsulis – istoriisa da
maxsovrobis (da daviwyebis) iseve, rogorc gangrZobadi
politikis, roli:

66
 nacia, individis msgavsad, xangrZlivi warsuli
miswrafebebis, Tavganwirvis da erTgulebis
kulminacias warmoadgens. kultTa Soris yvelaze
gamarTlebuli winaparTa kultia, radgan
winaprebma Segvqmnes Cven imad, vinc varT. gmiruli
warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (romelSic me
namdvil didebas vgulisxmob), is socialuri
kapitalia, romelsac efuZneba nacionaluri idea.
saerTo didebis qona warsulSi da saerTo nebis
qona awmyoSi; diadi saqmeebis erTad keTeba, da
momavalSic maTi kvlav keTebis survili – esaa
aucilebeli pirobebi xalxad yofnisaTvis (iqve:
19).

maqs veberic, miuxedavad imisa, rom germaneli

nacionalisti iyo, msgavs daskvnamde mivida. isic
daJinebiT miuTiTebda istoriuli maxsovrobisa da
politikuri nebis rolze. kolmaris muzeumSi Tavisi
vizitis Sesaxeb igi mogviTxrobs:

mizezi imisa, rom elzaselebi Tavs germaneli

naciis kuTvnilebad ar miiCneven, maT
maxsovrobebSi unda veZioT. maTi politikuri
bediswera metismetad xangrZlivad warimarTeboda
germanuli garemos miRma. amitomaa, rom maTi
gmirebi franguli istoriis gmirebi arian. Tu
kolmaris muzeumis mcvels imis Cveneba surs,
rasac Tavis saganZurSi yvelaze metad
eloliaveba, mas Tqven griunvaldis
sakurTxevlidan Sors mihyavxarT, oTaxSi,
romelic savsea samferovani droSebiT, Sablonuri
nivTebiTa da cxadia, Tavisi arsiT, sruliad
umniSvnelo muzaradebiTa da sxvadasxva
samaxsovroebiT; dro, romelsac isini
ganekuTvnebian, misTvis gmiruli epoqaa (Weber 1948:
176).

Semdeg is agrZelebs da SeniSnavs elzaselebSi

franguli erTobis grZnobas da maT mijaWvulobas mis

67
reliqviebTan da, ‘gansakuTrebiT, franguli revoluciis
samaxsovroebTan’. erTobis es grZnoba, wers igi, ‘saerTo
politikuri da, iribad, socialuri gamocdilebis ZaliT
iqmneba. orives, rogorc feodalizmis rRvevis
simboloebs, didad afaseben masebi, da am ambebis Txroba
primitiuli xalxebis heroikuli legendebis adgils
ikavebs’ (Weber 1968, I: 396).
veberis zogadi Sexeduleba naciebze da
nacionalizmze, miuxedavad imisa, rom arasodes yofila
srulad Camoyalibebuli, garkveulwilad, axlos dgas
renanis SexedulebasTan. kerZod, imiT, rom veberic,
istoriul maxsovrobasTan erTad, gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda politikur qmedebebsa da
instituciebs. amave dros, veberi jer kidev ganicdida
saukunis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli germanuli
romantikuli tradiciisaTvis centraluri, nacionalobis
eTnolingvisturi kriteriumis Zalian did gavlenas.
aRniSnuli tradiciis suliskveTeba herderidan da
kantidan, da kidev ufro adreuli xanidan – rusos
‘naturalizmidan’, im Tvalsazrisidan momdinareobda, rom
naciebi SeiZleba Caisaxon ‘bunebiT mdgomareobaSi’ (Tumca
kanonmdebels SeuZlia bunebis xarvezebis Sevseba),
rogorc es siiesma, XVIII saukunis dasasrulis frangma
politikis filosofosma da saxelmwifo moRvawem
gamoxata. XIX saukunis dasawyisis germaneli
romantikosebi – fixte, arndti da iani aseve
darwmunebulni iyvnen (eTnolingvisturi) naciebis
bunebriobis safuZvlianobaSi, magram es rwmena maT
mtkice saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebas im mizniT
Seuxames, rom swori nacionaluri neba da namdvili
Tavisuflebis miRwevisaTvis brZolis moTxovnileba
daenergaT da WeSmariti nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva
ganexorcielebinaT (ix. Kedourie 1960: Tavi 3).
romantikosebisaTvis, iseve rogorc renanisaTvis,
nacia sulieri principi, ‘nacionaluri suli’ (Volkgeist)
iyo da yovel nacias Tavisi gansakuTrebuli bediswera
da misia hqonda, iseve rogorc moepoveboda unikaluri
kultura, ‘Seucvleli kulturuli Rirebulebani’,
romelTa rwmena vebers nacionalizmis damRad esaxeboda.
renanisagan gansxvavebiT, germanelma romatikosebma

68
nacionaluri sulis wyaro ara istoriaSi an politikaSi,
aramed ‘kulturiT Seqmnil nebaSi’ hpoves, im organul
lingvistur kulturaSi, romelic saxelmwifoebriobaSi
TviTrealizaciisaTvis nacionaluri nebis ZiebaSi
gamoixateboda. nacionaluri sulis es kriteriumi
germanulenovani teritoriebis istoriasa da Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas asaxavda. 1871 wlamde es teritoriebi
mraval iseT samefod da samTavrod iyo dayofili,
romelTa erTaderT saziaro niSans germanuli ena da
literatura warmoadgenda. Tumca zogierTi germaneli
romantikosi ukve eyrdnoboda saerTo istorias: cnebam
germania farTo gavrceleba hpova renesansis
germanulenovan humanistebs Soris. Semdeg ki, roca
wminda romis imperia germanulenovan teritoriebs Seexo,
enam da eTnikurobam swrafad SeiZina ufro didi
mowodebis Zala, romelic Tavdapirvelad gareSe mtris –
franguli kulturis, mogvianebiT ki upiratesad Sina –
ebraeli ‘rasobrivi mtris’ winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
birTv-RirebulebebTan da kulturuli bmis ZalasTan
dakavSirebulma am gaurkvevlobam, kulturuli da
eTnikuri Seryvnis mzard SiSTan erTad, gavlena moaxdina
germanuli nacionaluri ideologiis kursze, misca ra mas
eTnikuri nacionalizmisa da biologiuri determinizmis
mimarTuleba. ufro zogadad ki amgvarma kulturulma
kvanZma naciis ufro naturalisturi da organuli
ideologiebis ganviTarebis tendencias Seuwyo xeli (ix.
Mosse 1964; Kohn 1965; Conversi 1997).18

‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’
nacionalizmebi

germanuli nacionalizmis kursisaTvis Tvalis

midevneba mniSvnelovan faqtorad iqca hans konis
‘dasavluri’ da ‘aRmosavluri’ nacionalizmebis
diqotomiis gasaviTareblad, romelic kvlavac rCeba
nacionalizmis yvelaze naqeb da gavlenianian
tipologiad. hans konis mTavari Sroma nacionalizmis
idea 1944 wels gamovida. werda ra nacizmisa da omis
aCrdilTa pirobebSi, igi eswrafvoda aRmoeCina
gansxvavebebi dasavleTSi arsebul nacionalizmis ufro

69
keTil formasa da mis im ufro saSiS saxesxvaobebs
Soris, romlebic rainis aRmosavleTiT gamoCndnen. koni
amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmis dasavluri formebi
dafuZnebuli iyo ideaze, rom nacia warmoadgenda
moqalaqeTa racionalur asociacias, gaerTianebuls
saerTo kanonebiTa da saziaro teritoriiT, maSin roca
misi aRmosavluri saxesxvaobebi saerTo kulturisa da
eTnikuri warmomavlobis rwmenas efuZneboda da nacias
ganixilavda rogorc urRvev, erTian, organul,
individualur wevrebze maRla mdgom organizms, romelic
dabadebidan dagyveba da nacionalur daRs gasvams. am
kontrastis warmoSobis wyaro nacionalizmebis
gansxvavebul klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi unda veZeboT.
dasavleTSi Zlier da Tavis TavSi darwmunebul
burJuazias SeeZlo aeSenebina masobrivi samoqalaqo
suliskveTebis mqone moqalaqeTa nacia, maSin rodesac
aRmosavleTs amgvari burJuaziuli klasi ar gaaCnda da
imperiuli avtokratebisa da naxevradfeodaluri
miwaTmflobelebis mier imarTeboda. es qmnida noyier
niadags naciis organuli koncefciebisa da
nacionalizmis mkveTri, avtoritaruli, xSirad mistikuri
formebisaTvis (Kohn 1967a).
miuxedavad konis diqotomiis mkveTri kritikisa
(dayofis miseuli moralisturi miuReblobis gabuqva,
misi geografiuli fokusis kritika im mizeziT, rom
mxedvelobis aredan mniSvnelovani ‘gamonaklisebia’
gamorCenili, magaliTad, irlandia da CexeTi, da ori
tipis miseuli gamocalkevebis zedmet simkveTreze
miTiTeba), igi mainc inarCunebs WeSmaritebis marcvals.
naciis ‘voluntaristul’ koncefciaSi individebi floben
garkveul Tavisuflebas; marTalia, ‘naciaTa msoflioSi’
da nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirobebSi
isini nacias unda ganekuTvnebodnen, magram, principSi, maT
SeuZliaT Tavi miakuTvnon sasurvel nacias. naciis
‘organul’ koncefciaSi amgvari arCevani gamoricxulia.
individebi naciaSi arian Sobilni da, sadac ar unda
wavidnen, mainc maTi dambadebeli naciis ganuyrel
nawilad rCebian.19
es, cxadia, ideologiuri kriteriumia da
normatiul tipebs aRwers. Carlton heisis Sromidan da

70
luis snaideridan moyolebuli da ufro gviandeli
formulirebebiT damTavrebuli (rogorebicaa hug seton-
uotsoniseuli gamijvna, romelic (upiratesad) dasavleT
evropaSi arsebul ‘Zvel, gangrZobad naciebs’ aRmosavleT
evropisa da aziis axali, mizanmimarTulad Seqmnili
naciebisagan (‘Canafiqris naciebisagan’, rogorc maT
Carlz tili uwodebda) gamoyofda; da nacionalizmebis
Cemeuli dayofa imis meSveobiT, rom erTni efuZnebian
‘teritorias’, xolo meoreni – ‘eTnikurobas’) iyo cdebi,
rom gamijnva ufro metad istoriul da sociologiur
safuZvelze momxdariyo. am tipologiam SesaZloa kargad
dagvanaxos naciebsa da nacionalizmebs Soris arsebuli
umTavresi gansxvavebani. magram problema isaa, rom droTa
ganmavlobaSi imdenad bevri nacionalizmi icvlis Tavis
‘bunebas’ da ise xSirad urevs erTmaneTSi orive
tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs, rom Tavdapirveli
analitikuri gamijnva erTgvarad kargavs Tavis
praqtikul Rirebulebas.20
garda amisa, nacionalizmis sociologiur tipebSi
normatiuli Tvalsazrisebis Setanis safrTxec arsebobs.
esaa naciis amJamad moduri ‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’
koncefciebs Soris gamijvnis problema. maSin, roca
politikis filosofosebis TvalSi ‘moqalaqeobriv’
nacionalizms SeuZlia rom liberalizms SeuTavsdes da,
am gziT, garkveul respeqtabelurobas miaRwios,
‘sisxlisa da miwis’ nacionalizmis eTnikuri formebi
moraluri sazRvris miRma rCeba; aRmoufxvreli
partikularizmi ar aZlevs maT saSualebas hqondeT raime
civilizebuli urTierToba ‘mimarTulebis mimcem’
politikur ideologiebTan. SesaZloa liberaluri axsna,
romelic gansaxlebas, istorias da sajaro kulturas da
ara genealogiasa da eTnolingvistur kulturas efuZneba,
imisaTvis iyos saWiro, rom upirvelesi yuradReba
TanamemamuleTa saWiroebebs daeTmos. aRniSnuli kargad
esadageba naciis cnebis devid mileriseul definicias,
romlis komponentebic moicavs istorias, teritorias da
sajaro kulturas, magram yuradRebis gareSe tovebs
yovelgvar miTiTebas eTnikuri STamomavlobis miTze.
imaves gagrZelebaa mauricio virolis mier respublikuri

71
patriotizmis dacva eTnokulturuli nacionalizmis
pretenziebisagan (Miller 1995; Viroli 1995; Sdr. Barry 1999).
magram nacionalizmis amgvar Sekvecil versiasac
ki ZaluZs sakmaod araliberaluri qsenofobiuri
politikis gamowveva. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmis
‘saxlidan’ amis klasikur magaliTs safrangeTis
respublikaSi ebraelebisadmi damokidebuleba
warmoadgenda. ‘ebraels, rogorc individs, Cven vaZlevT
yvelafers, ebraels, rogorc ebraels – arafers’
ganacxada klermon-tonem safrangeTis asambleaze 1790
wels. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmis mier umciresobaTa
uflebebis dacvaSi sakuTari marcxis aRiareba, SeiZleba
Seesabameba kidec liberalur individualizms da
pirovnul adamianur uflebebs, magram es mxolod jgufis
uflebebze Tvalis daxuWviT, umravlesobis (maspinZeli)
naciis TanxmobiT xdeba. aRniSnuli ufleba-movaleobani
gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa mier dominanturi (franguli)
enis Seswavlas, saqmis warmoebas am enaze; umravlesobis
(franguli) istoriis da literaturis Seswavlasa da
deklamacias; franguli tradiciebis dacvas; franguli
simboloebisa da instituciebis aRiarebas da a.S.
ebraelebisaTvis es niSnavs maTi unitaruli TviTaRqmis
da maTi eTnoreligiuri erTobis gaxleCas religiur
aRmsareblobad da eTnikur kuTvnilebad, ganZarcvas am
ukanasknelisagan da asimilacias maspinel naciaSi. esaa
is procedura, romelsac liberaluri moqalaqeobrivi
nacionalizmi umciresobaTa mimarT dRes mraval
nacionalur saxelmwifoSi iyenebs (ix. Vital 1990: Tavi 1;
Preece 1998).
moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi Zalian Sorsaa
imisagan, rom gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone jgufTa
moTxovnilebani daakmayoflos. namdvili
multikulturizmis arseboba mxolod ‘mravlobiTi’
naciis CarCoebSia SesaZlebeli. amgvari nacia dadebiTad
ekideba mravalferovnebas da nacionalur saxelmwifoSi
yvelaferze maRla ayenebs instituciebisa da
simboloebis SigniT sxvadasaxva kulturebis komponentTa
arsebobas. es SesaZlebeli Seiqna amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos mxolod
gadasadnobi qvabis ideologiaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg.

72
Tumc faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebi protestantuli
inglisuri eTnies safuZvelze aSenda, monobam,
adgilobrivi amerikelebis dapyrobam da imigraciis
erTimeoreze miyolebulma talRebma igi namdvil
mravaleTnikur da pluralistur naciad aqcia, romelic
amasTanave SekavSirebuli iyo saerTo eniT, saerTo
kanonebiT, saziaro politikuri simboloebiTa da
‘sekularuli religiiT’ – droSisadmi pativis migebiT,
sajaro dResaswaulebis aRniSnviT, konstituciisa da
damfuZnebel mamaTa kultiT, saxelovan omebSi
daRupulTa mosagonari RonisZiebebiT da a.S.
miuxedavad yvela am TvalsaCino gansxvavebisa,
msgavsebac gansacvifreblad didia SeerTebuli Statebis
am sasiamovno nacionalizmsa da safrangeTis, ruseTis da
britaneTis ‘misionerul’ nacionalizmebs Soris, rac maT
‘didi naciebad’, ‘progresis Suqurebad’, ‘uvic
adgilobrivebSi’ ‘civilizaciis gamavrceleblebad’
dasaxvas gulisxmobs. es msgavseba adasturebs, rom,
miuxedavad TvalsaCino kontrastisa nacionalizmis
ideologiis ‘organul’ da ‘voluntaristul’ formebsa da
naciis ‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’ koncefciebs Soris,
maT mier warmoSobili politikuri qmedebani imaze ufro
axloa erTmaneTTan, vidre warmogvedgina. es imas niSnavs,
rom mizezobrivi analizis Catarebisas, Cven
nacionalizmis, rogorc fenomenTa erTi krebulis,
ganixilva gvWirdeba. Tumca, amave dros, arc mis
sxvadasxva formebs Soris arsebuli ideologiuri
gansxvavebebi unda dagvaviwydes. nacionalizmis bazisuri
principebi, idealebi da birTvi-cnebebi aSkarad
ucvlelia droSi da sxvadasxva kulturebSi; da es
gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom arian mecnierebi
darwmunebulni, rom SeuZliaT warmoadginon naciebisa da
nacionalizmebis yovlismomcveli ganmartebani da
mtrulad ganwyobil nacionalistebs SesaZlebloba
miscen erTmaneTTan debatebSi CaerTon, miuxedavad imisa,
rom terminTa yvelasaTvis misaRebi definiciebisa da
amxsneli paradigmebis Taobaze ver SeTanxmebulan.

73
 3

paradigmebi

________________________________

1789 wlis dasawyisSi abatma siiesma gamoaqveyna

pamfleti saTauriT Qu’est-ce que le Tiers Etat? siiesi
Tavadaznaurebisa da klerikalebis privilegiebis
winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda, mesame wodebas naciasTan
aigivebda da naciis suverenobas acxadebda:

nacia yvelaferze uwinaresia da yvelaferis

sawyisia. misi neba yovelTvis kanonieria, radganac
is Tavadaa kanoni… dedamiwaze arsebuli naciebi,
pirovnebebis msgavsad, yovelgvari socialuri
kavSirisagan Tavisufalni, anu sxvagvarad,
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi unda Casaxuliyvnen. maTi
nebis ganxorcieleba yovelgvari moqalaqeobrivi
formisagan Tavisufali da damoukidebelia.
arseboben ra mxolod bunebriv wesrigSi, maTi neba,
sruli efeqtisaTvis mxolod nebis bunebriv
maxasiaTeblebs saWiroebs. rogorc nacias surs, is
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rac surs. yvela forma
misaRebia, da misi neba yovelTvis uzenaesi kanonia
(citatisaTvis ix. Cobban 1963, I: 165; kursivi
dedniseulia).

adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciam

erTi wlis Semdeg saqmis arsi ufro mkafiodac ki
gadmosca: ‘arsebiTad, nacia yovelgvari suverenobis
wyaroa: arc erT adamians, arc erT pirovnebas ar
SeiZleba hqondes raime Zalaufleba, romelic calsaxad
misgan ar momdinareobs’ (ix. Baker 1988: 271). erTi wlis
Semdgom, 1790 wlis zafxulSi, frangebma Fête de la Fédération
izeimes: erovnuli gvardielebi da loialurad
ganwyobili moqalaqeebi Seikribnen, raTa axali franguli

74
federaciis Seqmna edResaswaulaT. yvelgan aRmarTuli
iyo sakurTxevlebi warweriT: ‘moqalaqe ibadeba,
cxovrobs da kvdeba mamulisaTvis’. moewyo msvlelobebi,
mRerodnen himnebs, Jak-lui-davidis naxatis horaciusis
ficis (1784) mibaZviT, gaSlili urTierTgadaWdobili
mklavebiT debdnen fics. ‘wminda saZmoSi’ gaerTianebuli
moqalaqeebi safrangeTs samudamo erTgulebas,
nacionaluri erTianobis mxardaWeras da suvereni
xalxisadmi morCilebas aRuTqvamdnen. 14 ivliss parizSi
marsis mindorze lafaietma fici dado, xolo taleiranma
masobrioba da gaSlili droSebis qveS kurTxeva
uzrunvelyo, ismoda ‘simRera da iyo sixarulis
cremlebis Rvra, radganac es iyo dRe safrangeTis
ganaxlebisa’. amave dros notr-damSi naxevrad sakraluri,
naxevrad profanuli kantata Prise de la Bastille sruldeboda,
romelic ivdiTis patriotuli wignis pasaJebis nakrebs
warmoadgenda (Schama 1989: 502–512).
revoluciis winsvlasTan erTad xalxis
enTuziazmic matulobda. miRebuli iqna axali
samferovani droSa axal nacionalur himn
‘marseliozasTan’ erTad, romelic SemdgomSi saxelmwifo
himni gaxda. mefis tituli: ‘lui, uflis madliT,
safrangeTisa da navaris mefe’ ase Seicvala: ‘lui, uflis
madliTa da saxelmwifos konstituciuri kanoniT,
frangTa mefe’. rogorc politikur, aseve kulturul
regionalizms lagami amosdes ‘la république, une et indivisible’
Sesaqmnelad. 1793 wlidan frangul enas abat greguarisa
da robespieris meTvalyureobiT moqmedi saxalxo
usafrTxoebis iakobinuri komitetis wevris bares
ZalisxmeviT mTel qveyanaSi eniWeboda upiratesoba.
pirveli plebiscitebi Catarda papis or anklavSi, raTa
maTi mosaxleobis (franguli) neba dadasturebuliyo.
axalwveulTagan moqalaqeTa nacionaluri armia
Camoyalibda. man ramdenime marcxi agema monarqTa
SemoWril armiebs valmisTan 1792 wlis seqtemberSi da
Semdegac; ‘patriotTa’ (ase uwodebdnen Tavs
revolucionerebi) gamarjvebis talRis moqcevisas daiwyo
maT mier xelSi Cagdebul ‘ganTavisuflebul’
teritoriebze Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da Zmobis
idealebis eqsporti. nacionaluri ganaxlebis

75
aRsaniSnavad 1793 da 1794 wlebSi didi saxalxo fêtes iqna
organizebuli. maTi dadgma davids ekuTvnoda, musika –
goseks, poezia ki – andre Senies. es dResaswaulebi
gamoirCeoda didi procesiebiT da aRlumebiT, himnebiT,
Tavisuflebisa da bunebis kolosaluri qandakebebiT da
iseTi ritualebiT, rogoricaa miwis xelaxla monaTvla
wyliT, caSi aTasobiT mSvidobis mtredis gaSveba da
robespieris, viTarca axali moses, daSveba TabaSirisa da
muyaos giganturi mTidan, romlis mwvervalzec
herkulesis qandakeba da Tavisuflebis xe iyo aRmarTuli
(Schama 1989: 746–750, 831–836).1

modernizmi

mainc zustad ras zeimobda franguli burJuazia?

es ar iyo ubralod xelisuflebaSi mosvla da
aristokratiisa da klerikalTa privilegiebis
dasasruli. es sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara franguli
respublikis formiT safrangeTis axali naciis dabadeba.
nacionaluri krebisa da misi memkvidreebis muSaobis
Sedegad axali naciis mSeneblobis procesSi biZgi mieca
uzarmazar energiasa da Zalisxmevas ganmanaTlebeli
filosofosebis racionaluri gegmebis Sesabamisi
konstituciuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebaSi.2
amgvari gegmiuri ‘naciamSenebloba’ Tvisebrivad
axali procesi iyo, romelsac 1789 wlamde paraleli ar
moeZebneba. marTalia, wina epoqebSic adgendnen
ganaTlebuli monarqebi keTildReobis programebsa da
diadi gardaqmnebis proeqtebs; administraciis
farTomasStabiani ‘modernizaciis’ mcdelobebic ki iyo,
dawyebuli hamurabis kanonebidan Zvel babilonSi da
avgustusis reformebidan romSi da ruseTSi petre
didisa da avstriaSi ioseb II modernizaciis programebiT
damTavrebuli. magram maT qmedebaSi aranairi koleqtiuri
Canafiqri ar iyo. is xorcieldeboda erTi pirovnebis an
mmarTveli klasis saxeliTa da misi interesebisaTvis.
arc raime ideologia arsebobda saerTo istoriisa da
kulturis mqone suvereni xalxisaTvis, romlisadmic
uzenaesi erTguleba unda gamogeCina da Tavic gagewira.
adreul epoqebSi centrSi mimdinare politikur

76
movlenebSi monawileobis misaRebad xalxis mobilizebis
sakiTxi ar idga; ar arsebobda araTu qalebis, aramed
mamakacebis politikurad gacnobierebul da aqtiur
‘moqalaqeebad’ gadaqcevis saWiroebac ki. Sesabamisad, arc
raime interesi arsebobda, rom sazogadoebas moqalaqeTa
saWiroebaTa da interesTa dasakmayofileblad
infrastruqtura da instituciebi hqonoda, romelTa
meSveobiTac mosaxleobaSi farTod dainergeboda
masobrivi savaldebulo standartuli saxalxo
ganaTleba ‘moqalaqeTaTvis’ aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis
gasaviTareblad, raTa, SeZlebisdagvarad, amaRlebuliyo
naciis keTildReoba da moqalaqeebi wmindad sekularuli
pativiscemiT gamsWvaluliyvnen naciis kanonebis mimarT.3
es yvelaferi axali iyo da XVI saukunidan XVIII
saukunis bolomde periodis evropis absolutisti
monarqebis centralizaciisaken mimarTuli programebis,
maT pretenziebze mzardi reaqciebis Sedegs warmoadgenda,
reaqciebisa, romlebmac pirvelad XVII saukunis
holandiisa da inglisis puritanul ajanyebebSi iCines
Tavi da kulminacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da
safrangeTis revoluciebSi miaRwies. da es mxolod
XVIIIBsaukunis miwurulis safrangeTSi gaxda
SesaZlebeli, rom 430 wels perikles mowodeba
gamosaTxovar sityvaSi aTeneli TanamoqalaqeTadmi,
‘sigiJemde SeeyvarebinaT TavianTi qalaqi’, cxovrebis
kredod gadaiqceuliyo. mxolod amis Semdgom Camohkra
koleqtivis gulis simebs xeli sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri
moazrovne aTeneli moqalaqis perikleseulma idealma.
sulac ar aris sakvirveli, rom ruso da misi megobrebi
klasikuri aTenis, spartas da respublikuri romis
istoriaSi eZiebdnen moqalaqeobrivi solidarobisa da
istoriuli erTobis modelebs. franguli revoluciis
komentirebisas durukhaimi werda: ‘faqtobrivad imave
dros, sayovelTao enTuziazmis gavleniT, Tavisi arsiT
pirwmindad sekularuli sagnebi – mamuli, Tavisufleba,
goneba – gardaiqmnen sakralurad. gamoikveTa religiis
(Tavisi dogmatikiT, simboloebiT, sakurTxevlebiT da
dResaswaulebiT) dafuZnebis tendencia’ (Durkheim 1915: 214).
Sesabamisad, nacionalizmi, rogorc ‘naciis mSeneblobis’
procesi da rogorc ideologia da moZraoba, da

77
nacionalizmis idealebi – nacionaluri avtonomiuroba,
erTianoba da identoba – modernuli fenomenebia,
romlebic politikuri scenis centrSi suveren, erTian da
unikalur nacias aTavseben da mTels msoflioSi am
formiT moqmedeben.4

Sexedulebas, romelic me movxaze da istoriul

ganviTarebas, romelic mis arss warmogvidgens, SeiZleba
‘modernistuli’ ewodos. ‘modernizmis’ ori forma
arsebobs: qronologiuri da sociologiuri. pirveli,
rogorc vasabuTebdi, amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi –
ideologia, moZraoba da simbolizmi – SedarebiT
bolodroindeli movlenaa. meores mtkicebiT ki,
nacionalizmi Tvisebrivadac axalia. amMmeore formaSi
nacionalizmi raRac bevrad ufro Zvelis ubralod
ganaxlebuli versia ki ar aris, aramed inovacias
warmoadgens da adre misi msgavsi Aaraferi arsebula. igi
ubralod istoriis mudmiv mdinarebas ki ar ukavSirdeba,
aramed warmoadgens fenomens, romelsac suli sruliad
axalma epoqam da mTlianad axalma pirobebma STabera.
mokled, nacionalizmi modernuli drois produqtia da
sxva araferi. swored es ukanaskneli mtkicebulebaa is,
rac WeSmarit modernizms gamoarCevs.
magram ara mxolod nacionalizmia axali. aseTive
arian naciebi, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, nacionaluri
identobani da mTeli ‘internacionaluri’ erToba. es
yvelaferi modernistisaTvis ara mxolod
qronologiuradaa axali, aramed Tvisebrivadac.
frangulma revoluciam ara ubralod axali ideologiis,
aramed adamianuri erTobis axali formis, koleqtiuri
identobis axali saxis, saxelmwifos axali tipis,
dabolos, saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis axali
wesrigis gamoCena gvauwya. am axali fenomenebis
urTierTSexamebasa da Sida kavSirebSi airekleba
modernuli drois axali msoflio wesrigi. magram,
msgavsad amisa, modernistisaTvis isini
TanadroulobisTvis damaxasiaTebel axal pirobebsac
asaxaven.5
ra aris nacionaluri fenomenis specifikurad
modernuli maxasiaTeblebi, da ra ZiriTadi pirobebia

78
saWiro imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyos naciebis,
nacionaluri saxelmwifoebisa da nacionalizmis
warmoSobas? am kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebSi, modernizmis
mravali tipi gamovlindeba, da me, maTgan gamomdinare,
zogierT Teoriasa da debatebs Semdgom TavSi ganvixilav.
axla ki SegviZlia mokled davaxasiaToT modernistTa
yovlismomcveli paradigmis Semdegi tipebi:

1. socialur-ekonomikuri: am versiiT nacionalizmi

da naciebi iseTi ekonomikuri da socialuri
faqtorebisagan warmodgebian, rogoricaa
industriuli kapitalizmi, regionaluri
uTanasworoba da klasobrivi konfliqti. tom
nairnis da maikl heCTeris mixedviT, TviT
nacionaluri sentimentebi da idealebi
gamowveulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa SigniT
SedarebiTi siRaribis arsebobiT regionebs da
klasebs Soris da saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis
gadakveTiT, ganuviTarebel periferiul da
ganviTarebul centralur regionebs an centralur
da periferiul elitebs Soris, rodesac am
ukanasknels mxars periferiis axlad
mobilizebuli ‘masebi’ umagrebs (Hechter 1975; Nairn
1977).6
2. socialur-kulturuli: ernst gelneris mixedviT,
nacionalizmi da naciebi modernuli, industriuli
epoqis socialurad aucilebeli fenomenebia,
romlebic ‘modernizaciis’ gardamaval periodSi
warmoSvnen. Nnaciebi wignieri, skolis meSveobiT
gavrcelebad, specialistebisa da masobrivi,
standartuli, savaldebulo saxalxo ganaTlebis
sistemis mier mxardaWerili ‘maRali kulturis’
gamoxatulebani arian. Tavis mxriv, naciebi
mobiluri da daostatebuli samuSao Zalis
momzadebiT zustad iseve exmarebian
industrializms, rogorc es ukanaskneli uwyobs
xels nacionalizmis warmoSobas (Gellner 1964, Tavi
7; 1973; da 1983).
3. politikuri: aq naciebi da nacionalizmi
yalibdeba modernul, profesionalTa

79
 saxelmwifoSi an misi meSveobiT uSualod an
specifikur (imperiul/koloniur) saxelmwifoebTan
dapirispirebaSi. iseTi TeoretikosebisaTvis,
rogorebic arian jon brili, entoni gidensi da
maikl mani, ara marto modernuli saxelmwifoa
naciebisa da nacionalizmis saukeTeso macne, misi
urTierToba sazogadoebasTan reintegraciuli
nacionalizmis im mkacr gamocdasac atarebs,
romelic saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis
gardauvlad Tanmdevi movlenaa (Giddens 1985; Breuilly
1993; Mann 1995).
4. ideologiuri: aq fokusSi xvdeba nacionalisturi
ideologiis evropuli warmoSoba da modernuloba,
misi kvazireligiuri Zala da roli imperiebis
msxvrevaSi da naciebis SeqmnaSi iq, sadac amgvari
ram ar arsebobda. eli keduri nacionalisturi
ideologiebis kvals ganmanaTleblobaSi da
TviTgamorkvevis kantiseul ideebSi, sabolo jamSi
ki, mileniur Suasakunebriv qristianul
doqtrinebSi poulobs; manve gamoavlina
araevropel xalxebze aRniSnuli ideologiebis
destruqciuli zemoqmedeba, rodesac ukmayofilo
inteligenciam am xiliasturi evropuli
doqtrinebis adaptacia moaxdina mSobliuri
eTnikuri da religiuri tradiciebisaTvis (Kedourie
1960; da 1971: Sesavali).7
5. konstruqcionistuli: es modernizmis sakmaod
Taviseburi formaa imdenad, ramdenadac yuradRebis
centrSia modernulad miCneuli naciebisa da
nacionalizmis socialurad konstruirebadoba.
erik hobsbaumis mixedviT, axlad
ganTavisuflebuli masebis energiis saTanadod
mimarTvas mmarTveli elitis interesebis
gasatareblad naciebi socialuri inJineriis
produqts – ‘gamogonil tradiciebs’ unda
umadlodnen. meores mxriv, benediqt andersoni
naciaSi iseT warmosaxviT erTobas xedavs,
romelic kosmiuri religiebisa da monarqiebis
gaqrobiT datovebul sicarieles avsebs iq, sadac
drois axali koncefcia da ‘beWvdiTi kapitalizmi’

80
 saSualebas iZleva wrfiv droSi moZravi naciebi
warmovidginoT (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983; Anderson
1991).

miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa,

modernulobis paradigmis yvela am variaciisaTvis
saziaroa imis rwmena, rasac SeiZleba ‘struqturuli
modernizmi’ ewodos. es arc ‘pirobiTi modernizmia’ da
arc ubralo dakvirveba nacionalizmisa da
Tanadroulobis istoriul korelaciaze, aramed
modernulobis Tandayolili nacionaluri da
nacionalisturi bunebis rwmenaa. sxvagvarad verc
iqneboda. modernuloba xom, am TvalsazrisiT,
aucileblad naciebis formiT gvevlineba da, rogorc
wesi, gardauvlad warmoqmnis nacionalistur
ideologiebsa da moZraobebs.

perenializmi

dRes modernizmi nacionalizmis Taobaze

orTodoqsuli mecnierebis Sexedulebas warmoadgens.
bevrisaTvis naciebis, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis da
nacionalizmis modernuloba martivad misaRebia,
sxvebisaTvis Zneli dasajerebelia. Tumca es yovelTvis
ase ar iyo. meore msoflio omamde bevri mecnieri
iziarebda Sexedulebas, rom, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
nacionalisturi ideologia bolodroindeli movlenaa,
Tavad naciebi yovelTvis, istoriis yvela periodSi,
arsebobdnen, da bevri nacia uxsovari drodan arsebobda.
esaa xedva, romelic SeiZleba ‘perenializmad’ iwodos.
albaT, samarTliani iqneba Tu vityviT, rom sazogadoebis
bevri wevri dResac perenialistur Tvalsazrisze dgas,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme maT sakuTar nacias
Seexeba. XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis 40-ian wlebamdec
perenializmis ama Tu im variants bevri mecnieric
iziarebda, iseTebic ki, rogoric renani gaxldaT,
romelic ufro nacionalizmis ‘voluntaristul’ versias
amjobinebda. amgvari viTarebis Seqmnas nawilobriv
‘rasisa’ da ‘naciis’ gaTanabrebis farTod gavrcelebuli
praqtika uwyobda xels. termini ‘rasa’ ufro xSirad

81
STamomavlobiTi jgufis gancalkevebul kulturas
aRniSnavda, vidre memkvidreobiT ucvlel biologiur
niSnebsa da genebs (dRes igi Cven termin ‘eTnikurobiT’
SegveZlo Cagvenacvlebina). perenializms xeli ewyoboda
agreTve socialuri evoluciis ideiT, romelic maxvils
gradualizmze, progresis safexurebze da socialur da
kulturul kumulaciaze akeTebda. naciebSi koleqtiuri
gradualizmis, ganviTarebisa da kumulaciis elementebis
mqone egzemplarebis danaxva advilic iyo da bunebrivic,
gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, visac organuli analogia
izidavda. mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes arc
nacionalisturi koncefciebiT nasazrdoebi nacionaluri
istoriografiis da arqeologiis mier win gadadgmuli
nabiji. es disciplinebi xom xels uwyoben da mxars
uWeren amgvar koncefciebs TavianTi ‘uryevi monacemebiT’
da Soreuli materialuri kulturebis xelSesaxebi
naSTebiT.8
perenializmi im ideiTac SeiZleba waxalisdes, rom
naciebi ‘bunebriv’ erTobebs warmoadgenen, da rom
zogierTisaTvis es ueWvelad iyo misi erTi-erTi
mimzidveli mxare. magram perenializmi naciis
naturalistur koncefciaSi ar unda avurioT, rac
axlandeli ‘primordializmis’ safuZvelia.
perenialistebs SeuZliaT gaiziaron an ar gaiziaron
naciis ‘primordialisturi’ koncefcia. is, rac
aucilebelia perenializmisaTvis, aris rig empiriul
dakvirvebebze dafuZnebuli rwmena, rom naciebi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, zogi nacia mainc, raRac mizezis gamo drois
didi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. sulac araa
savaldebulo, rom perenialistebi naciebs naturalurad,
organulad an primordialurad miiCnevdnen; sinamdvileSi
maT SeuZliaT uaryon amgvari araistoriuli
Sexedulebebi da xSirad asec iqcevian. perenialistebs ar
sWirdebaT rom iyvnen, da xSirad arc arian,
primordialistebi. Cven ki mxedvelobidan ar unda
gamogvrCes maT Soris arsebuli zRvari.
perenializmi ori umTavresi formiT gvxdeba.
ufro gavrcelebul variants SegviZlia ‘gangrZobadi
perenializmi’ vuwodoT. am TvalsazrisiT, zogierT
nacias grZeli, gangrZobadi istoria aqvs da amitomac

82
maTi warmoSobis kvals Sua saukuneebSi an, ufro
iSviaTad, antikurobaSi SeiZleba mivakvlioT. aq aqcenti
keTdeba gangrZobadobaze. rRvevebisa da wyvetebis
ignorireba ar xdeba. koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis
nel ritmebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, isini fardobiT
xasiaTs atareben. realurad, naciis identoba da istoria
SeiZleba arc ki midiodes renesansis an gviani Sua
saukuneebis epoqebis iqiT, rogorc es, magaliTad,
SvedeTis, holandiis, ruseTis SemTxvevebSi gvaqvs. sxvagan
naciis warmoSobis kvals bevrad ufro adreul epoqaSic
SeiZleba mivakvlioT. hug seton-uotsoni amtkicebda, rom
Cven SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT ‘Zveli, gangrZobadi naciebi’
ufro gviandeli naciebisagan, romlebic mizanmimarTul
qmedebaTa Sedegs warmoadgenen; pirvel jgufs
ganekuTvneba safrangeTi, inglisi, Sotlandia da espaneTi.
maTi xandazmuloba mosaxleobis mier uxsovari drodan
naciadyofnis gancdas istoriul substanciurobas
aniWebs. am poziciam, rogorc vnaxavT, bolo dros kvlav
moipova mxardaWera. magram am SemTxvevaSi
SemoTavazebuli iqna ara perenializmis zogadi modeli,
aramed mxolod kerZo SemTxvevebi, romlebSic
specifikuri naciebis siZvelisa da gangrZobadobis
saCveneblad istoriuli gadmocemani SeiZleba iyos
damowmebuli. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenadac am saxis
perenializms ZaluZs garkveuli naciebis premodernuli
warmoSoba aCvenos, igi seriozuli gamowvevaa
modernizmis mtkicebebisaTvis da im rwmenisaTvis, rom
naciebi Tanadroulobis produqts warmoadgens (Seton-
Watson 1977: Tavi 2; ix. agreTve Gillingham 1992; Hastings 1997).
perenializmis meore mTavar formas SegviZlia
‘perioduli perenializmi’ vuwodoT. is bevrad mkafiod
gamokveTs debulebas naciebis antikur periodSi
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. igi gveubneba, rom zogierTi nacia
istoriulia. droTa ganmavlobaSi naciebi icvlebian.
renanis sityvebiT, ‘maT TavianTi dasawyisi aqvT, da isini
dasruldebian’. magram nacia rogorc aseTi, rogorc
adamianuri asociaciis kategoria, perenialuri da
yvelgan myofia, amitomacaa, rom igi istoriis yvela
periodSi dedamiwis yovel kontinentze Tavidan Cndeba. aq
Cven koleqtiuri identobis imave tipis

83
ganmeorebadoba gvipirispirdeba, romelsac SeuZlia
istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxva gziT hpovos
gamoxatuleba. Tumca konkretuli naciebi SeiZleba
movidnen da wavidnen, naciadyofnis idea TavisTavad
universaluri amouZirkvavi fenomenia da igi mravali
kulturuli an politikuri erTobis mimarT SeiZleba
iqnas gamoyenebuli yvelgan da yovelTvis.9

primordializmi

perenializmi gansakuTrebiT zogi istorikosis

damaxasiaTebel paradigmas warmoadgens. ‘primordializms’
ki metwilad socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi da
organuli nacionalistebi mimarTaven. is TviT rusosagan
warmodgeba, romelic mogviwodebda gavqceodiT urbanul
gaxrwnilebas da dakarguli umankoeba ‘bunebaSi’
dabrunebiT aRgvedgina. am ‘naturalisturma’
suliskveTebam male TviT naciadyofnis ganmartebaSi
SeaRwia. misi danaxva ukve SegviZlia abat siiesis zemoT
moyvanil citataSi. igi amtkicebs, rom naciebi iseve,
rogorc individebi, yovelgvari socialuri kavSirebis
miRma, ‘bunebriv mdgomareobaSi’ unda Casaxuliyvnen; da
isini mxolod ‘bunebrivi wesrigis pirobebSi’ arseboben.
marTlac, maT yvela saganze adre arsebul da yvelafris
warmomSob RmerTTan saziaro Tviseba aqvT. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, naciebi ‘primordialurni’ arian, isini drois
Tavdapirvel wesrigSi arseboben, da Semdgomdroindeli
procesebisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
SeiZleba, rom siiesi (da rusos sxva mimdevrebi) zustad
am frazebs ar iyenebdes da arc Tavs miiCnevdes
‘primordialistad’; magram mas ufro farTo moTxovnebi
ekuTvnis, romelTa gamoyenebac ukve 1789 wels iwyeba
naciis nebis absoluturi suverenobis gasamarTleblad.
aman fixtesa da romantikosebis mier germaneli
naciisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebze karga xniT adre
gaiJRera. am saxis ‘naturalizaciisaken mimarTuli’
diskursi nacionalizmis esencialistur da organul
formebs uTavisuflebda gzas (amas me ukve Sevexe) da,
garda amisa, nacionalizmis ufro metad voluntaristul
tipebzec axdenda gavlenas.10

84
 biologia da kultura

maS ase, saqme gvaqvs primordializmis iseT tipTan,

romelic organistul nacionalizms warmoadgens. sul
axlaxan, Cven ori sxvadasxva saxis primordialzmis
warmoSobis mowmeni gavxdiT. pirveli maTgani
sociobiologiuri versiaa. am versiis mixedviT, naciebis,
eTnikuri jgufebis, da rasebis kvals individTa
genetikuri reproduqciuli mamoZravebelis da,
‘nepotizmisa’ da ‘inkluziuri Sesabamisobis’ strategiebis
Sedegad, maT mier genofondis maqsimalizaciamde
mivyavarT. pier van den bergi Tvlis, rom es strategiebi
individualuri genofondis uSualo sanaTesaos
sazRvrebs miRma, ufro vrcel eTnikur sanaTesaoSi
gasavrceleblad gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, kulturuli
jgufi gagebulia, rogorc ufro farTo naTesauri qseli,
xolo kulturuli simboloebi (ena, religia, kanis feri
da a.S.) biologiuri markerebis rols asrulebs. van den
bergis azriT, es gamorCeulad racionalur strategias
warmoadgens, radganac eTnikuri warmomavlobis miTebi
umeteswilad realur biologiur warmomavlobas
Seesabameba. amitomacaa, rom adamianebi, romlebic
erTmaneTis uSualod ar enaTesavebian, mainc mzad arian
ucnobi TanaeTnoselebi ‘naTesavebad’ miiCnion da TavianT
msgavsad uzrunvelyon sarCoTi da usafrTxoebiT (Van den
Berghe 1978 da 1995).
am Tvalsazriss ramdenime sirTule ukavSirdeba.
yvelaze xSirad problemuria individualuri qcevis
ganzogadeba koleqtiur reproduqciul qcevamde da
politikur moqmedebebamde. didi ojaxic ki, ramdenime
gamonaklisis garda, Zalian pataraa imisaTvis, rom
politikuri mniSvnelovneba SeiZinos, da, miTumetes,
Znelia imis warmodgena, Tu rogor SeiZleba aixsnas
farTomasStabiani socialur-politikuri ganviTareba
individualuri an ojaxuri qcevis meSveobiT. amasTan
dakavSirebuli meore sirTule ki isaa, rom warmoSobis
miTebi iSviaTadaa korelirebuli realur biologiur
warmomavlobasTan, Tu davuSvebT, rom maTTvis Tvalis
midevnebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. rogorc uolker
konorma (Connor 1994: 202) dagvanaxa, miTebi warmoSobis

85
Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, ar Seesabameba cnobebs realur
STamomavlobiT kavSirebze. naciebs, Cveulebriv, ramdenime
eTnikuri modgma da warmomavloba Seadgens, maSin roca
warmoSobis da STamomavlobis miTebi mxolod erT,
SeTanxmebul an oficialur, wyaros moicavs. dabolos,
‘kulturuli niSnebis’ donis SemotaniT, van den bergi
reduqcionistul biologiur Tvalsazriss arbilebs da
kulturul da socialur faqtorebs bevrad ufro did
rols aniWebs, riTic uciloblad amcirebs genetikuri
faqtorebis gavlenas.
primordializmis meore, ufro gavleniani, versiis
mixedviT, eTnikuri jgufebi da naciebi socialuri
arsebobis ‘kulturul monacemebTan’ mijaWvulobis
safuZvelze Camoyalibdnen. edvard Silsma da kliford
geercma aCvenes, Tu rogor xdeba sekularuli,
moqalaqeobrivi kavSirebis gverdiT primordialuri
kavSirebis SenarCuneba industriul sazogadoebebSic ki.
kerZod, geercma primordialuri mijaWvulobebi
modernuli saxelmwifo mowyobisa da sazogadoebis
racionaluri wesrigis samoqalaqo kavSirebs Seadara.
afrikisa da aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi geerci or
mZlavr mamoZravebels gamohyofs: personalur identobas,
romelic efuZneba gangrZobad simtkices da moicavs
sanaTesaosTan, rasasTan, enasTan, religiasTan,
tradiciebsa da teritoriasTan mijaWvulobas; da
momgebianobas da stabilurobas, rac gamoxatulebas
axali politikuri wesrigis samoqalaqo kavSirebSi
hpovebs. faqtobrivad, wesrigisa da sargeblianobis
Zlieri survili ubralod amZafrebs primordialur
mijaWvulobebs axali saxelmwifoebis eTnikur jgufebSi,
radganac suverenuli saxelmwifos Zala da misi
patronaJi iqceva axal jildod, romlis mosapovebladac
unda ibrZolo da axal gamowvevad metoqesTan
Sesajibreblad (Shils 1957; Geertz 1973).
dRes ‘primordializma’ umoZraobis, esencializmisa
da naturalizmis damamcirebeli konotacia SeiZina. misi
aseTi saxe nawilobriv primordializmis nacionalizmis
organul tipTan aramarTebul asocirebas, nawilobriv ki,
geercis cnobili eseis ‘gamaerTianebeli revoluciis’
araswor gagebas efuZneba. imis mtkicebiT, rom eTnikuri

86
mijaWvulobebi da naciebi socialuri arsebobis
‘kulturuli mocemulobebidan’ momdinareobs da, rom
xalxis mier ‘TviTobis gancda sisxlis, rasis, enis,
adgilis, religiis an tradiciis mravalricxovani
gamovlinebebisagan ganuyofelia’, geerci ar xdeba
organuli nacionalizmis mimdevari. amis
damadastureblad mas iqve Semoaqvs arsebiTi Sesworeba,
roca ambobs, rom:

primordialuri mijaWvulobis qveS igulisxmeba is,

rac ‘mocemulobebidan’ an, ufro zustad,
socialuri arsebobis navaraudevi
‘mocemulobebidanaa’ warmoSobili (ramdenadac
kultura ueWvelad aris CarTuli amgvar
movlenebSi)… sisxlis, enis, tradiciebis da a.S.
harmonia gaigeba rogorc maTSi da maTiT arsebuli
eniT gamouTqmeli da drodadro gadaulaxavi
iZuleba (Geertz 1973: 259–260).

am pasaJSi, sityvebi ‘navaraudevi’ da ‘gaigeba’ da

kulturasTan mimarTeba niSnavs, rom geercisaTvis
primordialuri mijaWvulobani percefciebsa da rwmenebs
emyareba da, rom Sinagani buneba araa is, rac am
mijaWvulobebs ‘mocemulobad’ da Zlevamosilad aqcevs;
Cveulebrivi adamianuri qmnilebani arian isini, vinc am
kavSirebs, rogorc mocemulobebs ise aRiqvamen da maT
gadaulaxavi iZulebis Zalas miaweren. geerci mxolod
imas amtkicebs (da es mniSvnelovania primordialisturi
midgomisaTvis), rom Cven, rogorc individebi da
koleqtivebis wevrebi, vgrZnobT da gvwams Cveni eTnieebis
da naciebis primordialoba – maTi bunebrioba, maTi
dRegrZeloba da Zala – da is, rom Tuki am rwmenebisa da
grZnobebis arsebobas ugulebelvyofT, xelidan
dagvisxlteba eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis sferoSi
saWiro ganmartebis erT-erTi centraluri amocana.
rac Seexeba sakvanZo kiTxvas, romelic naciisa da
nacionalizmis nebismieri Teoriis winaSe wamoiWreba, igi
imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ratom badeben isini amden vnebasa
da ase Zlier mijaWvulobas. am kiTxvaze pasuxis Ziebisas
primordialistebi miuTiTeben aRniSnul mijaWvulobaTa

87
droSi ganfenilobaze da maT aSkarad iZulebiT xasiaTze,
imis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze, rasac ‘monawileTa
primordializms’ vuwodebT. es monawileTa mier imis
cxovelmyofeli gancdaa, rom maT koleqtiur identobas
primordialisturi xasiaTi aqvs. magram, rogorc elerma
da kuglanma miuTiTes, TavisTavad es pasuxi ar aris
amomwuravi. CvenTvis aucilebelia imis codna, Tu ratom
aqvs amden adamians primordialobis gancda da ratom
SeigrZnobs am mijaWvulobebs. es ki eTnikuri
mijaWvulobebis racionalur, empiriul analizs
moiTxovs da ara liton gancxadebas amgvari kavSirebis
aprioruli bunebisa da emociuri Sinaarsis Taobaze. am
kiTxvaze sapasuxod stiven grosbim gaakeTa saintereso
miTiTeba, rom adamianebi mijaWvulobis am grZnobas imis
rwmenaze afuZneben, rom amgvar koleqtivs sicocxlis
gagrZelebis unari aqvs, xolo naTesaobas, ufro
konkretulad ki teritorias – sicocxlis SenarCunebis
Tviseba. grosbis mosazreba damafiqrebelia, magram mas
mxolod garkveuli mimarTulebiT SeuZlia Cveni
warmarTva. Tavad ki Znelad Tu dagvexmareba kulturuli
erTobebis sxvadasxva saxis arsebobisa an droTa
viTarebaSi maTi transformaciis sociologiur axsnaSi.
amgvari paradigma verc imas mohfens Suqs, Tu ratom arian
adamianebi mijaWvulni mocemul istoriul koleqtivs da
ara sxvas (magaliTad, ratom germanias da ara prusias) da
ratomaa, rom amgvari mijaWvulobebi ase gansxvavdebian
gavrcelebis arealiT, intesivobiTa da xangrZlivobiT.11

instrumentalisturi kritika

am sakiTxSi garkveuli daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia

‘instrumentalistur’ kritikas. primordializmis msgavsad,
instrumentalisturma midgomam Tavi iCina ara imdenad
naciebTan an nacionalizmTan, aramed eTnikurobasTan
mimarTebaSi. igi TvalsaCino Seiqna XIX saukunis 60-70-ian
wlebSi SeerTebul StatebSi efeqturad miCneuli sadnobi
qvabis SigniT (TeTrkanianTa) eTnikuri gamZleobis
Taobaze mimdinare debatebTan dakavSirebiT. maSin, roca
uil herbergi miuTiTebda, rom samTa (protestantebis,
kaTolikeebisa da ebraelebis) amerikuli sadnobi qvabi

88
arsebobda, naTan gleizeri da daniel moiniani
aCvenebdnen, Tu rogor miiRes amerikuli cxovrebis
stili niu-iorkis sxvadasxva eTnikurma jgufebma ise, rom
sakuTari identobebic SeinarCunes. XX saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi aman debatebi im donemde gaacxovela, rom
SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli eTnikuri jgufebi saerTo
interesTa mqone an Seviwroebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
jgufebad miiCnies, romlebic politikur bazarze ise
gamodiodnen, rogorc saSualeba. momdevno TaobebSi isini
swrafad kargavdnen TavianT kulturul TviTmyofadobas
an am ukanasknels metad simbolurad da
arasavaldebulod miiCnevdnen. igulisxmeboda, rom
eTnikuri liderebi da elita Zalauflebisa da
resursebisaTvis cilobisas sakuTar kulturul jgufebs
ise iyenebdnen, rogorc masobrivi mobilizaciis adgils
da erTgvar saarCevno ubans, vinaidan Tvlidnen, rom
amgvari jgufebi socialur klasebTan SedarebiT ufro
efeqturia.12
didi xani araa gasuli mas Semdeg, rac naciebis
genezisTan dakavSirebiT instrumentalisturi midgoma
iqna gamoyenebuli. amis gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino
magaliTia pakistanis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT pol
brassa da francis robinsons Soris gamarTuli
nayofieri polemika. brasis azriT, pakistani
muslimanurma elitam Seqmna. im dros, roca britanuli
politika, etyoba, muslimanTa interesebis sawinaaRmdegod
Sebrunda, igi, Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTis muslimanuri
masebis mobilizebis mizniT, islamur simboloTa
arsenaliT manipulirebda. robinsonis SexedulebiT ki,
yvelaferi sapirispirod moxda: arsebulma muslimanurma
mijaWvulobebma da ideologiebma (gansakuTrebiT umam)
daarwmuna muslimanuri elita muslimanuri erTobisa da
kulturis dacvis mizniT Crdilo-dasavleTis
gaerTianebul provinciebsa da bengalSi muslimanTa
ufro didi avtonomiisaTvis ebrZola. Tumca situaciis am
or interpretacias Soris gansxvaveba arc ise didia,
rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans. brasi, magaliTad,
aRiarebda arsebuli tradiciebis mniSvnelovnebas,
gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac arsebobda mdidari kulturuli
memkvidreoba da institucionaluri (magaliTad,

89
religiuri) CarCo, maSin roca robinsoni frTxilad,
magram daJinebiT amtkicebda muslimani elitis
moqmedebaTa politikur racionalurobas (Brass 1979 da
1991; Robinson 1979).
meores mxriv, instrumentalisturi midgoma
mkacrad modernistuli paradigmis dasacavadac SeiZleba
iqnas gamoyenebuli. amgvar midgomas vxvdebiT
nacionalizmis jon briliseul politikur TeoriaSi,
romelsac ufro detalurad momdevno TavSi ganvixilav.
amjerad ki yuradReba mis meTodologiur miznebs minda
mivapyro. maT brili Tavisi wignis nacionalizmi da
saxelmwifo 1993 wlis gadamuSavebuli versiis
Semajamebel TavSi warmoadgens. Tumca nacionalizmis
briliseuli definicia kulturas miemarTeba, igi
nacionalizmis (romelsac igi rogorc mkacrad
politikur da modernul fenomens ise ganmartavs)
ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad kulturuli identobis
miCnevis yovelgvar SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs,
ramdenadac miaCnia, rom es ukan, iracionalur
primordialistur ‘Tavis mikuTvnebis saWiroebasTan’
dagvabrunebs. igi imasac uSvebs, rom nacionalizmi
‘Tavisi Zalis did nawils im naxevarsimarTlisagan iZens,
romlis gansaxierebasac warmoadgens’, da dasZens:

adamianebi eswrafvian erTobis wevrobas, aqvT

Cvenisa da maTis, teritoriis, rogorc samSoblo
miwis, kulturulad gansazRvruli da Sekruli
samyarosadmi kuTvnilebis Zlieri gancda, rac
azrs aniWebs maT cxovrebas. amaTgan umetesoba xom
racionaluri analizis miRma dgas, me ki
istorikosTa ganmartebis unars vendobi (Breully
1993: 401).

SesaZloa es asecaa, magram brilis xelSi

nacionalizmis cnebis sazrisis sazRvrebi wminda
politikur mniSvnelobamde da mkacrad instrumentalur
gamoyenebamde viwrovdeba. nacionalizmi warmodgeba,
rogorc mxolod argumenti, romlis meSveobiTac
subelitebs xalxis mobilizeba, socialuri jgufebis
mravalferovani interesebis koordinacia da Tavis

90
qmedebaTa legitimacia SeuZliaT, raTa xelT igdon an
SeinarCunon Zalaufleba modernul saxelmwifoSi. esaa
wminda politikuri argumenti, romelic ambobs, rom
arsebobs nacia gamokveTili da gansakuTrebuli xasiaTiT,
rom misi interesebi da Rirebulebebi yvelaferze
upiratesia, da rom nacia damoukidebeli unda iyos.
brilisaTvis nacionalizmi ar Seexeba identobas,
erTianobas, avTenturobas, Rirsebas, samSoblo miwas an
raime sxvas, politikuri Zalauflebis gamoklebiT, rac
modernuli saxelmwifos politikur miznebs warmoadgens.
nacionalizmi ubralod politikuri miznebis miRwevis
instrumentia da mxolod modernul pirobebSi SeiZleba
aRmocendes. yvelaferi sxva racionaluri analizis
sazRvrebs miRmaa datovebuli (iqve: 2).
triada – racionaluroba, modernuloba, politika
– instrumentalizmis drodadro ganmeorebad niSnebs
warmoadgens da es argumentTa amowurvas moaswavebs. misi
efeqti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moaxdinos alternatiuli
midgomebis delegitimacia da, modernizmis garda,
nacionalizmis yvela paradigmis diskvalifikacia. magram,
praqtikulad, amgvari sakuTari Tavis uarmyofeli gegma
mxolod imas uTavisuflebs adgils, rac unda movides
ara marto racionaluri analiziT Semowmebis Sedegad,
aramed im analizis Sedegadac, romelic bevrad ufro met
Semowmebas dauSvebs, vidre amas zeda fenebisgan qveda
fenebisaken mimarTuli, elitis mier marTuli da
racionaluri arCevanis mqone politikuri modelebi
axerxeben, dRes amden modernists Soris rom aqvT
gasavali.

eTnosimbolizmi

erT-erT aseT alternativas eTnosimbolistur

paradigmaze dafuZnebuli socioistoriuli da
kulturuli analizi waarmoadgens. es am sferoSi
arsebul oTx umTavres paradigmas Soris ukanasknelia.
SesaZlo mexuTe – ‘postmodernizmi’, romelsac bolo
TavSi ganvixilav, jer kidev metismetad fragmentuli da
zedapirulia imisaTvis, rom ‘paradigmis’ saxelwodeba
daimsaxuros. eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis

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modernistuli, perenialisturi da primordialisturi
paradigmebis sapirispirod istoriuli eTnosimbolizmi
Tavis fokusSi konkretulad eTnieebis TviTSenarCunebis,
naciebis formirebis da nacionalizmis impulsis
subieqtur elementebs aqcevs. es imas ar niSnavs, rom igi
‘obieqtur’ faqtorebs TavisTavad nagulisxmevad miiCnevs
an analizis sferos miRma tovebs. es mxolod imas
niSnavs, rom igi subieqtur elementebs – maxsovrobas,
Rirebulebebs, sentiments, miTsa da simbolos – ufro met
mniSvnelobas aniWebs, da, rom amgvarad eswrafvis
SeaRwios eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis siRrmeebSi da
axsnas isini.
eTnosimbolisturi xedvisas rigi mimarTeba
moqmedebs. pirveli, es aris Tavis arideba eqskluziurad
elitaze orientirebuli analizisaTvis, rac
modernizmisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amis sapirispirod,
eTnosimbolizmi xazs usvams sxvadasxva elitebis dabal
fenebTan (‘xalxTan’) urTierTobis da maTi
warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas. magram es araa
calmxrivi urTierToba. araelitebi, nawilobriv,
TavianTi kulturuli tradiciebisa da, nawilobriv,
vernakuluri mobilizaciis meSveobiT da inovaciebis
garkveul kulturul parametrebSi moqceviT gavlenas
axdenen inteligenciaze, politikur liderebze da
burJuaziaze, xolo kulturul proeqtebsa da politikur
amocanebs Sesabamisi motivebiTa da personaliT
uzrunvelyofen. amis kargi magaliTia gaeluri
aRorZinebis inteleqtualuri da saxalxo moZraoba
gviani XIX saukunis irlandiaSi, romelic jon haTCinsons
mdidari dokumenturi masalis moxmobiT aqvs ganxiluli
(Hutchinson 1987: Tavebi 4–5). aq glexobis da kaTolikuri
dabali klasebis tradiciebma irlandiel inteleqtualTa
amaRorZinebeli formulirebebi Sesabamisi parametrebiT
da kulturuli masaliT uzrunvelyo.
meore saerTo mimarTeba grZelvadian analizs
ukavSirdeba – es socialuri da kulturuli modelebis
la longue durée analizia. mxolod ramdenime Taobis da
saukuneebis SeswavliT ZaluZT mecnierebs gamoavlinon
warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris arsebuli
urTierTmimarTebani da adgili gamounaxon eTnieebsa da

92
naciebs istoriaSi. es saSualebas mogvcems Tavidan
aviciloT ‘retrospeqtuli nacionalizmis’ anaqronizmi,
romelic awmyos koleqtiuri miznebisa da nacionalistTa
miswrafebebis amokiTxvas adreuli epoqebis pirobebsa da
politikaSi cdilobs, miuxedavad, imisa, rom
imavdroulad, adreuli saukuneebis koleqtiuri
identobebis bevr cvalebad formas akritikebs. pirvel
rigSi, eTnosimbolisturi midgoma sakuTar yuradRebas im
gzebis Ziebisaken miapyrobs (ramdenadac amis saSualebas
istoriuli CanawerebSi arsebuli mravali rRveva da
wyveta iZleva), romlebiTac koleqtiuri identobis
adrindelma formebma SeZles gavlena moexdinaT naciebis
warmoSobaze.13
mesame, es niSnavs, rom naciebisa da nacionalizmis
warmoSobis analizi adreuli koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebis da, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikuri erTobebis anu
eTnieebis CarCoebSia moqceuli. magram naciebis mimarTeba
eTnieebTan kompleqsuria. aq adgili ara aqvs martiv
wrfiv progresias. erTi mxriv, naciebi SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnan rogorc eTnieebis specializebuli
(teritorializebuli, politizebuli, masobriv-sajaro,
da a.S.) formebi; meore mxriv, orive, naciebica da
eTnieebic, koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis formebs
warmoadgens, romelTac SeuZliaT Tanaarseboba an
konkurencia, Sejibri im ramdenime eTniesTanac ki,
romlebic xSirad naciis politikuri erTobis sazRvrebs
SigniT arsebobs. am paradigmisaTvis nacionalizmi da
naciebi sulac ar arian eqskluziurad modernul
epoqasTan dakavSirebuli, aramed, rogorc amas naciis
cnebis ganmartebis Taobaze Cemi adrindeli (pirvel
TavSi) msjelobac miuTiTebs, koleqtiuri identobebisa
da miswrafebebis ufro farTo ‘ojaxis’ nawils Seadgenen.
amiT isic aixsneba, Tu ratom cdiloben nacionalistebi
ase xSirad im mizniT apelirebis, rom xelaxla
aRmoaCinon im Zveli mosaxleobis kulturuli da
simboluri repertuari, romelTanac isini Rrma
kulturuli kavSiris uwyvetobas amtkiceben.14
sxva mniSvnelovani problema, romelsac yvela
aRiarebs, gaxlavT koleqtiur vnebaTa mimarTeba
mijaWvulobasTan. maSin roca modernistebi am problemis

93
wamowevisas, Cveulebriv, marcxdebian an mxolod zogadad
exebian mas, xolo perenialistebi, romelnic yvelgan
varaudoben naciebis gangrZobadobas da drodadro kvlav
gamoCenas, ubralod mis ganmartebasac ver axerxeben,
eTnosimbolistebi mas ganixilaven eTnikurobisa da
nacionalizmis gagebisaTvis sakvanZo problemad.
primordialistebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac didi-
didi metafizikuri pasuxi SeiZleba hqondeT,
eTnosimbolistebi warmogvidgenen istoriul da/an
sociologiur axsnas im mizezebisa, Tu ratom aqvs amden
adamianis sakuTar eTnikur erTobebTan da naciebTan
mdgradi emociuri mijaWvuloba da riTaa gamowveuli am
mijaWvulobaTa unari fanatikuri terorizmi da
Tavganwirva gamoiwvion maTi interesebisaTvis.
dabolos, eTnikuri da nacionaluri identobebis
saxalxo, moralur da emociur ganzomilebebTan
mimarTebis gamo eTnosimbolistur midgomas SeuZlia
dagvexmaros rogorc kulturul koleqtiur identobaTa
mier TviTSenarCunebis, ise maTi transformaciebis
swrafad aRqmaSi. nacionaluri identobebis winare
eTnikur jaWvTan dakavSirebiT da saziaro simboloebis,
miTebis da maxsovrobebis subieqturi ganzomilebebis
CvenebiT eTnosimbolizmi Suqs hfens dRes amden adamianze
modernuli naciebis gavlenis SenarCunebis sakiTxs. amave
mizezebis gamo, eTnosimbolistur paradigmas SeuZlia
mimdinare eTnikuri konfliqtebis intensivobasa da
Sinaarsze arsebuli Cveulebrivi ekonomikuri da
politikuri Tvalsazrisebisadmi alternatiuli
axsnebisaken gvibiZgos. es alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi
saTanado wonas aniWebs sakvanZo simbolur sakiTxebs,
romlebic, rogorc irkveva, yvelaze Znelad gansamartia.
amas mowmobs muslimanur-induisturi Sejaxeba meCeTis
gamo aiodiaSi, oranJistTa ordenis marSebi olsterSi an
ierusalimis statusi. radgan, rogorc saxelic
miuTiTebs, ‘eTnosimbolizms’ analizis fokusi wmindad
garegani politikuri da ekonomikuri an
sociobiologiuri faqtorebisagan kulturul
faqtorebze – simboloze, maxsovrobaze, miTze,
Rirebulebebze da tradiciaze gadaaqvs.15

94
 eTnosimbolizmi, sxva paradigmebis msgavsad,
gansxvavebul formebs iZens. jon armstrongi ufro
perenialisturi Tvalsazrisisaken ixreba, romelic
avlens tendencias daamcros naciebsa da eTnikur
identobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba (Tumc
armstrongi, diaxac xedavs sxvaobas ‘nacionalizmis’
wyalgamyof 1800 welze uwinares da amis Semdgom
warmoSobil naciebs Soris). es, nawilobriv, imitom xdeba,
rom armstrongi fenomenologiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs,
romelic eTnikur identobebs ise ganixilavs, rogorc
percefciebis, sentimentebis, mimarTebebis wanacvlebad
klasterebs. amave dros igi kulturuli da simboluri
sazRvrebis analizs iyenebs (romlis pioneric frederik
barti iyo) da xazs usvams ‘miTosimboluri kompleqsebis’
kvlevis saWiroebas la longue durée imisaTvis, rom gavigoT
eTnikurobis mdgradobis arsi (Armstrong 1982 da 1995; Sdr.
Barth 1969: Sesavali).
meores mxriv, jon haTCinsonma veberiseuli midgoma
ufro gaiziara, raTa modernuli nacionalizmis
kulturuli da politikuri tipebi urTierTisagan
ganesxvavebina da TvalsaCino gaexada kulturuli
formebis dinamika. haTCinsoni im rolsac exeba, romelic
iTamaSa warsulma premodernul eTnikur aRorZinebasa da
Tanamedrove nacionalizmSi, da im gzebsac, romliTac
instituciebis meSveobiT miTebis, maxsovrobebis da
simboloebis premodernuli kulturuli repertuari
‘gadmotanil iqna’ modernul epoqaSi. Cemi sakuTari
analizi mesame problemas – naciebis bunebasa da
istoriaSi maT rols Seexeba. vacnobierebdi ra, rom
nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia, moZraoba da
simbolizmi, modernuli fenomenia, me davinteresdi imiT,
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba arsebobdnen naciebi
nacionalizmamde, yovel SemTxvevaSi zogjer mainc, da ra
dgas amis miRma. magram, sazogadod, Cemi interesis
fokusSia is gza, romelic naciebs win uswrebs da
premodernulia: eTnikuri kavSirebi da eTnieebi,
romlebmac gavlena moaxdines momdevno naciebsa da
nacionalizmebze da, zog SemTxvevaSi, Seuqmnes kidec maT
safuZveli (Hutchinson 1987 da 1994; A.D.Smith 1986 da 1991).

95
 daskvna

eTnosimbolizmi dapirispirebuli modernistuli

da perenialisturi paradigmebis mtkicebebiT
daukmayofileblobam da primordializmis axsniTi
mcdelobebis marcxma warmoSva. roca saqme gvaqvs iseT
naciasTan, romelsac arc uZvelesi istoria aqvs da arc
reproduqcia axasiaTebs, an iseTTan, romelic arc axalia
da arc modernizaciis produqts warmoadgens, dgeba
iseTi paradigmis monaxvis saWiroeba, romelic moicavs da
gamoavlens naciebisa da nacionalizmebis ase xSirad
aRniSnul dualur, orsaxovani ianusis bunebas. amgvari
paradigma sagareo-politikuri, geopolitikuri da
ekonomikuri faqtorebis ugulebelyofis subieqtur
simbolur da socialur-kulturul elementebze unda
iyos fokusirebuli, xels unda uwyobdes ufro
niuansirebul xedvebsa da midgomebs da amgvarad
miemarTos eTnikuri identobis, miTebis da maxsovrobis
sasicocxlod aucilebel simbolur sakiTxebs, romlebic,
xSirad, rogorc irkveva, Zneli gasamartia. arc
perenializmi da arc modernizmi ar cdilobs SeaRwios
nacionalizmis Sida samyaroSi; amis gareSe ki,
eTnosimbolistebis mtkicebiT, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia sxva
xalxebis nacionalizmis gageba da maTi satkivaris da
sentimentebis (romlebic konfliqtebisaTvis sawvavs
warmoadgenen) Cawvdoma.
am oTxi paradigmis mimdevrebs Soris kamaTi
warimarTa or doneze: Teoriulze da istoriulze. Tu
sqematurad warmovadgenT am oTx paradigmas, SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom modernistebi Zlierni arian Teoriul
doneze da sakmaod sustni istoriulze, perenialistebi
ki piriqiT. primordialistebs an mcdari Teoria aqvT an
sulac ara aqvT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas istoriaze – an
mciredi aqvT an ara aqvT, vinaidan isini an
reduqcionistebi (sociobiologebi) arian an metismetad
spekulatiurni da araistoriulni (kulturuli
primordializmi). rac Seexeba eTnosimbolistebs, isini
mxolod midgomebs aviTareben da ara raime Teorias.
magram, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, isini exebian
makroistorias da mis socialur-kulturul elementebs,

96
da, Cemi azriT, aucilebeli koreqtivebi SeaqvT danarCeni
mTavar paradigmebis momxreTa xSirad uvargis
mtkicebebSi.

97
 4

Teoriebi

________________________________

am TavSi minda ganvixilo nacionalizmis arsebobis

zogierTi, oTxi paradigmis momxreTa mier mocemuli axsna
da Sevexo im problemebsa da debatebs, romlebic amgvari
axsnebis Sedegad dagrovda. aseT farTo sferoSi
SeuZlebelia romelime calkeuli cda yovlismomcveli
gamodges. magram mainc vimedovneb, rom winamdebare
seleqciuri ganxilvac ki Segviqmnis garkveul
warmodgenas wamoWrili ZiriTadi sakiTxebisa da
argumentirebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb. mTavar axsnaTa
punqtobrivi CamoTvlis nacvlad, me varCie isini
warmosaxviTi ‘debatebis’ saxiT warmomedgina. am gziT
vimedovneb daganaxoT nacionalizmis mecnieruli kvlevis
inovaciuri da STambeWdavi xasiaTi, romelic man XX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi SeiZina, da ufro naTlad
gamovavlino am sferoSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli
poziciebis konturebi.

ideologia da industrializmi

Tu ar CavTvliT sociobiologiis pretenziebs,

bolo dromde am sferoSi realurad mxolod erTi
Teoria arsebobda.1 igi ernst gelneris 1964 wels
gamocemuli wignis Canafiqri da cvlileba meSvide TavSi
iyo gadmocemuli. am Teorias Tavisi konteqsti hqonda:
nacionalizmis warmoSobis talRaze empiriuli
dakvirveba marokoSi, sadac gelneri anTropologiur
savele samuSaos eweoda, da, aseve, londonis ekonomikuri
skolidan misi kolegis eli keduris inteleqtualuri
gamowveva.

98
 keduri amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmi ‘evropaSi
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli doqtrina iyo’
(Kedourie 1960: 1), ufro konkretulad ki, igi germaniaSi
iqna SemoRebuli 1806–1807 wlebSi iohan gotlib fixtes
nayofieri wignis mimarTvebi germanel nacias meSveobiT.
nacionalizms hqonda rogorc inteleqtualuri, ise
socialuri mizezebi. erTis mxriv, nacionalizmi nebis
doqtrina iyo, romelsac germaneli romantikosebi
qadagebdnen, da warmoadgenda imanuel kantis nebis
avtonomiurobis koleqtivizebasa da mis gamoyenebas
kulturuli, gansakuTrebiT, lingvisturi jgufebis
mimarT, romlebic kulturuli mravalferovnebis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxvdnen gotfrid herderis
interesTa fokusSi. kedurisaTvis orive – kantis aqcenti
keTil nebaze, rogorc Tavisufal nebaze, da herderis
davalebuloba adgilobrivi kulturuli jgufebis
avTenturi gamocdilebisagan – ganmanaTlebelTa
moraluri da inteleqtualuri ueWvelobis
racionalisturi Ziebis nayofi iyo.2
meores mxriv, nacionalizmi damangrevel da
revoluciur pasuxs warmoadgenda im tradiciebis
mimdevari da mamebis kmayofaze myofi germaneli da
saqmegamoleuli evropeli inteleqtualebis uZlurebasa
da gaucxoebaze, romlebmac biurokratiuli
absolutizmis gamo dakarges Zalaufleba, romlis
Rirsni, rogorc Tvlidnen, Tavad iyvnen ganmanaTlebluri
ganaTlebis gamo. kedurisaTvis (Kedourie 1960),
nacionalizmi gaucxoebuli axalgazrdebis ideologia,
‘bavSvebis jvarosnuli laSqroba’ iyo. amgvari
mfarvelobis qveS dabadebul doqtrinas mxolod cudis
gakeTeba SeeZlo; da, rogorc gairkva, asec moxda.
dezorientirebuli inteleqtualebis mileniurma
nacionalizmma gamoRviZebisas sxva araferi moitana Tu
ara terori da ngreva, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikurad Wrel
mxareebSi.
gelnerma sakiTxis kvlevas keduris rigi
mtkicebulebebis ganxilvasTan erTad mohkida xeli.
Tavdapirvelad, man uaryo kanti nacionalizmis mTavari
arqiteqtoris rangSi; kantis keTili nebis avtonomiuroba
mxolod individebisaTvisaa gamosadegi da ara

99
jgufebisaTvis. meorec, man nacionalizms ufro
pozitiurad Sexeda. amas gvafiqrebinebs ara misi sakuTari
Sefasebebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, gamotovebda xolme,
aramed mis mier nacionalizmis socialuri ganviTarebis
ideologiur instrumentad dasaxva. mesame, misi azriT,
Tumca kritikulad ganwyobili inteleqtualebi ueWvelad
warmoadgendnen nacionalisturi moZraobis liderebs, maT
mxardaWera esaWiroebodaT dabali klasebis mxridan,
‘proletariatisagan’, romelSic gelneri did qalaqebsa
da barakul dasaxlebebSi Tavmoyril, sakuTar fesvebs
mowyvetil glexobas gulisxmobda. dabolos, Tumc
gelneri eTanxmeboda keduris, rom nacionalizmi
modernuli fenomenia, igi miiCnevda, rom nacionalizmi
arc SemTxveviTia da arc vinmes mieraa ‘SemoRebuli’. igi
modernul epoqaze gadasvlis aucilebeli Sedegia, raSic
XVIII saukunis Semdeg msoflios yvela sazogadoeba iqna
CaTreuli. aqedan is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom
modernul msoflioSi nacionalizmi, misi logikuri
pirobiTobis miuxedavad, sociologiurad aucilebeli
iyo (Gellner 1964: Tavi 7).
SemdgomSi gelneri Tavis Teorias ZiriTadad imis
gadmocemiT agrZelebs, Tu ratom moxda es ase.
modernizaciam, romelSic gelneri industrializaciasa
da mis Tanamdev socialur da kulturul movlenebs
gulisxmobs, iseve gardaqmna TiToeuli sazogadoeba,
rogorc es neoliTurma revoluciam 8000 wliT adre. man
industriuli sazogadoebis axal tipi warmoqmna,
romelic saWiroebda mobilur, wera-kiTxvisa da
angariSis kargad mcodne samuSao Zalas, romelsac
semantikur SromaSi da konteqstisagan Tavisufal
komunikaciebSi CarTvis unari eqneboda. maSin, rodesac
adreul, agrarul sazogadoebebSi, wigniereba mxolod
rolebis struqturiTa da xSirad naTesaobiT
ganpirobebuli instituciebiT urTierTze gadajaWvul
adamianTa viwro wris kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda,
modernul, industriul sazogadoebebSi ‘kulturam
struqturis adgili daikava’. ‘ena da kultura’ axal
cementad gadaiqca daqucmacebuli sazogadoebisaTvis,
romelic efuZneboda industriul manqanaSi
integrirebisaTvis gamzadebul fesvebdakargul,

100
tradiciebisagan ganZarcul individebs, romelTaTvisac
axali da erTaderTi misaRebi identoba wignierebaze da
kulturaze damyarebuli moqalaqeoba iyo. amitomac
waSala modernizaciam tradicia da tradiciuli
sazogadoebebi da identobis erTaderT safuZvlad ena da
kultura wamoayena. dRes, ambobda gelneri, ‘Cven yvelani
klerkebi varT’, da imisaTvis rom SeviZloT klerkoba da
moqalaqeoba, ganswavluli unda viyoT axali, masobrivi,
savaldebulo, standartuli, saxalxo saganmanaTleblo
sistemis meSveobiT, romliTac saxelmwifo
uzrunvebelgvyofs (iqve).
magram modernizaciis didma talRam sxva, ufro
savalalo Sedegic gamoiRo. rogorc ki dasavleT
evropaSi mdebare sakuTar Rrma zurgs gamoscda, Tavisi
araTanabari, dakbiluli frontiT moZraobis Sedegad man
mxareebi dahyo, utevda ra erTmaneTis miyolebiT
regionebs sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva siCqariT da
intensivobiT. igi mosaxleobasac hyofda: didi
urbanistuli centrebis Zvel mosaxleebad da axal,
fesvebdakargul proletariatad, romlebic sul ufro da
ufro Sordebodnen iseT sasicocxlo urbanul
resursebs, rogoric sacxovrebliT, samuSaoTi da
ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofaa. axla, Tu am gamoZevebulT
igive ena da kultura hqondaT, rac Zvel mosaxleebs,
warmoqmnili ukmayofileba klasobrivi konfliqtiT
imuqreboda. magram Tu es saerTo maT Soris ar
arsebobda, Tu axalmosulebs Zveli urbanuli
mosaxleobisagan kanis feri, ena an religia ganasxvavebda,
maSin klasobriv konfliqts eTnikuri antagonizmic
daemateboda. am viTarebaSi proletarul axalmosulebs
gauCndebodaT cTuneba yurad eRoT Tanakultureli
inteligenciis mowodebebi da monawileoba mieRoT
savsebiT axali naciis Camoyalibeba-damkvidrebaSi; aq ori
nacionalizmi gamyofi sazRvris sxadasxva mxares or
nacias udebda saTaves. ase rom, nacionalizmi sakuTari
xatovani ritorikis safarqveS Tavs avlens, rogorc
obieqturad aucilebeli, praqtikuli programa (iqve: Tavi
7; ix., agreTve, Gellner 1973).
mogvianebiT gelnerma ramdenjerme moaxdina
sakuTari Teoriis reformulireba. upirveles yovlisa,

101
man aCvena Tu ratom ar SeeZloT arc naciebs da arc
nacionalizms premodernul epoqebSi earsebaT. ubralod,
amis arc saWiroeba iyo da arc gamoyeneba im ‘agrarul-
wignier sazogadoebebSi’, romlebic cicqna elitebis mier
imarTeboda da, romlebic sakuTar kulturas maT dabla
mdgom sursaTis mwarmoebelTa did masas ar uziarebdnen
da verc saimiso safuZvels xedavdnen, Tu ratom unda
gaekeTebinaT es. sursaTis mwarmoebelni, Tavis mxriv,
mravalricxovan urTierTgadamfarav lingvistur
kulturebad iyofodnen, ris Sedegadac maTi
ukmayofileba arasodes iZenda nacionalur formas. TviT
samRvdelobasac ki, im erTaderT fenas, romelic
kulturis monopolizacias eswrafvoda, amis
gasakeTeblad sakmarisi resursebi ar moepoveboda (Gellner
1983).
meore, gelnerma ufro detalurad axsna
industriul sazogadoebaTa kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis
tipi. am mizniT man gamoiyena termini ‘maRali kultura’,
romelSic gulisxmobda ara elitis kulturas, aramed
wignier da standartul sajaro, ‘baRis’ kulturas,
romelsac specialistebi da ‘egzosocializaciis’ sistema
anu saxalxo ganaTleba ganamtkicebs. amas gelneri
mravalnair velur arakultivirebul ‘dabal’ kulturebs
upirispirebda, romlebic premodernuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, magram
romlebsac ar SeeZloT modernul pirobebSi gadarCena.
isini an maRal kulturad unda gardaqmniliyvnen, anda
daRupuliyvnen. mesame, gelnerma perenialistebisa da
primordialistebisagan sakuTari gansxvavebuloba ara
marto imiT gamokveTa, rom nacionalisturi
ideologiebis mtkicebebs safuZveli gamoacala, aramed
imiTac, rom xazi gausva naciebisa da nacionalizmebis
sociologiur da istoriul siaxles, romlebsac Tumca
SeeZloT arsebuli (premodernuli) kulturebis
elementebi gamoeyenebinaT, magram faqtobrivad ar
saWiroebdnen maT: ‘kulturis is naglejebi da nakuwebi,
romelsac iyenebs nacionalizmi, xSirad TviTnebur
istoriul gamonagonebs warmoadgens. nebismier Zvel
naglejsa Tu nakuws SeuZlia samsaxuri gagviwios’ (iqve:
56). am sakiTxze igive Tvalsazrisi ufro mkafiod mis

102
bolo leqciaSi iyo Camoyalibebuli, roca igi
amtkicebda, rom naciebi Seiqmna XVIII saukuneSi da
manamade realurad xelSesaxebi araferi arsebobda.
naciebs, adamis msgavsad, Wipi ar sWirdebodaT (Gellner
1996).
yovelive aman gelneris Teoriis saboloo versias
(1983) ufro materialisturi da deterministuli xedva
SesZina. nacionalizms axla rogorc industriuli
modernuli epoqis aucileblobasa da funqcionals
uyureben, zustad iseve, rogorc Tavad modernuli epoqa
gaxda garduvalad nacionalisturi. socialur-
ekonomikuri formaciis garkveuli saxeoba kulturisa da
ideologiis garkveul saxeobas moiTxovda da piriqiT
(ix., agreTve, Gellner 1997).3
aseTive pozicia ekava tom nairns wignSi
britaneTis daSla (1977), sadac amtkicebda rom
ganviTarebis araTanabroba nacionalizmis upirvelesi
mamoZravebelia. magram, nairnisaTvis es iyo ara
industrializmis, aramed kapitalizmis araTanabari
talRa. amas garda, kapitalizmi periferiaSi xelcarieli
ar misula; is imperializmis ‘borkilebiT’ midioda.
koloniebis eqspluataciaSi metropoliis kapitalistur
burJuazias did daxmarebas uwevdnen didi dasavluri
saxelmwifoebis administraciebi da armiebi. am sastiki
Semotevis winaSe kolonizebadi periferiis elitebi
sruliad umweoni aRmoCndnen. maT arc Sesabamisi iaraRi,
arc simdidre, arc teqnologia da arc unar-Cvevebi ar
gaaCndaT. magram hqondaT erTi ganZi. uimedo pirobebSi,
‘ganuviTareblobis’ WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT, maT iseT
rames mimarTes, ris naklebobasac ar uCiodnen: xalxs. maT
mxolod xalxi hyavdaT – potenciuri iaraRi. maT
moaxdines ‘xalxis’ mobilizacia da misTvis gasageb enaze
da misi kulturis donis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedgenili
mosawvevi baraTebiT igi istoriaSi SeipatiJes. ‘masobrivi
sentimentebi’ nacionalur winaaRmdegobaSi gadaizarda.
amitomac nacionalizmi yovelTvis populisturi,
romantikuli da klasobrivi dayofis gadamkveTi
moZraobaa da masebis eTnikur sentimentebs asazrdoebs
(Nairn 1977: Tavebi 2, 9).4

103
 niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom nacionalizmis xasiaTi
da idealebi yovelTvis misi socialuri adgilisa da
geopolitikuri situaciis funqciebs warmoadgens?
elitac isevea moklebuli realur saSualebebsa da
arCevanis unars, rogorc masebi, da maTi ideebi aseve
uadgiloa situaciaSi, romelic, saboloo jamSi,
globaluri socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiTaa
ganpirobebuli? ueWvelia, rom amaSia modernizaciis
Teoriis qveteqsti; aRniSnuli viTarebis Tavad
gelneriseuli aRweriT, ‘ “ganuviTarebeli samyaros”
yvela filosofosi mefe ise moqmedebs, rogorc
vesternizaciis kursis gamtarebeli, xalxosaniviT ki
saubrobs’ (Gellner 1964: 171).
keduris ideologiur determinizms modernizaciis
Teoria socialur-ekonomikur determinizms upirispirebs.
kerZod, gelnerisaTvis ideologia – nacionalisturi
ideologia – yovlad uadgilo da mcdaria. naciebi ar
arian bedisweriT ganpirobebulni da arc adamianebs
gaaCniaT nacionalurobis bunebrivi moTxovnileba. es
modernuli epoqaa, naciebisa da nacionalobis arsebobis
bunebrivobas rom gvaCvenebs, es modernuli epoqaa,
romelic ueWvelad ‘nacionalizmis’ formiT gvevlineba,
da swored nacionalizmia is, rac naciebs qmnis:
‘nacionalizmi … igonebs naciebs iq, sadac isini ar
arsebobdnen, magram moqmedebisaTvis sWirdeba zogi adre
arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSani, Tundac … wmindad
negatiuri’ (iqve: 168). ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis sakiTxs me
mogvianebiT davubrundebi. amjerad ki yuradRebis
koncentrireba im saSualebebze minda movaxdino,
romelTa meSveobiTac ideebi da konkretulad
(nacionalizmis) ‘ideologiebi’ mizezobrivi jaWvidanaa
amoRebuli. sirTule, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cndeba,
gaxlavT ara marto determinizmi, elitisaTvis arCevanis
SezRuduloba, aramed ‘perspeqtivaSi xatvac’, risi
wyalobiTac mravalmniSvnelovani da mizezobrivad
adekvaturi axsnebis sakvanZo elementebi da arsebiTi
safexurebia gamotovebuli.5
gelneri amtkicebs, rom naciebs ‘nacionalizmi’
qmnis, rac, Tavis mxriv, modernuli epoqis kulturis
formaa da modernul industrializacias warmoadgens. am

104
Teoriis mixedviTNnacionalizmi kulturis aucilebeli
forma, ‘maRali kultura’ xdeba. igi araa aqtiuri
wammarTveli Zala, da arc raime damoukidebeli wvlilis
Semtania sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi; is mxolod
industrializms gardatexs kulturis prizmaSi. e.i.
realurad mniSvneloba ar hqonia nacionalizmis formasa
da intensivobas, arc imas, Tu sad, rodis da romel
nacias gamoixmobs igi (industrializmi) yofierebaSi.
‘sazogadod nacionalizmis’ arsebobis globaluri
saWiroebisaTvis es yvelaferi meorexarisxovania da mas
ar SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos sakiTxs nacionalizmis
aucileblobis axsniT. ase rom, Teoria ar gveubneba Tu
ratomaa, rom nacionalizmi zog naciebsa da
saxelmwifoebSi ufro keTilia, sxvebTan ki ufro
sastiki, ratomaa, rom igi zog nacias qmnis, xolo sxvebs
anadgurebs, ratom gvxdeba aq religiuri nacionalizmi,
iq revoluciuri da sxvagan kidev rasistuli an
faSisturi.6
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gelneris
‘nacionalizms’ Zalian cota an sulac araferi aqvs
saerTo imasTan, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba
gulisxmobs am terminSi: ideologiebi da moZraobani,
romelTa droSis qveS adamianebi eZieben erTobas,
identobas da avtonomiurobas TavianTi naciebisaTvis.
iTvleba, rom keduri am ideebisa da moZraobebis rols
azviadebs. Tumca man scada aRniSnuli disbalansis
koreqtireba afrikasa da aziaSi Seqmnili
nacionalisturi nawarmoebebis anTologiisaTvis mis mier
mogvianebiT gakeTebul SesavalSi (Kedourie 1971). magram
Cndeba kiTxva: igi ar idga imave Tvalsazrisze, roca
gviCvenebda, Tu rogori enTuziazmiT miiRes
nacionalisturi ideologiis mesianisturi danapirebi
dezorientirebulma da gaucxoebulma, sakuTar erTobaTa
tradiciebsa da dasavleTis iluzorul dapirebebs Soris
gaCxerilma axalgazrda marginalebma?7
kedurisaTvis nacionalizmi nebis doqtrinaa.
gelnerisaTvis es aris kulturis forma, miRebuli
industrializmis mier. kedurisaTvis nacionalistur
idealebs sakuTari Zalaufleba aqvT; sinamdvileSi isini
mcdar gzaze ayeneben xalxs, orientacias ukargaven da

105
sabolood anadgureben kidec. gelnerisaTvis ideebi
amgvar Zalas ver floben, nacionalizmis ideologia
ubralod industriuli kulturis namdvil qmedebas
niRbavs. magram Tu es asea, maSin mosalodneli iyo
naciaTa samyaroSi, kerZod, naciebis xasiaTebisa da maTi
ideologiebis Sinaarsisa da Sedegebis meti
erTgvarovneba da meti regularuloba. is garemoeba, rom
es aSkarad araa ase, modernizaciis Teoriis TvalSisacem
xarvezze miuTiTebs: igi adgils ar utovebs individebsa
da maTi idealebis rols. am mimarTebiT, keduris
Tvalsazrisi, mTel misi naklovanebaTa miuxedavad,
faseul koreqtivs gvaZlevs. is ufro metad da Rrmad
wvdeba nacionalisturi ideologiebisa da
inteleqtualTa Sida samzareulos; da, miuxedavad imisa,
rom misi difuzionisturi Tezisi nacionalizmis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb sakmaod araadekvaturia, is bevrad
ufro mets ambobs rogorc evropaSi nacionalizmis
filosofiuri fonis, aseve afrikisa da aziis
ganaTlebuli axalgazrdobis motivaciisa da iq
arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb. keduris Tvalsazrisi,
mTeli Tavisi ideologiuri determinizmiT, Segvaxsenebs
durkhaimis Segonebis WeSmaritebas, rom ideebi, raki
erTxel iSvebian, Semdeg sakuTari cxovrebiT cxovroben.

goneba da emocia

kedurisa da gelners Soris debatebi modernistTa

banakSi mimdinareobda da es namdvili debatebi iyo.
danarCeni argumentebi sxvadasxva dapirispirebul
paradigmebis SigniT momuSave mecnierTa poziciebidan
momdinareobs da maTi argumentebis Cemeulma
rekonstruqciam warmosaxviTi debatebis forma Seisxa.
poziciaTa amgvari sxvaoba da debatebi motivaciis
sakiTxs Seexeba da, kerZod, imas, Tu ratom unda
SeigrZnobdnen Tavs adamianebi nacionalistebad da
xdebodnen aseTni. maikl heCTerisaTvis es
mniSvnelovanwilad ‘racionaluri arCevanis’ sakiTxia.
auara ra gverdi ganviTarebul dasavleTSi ‘Sinagani
kolonianizmis’ arsebobis sakuTar, adrindel wminda
struqturul Tvalsazriss, heCTerma solidarobis

106
zogadi Teoria gaiziara, romelic erTob davalebulia
racionaluri arCevanis analizisa da misi
meTodologiuri individualizmisagan. rasakvirvelia,
‘individualTa suverenuli preferenciebi’ iseT
struqturaSi operireben, romelic maTi moqmedebis
arealSi akrZalvebis sistemas gansazRvravs metnaklebad;
magram am sazRvrebs SigniT individTa qmedebebis kursi
racionalurad airCeva, e.i. danaxarjebisa da mogebis
daangariSebiT. eTnikuri jgufebi solidarobis jgufebis
gamokveTil magaliTebs warmoadgenen, romelTac
piraduli jildosa da sasjelis Sejerebis da
informaciis gakontrolebis unari aqvT iseve, rogorc
SeuZliaT kriminalebis da anarqistebis TareSi aRkveTon.8
SeuZlia ki amgvar zogad sqemas naTeli mohfinos
nacionalur sesecias da nacionalistur Zaladobas?
sesecia Cveulebriv riskiani moqmedebis mimarTulebaa da
mxolod da mxolod piradulma motivebma, rogoricaa
samuSaos perspeqtiva, SeiZleba saSualo klass am
kursisaken ubiZgos; da am SemTxvevaSic seseciis
albaToba maspinZeli saxelmwifos Zalis
gaTvaliswinebaze iqneba damokidebuli (Hechter 1992: 273–
275).
rac Seexeba nacionalistur Zaladobas,
Cveulebriv, igi opoziciuri jgufebis saxelmwifos mier
represirebis funqciaa da amitomac saguldagulodaa
Semowmebuli: ‘uamravi ram miuTiTebs imaze, rom
nacionalisturi jgufebi Zaladobis strategias
mimarTaven, rogorc saSualebas im saerTo
keTildReobaTa mosapoveblad, romelTa Sorisac
suverenobas gansakuTrebiT didi adgili ukavia’ (Hechter
1995: 62). heCTeris azriT, CrdiloeTi irlandiis magaliTi
imis dadasturebaa, rom nacionalisturi Zaladobis
SezRuduloba ganpirobebulia susti solidaruli
nacionalisturi jgufis konfrontaciiT mZlavr
saxelmwifo aparatTan, romelsac imis unari Seswevs, rom
seseciis survili represiebiT CaaxSos. Zaladobis
eskalacia mxolod iq moxdeba, sadac dasustebuli
saxelmwifo mZlavr solidarul nacionalizms
daupirispirdeba.9

107
 aseTia problemis yvelaze bolo da sabuTebiT
gamyarebuli heCTeriseuli warmodgenis konteqsti. aq igi
amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi, kerZod, is principi, rom
nacia unda emTxveodes mmarTvelobas (da ara aucileblad
saxelmwifos), modernulia, ramdenadac igi pirdapiri
mmarTvelobisaken modernizaciis globaluri moZraobis
funqciaa. premodernul imperiul saxelmwifoebSi
periferiul elitebs ZiriTadad eZleodaT imis
saSualeba, rom emarTaT sakuTari regionis mosaxleoba
arapirdapiri mmarTvelobis sistemis farglebSi, imperiis
efemeruli Zalauflebis pirobebSi, rac savsebiT
akmayofilebda yvela mxares. magram modernul
msoflioSi, centralizebuli saxelmwifo normad
gadaiqca da regionebis (periferiis) mosaxleobis marTvas
ucxoebma mohkides xeli. isini ar icnobdnen maT
saWiroebebs. ase rom, periferiuli elitebisaTvis
mxolod amis Semdeg iZens azrs nacionalisturi
politikis aReba damoukideblobis mosapoveblad; da
amitomac nacionalizmis povna mxolod modernul
msoflioSia SesaZlebeli (Hechter 2000, kerZod, Tavebi 2–3).
aq heCTeri kritikas uSualod ‘racionaluri
arCevanis’ Taobaze sakuTari winandeli Tvalsazrisken
mimarTavs, romelic Zalian cotas an sulac arafers
ambobda nacionalizmis specifikis Sesaxeb; sqema SeiZleba
nebismieri saxis amboxs an Zaladobas miusadago. axla,
Zalauflebis tipebSi momxdari cvlilebis gamo, is azrs
iZens sakuTriv ‘nacionalizmTan’ mimarTebaSi, rogorc
erTiani ‘naciis’ meSveobiT periferiis mosaxleobis
periferiul elitasTan mibmis saSualeba
centralizebuli saxelmwifos sawinaaRmdegod. magram
ibadeba kiTxva, ratom unda dahyves mosaxleoba maT
xelmZRvanelobas? heCTeris sxvadasxva mosazreba uSvebs
individualuri racionalurobis arsebobas
nacionalizmis saZirkvelSi, romelic adgils aRar
tovebs koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis, maxsovrobebis,
simboloebisa da emociebisaTvis, aq adgili mxolod
simdidris obmokidebuli keTildReobis, sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobisa da ZalauflebisTvis Tu rCeba. magram gana
es yvelaferi marTlac sakmarisia nacionalizmis
vnebaTaRelvisa da sayovelTao mimzidvelobis

108
asaxsnelad? gana SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT, magaliTad,
gardasuli omebisa da saSinelebebis xsovnis mniSvneloba
politikuri krizisis dros, im sargebelisagan
damoukideblad, romelic SeiZleba miiRon individebma
konkretul amboxsa Tu moZraobasaTan maTi SeerTebis
SemTxvevaSi?10
uolker konorisa da joSua fiSmanisaTvis amas
kiTxvac ki ar dasWirdeboda. nacionalizmi maTTvis
arasodes yofila koleqtiuri keTildReobis mxolod
racionaluri Zieba, radgan, igi, pirvel rigSi,
patriotizmis sapirispirod, eTnonaciis siyvarulia, rac
teritorialuri saxelmwifos mimarT loialobas
warmoadgens. ‘moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi’, romelsac
modernistebi upiratesobas aniWeben da romelic
realurad sxva araferia Tu ara patriotizmi,
sinamdvileSi loialobis ‘racionaluri’ saxea da misi
axsna racionaluradac SeiZleba, rogorc amas konori
amtkicebs; magram ‘eTnonacionalizmi’, romelic mxolod
da mxolod nacionalizmia, verasodes aixsneba
racionalurad. igi SeiZleba mxolod gaanalizdes da
aRiZras. es ki zustad isaa, rasac nacionalisti
liderebi akeTeben, da isini bevrad met warmatebasac
aRweven, vidre mecnierebi, radgan intuiciurad xvdebian,
rom ‘saziaro sisxlis gancda eTnofsiqologiis centrSi
Zevs da uyoymanod mimarTaven mas’ (Connor 1994: 197).
uolker konorisaTvis nacia warmoadgens ‘adamianTa
jgufs, romelsac swams, rom maT saerTo winapari
akavSirebT. es aris yvelaze didi dajgufeba, romelic
amgvar rwmenas iziarebs’ (iqve: 212; kursivi dednisaa).
nacia saboloo jamSi naTesauri jaWvis gancdas efuZneba;
mis arss fsiqologiuri Zafi warmoadgens, romelic
xalxs misi wevrebis naxevradcnobier warmodgenaSi
aerTianebs da, amavdroulad, maT yvelasagan ganasxvavebs
(iqve: 92).
rasakvirvelia, araviTari saWiroeba araa, rom
saerTo naTesauri jaWvis arsebobis rwmena da saziaro
eTnikuri warmomavlobis miTi Seesabamebodes (da,
Cveulebriv, arc Seesabameba) realur biologiur
STamomavlobas da imas, rac faqtebze dayrdnobiT
istoriidanaa CvenTvis cnobili. magram nacionalizmis

109
SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu ra aris, aramed is,
Tu ra ganicdeba. saerToOwinapris rwmena efuZneba ara
faqtebs da gansjas, aramed wevrebis mZlavr da
araracionalur (da ara iracionalur) grZnobas.
nacionalizmis mowodeba da stimulebi SeiZleba
SeviswavloT, magram maTi racionaluri axsna
SeuZlebelia. Tu amas SevecdebiT, es niSnavs, rom
nacionaluri rwmenis siRrme da Zala mxedvelobidan
gamogvrCeba.11
es originaluri da mZlavri mosazrebaa, romelic
ise aRiqmeba, rogorc ukiduresi perenializmis (Tu ara
primordializmis) gamovlineba. esaa xedva, romelic
eTnikur jgufebsa da naciebs Soris urTierTobis
konoriseuli analiziTaa gamagrebuli. konorisaTvis
naciebi realurad sxva araferia, garda TviTcnobieri
eTnikuri jgufebisa. maSin, roca eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis
sakmarisia, rom isini gareSeTa mier iyvnen Secnobilni da
gansazRvrulni, da TviTcnobierebas ar saWiroeben,
naciebisTvis es ganmsazRvrelia. amitomac eTnikuri
jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ‘prenacionaluri
xalxebi’ da potenciuri naciebi. naciebi, meores mxriv,
srulad TviTcnobieri erTobebia, da ramdenadac isini
masobriv fenomenebs warmoadgenen, maT mxolod maSin
SeuZliaT daiwyon arseboba, roca maTi wevrebis
umravlesoba nacionalurad gacnobierebuli gaxdeba.
praqtikaSi, da demokratiebSi, es niSnavs, rom naciis
cxovrebaSi umravlesoba unda monawileobdes; sakuTriv
konorisaTvis ki es saarCevno uflebas niSnavs (iqve: 98–
103).
perenializmTan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
primordializmze, ukiduresad dapirispirebuli konoris
Tvalsazrisi orTqldeba, arsebobas wyvets. irkveva, rom
igi modernizmis radikaluri variaciaa, TumcaRa sakmaod
Taviseburi. konori xom askvnis, rom naciebi Cndebian
mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca maTi wevrebi,
qalebis CaTvliT, sajaro cxovrebaSi monawileobas da
xmis micemas iwyeben. cxadia, Cven verafers SevityobT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras grZnobdnen an ras fiqrobdnen glexTa
masebi am dromde. realurad mxolod 1789 wlis Semdeg,
roca dogma, rom ‘ucxoelis mmarTveloba arakanonieri

110
mmarTvelobaa’, eTnikurad gacnobierebul xalxebs
moedeba, TandaTanobiT Cndebian naciebi. da, rogorc
irkveva, am procesSi mniSvnelovani katalizatoris rols
modernizacia da masobrivi komunikaciebi asrulebs.
regularuli kontaqtebiT modernizaciam paradoqsulad
ganacalkeva da TviTcnobieri gaxada xalxebi iq, sadac
adre, imperiuli mmarTvelobis dros, isini kulturulad
asimilirebulni iqnebodnen (iqve: 169–174).
am konteqstSi es ucnauri daskvnaa. igi sakmaod
eulad gamoiyureba konoris Sromis suliskveTebasTan
mimarTebaSi da definiciasa da istoriul
interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT rig kiTxvebs wamoWris.
iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom nacionaluri modernizmi
ukan, eTnikuri perenializmisaken, gaWenda. magram am
Tvalsazrisis dakvirvebiT ganxilva miuTiTebs, rom Cvens
winaSe mxolod da mxolod qronologiuri anu ‘pirobiTi’
modernizmia. Nnaciebi, konoris azriT, arc realurad,
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli arian eTnikuri jgufebisagan,
da arc modernizaciis produqtebs warmoadgenen, rogorc
amas sociologiuri an ‘struqturuli’ modernizmi
miiCnevs. amis mTavari mizezi, konoris SexedulebiT, is
aris, rom naciebi, eTnikuri jgufebis msgavsad, masobrivi
fsiqologiis da, saboloo jamSi, naTesaobis gancdis
fenomenebia.
gamodis, rom nacionalizmSi araviTari
racionaluroba araa? Tu igi, rogorc romantikosebi
gvarwmuneben, ubralod sisxlis da emociis saqmea? iqneb
joSua fiSmans moepoveba amaze pasuxi, roca amtkicebs,
rom eTnikuroba ‘arsebobis’ saqmea, iseve rogorc
‘codnisa’ da ‘keTebis’ da rom

eTnikuroba yovelTvis ganicdeboda rogorc

naTesauri fenomeni, gangrZobadoba TviTSi da
maTSi, visTanac arsebobs saerTo winapris
TaobaTaSorisi kavSiri. eTnikuroba nawilobriv
ganicdeba rogorc ‘Zvali ZvalTagani, xorci
xorcTagani da sisxli sisxlTagani’. Tavad
adamianis sxeuli danaxulia rogorc eTnikurobis
gamoxatva da eTnikuroba mTlianad ganicdeba

111
 rogorc sisxli, Zvlebi da xorci (Fishman 1980: 84–
85).

meores mxriv, rogorc heCTeric amtkicebs, gana

xalxi (maT Soris nacionalistebic), frTxilad ar
angariSobs nacionalistur amboxebaTa zedmetobebs,
nacionalisturi moZraobebSi monawileobis miRebis
sazRaursa da ‘fraternité’ (da axla ‘sorotité’) misaReb mogebas?
im SemTxvevaSi Tu Cven davaskvniT (mgoni, SegviZlia ase
moviqceT), rom naciebi da nacionalizmi mZlavr
subieqtur elementebs Seicavs, rom zogjer xalxi
‘sisxliT fiqrobs’ da, konoris sityvebi rom
moviSvelioT, ‘Tavisi nebiT arasodes iRupeba raime
racionaluris gamo’ (Connor 1994: 206), aqedan is ar
gamomdinareobs, rom es fenomeni araracionaluria da
misi axsna struqturuli da kulturuli terminebiT
SeuZlebelia, da arc is, rom, radgan Cven saSualeba
gvaqvs naciebi da nacionalizmi socialuri fsiqologiis
terminebis meSveobiT ganvmartoT, Cven principSi ar
SegviZlia maTi axsna racionaluri terminebiT. es
gasagebad SeiZleba rTuli aRmoCndes, magram es ori
araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli. is,
rom modernistebi (magaliTad, gelneri da heCTeri) mcire
yuradRebas uTmoben socialuri fsiqologiis cvladebs,
ar niSnavs, rom Cven unda gaviziaroT naciebisa da
nacionalizmis analizis fsiqologiuri (da aqedan
gamomdinare ‘araracionaluri’?) pozicia da uari vTqvaT
istoriul da sociologiur axsnebze. piriqiT, am
sakiTxis buneba yvelafers, rasac Cven ase vakeTebT, met
mniSvnelovnebas sZens da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom ‘axsnis’
Cveneulma gagebam moicvas emociis, nebis, simbolos,
maxsovrobis, naTesaobis gancdis sxvadasxva kulturuli,
socialuri da socialur-fsiqologiuri elementebi,
romlebzec samarTlianad svams maxvils uolker konori
da romlebsac instrumentalistebi ugulebelyofen an
uaryofen.12

112
 politika da kultura

mesame gansaxilveli sakiTxi naciebisa da

nacionalizmis formirebaSi modernuli saxelmwifos,
ufro zogadad ki masSi politikis, rols exeba. amas Cven
kulturuli nacionalizmis an, ufro farTod,
kulturuli identobis problema SeiZleba vuwodoT.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rigi
postmarqsistuli Teoria xazs usvamda saxelmwifos
fardobiT avtonomiurobas. maTTvis SedarebiT misaRebi
iyo politikis prioritetis veberiseuli gageba. yvela es
midgoma da modeli modernistuli da
instrumentalisturia. es exeba nacionalizmis maikl
maniseul da entoni gidensiseul interpretaciebsac.
orive maTgans miaCnia, rom modernuli, centralizebuli,
profesionalTa da teritoriuli mowyobis mqone
modernuli saxelmwifo aRviZebs nacionalizms imasTan
erTad, rasac entoni gidensi ‘Sekruli nacia-saxelmwifos
SigniT arsebuli administratiuli xelisuflebis
koordinaciis Tanamdevi suverenobis kulturul
SegrZnebas’ uwodebs (Giddens 1985: 219). maikl manic,
britaneTsa da safrangeTSi saxelmwifos mier
mxardaWeril nacionalizmebze saubrisas, naTlad
ayalibebs Tavis azrs: ‘naciaze, rogorc saxelmwifos
aRmniSvnel terminze, fokusirebis gamWvirvaloba
politikuri axsnisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebaa’ (Mann
1995: 48). igive iTqmis habsburgTa imperiis ‘provincialTa’
(xorvatebis, ungrelebis, Cexebis) nacionalizmebzec,
sadac regionaluri administraciis arseboba-ararseboba
‘naciis warmoSobis ukeTesi mauwyebelia, vidre
eTnikuroba’ (iqve: 50).13
adreMmanma ufro dawvrilebiT ganixila evropaSi
nacionalizmis ganviTarebis oTxi safexuri. pirveli,
Tavisi xasiaTiT, religiuri iyo. igi XVI saukuneSi
evropaSi daiwyo, roca protestantulma reformaciam da
kaTolikurma kontrreformaciam ‘intensiuri
Zalauflebis’ Zlieri mobilizeba ganaxorciela elitis
wignierebis axali qselebis Camoyalibebis xelSewyobiT.
daaxloebiT 1700 wlidan amas komerciuli eqspansiiT da
saxelmwifo militarizmiT gamowveuli diskursiuli

113
wignierebis gafarToeba mohyva, romelmac ‘saero
moqalaqeobis’ SegrZnebis mqone zeda klasi warmoqmna. 1792
wlidan mesame, gadamwyvet fazaSi, samxedro krizisma es
‘protonaciebi’ mcire, magram namdvilad zeklasobriv
naciebad aqcia. savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris
SemoRebam, omis gadasaxadebma da omis regresulma
sesxebma, mdidari klasebis moTxovnas politikuri
elferi SesZina da ‘naciisa’ da ‘xalxis’ cnebebis
politizeba gamoiwvia. ukanasknel fazaSi, XIX saukunis
miwurulidan moyolebuli, saxelmwifos organoebis
meSveobiT naciebisaTvis xelSewyobas industriuli
kapitalizmi iwyebs, romelic funqciebis farTo
mravalferovnebaze xdeba pasuxismgebeli. es garemoeba,
Tavis mxriv, mas ufro warmomadgenlobiTad, homogenurad
da ‘nacionalurad’ aqcevs da ufro agresiul, fanatikur
nacionalizms axalisebs (Mann 1993: 216–247).
Tumca, aqac pirveli, mosamzadebeli, fazis
Semdegve mani maxvils saxelmwifos rolze da mis
samxedro da fiskalur Zalauflebaze akeTebs. ismis
kiTxva, Tu ratom unda miekuTvnoT saxelmwifoebs ase
didi roli naciebis CamoyalibebaSi, roca maTgan
momdinare pirvel impulsebs Tavad mani mxolod 1700
wlis Semdgomi xaniT, xolo maT seriozul intervencias
arauadres 1792 wliT aTariRebs. inglisis SemTxvevaSi da,
iqneb, safrangeTis, Sotlandiis, espaneTis da SvedeTis
SemTxvevebSic, XVI saukuneSi aristokratiasa da saSualo
klasis zeda fenebSi naciadyofnis gancdis arseboba
ueWvelia. imis mtkiceba, rom isini ar arian ‘realuri’
naciebi, niSnavs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia vilaparakoT
naciebze XIX saukunis miwurulamde, roca mosaxleoba
pirvelad iRebs saarCevno uflebas, rogorc amas uolker
konori amtkicebs. Tu Cven mzad ara varT ase Sors
wasasvlelad, maSin SegviZlia davuSvaT ‘naciebis’
arseboba garkveuli azriT militaristul-kapitalistur
saxelmwifoebamde da, iqneb, maTgan gankerZoebuladac.14
aRniSnuli zogadi midgomis yvelaze metad
damuSavebul da mkafio formulirebas jon brilis mier
SemoTavazebuli politikuri modeli warmoadgens.
brilis nacionalizmi modernul da wminda politikur
moZraobad esaxeba; modernul msoflioSi ki politika

114
saxelmwifoze kontrolSi mdgomareobs. nacionalizmi
amgvari kontrolis misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad
saWiro argumentia. misi mniSvnelovneba ganpirobebulia
unariT, sxvadasxva subelitas, maTi miznebisa da
interesebis mobilizaciis, koordinaciis da
legitimaciis gziT, saerTo platforma SesTavazos.
nacionalisturi moZraoba miznad isaxavs orives, rogorc
saxelmwifos gaerTianebas, ise mis ganaxlebas, ufro
xSirad ki arsebul saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebas,
rogorc amas brili gadmogvcems:

[nacionalisturi argumenti] sam mtkicebulebaze

dafuZnebul politikur doqtrinas warmoadgens:
(a) nacias Tavisi mkafiod gamokveTili da
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs.
(b) naciis interesebi da Rirebulebebi yvela
sxva interessa da Rirebulebaze maRla
dgas.
(g) nacia SeZlebisdagvarad Tavisufali unda
iyos, rac, Cveulebriv, sul mcire,
politikuri suverenitetis mopovebas
moiTxovs (Breully 1993: 2).

nacionalisturi argumentebi mxolod maSinaa

mimzidveli, roca modernuli pirobebi – kerZod,
absolutisturi saxelmwifos gamocalkeveba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisagan – bevr ganaTlebul adamianSi
gaucxoebisa da imedgacruebis grZnobas badebs, ris gamoc
isini TavianT mzeras iseT doqtrinebs apyroben,
romlebic saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas aRdgenas
hpirdebian. aqedanaa herderis msgavsi istoriuli
argumentebis mimzidveloba. herderi cdilobda xelaxla
aRmoeCina avTenturi TviTi da, kulturuli naciis
politikur naciasTan damTxveviT, erToba Tavis bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi aRedgina. brili cnebis aseT nawvaleb
xelaxal ganmartebas yalbad miiCnevs, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, nacionalizmi savsebiT realuri problemis dasmis
seriozul mcdelobas warmoadgens (iqve: 55–64).
dabolos, ideologia mxolod meoradia
politikasTan mimarTebaSi. esPpolitikuri urTierTobebi

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da instituciebia is, rac nacionalizmebis miznebs
formas sZens. magaliTad, 1871 wels germaniis nacia-
saxelmwifos Seqmnis procesis dasasruls Zalian cota
Tu hqonda saerTo kulturasTan da kidev ufro cota
romantizmTan da mis ideologiebTan. rasTanac masMsaqme
hqonda, gansakuTrebiT prusiasa da avstrias Soris
metoqeobasTan dakavSirebiT, es Zalauflebis politika,
geopolitika da ekonomika iyo. is ki, rac warmoiqmna, iyo
‘germania’ – bismarkis prusiis mfarvelobis qveS
sayovelTao TanxmobaSi mcxovrebi germaneli nacia da
ara prusiuli ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’. da swored germania
moiTxovda loialobas da mraval samTavros Soris
ganawilebuli germanulenovani mosaxleobis didi masis
vnebebs aRviZebda. germaniisaTvis sazRvrebis Seqmna Cven
SegviZlia bismarkis Kleindeuschland politikiT avxsnaT,
magram rogor avxsniT im vnebas, romelic procesis
dasasrulisaTvis daubrkoleblad scdeboda am
sazRvrebs, an riT unda aixsnas sazRvrebis SigniT Tu
gareT ‘germaniis’ pangermanuli xedvis mqone bevri
eTnikuri germanelis mZlavri identifikacia (Breuilly
1996a)?15
pasuxi SeiZleba nacionalisturi mtkicebulebebis
briliseul definiciaSive, da mis mier SeerTebuli
Statebis 1776 wlis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
nacionalizmad monaTlvis uaryofaSi iyos. brilis
azriT, camet amerikul kolonias aklda kulturuli
identoba – ‘mkafiod gamokveTili da gansakuTrebuli
xasiaTi’ – romelsac dedaqveynisagan da britaneli
mmarTvelebisagan maTi gamocalkeveba SeeZlo. mCagvrelTa
msgavsad, maTac britanuli warmoSoba hqondaT, iyvnen
qristianebi (umeteswilad protestantebi) da inglisurad
metyvelebdnen. magram aqcentis gakeTeba identobis
kulturul kriteriumze ar esadageba nacionalizmis
wminda politikur definicias. meore TavSi moxseniebuli
brilis mier miTebisa da ceremoniebis Zalis aRiarebac
ar Seesabameba nacionalizmis sworxazovnad politikur
axsnas. imave yaidis kriticizmi sxva politikuri
modernistebis mimarTac gamodgeba.16
SegviZlia ufro Sorsac wavideT. miroslav hroCma
(Hroch 1985) gamoikvlia ra ramdenime aRmosavleTevropuli

116
nacionalizmi, nacionalistur moZraobaTa ganviTarebis
saerTo modeli aRmoaCina. igi mecnierTa, mweralTa da
xelovanTa patara wreebiT iwyeba, romlebic naciis ideas
amuSaveben (faza a); grZeldeba agitatorebis,
ganmanaTleblebis da Jurnalistebis patriotuli wreebis
mier am ideis gavrcelebiT (faza b); farTovdeba
saarCevno ubnamde, rac saSualo da dabali klasebSi
masobriv moZraobamdea miyvanili (faza g). aq kulturidan
masebis mobilizaciisaken mimarTul elitis politikamde
sworxazovan ganviTarebas aqvs adgili; am SemTxvevaSi
‘kulturis’ gamocalkeveba ‘politikisagan’ SeuZlebelia.
magram kidev ufro daxlarTuli situaciac
SeiZleba Segvxvdes. jon haTCinsonma irlandiuri
nacionalizmisa da gaeluri aRorZinebisadmi miZRvnil
detalur gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom saxelmwifoze
fokusirebuli politikuri nacionalizmebis svla
damoukideblobisaken, Cveulebriv, kulturuli
nacionalizmebiTaa Sevsebuli,AromelTa mizanic sruliad
gansxvavebulia: naciis, rogorc moraluri erTobis,
regeneracia sakuTar niadagze. kulturuli
nacionalizmebi, pirvel rigSi, kulturuli identobis
sakiTxebs, socialur harmoniasa da moralur miznebs
exeba; da es mimarTebebia maTTvis prioritetuli da raime
politikuri qmedebisa Tu gamoxatvisagan damoukidebeli.
praqtikaSi nacionalizmis kulturuli da politikuri
formebi xSirad enacvleba erTmaneTs da SeiZleba
nacionalistebi maT Soris meryeobdnen. Tu politikuri
nacionalizmi Tavisi miznebisaken mimaval gzaze
borZikobs, kulturul nacionalizms SeuZlia gaCenili
bzari erTobis koleqtiuri kulturuli resursebis
ganmtkicebiT amoavsos; xolo, roca misi Zala sustdeba,
asparezze nacionalizmis politikuri moZraoba gamodis.
maSasadame, nacionalizmi ar SeiZleba politikuri an
romelime sxva sferos tyveobaSi aRmoCndes; ‘politikis’
‘kulturasTan’ an ‘eTnikurobasTan’ amgvari dapirispireba
ar gvaZlevs saSualebas Rrmad CavwvdeT iseT kompleqsur
fenomenebs, rogorebicaa naciebi da nacionalizmi
(Hutchinson 1987: Tavi 1 da 1994: Tavi 1).17
haTCinsonis farTomasStabiani kritika mokled
exeba meore sakiTxs – kulturis modernizmTan

117
mimarTebas. kulturuli regeneraciisa da eTnikuri
aRorZinebis moZraobebi, SesaZloa, ufro modernuli
periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram yvela epoqaSi
SeiZleba maTi povna. marTlac, modernuli epoqis
kulturulma nacionalistebma naciis regeneraciis
procesSi CasarTvelad ‘xalxis’ mobilizaciisaTvis
eTnikuri simboloebis, miTebis da maxsovrobebis adre
arsebuli repertuaridan unda amoirCion. amgvari
saqcielis sixSire ki imas miuTiTebs, rom,

miuxedavad premodernul da modernul

sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebisa, didi xnis damkvidrebuli
kulturuli repertuari (miTebi, simboloebi da
maxsovrobani) mZlavri instituciebis
(saxelmwifoebis, armiebis, eklesiebis) saSualebiT
modernul eraSic ‘gadmodian’, da aRorZinebasa da
xelaxal ganviTarebas ganicdian, ramdenadac
populaciebi periodulad aRmoCndebian xolme
fizikuri da simboluri gadarCenis msgavsi
amocanebis winaSe (Hutchinson 2000: 661).

es isev brilis modernizms exeba, romelsac

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli retrospeqtuli nacionalizmisa
da, identobis kulturuli elementebis premodernuli
periodebidan modernul eraSi gadmoyolis faqtis
pirispir darCenili istoriuli skepticizmis surneli
udis. brilis miaCnia, rom: ‘identobis problema, romelic
instituciebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, farTo socialur da
geografiul sivrceebze adamianTa erTmaneTTan
damakavSirebeli instituciebis miRmaa gasuli, imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom igi aucileblad fragmentuli,
wyvetili da mouxelTebelia’ (Breuilly 1996b: 151).
saxelmwifo da eklesia, premodernuli
instituciebi, romelTac eTnikuri identobis gadatana
SeeZloT, iyvnen rogorc nacionaluri identobebiT
SezRudulni, aseve universalisturni. ase rom,

premodernul eTnikur identobas, lokaluri donis

garda, cota ram Tu hqonda imisaTvis, rom

118
 instituciurad gardaqmniliyo. TiTqmis yvela
didi institucia, romelic agebs, inaxavs da
gadascems nacionalur identobebs, da romelic am
identobebs interesebTan akavSirebs, modernulia:
parlamentebi, farTod gavrcelebuli literatura,
sasamarTloebi, skolebi, Sromis bazrebi da a.S. …
nacionaluri identoba arsobrivad modernulia da
am sakiTxisadmi nebismieri midgoma, romelsac
raime sargeblobis motana SeuZlia, am
wanamZRvaridan unda amodiodes (iqve: 154).

es nacionalizmis genezisSi instituciebis,

kulturisa da eTnikurobis rolis viwro da SezRuduli
gagebaa. CamoTvlil ‘instutuciaTagan’ bevris aRmoCena
premodernul sazogadoebebSic SeiZleba. maSinac ki,
rodesac isini ar iyvnen ise inkluziurebi, rogoric
dRes arian, isini emsaxurebodnen eTnikuri identobisa da
kulturis ‘gadatanas’ ufro farTo mosaxleobaSi. metic,
sxva instituciebi ufro inkluziurnic ki iyvnen (da ara
fragmentuli da mouxelTebeli): lingvisturi kodebi,
ritualebi da dResaswaulebi, savaWro gamofenebi da
bazrebi, armiebi da ‘samSoblo miwebi’ – es yvelaferi
mraval TaobaSi saerTo eTnikurobis grZnobas nergavda,
xolo modernul epoqaSi gadmoxeTqa. kidev erTxel unda
iTqvas, rom arc ‘kulturisa’ da ‘identobis’
gamocalkevebaa saWiro premodernuli instituciebisagan,
da arc imis apriorulad daSveba, rom maT ar ZaluZT
Semdgomi naciebisaTvis safuZvlis Semzadeba.18

konstruireba da reinterpretacia

bolo sakiTxi, romelsac Sevexebi, uSualod

momdinareobs winare mimarTebebidan: arian Tu ara naciebi
nacionalisti inteligenciebis mier de novo Seqmnilni an
rekonstruirebulni arsebuli kulturuli ‘masalisa’ da
eTnikuri sentimentebis gareSe.
es mravalwaxnagovani kompleqsuri argumentia.
Tvalsazrisi, rom nacia ‘socialurad konstruirebulia’,
Tuki is truizmi ar aris, raRac ufro mets unda
niSnavdes, vidre primordializmis an perenializmis

119
ubralo uaryofa iqneboda, radganac igi modernizmis
yvela formisaTvis saerToa. axal elements aq
warmoadgens aqcenti socialur inJineriasa da teqnikur
inovaciaze, kulturuli artefaqtebisa da teqstebisaTvis
formis micemaze, Tvisebrivad axali formebis
Sesaqmnelad unar-Cvevebisa da warmosaxvebis gamoyenebaze.
socialuri konstruqcionizmis es ‘Zlieri’ forma
gelneris Sexedulebebs scdeba, radgan miuTiTebs, rom
naciebi, Tuki Seiqmna, SeiZleba gaqres kidec TavianT
warmosaxvebTan da narativebTan erTad, msgavsad sxva
artefaqtebisa da teqstebisa.
is Tvalsazrisi, rom nacia, upirveles yovlisa,
kulturuli artefaqtia, unda daiyos misi warmosaxvis
stilis da warmodginebis modusis mixedviT, rac
harmoniaSia postmodernizmis movardnil talRasTan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad misi formulireba
postmarqsistul CarCoSi ganxorcielda. benediqt
andersonisaTvis nacionalizmi umTavresad diskursis
forma, narativis tipia, romelic politikur erTobas
warmosaxavs, rogorc sasruls, suverenulsa da
horizontalurad zeklasobrivs. naciebi vernakulur
‘beWdur erTobebs’ efuZnebian, esaa vernakuluri beWduri
enebisa da literaturebis – umetesad warmosaxviTi
politikuri erTobebis sociologiurad cxovelmyofeli
da advilad gasagebi saSualebebiT gadmocemuli
romanebisa da gazeTebis – mkiTxveli publika.Ees beWduri
erTobebi, Tavis mxriv, ifurCqnebian pirveladi masobrivi
moxmarebis sagnebis, nabeWdi wignebis gaCenis Sedegad,
gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac elitaruli laTinuriT
gajerebuli wignis bazari bevrad ufro farTo
vernakuluri bazrebiT gamoidevna. mkiTxveli
mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdas xels uwyobda vernakulaze
naTargmni wminda werilis kiTxvis protestantuli
ideali da centralizebuli saxelmwifo enebis
warmoSoba, rac teritoriulad diskretul mxareebSi
garkveuli enebis fiqsirebulobisa da stabilurobis
gancdas iZleoda. andersonisaTvis Tanabrad
mniSvnelovani iyo drois koncefciaSi momxdari
revolucia. Tuki adreul periodebSi dro mesianistur da
kosmologiur movlenaTaTvis winasaxis mimniWeblad da

120
xorcSemsxmelad moiazreboda, axla mas sul ufro da
ufro metad uyurebdnen rogorc wrfivsa da homogenurs.
erTobebi ‘cariel homogenur droSi’ moZraobdnen, xolo
movlenebi ki saaTisa da kalendris Cvenebebze iyvnen
mibmulni (Anderson 1991: Tavi 3).
am adremodernuli istoriuli ganviTarebebis ukan
didi socialuri cvlilebebi da perenialuri pirobebi
dgas. sayovelTao cvlilebebSi Sedioda wminda werilis
erTobebis (didi religiebis) da im wminda monarqiuli
umaRlesi centrebis (didi imperiebis) gaqroba, romlebmac
politikuri da kulturuli sivrce gamouTavisufles
gviandel naciebs. Tumca saboloo jamSi naciebis
arseboba damokidebulia or, ufro metad perenialur
pirobaze: babilonis godolze – globaluri
lingvisturi mravalferovnebis fatalurobaze, da
sikvdilis Tanmdevi daviwyebis damTrgunveli ukvdavebis
universalur Ziebaze. swored aseTi ukvdaveba, romelic
adamianis STamomavlobiT, erTobis jer kidev arSobil
wevrTa meSveobiT miiRweva, aris is, risi moniWebac nacias
SeuZlia. es gvixsnis imas, Tu ras niSnavs ‘aCrdilebi’
ucnobi jariskacis saflavTan da imasac, Tu
TaobaTaSorisi Zmoba ratom ‘xdis SesaZlebels bolo
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi amdenma milionma adamianma
ara imdenad moklas, aramed Tavi Seswiros ase SezRudul
warmosaxvebs’ (Andersen 1991: 7).19
aq andersoni mokled wamoWris naciis mimarT
vnebisa da mijaWvulobis grZnobis centralur
(primordialistur) problemas. magram rogoria misi
midgoma?Aandersoni amtkicebs, rom Cven mzad varT Tavi
gavwiroT mxolod imisaTvis, rac keTilSobilad da
uangarod migvaCnia, magaliTad, ojaxis an naciisaTvis.
miuxedavad marTlac xSiri gaTanabrebisa naciis ojaxTan
(‘Cveni ojaxi’ da ‘Cveni nacia’) (rogorc naTlad daasabuTa
kidec uolker konorma (Connor 1994: Tavi 8)), es xdeba ara
imitom, rom ojaxebisa da naciebisaTvis gaRebuli
msxverpli miCneulia wmindad da uangarod. sworedac
piriqiT: ase imitom xdeba, rom Cveni identobani,
saWiroebani da interesebi, Cveni WeSmariti xsna
ukavSirdeba da damokidebulia ‘Cvens’ ojaxze, ‘Cvens’
naciaze, amitomacaa, rom maT mimarT amgvar erTgulebas

121
ganvicdiT da mzad varT ase Tamamad gavwiroT Tavi
misTvis. es naciebs erTnairad aqcevs rogorc emociisa da
nebis, ise warmosaxvisa da Semecnebis erTobebad (Anderson
1991: 141–143; agreTve, ix. A.D.Smith 1998: 140–141).20
arc erik hobsbaumisa da terenc reinjeris (da
maTi mimdevrebis) mier tradiciis gamogonebaSi (romelic
imave 1983 wels gamoCnda, rodesac andersonis
warmosaxviTi erTobebi gamovida) SemoTavazebuli
modernistuli Tvalsazrisi exeboda koleqtiuri nebisa
da emociis rols. kerZod, hobsbaumi Tvlis, rom naciebi
da nacionalizmebi didad unda umadlodnen nacionaluri
istoriis literaturul da istoriul gamonagons,
miTologiasa da simbolizms, romelTa gafurCqvna
evropaSi 1830 wlidan, gansakuTrebiT ki 1870 wlis Semdeg
iwyeba. 1914 wlamde ganvlilma aTwleulebma amgvari
‘gamogonili tradiciebis’ warRvna ixiles – nacionaluri
dResaswaulebi, brZolaSi dacemulTa sapativsacemo
ceremoniebi, droSebi da himnebi, statuomania, sportuli
Sejibrebebi da sxv. adrindeli tradiciebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic cvlilebebs moergnen,
‘gamogonili’ variantebi kulturis im inJinerTa mier
winaswargaTvlil da invariantul qmnilebebs
warmoadgenda, romlebic simboloebs, ritualebs, miTebs
da istoriebs qmnidnen modernuli epoqis industriisa da
demokratiis mier mobilizebuli da politizebuli
masebis saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, isini mmarTveli klasis xelSi socialuri
kontrolis winaswargaTvlil instrumentebs
warmoadgendnen. amitomac, hobsbaumis TqmiT,

Zalze saSuri saqmea SedarebiT gviandeli

inovaciebis, ‘naciisa’ da masTan asocirebuli
fenomenebis – nacionalizmis, nacia-saxelmwifos,
nacionaluri simboloebis, istoriaTa da sxvaTa
Seswavla. es yvelaferi socialur inJineriaSi
ganxorcielebul qmedebebs efuZneba, romelebic
xSirad winaswarmofiqrebuli da yovelTvis
inovaciuria, Tundac imitom, rom istoriuli
siaxle inovacias gulisxmobs (Hobsbawm and Renger
1983: 13–14).21

122
 kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, rom cneba ‘gamonagoni’
sims ufro maT sulSi atokebs, visTvisac naciebi da
nacionalizmi saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ‘istoriis
moZraobidan’ samwuxaro gadaxraa, xolo uaresSi –
masebis cru cnobierebis upirveles magaliTs
warmoadgens. magram Tundac nacia srul inovacias
warmoadgendes, mainc Riad rCeba misi sakiTxi, iseve
rogorc gamosarkvevia am sferoSi winaswar dagegmili
socialuri inJineriis moculobac. hobsbaumis analogia
am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad meqanikuria; naciebi an
konstrurebulni arian an, teqnikuri xasiaTis
gamogonebis msgavsad, socialuri inJineriis fabrikaciebs
warmoadgenen. isini gegmis Sesabamisad arian awyobilni
elitaruli ostatebis mier. aq adgili aRar rCeba
emociis an moraluri nebisaTvis da masebis
monawileobisaTvisac ki. es ukanasknelni elitis
socialuri Canafiqris pasiur msxverplni arian, romelic
maTi axlad gamoTavisuflebuli energiisaTvis
mimarTulebis micemas cdilobs. naciebi da nacionalizmi
modernuli epoqis panem et circenses warmoadgenen (iqve: Tavi
7).
magram aris Tu ara masebi ubralo tabula rasa,
romelic Tavisi mmarTvelebis nacionalistur mesijebs
elodeba, raTa isini gonebaSi CaibeWdos da gulis
ficarze daiweros? hobsbaumi problemas mxolod
‘zemodan qvemoT’ udgeba, magram igi damoukidebeli
teritoriuli saxelmwifos Ziebisas Tavidanve uaryofs
yovelgvar kavSirs masebis, Tundac regionalur,
religiur Tu lingvistur, ‘protonacionalur bmebsa’ da
modernul nacionalizmebs Soris. igi uSvebs, rom
premodernul periodebSi Cven SegviZlia regionalur
enebsa da lokalur religiebze dafuZnebuli bevri
‘protonacionaluri’ erToba aRmovaCinoT, magram
amtkicebs, rom isini winaprobas da winamorbedobas ver
gauweven naciebs, radganac ‘maT arc hqoniaT da arca aqvT
is aucilebeli kavSiri teritoriuli politikuri
organizaciis qvedanayofTan, romelic gadamwyveti
kriteriumia imisaTvis, rasac dRes Cven “naciaSi”
moviazrebT’ (Hobsbawm 1990: 47; kursivi dedniseulia).

123
 arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi SemTxveva
(magaliTad, inglisis da safrangeTis, ruseTis da
serbeTis) roca didi instituciebi (saxelmwifo an
eklesia) gamZle aRmoCnda, an modernul epoqaSi
adrindeli politikuri erTobis xsovna didxans SemorCa
da masobrivi nacionalizmisaTvis safuZveli gaxda. yvela
sxva istoriuli kavSiri yalbia, radgan imis miRma
moqmedebs, rasac hobsbaumi ‘efeqtur istoriul
gangrZobadobas’ uwodebs (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983: 7; ix.,
agreTve, Hobsbawm 1990: Tavi 2).
es istoriuli kavSirebi marTlac yalbia? zustad
ras warmoadgens ‘efeqturi istoriuli gangrZobadoba’?
amas garda, is marTlac niSnavs raimes naciebis
warmoqmnisaTvis? obieqturi istoriuloba SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani iyos drois xangrZliv periodSi, magram
mosaxleobis masisaTvis narativi emociurad
‘rezonansulic’ unda iyos da ‘SinaarsiT WeSmaritic’. es
aris eTnosimbolistebis da, maT Soris, Cemi mTavari
Teoriuli mosazreba. naciebisa da nacionalizmis Zalisa
da mdgradobis unaris asaxsnelad. mTavaria naciis
narativi da misi saxeebi im xalxis gulis simebs
arxevdes, vis misazidadacaa Cafiqrebuli, da ‘xalxma’ da
misma kulturebma Tavis mxrivac SeZlon naciis
rekonstruqciaSi wvlilis Setana. elitebs mxolod maSin
ZaluZT raRac gavlenis moxdena da erTgvari lideroba,
roca isini mosaxleobis masas ‘Tavidan warmoudgenen’
misTvis misaReb da STamagonebel saxes an narativs
naciis Sesaxeb.
am argumentisaTvis centraluria urTierToba
Semecnebasa da emocias Soris. Tu Cven gvsurs Rrmad
CavwvdeT nacionalizmis unars daeuflos adamianebs da
mis sayovelTao mizidulobas, wminda SemecnebiT da
interesebze dafuZnebul modelebs versad gaveqceviT. Cven
gvWirdeba nacionalizmis, rogorc moraluri erTobis
koleqtiur nebaze da, TiTqos, erTi winapridan
warmomdgari erTobis saziaro emociebze dafuZnebuli
koleqtiuri qcevis tipis gageba; es niSnavs imas, rom Cven
gvWirdeba nacia gaviazroT, rogorc moqalaqeTa
sakraluri erTobis politikuri forma. Tumca andersoni
uSvebs warmosaxviTi politikuri erTobisaTvis

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lingvisturi bazisis arsebobas da mokled exeba
nacionaluri identobis ufro Rrma, religiur,
safuZvels, misi emociuri potencialis gaxsnasac ki ver
axerxebs, moralurze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. nacvlad
amisa, igi nacias misi inteleqtualuri da artistuli
gadmomcemis saTvaliT uyurebs ‘warmosaxvis’ cnebis
farglebSi. aseve, Tumca hobsbaumi uSvebs
nacionalistebisaTvis Rrma istoriuli gangrZobadobis
mniSvnelovnebas, is maT narativebs rogorc nayalbevs ise
eqceva da amitomac gamoricxavs maTi emociuri
mimzidvelobis wvdomis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknels
araferi esaqmeba maT ‘inovaciur’ RirsebebTan, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT maTi Sinaarsis WeSmaritebaze.
samagierod mas saqme aqvs nacionalizmebiT gamowveul,
mowodebis funqciis mqone xalxuri eTnikuri miTebis
tradiciebTan, simboloebTan da maxsovrobebTan. amis
uaryofa an ugulebelyofa naciebis da nacionalizmis
xalxuri bazisis ufro Rrma gagebas uSlis xels.
amitomaa, rom eTnosimbolistebi, romlebic me
mokled gagacaniT mesame Tavis bolos, naciaTa
Camoyalibebis process ganixilaven ara imdenad rogorc
konstruirebas (maT winaswarCafiqrebul ‘gamogonebas’ rom
Tavi davaneboT), aramed rogorc adre arsebuli
kulturuli motivebis reinterpretacias da adrindeli
eTnikuri jaWvebisa da sentimentebis rekonstruqcias.
Tuki modernistebi da konstruqcionistebi mTlianad
arian dakavSirebulni ‘retrospeqtul nacionalizmTan’,
eTnosimbolistebi miuTiTeben, rom aseTive seriozul
safrTxes warmoadgens ‘damblokavi prezentizmic’,
romelic uSualod warsulisaTvis formis miniWebis
Sesaxeb awmyos Taobis Sexedulebebsa da interesebzea
fokusirebuli. es Znels, iqneb SeuZlebelsac ki, xdis im
mravali gzis wvdomas, romelTa meSveobiTac eTnikuri
warsuli kulturuli CarCoebisa da parametrebis
uzrunvelyofiT awmyos mimarTebebis formirebas uwyobs
xels. swored amgvari CarCoebisa da parametrebis
saSualebiT da maT SigniT yalibdeba da gamoiTqmeba
awmyos moTxovnebi da gagebani. imis garda, rom
istoriulad zedapirulia, prezentistuli Tvalsazrisi

125
ubralod ver uZlebs istoriis gamocdas. tabula rasa arc
arasdros arsebula (ix. Peel 1989; A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi 8).
iseTi eTnosimbolistebisaTvis, rogorebic
armstrongi, haTCinsoni da me gaxlavarT, nacionalizmis
gageba mxolod koleqtiuri kulturuli identobebis la
longue durée analiziTaa SesaZlebeli. magram warsulis
kavSiri awmyosa da momavalTan SeuZlebelia calmxrivi
mizezobrivi urTierToba iyos; arsebobs gareSe
garemoebebsa da erTobis resursebze damokidebuli
kavSirebis sxvadasxva saxe (ix. Armstrong 1982 da 1995;
Hutchinson 1994; A.D.Smith 1986 da 1999a: Sesavali).
dasawyisisaTvis Cven SegveZlo gangvesxvavebina sami
amgvari urTierTmimarTeba – kulturuli gangrZobadoba,
ganmeorebadoba da reinterpretacia. gangrZobadoba iseT
komponentebSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rogoricaa
koleqtiuri TviTdasaxelebebi, enobrivi kodebi da
eTnikuri landSaftebi, romelTaganac TiToeuls
arseboba mas Semdegac SeuZlia ganagrZos, rac maTi
erToba gaqreba, rogorc es karTagenelTa punikuri
kulturis SemTxvevaSi moxda romaelTa mier karTagenis
totaluri ganadgurebidan daaxloebiT xuTi saukunis
Semdeg. magram am komponentebs isic SeuZlia, rom,
bedukuRmarTobis da transformaciebis Semdeg, erToba
axali formiT aRorZinebisaTvis saWiro CarCoTi
uzrunvelyos; saxelebis, enisa da landSaftebis
gangrZobadobis meSveobiT amgvari aRorZinebisa da
reidentifikaciis karg magaliTs berZnebi iZlevian.22
eTnieebis da naciebis ganmeorebadoba ufro
kompleqsuria. misi arsi konkretuli naciis fesvebis
arsebobis dadastureba ki araa Sua saukuneebSi an ufro
adre, aramed imis demonstrirebaa, rom koleqtiuri
kulturuli identobis nacionaluri forma sxva epoqebSi
da kontinentebze meordeba da, maSasadame, momavalSic
SeiZleba gagrZeldes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naciis
cneba kulturuli resursebis da adamianuri
asociaciebis im tips miemarTeba, romlis arsebobac
potenciurad istoriis yvela periodSia SesaZlebeli.
warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris kavSiris es tipi
axlos dgas perenialistebis mtkicebebTan. Tumca maTgan
ukve imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom dasaSvebad miaCnia

126
Sesvenebebi istoriaSi, uwyvetobis darRveva, rogorc
erTi da imave arealis sxvadasxva naciebis
gangrZobadobaSi, ise TviTigiveobrivi erTobis mier imave
an sxva arealSi mocemul nacionalur formebSi. ase rom,
konkretul arealSi eTnieebis gverdiT naciebis gaCenis
mowmeebi vxdebiT, rogorc, magaliTad, elinisturi
periodis axlo aRmosavleTSi, rasac Sua saukuneebis
evropasa an Soreul aRmosavleTSi maTi gaqroba an
gaTqvefa da sxva naciebis warmoSoba mohyva. Cven agreTve
SegviZlia vaCvenoT is manZili, romlzedac konkretuli
eTnieebi, magaliTad, somxebi an ebraelebi, gvian antikur
periodSi miuaxlovdnen erTobis nacionalur formas, am
nacionaluri formisgan Semdgomdroindeli daSoreba an
‘dakargva’ da modernul periodSi misi xelaxali
warmoSoba an xelaxali SeZena. am gadasaxedidan naciebi
gvevlinebian, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis da
politikis ganmeorebadi, magram ara uwyveti,
maxasiaTeblebi. am sakiTxebs kvlav mivubrundebi.
warsuls, awmyos da momavals Soris bolo da
yvelaze naklebad sakamaTo urTierTmimarTebad
reinterpretacia SeiZleba miviCnioT. aq maZiebeli
erTobebis inteleqtualebi da liderebi cdiloben
xelaxla aRmoaCinon maTi ‘avTenturi’ istoria da
sakuTari eTnikuri warsulis, viTomcda, ‘oqros xanas’ im
mizniT daukavSiron, rom maTi ‘didebuli bediswera’
aaRorZinon da aRadginon. amas isini mocemuli eTnikuri
kulturis parametrebSi yoveli TaobisaTvis warsulis
mniSvnelobebis SerCeviTa da reinterpretaciiT axerxeben,
acalkeveben ra sinamdvilis elementebs
araavTenturisagan, Sinagans gareganisagan. Tumca
urTierTmimarTeba am SemTxvevebSi aSkarad
ideologiuria, rac bevri magaliTiTac dasturdeba, mas
imis Zala mainc Seswevs, rom adamianTa didi raodenobis
mobilizeba moaxdinos da ganmsWvalos isini im
koleqtivis miznis SegrZnebiT, romelic rogorc
‘sakuTriv maTi’ erToba ise ganicdeba. dasaxmareblad
eTnikuri warsulisaTvis Tundac sust mimarTvas ‘xalxSi’
TanamemamuleTaTvis Tavganwirvis iseTi survilisa da
nebis gamowveva SeuZlia, risi msgavsiTac bevri
ideologia ver daikvexnis. mas, erTobaSi da msoflioSi

127
sakuTari adgilis gasacnobiereblad, aseve SeuZlia
yovlismomcveli CarCo Seuqmnas individs, iseve rogorc
mTeli naciis – gansakuTrebul msoflxedvasa da
programas.23
aqedan is gamomdinareobs, rom
konstruqcionistulisagan gansxvavebiT
eTnosimbolisturi midgomebi aucileblad miiCneven
modernuli naciebis warmoSobis sakiTxis CarTvas
premodernuli epoqebis winare koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebis konteqstSi. am erTobebs Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania eTnie, adamianTa saxeldebuli populacia,
romelic dakavSirebulia garkveul teritoriasTan da
romelic iziarebs winaprTa miTebsa da istoriul
maxsovrobebs, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturis
elementebs. es aris socialuri formacia, romelic
mTlianadaa ignorirebuli konstruqcionistebisa da
modernistebis mier; da es aris is, rasac perenializmi
dumiliT uvlis gverds. SesaZloa, andersonis miTiTebani
enaze, rogorc erTobis kriteriumze (‘nacia imTaviTve
enaSi gaiazreboda da ara sisxlSi’ (Anderson 1991: 145)),
CavTvaloT imis niSnad, rom igi aRiarebs eTnies
mniSvnelobas da keduric TavisTavad cxadad miiCnevs
kacobriobis eTnikur mravalferovnebas da misiT
gamowveul problemebs, rodesac nacionalizmi eTnikurad
Wrel arealebs moedeba. magram, sazogadod,
modernistebis mier moTxrobili ambavi istoriulad
moikoWlebs, progresul, modernul epoqaze
postrevoluciuri monagonebi Slis warsulis nakvalevs
da eTnikuri da religiuri kulturebis nakuwebisagan
Semdgar siWreles, maSin, roca eTnosimbolistebis
mixedviT, nacia eTnikurobis samyaros gareT
Seumecnebadia da konkretuli naciebis warmoSoba
SeuZlebelia adrindeli eTnikuri jaWvebis bazisis
gareSe. eTnikurad erTgvarovani nacia Zalze cotaa,
magram es ar niSnavs, rom yoveli naciisaTvis
aucileblad unda arsebobdes winare sabaziso eTnie. es
niSnavs, rom naciebi ufro Tavisufali eTnikuri
jgufidan an jgufebidan ganviTarda da, rom istoriulad
eTnikuri erTobebi daedo safuZvlad bevr nacias. Cemi
azriT, am faqtis dafarulobam seriozulad SeuSala

128
xeli naciebisa da nacionalizmis Seswavlis ganviTarebas
da Sedegad im eTnikuri maxsovrobebis, miTebis,
simboloebis da tradiciebisadmi uyuradReboba miviReT,
romlebSic kulturuli identobebisa da erTobebis
gamZleobis mniSvnelovani gasaRebi devs (A.D.Smith 1986 da
1999a; Sdr. Kedourie 1960: Tavi 6).24

daskvna

me warmogidgineT XX saukunis ukanaskneli sami

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis
kvlevis sferoSi mimdinare diskusiebisa da debatebis
zogierTi mTavari mimarTuleba. cxadia, es debatebi da
yvela mniSvnelovani Teoriuli Sroma amiT ar
amoiwureba. SeuZlebelia mokle wignSi kritikulad
gansajo am swrafad mzard sferoSi arsebuli yvela
argumenti, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT kvlevaze. zogierT
bolodroindel debatebs, konkretulad naciebis
hibridizaciasa da globalizacis Sedegebs, ukanasknel
TavSi Sevexebi. magram es bolodroindeli ganviTarebac
mxolod im ‘paradigmuli debatebis’ konteqstSi SeiZleba
iqnas gagebuli, romelic zemoT ganvixile. is
uzrunvelgvyofs safuZvlebiT da im CarCoebiT, romelTa
farglebSic unda imoqmedos Semdgomma argumentebma. me
davasabuTeb, rom bolodroindeli debatebi arsebiTad
ufro adreuli midgomebidan amodis da raime axali
paradigmis gamoyofaze ar miuTiTebs.
aRniSnuli bolodroindeli Teoriuli debatebi
aramarto adreuli midgomebis arsebiT ganviTarebas
warmoadgens, aramed sakuTar TavSi naciisa da
nacionalizmis garkveul istoriografiasac Seicavs da
mis Zireul paradigmebs emyareba. Cven unda aRvweroT da
movicvaT sxvadasxva ‘istoriani naciisa’, romelTac
gvTavazoben urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomebi ara marto
Tavad maTdami interesis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rasac
isini bolodroindeli Teoriuli debatebis da
nacionalizmis empiriuli perspeqtivebis arsis
wvdomisaTvis gvaZleven. axla am istoriebs mivapyrob
mzeras.

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 5

istoriani

________________________________

arsebobs farTod gaziarebuli ‘nacionalizmis

istoria’ da igi, udavod, modernistulia.
is XVIII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi
poloneTis dayofiTa da amerikis revoluciiT iwyeba da
safrangeTis revoluciis gavliT aRwevs reaqciamde,
napoleonis mier prusiis, ruseTisa da espaneTis
dapyrobamde. aseTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmi
am ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva. mogvianebiT, XIX
saukunis 10–20-ian wlebSi igi konvulsiurad vrceldeba
evropis sxvadasxva nawilSi – serbeTSi, saberZneTSi,
poloneTSi (kvlav), iseve rogorc laTinuri amerikis
kreolur elitebs Soris. nacionalizmis pirvelma didma
talRam kulminacias evropaSi 1848 wlis revoluciebSi –
e.w. ‘xalxebis gazafxulze’ – miaRwia, rac, pirvel rigSi,
prusiisa da piedmontezis egidiT germaniisa da italiis
gaerTianebasa da habsburgTa imperiaSi ungreTis
aRzevebaSi gamoixata. XIX saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi
nacionalizmis meore talRa agorda aRmosavleT da
CrdiloeT evropaSi: es iyo Cexuri, slovakuri, ruminuli,
bulgaruli, litvuri, finuri, norvegiuli, ebrauli
nacionalizmebi evropis gareTa ramdenime nacionalizmTan
erTad (meiZis iaponiaSi, indoeTSi, somxeTsa da
egvipteSi).Amale (XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi) am
talRas SeuerTda sxvadasxva eTnikuri nacionalizmebi
aziaSi – Turquli, arabuli, sparsuli, birmuli, iavuri,
filipinuri, vietnamuri da Cinuri, da nacionalizmis
pirveli ryeva afrikaSi (nigeriaSi, ganaSi da samxreT
afrikaSi). XX saukunis 30–40-iani wlebisaTvis dedamiwis
zurgze Znelad Tu moiZebneboda kuTxe, romelsac
nacionalizmis mZlavri Seteva ar Sexeboda, maSin, roca

130
igive periodi, evropaSi nacionalizmis apogeiT
(romelmac kulminacias miaRwia nacizmsa da meore
msoflio omisdroindel genocidSi), xolo afrikasa da
aziaSi postkoloniuri ‘ganmaTavisuflebeli’
nacionalizmebiT xasiaTdeba.1
esaa am ambis arcTu martivi daboloeba.
dasavleTSi XX saukunis 60–70 wlebSi, roca bevrs
nacionalizmis Zala amowurulad miaCnda, Seiqmna
STabeWdileba, TiTqos igi, kidev erTxel gacocxlda
moZraobebSi eTnikuri avtonomiis moTxovniT kataloniasa
da euskadaSi, korsikasa da bretanSi, flandriaSi,
Sotlandiasa da uelsSi da kvebekSi, oTxmocian wlebSi
Cacxra da Semdeg kvlav aRorZinda, roca 1988 wlidan
perestroikam da glasnostma daiwyo nacionalizmebis
waxaliseba sabWoTa kavSiris satitulo respublikebSi.
aman Tavisi wvlili Seitana 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlaSi. XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi molodinis
am Tavbrudamxvev atmosferoSi, Cven eTnikuri
nacionalizmiT gamowveuli axali tragediebis mowmeni
gavxdiT indoeTis naxevarkunZulze, Sua aRmosavleTSi da
afrikis rqaze, ruandasa da kavkasiaSi, pirvel rigSi ki,
iugoslaviis omebSi, maTi jer kidev gaurkveveli
SedegebiT.

‘didi naciebi’, patara eTnieebi

me sqematurad warmovadgine Tanamedrove

ideologiad da moZraobad gaazrebuli nacionalizmis
mravali modernistuli istoriisa da tipologiis
bazisuri Tanamimdevroba. zog SemTxvevaSi istoriis
morali ampartavnebisaTvis damsaxurebul sasjelSi
mdgomareobs: simwifis pirvelma fazam romantikuli
aRmavloba warmoSva, romelmac 1871 wlis Semdeg did
saxelmwifoTa agresiul nacionalizmamde migviyvana,
rasac mohyva katastrofebi, ori msoflio omis saxiT, da
nacionalizmis gafantva. magram, ramdenadac vada
gaxangrZlivda da nacionalizmi ar gaqra, aucilebeli
gaxda am martivi istoriis gadaxedva. es, Tavis mxriv,
moaswavebda uaris Tqmas erTaderT, sworxazovan modelze
ufro pluralistuli, geokulturulad mravalferovani

131
midgomis sasargeblod, romlis farglebSic andersonis
sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, msoflios yoveli kuTxis
elitebi, originalur evropul produqtze ‘patentis
miTvisebiT’ mis asimilirebas Seudgnen TavianTi
sazogadoebebisa da kulturebis saWiroebebTan da
problemebTan (ix. Anderson 1991: Tavebi 4–9).2
miuxedavad amisa, kvlav Zalze mimzidvelad
gamoiyureba erTiani modeli, raSic modernistuli
paradigmidan warmomdgari midgomebis zemoqmedeba
poulobs Tavis gamoxatulebas. erT-erTi aseTi midgoma,
romelmac gavlena moipova, ‘gamogonili (nacionaluri)
tradiciebis’ konstruqcionistuli modelia. rogorc
avxseni, es socialuri inJineriisa da socialuri
kontrolis modelia, romelSic industriuli dasavluri
elitebi kapitalizmisa da demokratizaciis epoqaSi
mimarTulebasa da formas aZleven axlad
ganTavisuflebuli masebis qmedebebsa da grZnobebs. am
midgomas irCevs erik hobsbaumi Tavis faqtebiT mdidar da
detalur istoriaSi nacionalizmis ori saxeobis Sesaxeb.
hobsbaumi, rogorc meoTxe TavSi vnaxeT,
nacionalizms mkacrad Tanamedrove politikur moZraobad
ganixilavs, romlis mizanic teritoriuli
saxelmwifoebis Seqmnaa. es niSnavs, rom Cven, rogorc
istorikosebs, ar SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT
nacionalizmis ideologias safrangeTis revoluciamde.
magram kuriozi isaa, rom hobsbaumis istoria iwyeba ara
1780 wlidan, aramed, rogorc misi 1990 wels gamosuli
wignis saTauri gvamcnobs, 1830 wlidan, parizis ivlisis
revoluciis Semdgomi xanidan, roca xelaxla dafuZnda
franguli revoluciis moqalaqeTa nacia da rodidanac
vxedavT mzard burJuaziul-demokratiul winaaRmdegobas
1815 wlis meternixis zavisadmi. am dros pirvelad
britaneTsa da safrangeTSi, xolo Semdgom germaniasa da
italiaSi srulad Camoyalibdnen ‘didi naciebi’, is
naciebi, romelTa gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebas vrceli
teritorebi da mravalricxovani mosaxleoba
warmoadgenda. hobsbaumis mixedviT, es naciad da
saxelmwifodyofnis legitimaciis ‘amosavali principia’.
frederik listis ideebis Sesabamisad, sayovelTaod iqna
aRiarebuli (TviT mazinis msgavsTa mierac ki)

132
saxelmwifoebad mxolod im naciebis Seracxva, romelTac
moipoves aseTi teritoria, hyavT mosaxleobis didi
raodenoba da ekonomikurad momZlavrdnen. 1830–1870
wlebSi, hobsbaumis azriT, amosavali principi Tavis
gavlenas inarCunebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom ‘nacionalobis
principi’ ‘praqtikaSi mxolod garkveuli sididis
nacionalobebis mimarT gamoiyeneboda’, radgan
ekonomikurad da kulturulad mxolod didi naciebi
iyvnen sicocxlisunarianni (Hobsbawm 1990: 30–32).3
es agreTve niSnavda, rom didi naciis
nacionalizms unda hqonoda gamaerTianebeli, inkluziuri
da eqpansionisturi xasiaTi. liberalebis TvalSi, es iyo
istoriis svlis mimarTuleba – yovelTvis ufro didi
teritoriuli erTeulebis, mosaxleobisa da
resursebisaken. imave niSniT didi naciebis
nacionalizmebi umTavresad moqalaqeobriv, masobriv-
demokratiul xasiaTs atarebdnen, radganac, franguli
revoluciis droindeli konstituciebis nimuSad miCneviT,
isini eswrafodnen politikur arenaze nacionaluri
mosaxleobis, rogorc moqalaqeebis, ufro didi
raodenobis gamoyvanas.4
hobsbaumi kargad acnobierebs am midgomis
samTavrobo anu ‘zemodan qvemoT’ mimarTul xasiaTs da
gulmodgined axdens mis koreqtirebas Tavis analizSi
enis, regionisa da religiis im mravalgvar
‘protonacionalur’ erTobaTa CarTviT, romlebic xSirad
winamodernuli epoqebis mosaxleobis masebSi
yalibdeboda. Tumca, rogorc wina TavSi davinaxeT, es
erTobebi iSviaTad an sulac ar monawileobdnen
nacionalizmis ganviTarebis dramaSi. saxalxo
sentimentebsa da mijaWvulobebis mxedvelobaSi
miuReblobisaTvis, miuxedavad gelneris kritikisa,
hobsbaumi praqtikulad mis azrs iziarebs mosaxleobis
masebis iseT diskretul kulturul jgufebad dayofisas,
romlebic, lokalurobisa da xSirad apolitikurobis
gamo, naciebis konstruriebisaTvis tramplinis rols ver
asruleben. arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi, rogoricaa
inglisis, serbeTis an ruseTis SemTxvevebi, roca xalxis
protonacionalizmi daemTxva Suasaukuneobriv
saxelmwifosa da eklesias, da am gangrZobadma gaigivebam

133
xeli Seuwyo modernuli politikuri nacionalizmis
zrdas. amgvarad, ‘istoriuli (an arsebuli) saxelmwifos
wevrobas Cveulebrivi adamianebSi uSualod SeuZlia
warmoSvas protonacionalizmi an sulac modernuli
patriotizmis msgavsi ram, rogorc amas tiudorebis
inglisSi hqonda adgili’ (Hobsbawm 1990: 75). serbebis
SemTxvevaSic adreuli saxelmwifos tradiciam samsaxuri
gauwia modernul serbul nacionalizms, radgan
‘Turqebis mier damarcxebuli Zveli samefos mogoneba
simRerebsa da sagmiro gadmocemebSi, da, iqneb ufro
metad ki, serbuli eklesiis yoveldRiur liturgiaSi iyo
Semonaxuli, im eklesiisa, romelmac Tavis mefeTa
umravlesobis kanonizacia moaxdina’ (iqve: 76).
maSasadame, aqac iseve, rogorc renanTan da
veberTan, politikuri maxsovrobani da instituciebi
Zalas la longue durée inarCuneben, maSin rodesac eTnikuri
da lingvisturi identifikaciebi modernulad da
gamogonilad arian miiCneulni. es Zalian waagavs hegelis
‘uistorio xalxebis’ Teoriis romeliRac versias, im
Tvalsazriss, rom momavalSi mxolod is xalxebi
SeZleben modernuli naciebisa da nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis aSenebas, romelTac saxelmwifos
gaZRolis politikuri tradicia warsulidan mosdgamT
(Rosdolsky 1964).
es garkveulwilad Seesabameba hobsbaumis
uaryofiT Sexedulebas evropaSi nacionalizmis mogviano
ganviTarebis Taobaze. radganac igi acxadebs, rom 1830–
1870 wlebSi evropuli nacionalizmis pirveli didi
epoqis Semdeg, romelic inkluziuri, moqalaqeobrivi da
demokratiuli iyo, aRmosavleT evropaSi misi meore tipi
gavrcelda, romelic eTnikurobasa da enas an
erTdroulad orives miemarTeboda. magram
hobsbaumisaTvis eTnikuroba da ena ganusazRvreli
cnebebia da verc erTi maTgani ver uzrunvelgvyofs
naciadyofnis mkafiod gamokveTili kriteriumebiT. meore
tipis nacionalizmi, hobsbaumis ganmartebiT, pirvelisagan
sami ramiT gansxvavdeba:

pirvel rigSi, igi uars ambobs ‘amosaval

principze’, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, liberalur

134
 eraSi yuradRebis centrSi iyo moqceuli. aqedan
moyolebuli, TviTgamorkvevis uflebis pretenzia
uCndeba adamianTa nebismier jgufs, romelic Tavs
naciad miiCnevs. rac, zemoTqmulis Tanaxmad, maTi
teritoriisaTvis calke, suverenul, damoukidebel
saxelmwifos Seqmnaze uflebas gulisxmobda.
meore, potenciuri ‘araistoriuli’ naciebis amgvari
gamravlebis Sedegad, eTnikuroba da ena gadaiqca
potenciuri naciadyofnis centralur, gadamwyvet
da erTaderT kriteriumadac ki. Tumca iyo mesame
cvlilebac, romelmac ara imdenad nacia-
saxelmwifosaken mimarTul nacionalur
moZraobebze moaxdina gavlena, ramdenadac
nacionalur sentimentebze ukve arsebuli
saxelmwifoebis SigniT. es gaxldaT mkveTri
wanacvleba naciis politikuri uflebebisaken da
droSa, risTvisac (faqtobrivad) SemoRebul iqna
termini ‘nacionalizmi’ XIX saukunis ukanasknel
aTwleul(eb)Si (Hobsbawm 1990: 102; xazgasma
dedniseulia).

am periodSi, e.i. 1870–1914 wlebSi, urbanuli

industrializmis afeTqebis Sedegad saarCevno uflebis
swraf gavrcelebasTan erTad, evropaSi Zlier izrdeba
eTnolingvisturi nacionalizmebi. es axali klasebis
warmoSobisa da eTnikuri migraciebis, umTavresad
saSualo klasebis qveda fenebis (‘gamoucdeli klasebis’)
mier ucxoelTa (gansakuTrebiT ebraelTa) winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli masobrivi rasistuli qsenofobiis epoqac iyo
(iqve: 109–111, 121, 133).
am periodma da nacionalizmis am tipma Tavis
apogeas XX saukunis Sua xanebSi rasobriv faSizmSi da
nacizmSi miaRwia. 1945 wlis Semdeg, SedarebiTi simSvidis
periodSi, adgili hqonda damyofi da damanawilebeli
eTnolingvisturi nacionalizmebis aRorZinebas,
romlebic XIX saukunis miwuruls mcire nacionalobebis
nacionalizmebis memkvidreebad iTvlebodnen. Tumca
arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. nacionalizmi
dRes ‘istoriuli ganviTarebis umTavres veqtors aRar
warmoadgens’. rogorc Cans, eTnikuri nacionalizmi

135
‘sisustesa da safrTxeze reaqcias ganasaxierebs, igi
cdilobs barikadebis aRmarTvas modernuli msoflios
Zalebis winaSe’, romelSic masobrivi globaluri
ekonomikuri transformaciebi da mosaxleobis
gadaadgilebani mravali adamianis dezorentacias da
SiSs ganapirobebs. dRes nacionalizmi Seusabamo xdeba.
man dakarga saxelmwifos Semqmnelisa da ekonomikis
Camomayalibebelis adrindeli funqciebi da ‘dakargul
ocnebaTa Semcvlelad’, surogatad gadaiqca (iqve: 164, 175–
176, 181).
hobsbaumi imedian notaze asrulebs: ‘hegelis mier
iTqva, rom minervas sibrZnis momtani bu Sebindebisas
gamofrinda gareT. es ki keTilis momaswavebelia, radgan
axla igi naciebsa da nacionalizms dastrialebs Tavs’
(iqve: 183).

naciebi nacionalizmamde

hobsbaumis Tvalsazrisi ramdenadme vrclad

imitom gadmoveci, rom igi sakmaod gavleniania da
TvalsaCinodac warmogvidgens modernistuli paradigmis
konstruqcionistuli versiis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs,
romlebic moicavs Semdegs:

(1) Sexedulebas, rom nacionalizmi modernul

saxelmwifosTan erTad qmnis naciebs;
(2) rom, msgavsad nacionalizmisa, arc naciebia XIX
saukuneze adrindeli;
(3) rom naciebi da nacionalizmi TavisTavad
inteligenciisa da burJuaziis mier Seqmnil
artefaqtebs warmoadgens;
(4) rom unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan eTnikuri
(‘eTnolingvisturi’) da moqalaqeobriv-politikuri
nacionalizmebi;
(5) rom nacionalizmma da naciebma Seasrules
TavianTi daniSnuleba da dReisTvis,
globalizaciis epoqisTvis, moZveldnen.5

naciebisa da nacionalizmis bunebaze,

periodizaciasa da rolze amgvari modernistuli

136
Sexedulebani mwvave kritikas awydeba. hobsbaumis yoveli
modernistuli mtkiceba sakamaTod gadaiqca. me momdevno
TavSi davubrundebi bolo sadavo sakiTxs naciebisa da
nacionalizmis SesaZlo moZvelebis Taobaze. manamade ki
danarCens ganvixilav rigrigoboT.

naciebi – nacionalizmis produqti?

nacionalizmi bevris mier modernul

ideologiadaa miCneuli, ris gamoc azri, rom igi Tavad
qmnis naciebs, niSnavs ara mxolod imas rom
nacionalizmamde araviTari nacia ar arsebobda, aramed
imasac, rom nacionalistebamde SeuZlebelic ki iyo
naciis arseboba. metic, is uSvebs, rom ‘naciebi’ diskursis
formas da kulturul artefaqts, iseT konstruqciebs
warmoadgens, romlTac mniSvneloba mxolod
nacionalizmis ufro farTo ideologiis farglebSi
eniWebaT. saamiso argumenti is gaxlavT, rom terminis
‘nacia’ adrindeli mniSvnelobebi sruliad gansxvavebulia
da dRevandel, nacionalizmze damokidebul modernul
(1789 wlis Semdgomdroindel) mniSvnelobebTan araviTari
kavSiri ara aqvs.
aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTmimarTebis
garda, dgeba kidev ori problema. pirveli isaa, rom
terminis ‘nacia’ modernuli mniSvnelobebi cvalebadi da
xSirad aracalsaxaa. Cven isRa dagvrCenia, mivuTiToT,
rom Tavad mkvlevarTa Soris es termini
sxvadasxvagvaradaa gagebuli. es exeba politikur
moRvaweebsac da farTo sazogadoebasac. imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ras gulisxmoben adamianebi am terminSi, msoflios
sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva kriteriumi an
kriteriumTa erToblioba gamoiyeneba da moicavs
religias, enasa da Cvulebebs, eTnikurobas, teritoriasa
da saxelmwifoebriobas. rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva
nacionalisturi ideologiebi sayovelTao
‘nacionalistTa ojaxis’ farglebSi naciis sakmaod
gansxvavebul koncefciebs ayalibeben. rogorRa gavigoT,
modernul mniSvnelobaTagan Zireulad romeli
gansxvavdeba terminis ‘nacia’ adrindeli
mniSvnelobebisgan?6

137
 meore problema ufro seriozulia. romc davuSvaT
am terminis erTaderTi, misaRebi gageba, viqnebiT Tu ara
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom ‘naciis’ adrindeli (vTqvaT,
Suasaukuneobrivi) mniSvnelobebi marTlac Zalze
gansxvaveulia modernuli mniSvnelobebisagan? am sakiTxs
adrian heistingsi ikvlevs. igi amtkicebs, rom XIV
saukunidan inglisuris magaliTze kargad Cans terminis
‘nacia’ mniSvnelobis aSkara gangrZobadoba. iseTi
sityvebi, rogorebicaa ‘nacion’ (forteske) an ‘nacyon’
(fabiani) XV saukuneSi da ‘nacioun’ (uiklifi da role) XIV
saukuneSi TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda, riTic
SedarebiT gviandeli gamoyenebani, magaliTad,
miltoniseuli (1644) Areopagitica (‘isic ki mgonia, rom
warmosaxvaSi vxedav keTilSobil da mZlavr nacias,
romelic ise wamoimarTeba, rogorc Zlieri kaci Zilis
Semdeg’), an samoel jonsoniseuli (1755 wlis leqsikonSi),
romelic nacias ganmartavs rogorc ‘xalxs, romelic
sxva xalxisagan gansxvavdeba eniT, warmomavlobiT an
mmarTvelobiT’, anda pit umcrosis mowodeba ‘Cveni,
viTarca naciis, arsebobisaken… Cveni WeSmariti saxelis
– ingliselisaken’. yvelaferi es imis maCvenebelia, rom,
sul mcire, XIV saukunis dasawyisidan, ‘ingliselebs Tavi
naciad miaCndaT’ (Hastings 1997: 14–16).
terminis amgvari Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebisEerTi
myari safuZvelTagania vulgatas versiis bibliis
inglisuri Targmanebi, rasac reformaciis Semdeg,
roledan da uiklifidan dawyebuli, yovelkvireuli
kiTxva daerTo Tan. iq, sadac vulgata berZnul ‘ethnos’
rogorc ‘natio’ ise Targmnida, inglisuri iyenebda
terminebs ‘nacioun’ an ‘nacion’, mogvianebiT ki termins ‘nation’.
Sedegad, sityva ‘natio’ ‘Sua saukuneebSi regularulad
gamoiyeneboda vulgatas gagebiT, rogorc “eniT,
kanonebiT, sacxovrisiT, msjelobiTa da wes-CvulebebiT”
gansxvavebuli xalxis aRmniSvneli. magaliTisTvis
mivmarToT sant devidis pirveli normani episkoposis
bernaris TiTqmis definiciis tolfas frazas, romliTac
igi daaxloebiT 1140 wels paps ise aRuwerda uelselebs,
rogorc ‘natio’ ’ (iqve: 17). am mokle lingvisturi eqskursis
safuZvelze heistingsi askvnis, rom inglisur enaSi
naciis ‘eqvs aseulze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebis

138
gangrZobadobis gasaocari simyare’ dasturdeba, rasac
Rrma bibliuri da vulgaturi fesvebi aqvs da termins
‘nacia’ amgvari farTod gavrcelebuli gamoyenebis
mxedvelobaSi miuRebloba da misi dakavSireba mxolod
Sua saukuneebis universitetebSi arsebul studentur
dajgufebebTan, absurdia (iqve: 17–18).7
cxadia ‘sityva’ igive ar aris, rac misiT
aRniSnuli ram, magram, Tu naciisadmi kuTvnilebis gancda
naciadyofnis kriteriumad miiCneva, maSin lingvisturi
gamoyenebis am Tanamimdevrulobisa da mis safuZvelSi
arsebuli da misiT gamoxatuli nacionaluri
kuTvnilebis rwmenis gamo, inglisis SemTxveva, sul
mcire, prima facie SemTxveva maincaa imis saTqmelad, rom
‘naciebi nacionalizms win uswreben’.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, modernistebs argumentad
gamoadgebaT is, rom, Tumca zogjer dasturdeba, rom
nacia Tavis nacionalizmze ufro Zvelia, ufro metia
iseTi SemTxveva, sadac nacia nacionalizmis nayofia. es
ki naciis gagebis imgvar models moiTxovs, romelsac
nacionalisturi ideologia TviTgamorkvevis
nacionalisturi idealis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad
gvTavazobs. metic, modernuli anu ‘realuri’ naciis
Taviseburebas, pirvel rigSi, moqalaqeobis gaCena
warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom nacia aris
sayovelTao fenomeni, romlis SigniTac
(nacionalisturi ideologiis Tanaxmad) yoveli wevri ipso
facto moqalaqea. mxolod modernul periodSi gaxda
moqalaqeoba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi.8
am kontrarguments heistingsi (kvlav inglisis
magaliTis moSveliebiT) Suasaukuneobriv naciaTa
‘nacionalizms’ upirispirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
naciebs ar gaaCndaT nacionalizmis Teoria, mainc
avlendnen aSkara da aqtiur nacionalizms, gansakuTrebiT
safrTxisa da konfliqtebis pirobebSi. heistingsisaTvis
nacionalizmi WeSmaritad partikularistuli moZraobaa.
swored esaa misi Zlierebis wyaro, da ara
TviTgamorkvevis raRac zogadi Teoria. 1800 wlis Semdeg
kidev SeiZleboda bevri nacia Camoyalibebuliyo
winmswrebi nacionalizmis (ideologiis) wyalobiT. magram
amaze adre piriqiT xdeboda: safrTxis pirobebSi naciebi

139
Tavad qmnidnen sakuTar nacionalizms da iseve
TviTgamorkvevadni iyvnen, rogorc 1789 wlis
Semdgomdroindeli (‘II gvaris’) naciaTa mravalferovneba.

premodernuli naciebi?

heistingsis mixedviT, modernizmi nacionalizmis

istoriis mxolod naxevars mogviTxrobs; meore, 1789
wlamde, naxevarze ki arafers ambobs.
heistingsis mier wamoweuli neoperenialisturi
istoria SerCeviTia, magram misi gamosvlis mizans
naciebs, nacionalizmsa da modernul xanas Soris
arsebuli kavSiris uaryofa (rasac daJinebiT amtkiceben
hobsbaumi da sxva modernistebi) da garkveuli naciebis
igiveobisa da gangrZobadobis Cveneba warmoadgens
premodernuli saTaveebidan moyolebuli maT Tanamedrove
manifestaciebamde. heistingsis rCeulni upiratesad
dasavleTevropelebi, ufro ki britanelebi arian:
pirvelia inglisi, romelsac Sotlandia, irlandia da
uelsi mosdevs; merea safrangeTi, holandia, Sveicaria,
SvedeTi, germania da espaneTi. es hug seton-uotsoniseul
stilia, romelic ‘Zvel, gangrZobad’ naciebs 1800 wlis
Semdgom upiratesad aRmosavleT evropasa da aziaSi
axlad Seqmnili naciebisagan ganasxvavebda: ‘evropaSi 1789
wels Zveli naciebi iyvnen ingliselebi, Sotlandielebi,
frangebi, kastilielebi da portugalelebi –
dasavleTSi; danielebi da Svedebi – CrdiloeTSi;
ungrelebi, polonelebi da rusebi – aRmosavleTSi’ (Seton-
Watson 1977: 7).
aseT SemTxvevebSi nacia spontanurad izrdeboda,
rac niSnavs, rom igi nacionalistebisa da sxva elitebis
mier ar iyo gamoxmobili arsebobisaTvis. aseT naciebs
nacionalisturi dagegmareba an Canafiqri anu, heistingsis
terminologiiT, nacionalisturi Teoria, aklda. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, isini ‘nacionalisturnic’ iyvnen da
naciebsac warmoadgendnen.9
mTlianobaSi gangrZobadi perenializmis
heistingsiseuli versia evropuli nacionaluri
identobebis ‘ganviTarebis sam did safexurs’ gamoyofs.
pirveli moicavs, regionebis mixedviT, V–XIV saukuneebSi

140
arsebul ‘adgilobriv eTnikur jgufebs, romelTa
umravlesobac sakmaod arastabiluria’, maT xSirad ara
aqvT damwerloba, Tumca zogma maTganma ganaviTara
damwerloba da vernakulurma literaturam
damoukidebeli naciebis sazRvrebis dafiqsireba daiwyo.
meore safexurze, XV saukunisaTvis, literaturuli
enebis ganviTarebam da didma saxelmwifoebma eTnikuri
rukis sirTule da aramdgradoba Seamcires, ris
Sedegadac

ukve ganirCeoda dasavleT evropis mTavar naciaTa

umetesoba. adamianebi regularulad moixseniebdnen
maT naciebad. modernizmis Teoretikosebis
mixedviT, zustad igive naciebi warmoqmna
nacionalizmebma XVIII saukunis bolodan.
korelacia iseTi axloa, rom misi SemTxveviTobad
miCneva absurdi iqneboda (Hastings 1997: 114).

naciadyofnis mesame safexuri, romelsac ‘modernistebi

SecdomiT miiCneven mTlian istoriad’, XVIII saukunis
dasasruls franguli monarqiis kolafsiT iwyeba, ramac
‘dambebi gauxsna revoluciur moZraobebs, romlebic aseve
nacionalisturni iyvnen’ (iqve: 119). es nacionalizmis mier
Seqmnili naciebis periodia, razedac modernistebi
akeTeben fokusirebas, magram igi moqalaqeobrivi da
parlamentuli modelis zemoqmedebis Sedegi ufroa,
vidre ‘modernizaciisa’, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi.10
amgvarad, heistingsis msgavsi perenialistebi
SesaZleblad miiCneven premodernuli naciebis arsebobas.
dasavleT evropaSi maT umetesobas inglisuri prototipi
aqvs. heistingsis Sexedulebas iziarebs jon gilinamic da
ingliss XIV saukunemdec ki naciad aRiarebs. uiliam
malmsburisa da jefri monmausis, iseve rogorc
jeraldus kambrensisis SromebSi vpoulobT XI–XII
saukuneebSi inglisel naciadyofnis mkafio
formulirebas, uelsurTan da irlandiurTan kontrastSi.
anJuelTa mier safrangeTSi teritoriebis flobis
miuxedavad, es adreuli ‘inglisuri imperializmis’
magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT (Gillingham 1992).

141
 amaT msgavsad, jozef lobera daJinebiT amtkicebs
ra nacionalisturi ideologiis SedarebiT
modernulobas, Semdgomdroindeli naciebis safuZvels
evropis ZiriTad arealebSi (rogorebicaa ‘francia’,
‘germania’ da ‘hispania’) arsebuli eTnikuri da politikuri
mijaWvulobebis da sentimentebis xangrZliv istoriaSi
xedavs. nu gveqneba imedi, rom amgvari kulturul-
politikuri formaciebis adgilmdebareobis da
maxsovrobebis analizis gareSe, SemdgomSi cnobili
modernuli politikuri naciebis gamoCenis axsnas
SevZlebT (Llobera 1994: Pnawili I).11
amgvarad, neoperenialistebi amtkiceben, rom
naciebi da nacionalizmebi XVI saukunemdec arsebobdnen,
gansxvavebiT jon brilis msgavsi modernistebisagan,
romelTaTvisac XVI saukuneSi nacionaluri sentimentebis
zrda sxva araferia, Tu ara nacionalizmis ‘preludia’.
rasakvirvelia, reformaciam, individualuri locvis da
bibliis vernakulaze TargmanebSi kiTxvis aqcentirebiT,
naciadyofnis grZnobebi gaaZliera da gaavrcela, rogorc
es aRniSnulia lia grinfeldis didebul da detalur
gamokvlevaSi modernulobisaken mimavali umTavresi
nacionalisturi gzebis Sesaxeb. marTlac,
grinfeldisaTvis inglisuri nacionalizmi odnav
uswrebda reformacias, radgan SegrZneba, rom nacia
mTeli xalxis identuri iyo (rac, misi SexedulebiT,
nacionalizmis arsebobis mTavari kriteriumia) farTod
pirvelad XVI saukunis 20–30-ian wlebSi gavrcelda
inglisur elitaSi. magram protestantulma inglisurma
bibliam da saerTo locvebis wignma, foqsis (protestant)
mowameTa wignTan erTad, am nacionalur sentiments romis
eklesiisa da misi espaneli mokavSiris sawinaaRmdegod
uzarmazari mxardaWera gamoucxada da damajerebeli
motivi mouZebna. armadas dros raionebis umetesobaSi
inglisel naciadyofnis gancda saSualo klasebSi
gavrcelda da man safuZveli Cauyara momdevno
nacionalizmebis models safrangeTSi, germaniaSi,
ruseTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi (Greenfeld 1992: Tavi 1).12

142
 nacionalizmis wyaroebi

neoperenialisturi TvalsazrisiT, nacionalizmis

wyaroebi upiratesad elitis warmosaxvebsa da
gamogonebebSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed saxalxo
sentimentebsa da kulturaSi. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia
naciebis axsna urTierTdapirispirebuli elitebis mier
Seqmnili modernuli artefaqtebiT. Tumca elitebi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, naciebisa da nacionaluri
identobebis fundameturi wyaroebi yvelgan da gacilebiT
adre unda veZeboT.
rogorc vnaxeT, adrian heistingsis mixedviT,
premodernuli naciebi cvalebadi eTnikurobebisagan
saliteraturo enebisa da literaturebis ganviTarebis
gziT warmodgebian, romelic afiqsirebs kulturebisa da
xalxebis sazRvrebs. udavoa, rom premodernuli epoqis
‘inteleqtualebs’ – poetebs, mwignobrebs da
samRvdeloebas – amaSi gadamwyveti roli ekisrebodaT.
magram heistingsisaTvis nacionalizmis mTavari wyaro
religiaa, ufro konkretulad ki qristianoba.
samRvdeloeba ara marto mTavar saganmanaTleblo da
socialuri keTildReobis qsels uzrunvelyofda, aramed
yoveldRiuri Sexeba hqonda soflis mosaxleobasTan.
yovelkvireulad wesebis aRsrulebisa da qadagebebis
gziT eklesia mZlavr gavlenas axdenda masebis emociebsa
da msoflxedvaze. metic, eklesiam gza gauxsna
vernakuluri enebis gamoyenebas, ris Sedegadac mesiji,
romelsac igi qadagebda, imdenadve iyo nacionaluri,
ramdenadac universaluri, radgan saxarebasTan erTad
eklesiam Zveli aRTqma da miseuli wminda nacionalobisa
da mefobis politikuri idealebic gaiTavisa. maSinac ki,
roca bibliis xalxs uaryofda, eklesia, romelic
saxarebaSi idealuri saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis models
isaklisebda, israelis naciis ebraul prototips
mimarTavda, vinaidan Tavs WeSmarit israelad (verus Israel)
da uflis rCeuli xalxis memkvidred moiazrebda.
saboloo mesiji martivi aRmoCnda: yovel nacias SeeZlo
Zvel ebraelTa msgavsad yofiliyo uflis rCeuli xalxi,
anu WeSmariti qristiani da eklesiis rwmeniT aRsavse
(Hastings 1997: Tavebi 1, 9).13

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 maSasadame, nacionalizmis saTaveebi da
ganviTareba literaturasa da samRvdeloebaSi, eklesiasa
da bibliur religiaSi unda veZioT. qristianobis da,
ufro adre iudaizmis gareSe, arc naciebi iqneboda da
arc nacionalizmi.
imave daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba konor kruz
o’braienis ‘wminda nacionalizmis’ bunebisa da saTaveebis
analizidan da xalxis miseuli gaRmerTebidan, romelic
bibliuri teritorializmis, eTnikuri erTobisa da Zvel
aRTqmaSi ukvdavyofili, religiasTan Sewyvilebuli
aRTqmuli miwis unificirebul xedvas ubrundeba (O’Brien
1988a). o’braieni imis CvenebiT agrZelebs, Tu rogor
narCundeba es tradicia evropaSi da axal gamovlinebas
amerikul nacionalizmis sakralur xasiaTSi, droSisadmi
pativiscemasa da sayovelTao locvebSi poulobs.
maSasadame, neoperenialistebi naciebisa da
nacionalizmis wyaroebs eZeben ara saero inteligenciaTa
gegmebSi an modernuli epoqis saSualo klasebis
interesebSi, aramed enis, eTnikurobisa da religiis
‘siRrmiseul kulturul resursebSi’. amgvari daskvna
bevrad aadvilebs orive Tvalsazrisis gaziarebas:
‘naciebi nacionalizmamde’ da ‘naciebi modernul epoqamde’.
amas istoriuli speqtris meore bolodan mivyavarT
heistingsis samnawiliani sqemis ganxilvamde. naciebisa da
nacionalizmis arsebobaze antikur epoqaSi Tavad
heistingsi migvaniSnebs, roca miuTiTebs inglisamde
izolirebul naciaTa arsebobaze somxeTsa da eTiopiaSi
da, rasakvirvelia, Tavad Zvel israelSi. es is sakiTxia,
romelsac davubrundebi.14
am Rrma kulturuli resursebis yvelganmyofoba
da gangrZobadoba perenialistebisa da modernistebis
evrocentristul midgomasac kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs,
ramdenadac biZgs aZlevs debatebs evropis gareT, kerZod,
iransa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi premodernuli naciebis
arsebobis Taobaze. heistingsis azriT, aziaSi
nacionalizmi evropidan qristianobisa da
kolonializmis meSveobiT Sevida. rogorc Cans, igi arc
ki uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom misive kriteriumebiT,
iaponia, korea da CineTi, iseve rogorc warmarTuli birma
da sefeviduri sparseTi, Sua saukuneebSi ukve naciebs

144
warmoadgendnen. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, maT
hqondaT vernakuluri enebi da literatura, iseve
rogorc unikaluri warmoSobisa da saerTo
STamomavlobis miTebi. metic, maTi saxelmwifo wyoba
mZlavri religiuri instituciebiTa da idealebiT iyo
gamyarebuli. saxelmwifos mowyobis modeli
konfucianelobaSi (rom araferi vTqvaT budizmze)
SeiZleba arc ise dinamikuri iyo da arc iseT
Zalisxmevas saWiroebda, rogorc Zvel israelSi
(romelic qristianobam miiRo) an islamSi. da am azriT,
heistingss SeuZlia dagvexmaros imis axsnaSi, Tu ratom
momdinareobs nacionalisturi ideologia dasavleTidan
da ratom Seuwyo xeli reformaciam, ebraul Zvel
aRTqmasTan dabrunebiT, dasavluri naciebis pirveli
talRis konsolidirebas. Tu Cven naciadyofnis
heistingsis kriteriumebs da dasavleTSi nacionaluri
ganviTarebis miseul periodizacias gaviziarebT, maSin
Cven swored imave Sua saukuneebSi unda davuSvaT naciebis
arseboba aziaSic.15

eTnikuri da moqalaqeobrivi naciebi

modernistebisa da konstruqcionistebisaTvis
eTnikuri nacionalizmis saukeTeso gageba misi elitis
gamogonebis naturalizebul formad miCnevaa. igi
‘fiqtiuri eTnikurobis’ politikur versias warmoadgens.
etien balibarisa da imanuel valerSteinis sityvebiT

bunebrivad arc erT nacias ar aqvs eTnikuri

bazisi, magram, ramdenadac socialuri formaciebi
nacionalizdeba, maTSi CarTuli mosaxleoba maT
Soris nawildeba an maTi zegavleniT ganicdis
eTnizacias, rac niSnavs, rom isini warsulSi an
momavalSi ise arian warmodgenilni, rom TiTqos
bunebriv erTobas qmnidnen da TavisTavad hqondeT
pirovnebebsa da socialur pirobebze aRmatebuli
warmoSobis, kulturisa da interesebis identobani
(Balibar and Wallerstein 1991: 96; xazgasma
dedniseulia).16

145
 aseTsave dekonstraqcionistul midgomas vxvdebiT
didi moqalaqeobrivi naciebis (droebiT) ekonomikur da
politikur moTxovnilebaTa Sedarebisas enisa da
eTnikurobis bunebasa da rolTan modernuli naciebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rasac kritikulad aanalizebs hobsbaumi.
magram perenialistebisaTvis, sazogadod, viTareba
sxvagvaradaa. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi anu, uolker
konoris terminologiiT, patriotizmi, xelovnuri Tu
ara, garkveulwilad racionaluri konstruqcia mainc
aris, maSin roca eTnikuri nacionalizmi, romelic,
saboloo jamSi, naTesauri kavSirebis gancdaSia
fesvgadgmuli, adamianuri gamocdilebisa da ojaxuri
urTierTobisagan warmomdgar bazisur emociebs esadageba.
aqedan gamomdinare, nacia ‘naturaluri’ warmonaqmni Tu
araa, eTnikurobasa da eTnolingvisturi jaWvebis
arsebobas mainc efuZneba. Tumca calkeul naciebs didi
daxmarebis miReba sakuTari saxelwifodanac SeuZliaT.
es aris Sexeduleba, romelsac heistingsi
irlandiur da, ufro naklebad ki uelsis, SemTxvevebSi
gaxazavs. aq, miuxedavad irlandiis pirquSi uzenaesi
mefeebisa, da ingliselTa mier uelsis dapyrobamde
uelselTa erTianobis xanmokle periodisa, saxelmwifo
minimalur rols asrulebda naciis gansazRvraSi.
irlandia sakuTari religiuri istoriiT
ganisazRvreboda, romelic iwyeba wminda patrikis misiiT
da misi kunZulovani geografiiTa da wminda adgilebiT,
rogorc insula sacra, amas mxars uWers jeims lidonis
Tvalsazrisi Sua saukuneebSi irlandiursa da inglisurs
Soris mkafiod gamoxatuli gansxvavebis arsebobis
Taobaze (magaliTad, 1317 wlis ‘SegonebaSi’ anda 1366
wlis kilkenis aqtebSi, kulturuli da kvazirasobrivi
stereotipebiT, rac bevrad uswrebda win reformaciasa
da irlandiaSi protestanti Sotlandielebis
dasaxlebebis gaCenas). aseTi gansxvavebebi vlindeboda
uelsursa da inglisurs Sorisac, romelic
simbolizebuli iyo kamris saxeliT, ufro adre ki,
(romanuli) britaneTis miTiT. eseni didi xnis win
dafuZnebuli eTnikuri nacionalizmebia, da iseve rogorc
nacionalizmTa umetesobas dRes (yofil iugoslaviaSi,

146
kavkasiaSi Tu afrikaSi), maTac safuZveli eTnikurobam
Cauyara (Hastings 1997: Tavebi 3, 5, 6; Lydon 1995).17
‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’ naciebsa da
nacionalizmebs Soris gansxvavebis dafiqsireba (dRes
rom ase modaSia), neoperenialisturi SexedulebiT,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi meoradia, uaresSi ki mcdari.
praqtikulad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela nacia da
nacionalizmi Tavisi fesvebiT ‘eTnikuria’; da, Tumca
droTa ganmavlobaSi nacias SeuZlia mocemuli
eTnikurobis sazRvari gadakveTos da ufro farTo
politikur erTobaSi sxva eTnieebic moicvas, Tavis
mamobilizebel Zalas igi unikaluri winaprisa da
istoriis saziaro rwmenaSi poulobs. es ar warmoadgens
eTnikuri safuZvlis ‘naturalurad’ gadaqcevis raime
mcdelobas; magram igi arc interpretaciaa da arc
nacionalistTa mieraa Tavsmoxveuli. es ufro niSnavs
eTnikurobis, enisa da religiis aRiarebas naciadyofnis
istoriul da struqturul safuZvlad da garkveuli
naciebis socialur-istoriul konteqstad. modernistebi,
mxedvelobaSi aqvT ra dasavleTi evropa da amerika da
maTi perspeqtiva, kanonikur naciebad miiCneven
Tanamedrove dasavleTis teritoriul politikur
erTobebs, maSin roca, faqtobrivad, isini yofili
eTnikuri naciebis specifikuri SemTxvevebia, romelebic
mZlavri saxelmwifoebis mier gamoizardnen da saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi upiratesad teritoriuli safuZvlis mqone
naciebad da politikur nacionalizmebad gadaiqcnen.18
am Tvalsazriss erTgvarad amagrebs is faqti, rom
dasavluri saxelmwifoebi istoriulad ‘eTnikuri
birTvis’ – im dominanturi eTnieebis garSemo
Camoyalibdnen, romlebmac saTave daudes an daafuZnes
erToba da saxelmwifos elitaruli personalis
umetesoba warmoSves, rogoric amas pirveli nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis – inglisis, safrangeTis, holandiis,
espaneTis da SvedeTis, da aseve ungreTis, poloneTis da
moskovis ruseTis SemTxvevebSi hqonda adgili. TviT
iseTi imigrantuli naciac ki, rogoric amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebia, dominanturi protestantuli
britanuli eTnies mier Seiqmna, Tumca SemdgomSi misi
eTnikuri xasiaTi imigrantTa farTomasStabiani talRebis

147
Sedegad gadasxvaferda. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi es
mZlavri saxelmwifoebi teritoriulad gafarTovdnen da
sxvadasxva regionebisa da maTi xalxebis aneqsia ise
moaxdines, rom XX saukuneSic ki SeinarCunes
dominanturi eTnies poziciebi (ix. A.D.Smith 1989).
am SemTxvevebSi ‘eTnikur-moqalaqeobrivi’
diqotomia istoriulad arazustia, xolo sociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT – SecdomaSi Semyvani. es gaxlavT eTnikuri
naciebi, romlebic TandaTanobiT upiratesad
teritoriulad dafuZnebul multikulturul politikur
erTobebad gardaiqmnen. kontrasti teritoriasa da
genealogias, ius soli da ius sanguinis Soris, romelsac
rojers brubeikeri frangul da germanul saimigracio
da moqalaqeobis miniWebis politikasa da praqtikas
Soris gansxvavebis saCveneblad iyenebs, ar unda iyos
gadaWarbebulad Sefasebuli. naciebis umetesoba
socialuri organizaciis orive principis magaliTad
gamodgeba, imis miuxedavad, rom mocemul droisaTvis
isini erT-erT maTgans aniWeben upiratesobas (Brubaker 1992;
Sdr. Schnapper 1997).

naciebi antikur epoqaSi?

heistingsis mier SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri

ganviTarebis samnawiliani sqema – zepirsityvieri
eTnikurobebis adreSuasaukuneobrivi epoqa, I gvaris
naciebis gvianSuasaukuneobrivi/adremodernuli epoqa, da
II gvaris ideologiurad marTuli naciebis modernuli
era – evrocentrizmis gamo SeiZleboda gakritikebuliyo
da kiTxvis niSnis qveSac dayenebuliyo kacobriobis
istoriis adreuli epoqebis ugulebelyofisaTvis. erTi
gamonaklisis garda, heistingsi warumateblobas ganicdis
antikuri epoqis mimarT Tavisi kriteriumis gamoyenebisas
da iudeur-qristianul tradiciaze adre an mis miRma
naciebis arsebobis SesaZleblobis ganxilvisas. Tuki
geografiiTa da saxelmwifoebriobiT gamagrebuli
vernakuluri literatura naciadyofnis umTavresi
kriteriumia, rogorc amas inglisis SemTxvevaSi aqvs
adgili, rogorRa SegviZlia naciaTa ricxvSi CavrToT
israelebi da gamovricxoT Zveli egviptelebi,

148
babilonelebi da sparselebi? Tuki imas veTanxmebiT, rom
bibliaze dafuZnebuli qristianoba evropasa da Crdilo
da samxreT amerikaSi naciis ideis gavrcelebis
mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda, ratom unda
mivaniWoT mas prioriteti im eTnolingvistur
kriteriumebTan SedarebiT, romlebmac unda gvibiZgos
‘naciebis’ xasiaTis amocnobisaken sxva, adreul
erTobebSi?
aq perenialistebis umetesoba maxvils
gangrZobadobaze akeTebs. heistingsi da sxvebi SeiZleba
mzadac arian antikuri epoqis sxva erTobebsac darTon
naciis titulis tarebis ufleba, magram maT istoriuli
mniSvnelovneba akliaT, radganac calkeul SemTxvevebs
warmoadgendnen da, rogorc naciebi, ver gadarCnen, maSin,
roca inglisi, sul mcire, XIV saukunidan ara marto iyo
gangrZobadi nacia, aramed warmoSva sxva gangrZobadi
naciebis mTeli wyebac. egvipte, sparseTi, asureTi da
saberZneTic ki, rogorc naciebi, STamomavlobis gareSe
‘miicvalnen’, inglisi ki naciebis diad kolonadas edga
saTaveSi.19
rasakvirvelia, am ganzogadebas erTi didi
gamonaklisi aqvs: ebraelebi. isini naciis amosaval
idealsa da prototips Seadgendnen, Tumc,
heistingsisaTvis maT TavianTi naciadyofna daaxloebiT
ori aTasi wlis win ‘dakarges’ da mxolod axla
aRadgines is israelSi. amas CixSi SevyavarT, radganac
naciadyofnis heistingsiseuli kriteriumebiT (kerZod, (1)
eTnikurobiT, romelic (2) fiqsirebuli iyo vernakulur
enaSi da literaturaSi, da (3) bibliuri prototipis
mixedviT iyo modelirebuli) ebraelebi, diasporaSic da
devnilobaSic (Galut), gamorCeulad gangrZobad naciad,
wignier xalxad rCeboda, sakraluri eniTa da
literaturiT, rasac TavianT diasporaSi mudmivad
xelaxla ismendnen da ganavrcobdnen, ise rom TavianTi
aRTqmisa da aRTqmuli miwis erTgulni rCebodnen.20
cxadia, aq sxva kriteriumi moqmedebs: mSobliur
teritoriaze cxovreba da misi floba. es, udavod,
mniSvnelovan da istoriulad xSirad gadamwyvet
kriteriums warmoadgens naciadyofnisaTvis, iseve rogorc
sasicocxlod arsebiTia nacionalisturi

149
ideologisaTvis. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad
SesaZlebelia, rom momavalSi ‘naciebi’
deteritorializebul erTobebad iqnen gaazrebuli, me
momdevno TavSi ganvixilav. magram amgvari formulireba
teritoriulobas naciadyofnis normad miiCnevs:
warsulSi nacia yovelTvis teritoriul erTobad
moiazreboda.21
magram, Tu teritoriaa sasicocxlod aucilebeli
naciadyofnisaTvis, ra SeiZleba iyos Zvel egviptelebze
ukeTesi magaliTi? ratom ara aqvT maT ‘naciis’ titulis
tarebis an WeSmaritad ‘nacionaluri saxelmwifos’ qonis
ufleba? isini nilosis orive napirze udabnoTi
garSemortymuli teritoriis viwro klaknilSi iyvnen
momwyvdeulni da uaxloesi mezoblebis – nubielebisa da
azielebisagan wes-CveulebebiT, religiiT, eniTa da
garegnobiT aSkarad gansxvavdebodnen. yovelive amis
garda, maT hqondaT saerTo, unificirebuli religia da
mZlavri saxelmwifo da (rogorc eqnatonis himnic
mowmobs) mkafiod acnobierebdnen TavianT
gansxvavebulobas sxva naciebisa da enebisagan (ix. Trigger
et al. 1983).
modernistebi SeiZleba Semogvedavon, rom Zveli
egvipte izolirebuli SemTxveva iyo; igi ar warmoadgenda
nacionalur saxelmwifoTa sistemis nawils, rac dRes
naciadyofnis savaldebulo kriteriumia. Tu aRar
davuSvebT, rom modernuloba da awmyo iZlevian
naciadyofnis im modelebs, romelTac yvela sxva unda
Seesatyvisebodes, maSin SevniSnavT, rom qristeSobamde
meore aTaswleulSi egvipte aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
saxelmwifoTa axloaRmosavlur ‘sistemaSi’ xeTebis
imperiasTan, miTanis samefosTan da kasitur babilonTan
erTad. es is periodia, romlis Sesaxebac Cven raRac
mainc viciT tel-el-amarnas diplomatiuri
korespondenciis wyalobiT. magram sul sxva sakiTxia,
ramdenad marTebulia am saxelmwifoTa ‘naciebad’ miCneva
maT Soris geopolitikuri urTierTkavSirebis arsebobis
gamo (Roux 1964).
bevrad ufro gvian, elinistur epoqaSic,
ptolemaiosTa egviptem axlo aRmosavleTSi regionaluri
‘saerTaSoriso sistemis’ nawili Camoayaliba, romelic

150
moicavda selevkidur sirias, pergamons, makedoniasa da
parTias. am SemTxvevaSic sazRvrebis mqone gansxvavebul
teritoriebze Semokrebili saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibdnen,
romelTaganac TiToeulis erToba flobda sakuTar
kults, enas, kalendars, kanonebsa da wes-Cveulebebs
(Tumca selevkiduri imperia, faqtobrivad, ramdenime
amgvar erTobas Seicavda). savaraudod, amitom unda
vuwodoT am politikur erTobebs ‘naciebi’ da
daveTanxmoT doron mendelsis msjelobas, rom ‘Zveli
axlo aRmosavleTis im naciebs, romlebic ebraelTa
mezoblebi iyvnen, politikuri nacionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri da kargad gansazRvruli
simboloebi hqondaT, saxeldobr, taZari, teritoria,
mefoba da jari’ (Mendels 1992: 1).
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Zveli samyaros
nacionalizmi ‘modernul droTagan’ gansxvavebuli azris
matarebelia, xolo elinistur epoqasTan dakavSirebuli
problema, mendelsis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iyo
‘eTnikurobis problema, rasac moxerxebulobisaTvis
“nacionalizmi” unda vuwodoT’, ar unda vamtkicoT
antikur epoqaSi imgvari naciebis sayovelTao arseboba,
romlebic yvela Tavisi mTavari niSan-TvisebiT
modernuls hgavs? da am mizeziT ar unda gaviziaroT
azri naciebis mudmivi ganmeorebadobis Taobaze momdevno
epoqebSi?22
es aris stiven grosbis Tvalsazrisi,
SemuSavebuli Zveli israelis dakvirvebuli analiziT.
igi Zvel ebraelebs, Zveli welTaRricxvis VII saukunidan
moyolebuli, sxva iseT erTobebs udarebs, rogorebic
arian Zveli berZnebi, arameelebi, edomitebi, egviptelebi
da somxebi, da seriozulad miiCnevs maT naciebad,
koleqtiur TviTxatad da xazs usvams xalxis sakuTar
miwasTan urTierTmimarTebis primordialur xasiaTs: misi
formulirebiT, ‘xalxs aqvs Tavisi miwa da miwas hyavs
Tavisi xalxi’. am droisaTvis iudeas samefos elitebs
mainc hqondaT uryevi rwmena, rom arsebobs ebraeli
‘xalxi’, romelic sakuTar translokalur, SemosazRvrul
sakralur teritoriaze cxovrobs, Tayvans scems erT
RmerTs, iahves, specialurad amisaTvis gamiznul centrSi,
ierusalimis taZarSi (Grosby 1991: 240).

151
 Amis msgavsad Zveli egviptelebic avlendnen
mijaWvulobas (nilosis) ‘miwasTan’, inaxavdnen marxvas im
rwmenisaTvis, rom egvipte mxolod egviptelebs ekuTvnoda
da miwis uzenaesi RmerTis – Tebes amon-ras dacvisa da
gamgeblobis qveS iyo, rwmenisaTvis, romelic grosbis
mixedviT, aklda Zvel saberZneTs, magram misi povna Zvel
somxeTSi SeiZleboda (iqve: 247; 1997: 21).23
amgvari interpretaciebi damatebiT komentars
moiTxovs. Zveli msoflios Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebis
simwire da ‘retrospeqtuli nacionalizmidan’ momdinare
safrTxe imisa, rom adreuli epoqebi gviandeli cnebebisa
da sazrunavis Suqze iqnas gagebuli, am analizs, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, mcdelobad aqcevs. Tavad grosbisaTvis
cnobilia cnebebisa da kategoriebis analizis sirTule:
‘koleqtivs zustad iSviaTad Tu miesadageba calkeuli
analitikuri kategoria. es exeba ara marto antikuri
xanis koleqtivebs, aramed modernul nacionalur
saxelmwifosac’ (Grosby 1997: 2).
amasTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemac arsebobs. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SevZlebdiT argumentirebul
msjelobas antikuri xanis ‘naciebze’, mainc ver
davasabuTebdiT maT gangrZobadobas calkeul modernul
naciebSi. Zvel egviptel an berZen nacias modernuli
epoqis egviptel an berZen naciebTan cota ram Tu
akavSirebs, miuxedavad teritoriuli, berZnul
SemTxvevaSi ki, agreTve, lingvisturi gangrZobadobisa. es
amZimebs berZnuli nacionaluri istoriografiisa da
berZnuli nacionalizmis paskalis kitromilidisiseul
mwvave modernistul kritikas. igi ambobs, rom XIX
saukunis Sua xanebSi konstantinos paparigopulosis mier
dawerilma diadma istoriam berZeni naciisa pirvelad
warmoadgina gangrZobadi berZeni naciis, rogorc
koleqtiuri aqtoris, idea, romelic uwyvetad grZeldeba
klasikuri antikurobidan berZnuli, bizantiuri didebis
gavliT, modernul damoukidebel berZnul
saxelmwifomde. maSin roca, kitromilidisis azriT,
faqtebze dayrdnobiT, Sua saukuneebidan XIX saukunis
dasawyisamdec ki berZnebi da saberZneTi bizantiis
vrceli imperiisa da marTlmadidebluri oikumenas (da
mogvianebiT, otomanTa imperiis) nawilad moiazreboda,

152
iseve rogorc serbeTis, bulgareTis da rumineTis
modernuli politikuri erTobebis SemTxvevaSi (Kitromilides
1989 da 1998; ix., agreTve, Just 1989).
berZeni nacionalistebi cdebodnen, roca berZeni
nacia bizantiis imperiis, da, lamis, klasikuri
saberZneTis periodSi warmoSobilad gamoacxades, Tu,
piriqiT, simarTles Seefereba modernistebis mtkiceba,
rom berZnuli nacia mxolod XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
modernulobis mosvlasTan erTad warmoiSva? vinaidan
modernistebi nacias sayovelTao moqalaqeobis, sajaro
kulturisa da sazRvrebis qonas ukavSireben, sadavo ar
unda iyos berZeni naciis arsebobis SeuZlebloba
modernul epoqaze adre. Tu am kriteriumebs viziarebT,
SegviZlia realurad vilaparakoT berZen naciaze ufro
adre, vidre mas 1922 wels Turqebi daamarcxebdnen, rasac
Sedegad mohyva mosaxleobis gacvla da sazRvrebis
stabilizacia? modernistebi (berZen) naciaSi ‘masebis
monawileobis’ problemasac ejaxebian da amis gamo XX
saukunemde berZen ‘naciaze’ laparaki Znelia. meore mxriv,
Tu, neoperenialistebis msgavsad, nacias eTnikurobis,
vernakuluri enisa da religiuri kulturis cnebebiT
ganvmartavT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom berZeni nacia gvian
bizantiur imperiaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc mis
momdevno marTlmadideblur mileTSi, romelsac berZnebi
da berZnulad metyveli samRvdeloeba edga saTaveSi.
metic, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, avarebis, slavebisa da
albanelebis mier saberZneTis dapyrobebiT klasikur
saberZneTTan sagrZnoblad Seryeuli demografiuli
uwyvetobis miuxedavad, gvianbizantiur imperiaSi
berZnuli filosofiisa da enis aRorZinebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, susti kulturuli kavSiris arsebobac
ki SeiZleba dasabuTdes (Baynes and Moss 1969: Tavi 1;
Armstrong 1982: 174–181).
istoriis interpretaciisas msgavs problemebs
vawydebiT im modernul naciebTan dakavSirebiTac,
romlebic antikur epoqamde gangrZobad warsulze
acxadeben pretenzias. yvelani – egviptelebi, sparselebi,
somxebi da ebraelebi masobriv demografiul da
kulturul cenzuras ganicdidnen, rogorc maTi
adrindeli ganviTarebisa da damoukideblobis miwaze, ise

153
‘samSoblodan’ gaZevebis da migraciis dros.
egviptelebisa da sparselebis SemTxvevaSi, religiur
moqcevas aq kulturuli mtrebis – berZnebis, arameelebis,
arabebisa da Turqebis didi nakadis Semosvla daerTo.
mtrul eTnikur jgufebs sxvadasxva dros ekavaT qveyana
da iq TavianT dinastiebs afuZnebdnen – egviptis
SemTxvevaSi – XX saukunemde, xolo sparseTis
SemTxvevaSi – XX saukunis dasawyisis sakonstitucio
moZraobamde. somxebisa da ebraelebis SemTxvevaSi
ucxoelebis – babilonelebis, sparselebis, elinebis,
romaelebisa da bizantielebis mier warmatebul
dapyrobiT omebs emigracia da gaZeveba daemata, SemdgomSi
ki upiratesoba iseT diaspora-erTobas mieniWa, romelsac
kavSiri istoriul samSoblosTan arasdros gauwyvetia.
magram SegviZlia ki diaspora-erTobas ‘nacia’ vuwodoT?
Tu somxur da ebraul naciebze Cven SegviZlia
vilaparakoT mxolod XX saukuneSi im kriteriumiT, rom
maT metnaklebad damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes
istoriuli teritoriebis nawilSi, sazRvrebis dadgeniT
da sajaro kulturiT da masebis monawileobiT?24

naciebi istoriaSi:
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi

magram gana romelime am interpretaciaTagan

misaRebia? TiToeuli ganmartebis dasabuTeba, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi, gaurkvevelia. aviRoT sazRvrebis sakiTxi.
gidensi, magaliTad, win wamoswevs modernistul
arguments imis Taobaze, rom premodernul saxelmwifoebs
aramdgradi da daudgeneli sazRvrebi hqondaT, maSin,
roca modernuli saxelmwifoebi metnaklebad mudmivi da
fiqsirebuli sazRvrebiT xasiaTdebian. am kontrastis
Taobaze saTqmeli bevria, magram igi arc ise
absoluturia, rogorc amas gidensi amtkicebs. Zvel
imperiebs Zalian mkafio warmodgena hqondaT sakuTari
teritoriuli farglebis Sesaxeb; magaliTad, romis
CrdiloeTi sazRvari saukunis ganmavlobaSi
fiqsirdeboda, iseve rogorc Cinelebi cdilobdnen
daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi CrdiloeTi sazRvari didi
kedliT. Zvel egviptelebs gangebam aRmosavleTiT,

154
dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT mkafio da fiqsirebuli
sazRvrebi arguna, aseve iaponelebs, mas Semdeg rac ainu
daipyres. rac Seexeba ebraelebs, aRTqmuli miwis
sazRvrebs biblia ki warmogvidgens, magram ramdenadme
gaurkvevlad.
igive viTarebaa masobrivi ‘sajaro kulturisa’ da
‘moqalaqeobis’ kriteriumebTan dakavSirebiTac. XX
saukunis standartebiT midgomisas irkveva, rom
premodernuli erTobebis umravlesobas orive maTgani
aklda. am erTobaTa umravlesoba wevrobisa da kulturis
eTnoreligiur gansazRvras efuZneboda. rac Seexeba
meores, gavixsenoT, rom moipoveba ramdenime cnoba imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor iyo premodernuli mosaxleoba
CarTuli sakuTari erTobebis elitarul kulturaSi.
meores mxriv, arsebobs miniSnebebi didi religiuri
zeimebis, sataZro RvTismsaxurebis, dakanonebuli wesebis,
bazrebisa da savaWro gamofenebis, aseve omSi gawvevis
Sesaxeb, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda CarTva Zvel
samyaroSi; xolo Sua saukuneebSi, didi msoflio
religiebis egidiT, amgvari CarTva ufro regularuli da
uSualo gaxda, Tumca iSviaTad iRebda politikur
xasiaTs.
Yyovelive es gvafiqrebinebs, rom modernistebi
marTalni arian, roca modernul msoflioSi aRmoCenil
naciis tipsa da adreul kulturul identobebs Soris
gansxvavebis mniSvnelobas usvamen xazs. amave dros,
frTxilad unda viyoT, raTa metismetad ar gavmijnoT
‘premodernuli erTobebi’ da ‘modernuli naciebi’, da arc
imTaviTve gamovricxoT (rogorc amas hobsbaumi akeTebs)
raime saxis gangrZobadobis arseboba premodernul
erTobebsa da modernul naciebs Soris. amgvari
ufskruli mxolod maSin Cndeba, roca yuradRebas
mxolod zeda fenaze vaCerebT, romelic premodernul
epoqaSi kosmopolituri da mravalkulturiani iyo,
modernul epoqaSi ki mzardad nacionaluri da
nacionalisturi gaxda. amgvari ufskruli maSinac
arsebobs, roca Cven modernul epoqas erTian
‘premodernul’ xanas vupirispirebT, romelic TiTqmis
monoliTurad migvaCnia da, amitomac, movlenebis
asaxsnelad vqmniT movlenaTa msvlelobis ‘uwin-da-

155
Semdgom’ xelovnur models. adreuli antikurobis
istoriul kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia gamovyoT
koleqtiuri kulturuli identobebis gansxvavebuli
modelebi da safexurebi da warmovadginoT saimedo,
detaluri da kompleqsuri Tvalsazrisi maTi
ganviTarebis Taobaze (ix. McNeill 1986; Sdr. A.D.Smith 1994).

eTnikuri kategoriebi da eTnieebi

istoriaSi dadasturebul pirvel amgvar modelsa

da, savaraudod, yvelaze adreul safexursac warmoadgens
‘eTnikuri kategoria’ – mosaxleoba, romelsac aqvs
koleqtiuri sakuTari saxeli da erTi an meti saziaro
kulturuli atributi, Cveulebriv, ena da wes-Cveuleba,
rac maT sxvebisagan gamoarCevs. rogorc wesi, mosaxleoba
erTgvarad dakavSirebulia, an iTvleba, rom
dakavSirebulia, konkretul teritoriasTan, romelic
Tumca SeiZleba cvalebadi da gaurkveveli iyos. amgvari
kategoriebi gareSe TvalisaTvis ‘eTnikuria’. es niSnavs,
rom maT aqvT saerTo warmomavloba da istoria maSinac
ki, roca TviT mosaxleobas saerTo winapris Sesaxeb
aranairi miTi ar gaaCnia. amgvari mouxelTebeli da
gardamavali kategoriebis dafiqsireba, heistingsis TqmiT,
Wirs, radganac maT arc aranairi mudmivi sazRvrebi
moepovebaT da arc raime teqstebsa da artefaqtebSi
kodirebuli simboloebi an miTebi. ucxo ki miawers
populacias saerTo eTnikurobas, magram SigniT amis
gancda ar arsebobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven saimiso
monacems ar vflobT an saSualeba ara gvaqvs, rom
SevityoT mis wevrebs aqvT Tu ara raime koleqtiuri
mijaWvuloba da sentimentebi.
situacia da misi aRwera genealogiebis gaCenasTan
erTad icvleba. ojaxebi sofelSi an samezobloSi
qorwinebebis gziT iqmneboda. isini iwyebdnen saerTo
winaprebisgan warmomavlobis Zebnas. amgvari genealogiebi,
Cveulebriv, zepirad gadaecemoda Taobebs, magram
mogvianebiT SeiZleba werilobiT qronikebsa da epikur
poemebSi dafiqsirebuliyo. eTnikuri warmoSobis da
waromavlobis es saojaxo miTebi xSirad dakavSirebulia
migraciis maxsovrobebTan da saerTo kultis

156
ritualebTan, simboloebTan da miTebTan, romlebic
adamianis samyaros kosmosTan akavSireben da ojaxTa
gaerTianebas aqceven uflis dacvis qveS. rac ufro
mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli genealogiuri miTebi da
migraciaTa maxsovrobani kultTan da ritualebTan, miT
ufro Zlieri xdeba wevrTa mijaWvulobani da
sentimentebi, rac maT jer saziaro qmedebebisa da
urTierTobebis mtkice eTnikur qselad gardaqmnis, xolo
Semdeg ki sruliad momwifebul ‘eTnikur erTobad’ anu
eTnied aqcevs – TviTdasaxelebis mqone adamianTa jgufad
Tavisi miTebiT saziaro warmomavlobze, saerTo
istoriuli maxsovrobebiT, saerTo kulturis erTi an
meti elementiT, samSoblosTan kavSiriTa da
solidarobis mZlavri sentimentiT (elitaTa Soris
mainc). amgvar erTobebs, Cveulebriv, mravalferovani
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri instituciebi,
myari da xelSesaxebi sazRvrebi da gareSeTa anu ucxoTa
kargad gamokveTili gancda aqvT, rac xSirad
gamyarebulia sakuTari teritoriis gareT mimdinare
iseTi regularuli aqtivobiT, rogoricaa vaWroba,
mosaxleobis moZraoba da ideebisa da teqnikis gacvla
(ix. Barth 1969: Sesavali; Nash 1989; Eriksen 1993).
Sedegad adreul epoqebSi ori an sami modeli
warmoiqmna – eTnikuri kategoriebi, qselebi da erTobebi.
da mosaxleoba gamudmebiT moZraobs am eTnikur
formaciebs Soris. rasakvirvelia, es safexuri ar
Semofargleba oden adreuli antikurobiT da pirveli
fiqsirebuli istoriebiT. eTnikur dajgufebaTa
mravalferovnebas – kategoriebs, qselebsa da erTobebs –
TviT modernul epoqaSic SexvdebiT, ara marto afrikasa
da aziaSi, aramed zogierT evropul populaciaSic ki. es
imis mauwyebelia, rom koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebis modelebi, romlebsac aq mokled Sevexe,
evoluciur mwkrivebs ver qmnis. nimuSebi sagrZnob
mdinarebasa da urTierTgadafarvas avlenen, da maTi
istoriuli Tanamimdevrobac gaurkvevelia,
Seuqcevadobaze rom araferi vTqvaT.

157
 eTnikuri saxelmwifoebi da adreuli naciebi

Zveli msoflio, iseve rogorc qalaq-

saxelmwifoebi, samefoebi da imperiebi, umetesad eTnikur
dajgufebebs warmoadgens. bevri, SedarebiT naklebad
Sekruli, eTnikuri dajgufeba politikur formas ar an
ver iRebs da arc politikur miswrafebebs avlens. meores
mxriv, isini, vinc srulyofil eTnikur erTobebad
Camoyalibdnen, iseT politikur gamoxatulebas da
gaformebas eswrafvian, rasac ‘eTnikur saxelmwifo’
SegviZlia vuwodoT. ase xdeba maSin, roca mZlavri
samRvdeloeba kulturuli monopoliis mopovebas
cdilobs da mWidrod SekavSirebuli da unitaruli
eTnikuri samefos Seqmnisas mmarTveli elitis mokavSire
xdeba. amis magaliTia Zveli egvipte da, garkveulwilad,
eTnikurad bevrad ufro heterogenuli aqemeniduri,
mogvianebiT, ki sasaniduri irani. aq cota ram Tu iyo
populaciis Semkvreli im horizontaluri zeklasobrivi
sentimentebidan, romelTac vxvdebiT naciebSi, radgan
didgvarovnebi da sasuliero wodeba sxvadasxva
ganaTlebas Rebulobda, Tumca, Zvel egvipteSi maRali
klasebis kultura, unikaluri geografiisa da nilosis
dablobis geopolitikisa da kulturaze sasuliero
fenis TiTqmis sruli monopoliis wyalobiT, mainc
aRwevda qveda fenebamde (ix. Frye 1966; David 1982).
situacia Zvel israelsa da somxeTSi sakmaod
gansxvavebuli iyo (arameelTa Sesaxeb samsjelod
sakmarisi informacia ar mogvepoveba). erTobis mZlavri
miTebisa da simboloebis, maxsovrobebisa da tradiciebis
warmoSoba, migracia, teritoria da istoria somxebsa da
ebraelebs ara marto ucxoTagan gansxvavebulobas
acnobierebinebda, aramed erTmaneTisadmi naTesaobis
gancdasac. aq monoTeisturi religia ueWvelad
warmoadgenda mZlavr Camomayalibebel faqtors.
koleqtiuri bedis SegrZneba da politikuri solidaroba
sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi dasturdeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom klasobrivi gansxvavebebi aqac aSkara, gansakuTrebiT
somxeTSi, romelsac miwaTmflobeli aristokratia hyavda.
yvelaze naTlad amas adasturebs ebraeli
winaswarmetyvelebis monaniebisa da Torisadmi

158
dabrunebisaken mowodebaTa gamoZaxili. saerTo bedis
gancdas somxeTis samefos ganadgurebis
Semdgomdroindel somxur elitebSi, somex istorikosTa
adreqristianul TxzulebebSic vpoulobT,
gansakuTrebiT, mose xorenelTan. orive SemTxvevaSi
gansxvavebulobisa da erTobis gancdas politikuri
avtonomiurobis survili axlavs. miuxdevad imisa, rom es
survili ver asrulda, igi mainc ukan, damoukideblobis
‘oqros xanis’ idealisaken miuTiTebs da momavali
politikuri aRorZinebis imedsac asazrdoebs (ix. Lang
1980; Zeitlin 1984; Grosby 1997; Panossian 2000).
ai, am SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT
‘naciebze’ Zvel msoflioSi Tumc frTxilad da mcire
masStabiT, rac niSnavs eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis adre
gavrcelebuli modelis gverdiT axlis Semotanas. Tumca
Cven ver davasabuTebT masebis monawileobas politikaSi
(an Tundac mxolod zrdasruli mamakacebisas klasikuri
xanis aTenSi), verc, miTumetes, samarTlebiv moqalaqeobas
an ekonomikur erTianobas. magram, rogorc vnaxeT, am
kriteriumebis sistematur gamoyenebas bevri e.w.
modernuli naciis saTvalavidan amogdebac ki SeuZlia
iseve, rogorc ‘naciaTa’ umravlesobis warmoSobis drois
pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom gadaweva TviT
demokratiis qveynebSic.
albaT, swored es aris saqmis arsi. modernistebis
umravlesobisaTvis realurad naciebis povna mxolod
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba, vinaidan mxolod
amgvar sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba masobriv moqalaqeobaze
darwmunebiT saubari. mxedvelobis areSiKkvlav
nacionaluri ganviTarebis evoluciuri sqemisadmi
evrocentruli da dasavluri midgoma eqceva. da es kvlav
modernuli konteqstebis da kriteriumebis Tavs moxvevaa
im epoqebisaTvis, romelTac sakmaod gansxvavebuli
mimarTebebi da midgomebi hqondaT. Zveli msoflios
xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis arsebiTi iyo auxsnel da
mZvinvare bunebis ZalebTan Widili. es Zalebi im
RmerTebis mier imarTeboda, romelTa gulis mogebac
koleqtiuri ritualebis aRsrulebiTa da
msxverplSewirviT SeiZleboda. am viTarebaSi modernul
msoflioSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis horizontaluri Zmoba

159
farTomsaStabiani kultmsaxurebisa da ritualebSi
xalxis monawileobis, eTikuri da religiuri
valdebulebebis aRsrulebis (rac warmosaxviTi winapris
erTobas rwmenisa da RvTismsaxurebis erTobaSi aqsovs),
eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da rCeulobis simboloebiT da
miTebiT gamowveuli erTobis gancdis, winaparTa saziaro
maxsovrobebis da sagmiro saqmeebis analogiuria. iq,
sadac adgili hqonda amgvar erTianobas, Cven SegviZlia
naciadyofnaze vilaparakoT, Tavisi religiuri kanoniTa
da ritualiT, romlebic modernuli moqalaqeobis
samarTlebrivi uflebebisa da movaleobebis ekvivalentis
rols asrulebda. am gagebiT SeiZleba saubari naciis
gansxvavebul, Zvel formebze.25

dinastiuri da patriciuli naciebi

mesame modelis sqema adrian heistingsma SeimuSava

Suasaukuneobrivi dinastiuri da/an patriciuli
naciebisaTvis evropaSi. erTis mxriv, esaa dasavleTis
‘lateralur’ eTnieebsa da mZlavr saxelmwifoebze
(inglisi, Sotlandia, safrangeTi, dania, SvedeTi da
espaneTi) dafuZnebuli Zlieri dinastiuri naciebi,
romlebic XII–XV saukuneebSi warmoiSva da romelTa
eqoc aRmosavleT evropis ramdenime saxelmwifoSic
(poloneTSi, ruseTSi da, erT dros, ungreTSic) ismoda.
patriciaTa da saSualo klasze dayrdnobiT gaCnda
naklebad unificirebuli, Tumca eTnikuri
gansxvavebulobis mZlavri gancdis, religiuri Zmobis
grZnobebis matarebeli da politikuri avtonomiurobis
mosurne naciis sxva saxec. amgvari nacia religiuri an
enobrivi TvalsazrisiT (an oriveTi) winaparTa
konkretul samSoblosa da saerTo kulturas
ukavSirdeboda. me, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi maqvs
gvianSuasaukuneobrivi Sveicaria da niderlandebi, ufro
naklebad ki, imdroindeli irlandia, miuxedavad misi
mudmivi politikuri daqucmacebisa. aseTi erTob
eqskluziuri da sarwmunoebaze orientirebuli, magram
naklebad monoliTuri erTobis tipi warmoSva Zlierma
miTebma, simboloebma da sagmiro saqmeebis maxsovrobam
(ix. de Paor 1986; Schama 1987; Im Hof 1991).

160
 gviandeli Sua saukuneebis naciis am or,
dinastiur da patriciul tips Soris gansxvaveba ar unda
gavazviadoT. orive metnaklebad im ‘lateraluri’
aristokratiuli eTnieebis produqtia, romelTa
mmarTveli klasebis kulturac saSualo klasebamde da
zogierT Soreul regionamde aRwevda. dinastiur naciaSi
kulturis amgvari gavrcelebis agenti mZlavri eTnikuri
saxelmwifo iyo, romlis mmarTvelebic, ‘biurokratiuli
inkorporaciis’ procesis meSveobiT, sxvadasxva klasisa
da regionis kompaqtur nacionalur saxelmwifoSi
SemWidrovebasa da unificirebas eswrafvodnen.
patriciul naciaSi metnaklebad kompaqturi aristokratia
an urbanuli patriciati gareSe ZalebTan da erTmaneTTan
konfliqtebis wyalobiT Seiqmna. amas xSiri da
intensiuri religiuri cieb-cxelebis periodebSi
exmarebodnen sulieri liderebi. ASedegad miRebuli
geopolitikuri daSoreba da izolaciis garkveuli
xarisxic ki xels uwyobda religiuri kulturis
gavrcelebas saSualo da qveda fenebSi. Sua saukuneebSi
naciaTa Camoyalibebis amgvari neli tempiT da
araTanabrad mimdinare procesebi unda ganvasxvavoT
modernul periodSi inteligenciisa da burJuaziis mier
saSualo klasis naciaqmnadobis ufro metad
SemWidroebuli da mizanmimarTuli procesebisagan (ix.
A.D.Smith 1989).
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am periodis msoflioSi
sxvadasxva saxis eTnikuri dajgufeba sWarbobs. naciebi,
iqneba es dinastiuri Tu ufro patriciuli da saSualo
klasis zeda fena, renensansisa da reformaciis Semdegac
gamonaklisad rCeba. revoluciuri nacionalizmis
mosvlamde evropaSi (msoflioze rom araferi vTqvaT) ar
ganmeorebula Sveicariis, holandiis da irlandiis
magaliTebi. amave mizeziT, arc dasavluri da
Crdiloevropuli dinastiuri nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebi arsebobda, garda poloneTis, ruseTis da,
erTi periodi, ungreTisa. Soreuli aRmosavleTis
‘eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis’ – CineTis, koreisa da iaponiis,
iseve rogorc tailandis, kambojisa da vietnamis da,
kidev ufro dasavleTiT, sasaniduri sparseTis (maTgan
bevri, faqtobrivad, mcire an did eTnikur umciresobebs

161
Seicavda) SigniT Zmobis grZnoba susti, xolo erTianoba
aramyari iyo saimisod, rom ucxoTa pirispir sakuTari
eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gancda Seesabamebina
winaparTa miwaze politikuri avtonomiurobis
SenarCunebis survilisaTvis. klasobrivi gansxvavebebi
moniSnuli iyo, mTels mosaxleobasa da teritoriaze
susti iyo kultis msaxurebaSi masebis monawileoba
(SesaZloa, iaponiis gamoklebiT), ekonomikuri erTianoba
da samarTlebrivi standartizacia.
iaponiaSi aseTi viTareba gaxldaT tokugava
siogunTa dinastiamde (1603–1868). meCvidmete saukunidan
gare samyarosagan iaponelTa gaZlierebulma izolaciam,
saSualo klasis kulturisa da solidarobis zrdam,
rasac xels uwyobda iaponelTa SedarebiTi eTnikuri
homogenuroba da kunZulis geografiac, gamoiwvia
rCeulobis gancdis gaCena da istoriul da kulturul
aRorZinebas daudo saTave, rac mogvianebiT, meiZis
reJimis dros, imperatoris taxtis aRdgenis
momaswavebeli Seiqna. meiZis liderebi cdilobdnen diadi
warsulis gamoyenebas awmyosTvis da, Tumca dasavluri
dapyrobebi cvlilebebisTvis stimulis momcemi iyo, maTi
forma da Sinaarsi mainc tokugavas iaponiis da kidev
ufro adrindeli imperiuli warsulidan momdinareobda.
ase Cauyara safuZveli modernul iaponur nacionalizms
eTnikurad SedarebiT homogenurma, saSualo klasis
naciam 1868 wlidan (ix. Lehmann 1982, magram Sdr. Doak
1997).
sxvagvari gamonaklisi gaxldaT sefeviduri
sparseTi (1501–1722). iranis platos nawilebSi erTmaneTis
monacvle mmarTvelma dinastiebma gazardes iranis
eTnikuri da geografiuli mravalferovneba, riTac xeli
SeuSales yovelgvari zeklasobrivi Zmobisa da
Tanamonawileobis Camoyalibebas. gansakuTrebuli
sparsuli identobisa da rCeulobis gancda, romelic X–
XI saukuneebis axali sparsuli enis aRorZinebaSi
gamovlinda, momdevno saukuneebSi ganaTlebuli elitis
viwro wriT ifargleboda. magram 1501 wlidan mZlavrma
Turquli warmoSobis dinastiam saTave daudo politikur
aRorZinebasa da kulturul renensanss, rac maTi
mebrZoli Siituri sarwmunoebiT iyo gaRvivebuli. da

162
piruku, am dinastiis mier iranis gaerTianebam xeli
Seuwyo TormetTa Siizmis gavrcelebas Sah-abasis
dedaqalaqidan, ispahanidan, rasac Sedegad 1722 wlisaTvis
mTels iranSi sparsul enaze molaparakeTa umetesobis
Siitobaze moqceva mohyva. xolo sparsuli identoba
mzardad, da iqneb mizanmimarTuladac, emTxveoda Siizms.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRorZineba SemdgomSi, yajarTa
avRanuri dinastiis (1796–1925) dros Senelda, man mainc
moaswro safuZveli moemzadebina solidarobis
gansxvavebuli, saSualo klasis eTnikuri sparsuli
gancdisaTvis, romelmac politikuri gamoxatuleba 1905–
1906 wlebis sakonstitucio moZraobaSi hpova (ix. Cottam
1979; Keddie 1981: Tavebi 1–3).

revoluciurad nacionalisti naciebi

saSualo klasis nacionalizmi. holandiis

amboxebam da inglisis samoqalaqo omma naciis axali da
bevrad ufro koheziuri da mizanmimarTuli tipi Sva.
pirvel rigSi, mas asazrdoebda qristianobis mebrZoli,
reformirebuli da puritanuli versia eTnikuri
rCeulobis amaRlebuli gancdiT, romelmac ara marto
erTbaSad wamoayena reJimis axali tipi (puritanul
islamur moZraobebs amis gasakeTeblad saukuneebi
dasWirda), aramed Zveli aRTqmis modelebze dafuZnebuli
politikuri avtonomiurobisa da saxalxo monawileobis
axali saxis moTxovnilebebic warmoSva. es
moTxovnilebebi Sejamda iseT sakvanZo cnebebSi,
rogoricaa ‘nacia’ da ‘moqalaqe’. maT gaukvales gza
burJuaziul demokratiul nacionalizms, romelSic
kulturulad mravalferovani ‘xalxi’ Zalauflebis
erTaderTi legitimuri wyaro unda gamxdariyo, xolo am
xalxis wevroba – moqalaqeebisaTvis gankuTvnili
Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis mopovebis erTaderTi
saSualeba. saSualo klasis amgvari nacionalur-
demokratiuli logikiT franguli ganmanaTleblobis
filosofosebma da publicistebma dawyvites
absolutisturi saxelmwifos xundebi da safuZveli
gamoacales mas da privilegiebis miseuli sistemis

163
principebs, dafuZnebulTU ZiriTadad warmomavlobaze (ix.
Walzer 1985).
magram am ganviTarebis nacionalisturi elementi,
yvela aspeqtiT, iseTive sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda,
rogoric demokratiuli. ‘naciisadmi’ mowodebam (romelic
parlamentebis mier centralistur absolutizmTan misi
Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis brZolebidan safrangeTSi
pirvel adgilze wamoiwia) isev ‘nacionaluri xasiaTisa’
da ‘naciis geniis’ cnebebs mimarTa. es cnebebi wodebis
armqone miwaTmflobelebisa da saSualo klasis zeda
fenis mier Tavdapirvelad inglisSi, xolo Semdeg ki,
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, safrangeTSic ganviTarda. am
ideebma, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro Zveli eTnikuri
maxsovrobebi da eTnikuri rCeulobis religiuri rwmenebi
(imis Taobaze, rom RmerTi mfarvelobs da akurTxebs im
xalxebs, romelnic mas emorCilebian da rwmeniT
aRasrulebden maTze dakisrebul misias) amokribes da
maTi sekularizeba moaxdines. safrangeTSi amgvari, Zveli
israelis prototipTan dakavSirebuli da mefis figurasa
da mis saufloze centrirebuli, rwmenis povna XIII
saukuneSic ki SeiZleba, xolo adreul formebs ufro
adrec, frankebis samefoSi da anglo-saqsebSic ki,
vpoulobT (ix. Armstrong 1982: 154–159; Beaune 1985).
Ees moxda ‘vertikalur’ an demotur eTnieebsa da
sekularizaciis gzaze mdgom inteligenciaSi, romelSic
am ideebma garkveuli gamoZaxili hpoves. XX saukunis
dasawyisSi centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, Semdeg
ki aziasa da afrikaSi inteleqtualebi cdilobdnen
TavianT eTnikur memkvidreobasa da vernakulur
kulturebTan dabrunebas, da saSualo da,
garkveulwilad, dabali klasebis mobilizebas
politikuri qmedebisaTvis. ‘vernakuluri mobilizacia’
demotikuri eTnieebis saxeliT moicavda dabrunebuli
inteligenciis mier adgilobrivi kulturis Tavidan
aRmoCenas, misakuTrebas da politizebas, rogorc
saZirkvels saxalxo agitaciisa da politikuri
pretenziebisaTvis. amgvari ‘qvemodan zemoT’ mimarTuli
midgoma gansakuTrebiT maTTvis aRmoCnda mimzidveli, visi
erTobebic didi xani iyo inkorporirebuli da
daqvemdebarebuli did da xSirad damrTgunvel imperiebs,

164
da moklebuli iyo mZlavr instituciebs, romelTac
SeeZloT etarebinaT da Tavs moexviaT axali xedva da
Sesabamisi politikuri miznebi (ix. A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 4
da 1989).
amis Semdeg sxva araevropel xalxebs didi xani ar
dasWirvebiaT, TavianTi inteligenciebis winamZRolobiT,
kulturuli unikalurobisa da demotur eTnieTa
eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmenaze dafuZnebuli naciadyofnis
gancdis Zebnisa da povnisaTvis. siaxle iyo XVIII saukunis
bolos gaCenili nacionaluri avtonomiurobis, erTobisa
da identobis rwmenebis politikur programad
gardasaqmneli mza gegma. inteleqtualebisa da saSualo
klasis wamowyebiT, nacionalizmi, rogorc politikuri
ideologia, eTnikuri winaprisa da rCeulobis adreve
arsebuli gancdis saxalxo monawileobisa da
avtonomiurobis revoluciur idealebTan SednobiT
daibada. am kavSiridan iSva nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
doqtrina da misi memkvidre sxvadasxva saxis
nacionaluri identobebi, dafuZnebulni iseT
mravalferovan kriteriumebze, rogorebicaa ena,
eTnikuroba, teritoria, religia, istoria da kanis feri,
kriteriumebze, romlebmac, nacionalizmis teritoriul-
politikuri da eTnolingvisturi tipebis garda, sxvebic
warmoSva (ix. Armstrong 1995).

masobrivi nacionalizmebi. saSualo klasiis

anglo-franguli nacionaluri modelis warmatebam Rrma
kvali daaCnia socialur da geopolitikur azrs rogorc
evropaSi, ise mis gareT. upirveles yovlisa,
sxvebisaTvisac gaxda SesaZlebeli am warmatebis rogorc
ideologiuri, aseve ekonomikuri da politikuri
komponentebis gaanalizeba. es niSnavda, rom am warmatebis
formisa da Sinaarsis gegma SeiZleboda
gamocalkevebuliyo, rasac Sedegad mohyveboda
nacionaluri formati, dafuZnebuli Semdegze:

(1) istoriul teritoriaze an samSobloze, imisda

mixedviT, Tu romeli iyo SedarebiT kompaqturi;
(2) Tu ara homogenur, teritoriulad unificirebul
da socialurad koheziur mosaxleobaze mainc;

165
(3) mTel teritoriaze unificirebul ekonomikaze
erTiani profesiuli sistemiTa da mobilurobiT;
(4) erTian, saziaro da Tavisebur sajaro kulturaze,
umjobesia, erTiani eniT;
(5) gansxvavebulobis miTebisa da koleqtiuri
maxsovrobebis simravleze, umjobesia,
unificirebuli istoriiT; da
(6) yvela wevris saerTo ufleba-movaleobebze misi,
rogorc moqalaqis, CarTviT farTo avtonomiur da,
umjobesia, damoukidebel da suverenul
nacionalur erTobaSi.

nacionaluri identobis kriteriumebis

mravalferovnebis fonze sulac araa gasakviri, rom
TviTgansazRvradi ‘xalxebis’ simravle sxvadasxva xerxiT
cdilobs nacionalisturi gegmis gamoyenebas meti
avtonomiurobis, erTobisa da identobisadmi sakuTari
miswrafebebis xorcSesasxmelad. gaerTianebul
irlandielTa 1798 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis
dasawyisi mowme Seiqna espaneTSi, ruseTsa da germaniaSi
napoleonis imperiul-nacionalisturi ambiciebisadmi
nacionaluri winaaRmdegobis zrdisa, da serbeTsa da
saberZneTSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ori amboxebisa
otomanTa imperiis winaaRmdeg, romelsac maleve mohyva
polonelTa warumatebeli ajanyeba caristuli imperiis
winaaRmdeg, xolo belgiam pretenzia ganacxada calke
saxelmwifos Seqmnaze da miaRwia kidec amas. metic, 1810
wlidan moyolebuli, espaneTis laTinur amerikuli
provinciebis kreolTa elitam gaimarjva espaneTis
imperiis daSlisaTvis brZolaSi da daafuZna rigi
laTinur amerikuli saxelmwifoebisa. miuxedavad imisa,
rom sadavoa, Tu im dros ramdenad hqonda am amboxebebs
sakuTriv nacionalisturi ganzomileba, magram ueWvelia,
rom XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan maTSi nacionalizmi
momZlavrda, rac kidev erTxel gvidasturebs
nacionalur-demokratiuli ganviTarebis logikurobasa
da nacionalisturi gegmis Zalasa da vargisianobas (ix.
Humphreys and Lynch 1965; Anderson 1991: Tavi 4).
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropasa da, Semdgom,
aziaSi ara marto imata amgvari TviTganmsazRvreli

166
naciebis ricxvma, aramed nacionalisturi gegmis
demokratiulma logikamac male sruli gamoxatuleba
hpova saarCevno uflebis gafarToebasa da yvela wevris,
rogorc kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiani moqalaqis,
nacionalur erTobaSi CarTvaSi. Tumca amas Tan axlda
brZolebi, ukan daxevebi da wyvetilebi. XX saukunis
dasawyisSi qalebi, xolo XX saukunis bolos orive
sqesis srulwlovani adamianebi erTvebian procesSi.
mzardad socialur-ekonomikuri Sinaarsis demokratiulma
masobrivma nacionalizmma, romelic, pirvel rigSi,
msoflio omebisa da modernuli teqnologiis produqti
iyo, revoluciuri ganviTarebis saxiT iCina Tavi. magram
igi arc uprecendento yofila da arc mxolod saSualo
klasis mza nacionalisturi gegmis logikur ganviTarebas
warmoadgenda; misi saTaveebi warsulSi, zogierTi
adreuli da Suasaukuneobrivi naciis mier rCeulobisa da
sakuTari misiis gancdaSi unda veZioT. ‘xalxisa’ da misi
socialur-kulturuli moTxovnebis gakeTilSobileba,
rac modernuli masobrivi eTnikuri nacionalizmisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, sarwmunoebrivi erTobis gancdasTan
gvabrunebs, romelsac adreul eTnikur erTobebsa da
Zveli da Sua saukuneebis msoflios naciebSi vxvdebiT,
da romelTaganac zogi gviandeli naciebis prototips
warmoadgens. XX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, amgvari
bolodroindeli ‘rCeuli xalxebi’ da maTi masobrivi
nacionalizmebi gamoxatulebas poulobdnen da
icdebodnen omSi, maT mier xelaxla aRmoCenili
identobebi ki – miTebSi, simboloebSi, Rirebulebebsa da
konfliqtebSi, dapyrobebisa da winaaRmdegobis
maxsovrobebSi da mTeli xalxebis devna-ganadgurebaSi
(ix. Carr 1945; Marwick 1974; A.D.Smith 1981b).

daskvna

revoluciuri nacionalizmis gavrcelebisa

masobrivi naciebis SeqmnaSi da misi rolis mTeli
istoriis (dawyebuli 1848 wlis revoluciebidan,
rasobrivi nacionalizmis CaTvliT da 1945 wlis
Semdegdroindeli antikoloniuri nacionalizmebiTa da
bolodroindeli eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gafurCqvniT

167
damTavrebuli) gadmocema aucileblad ar mimaCnia. magram
am moZraobebis sami aspeqti ki saWiroebs gamokveTas.
pirvelia ideologiuri siaxle. arseboben
ideologiuri safuZvlis mqone moZraobebi da, Sedegad,
Cveulebriv, ideologiurad dafuZnebuli naciebi. isini
damokidebulni arian nacionalizmis kanonierebis TiTqmis
universalur gaziarebze, misi principebiT gansjian da
ganisjebian, e.i. isini sakuTar Tavs udgebian
nacionalisturi gegmis komponentebis mixedviT da sxvaTa
mxridanac am komponentebiT fasdebian. es ganaxlebuli
nacionalizmebi stagnaciis an dacemis periodis Semdeg
cdiloben gegmas ufro metad dauaxlovdnen. me vfiqrob,
rom swored es ganasxvavebs modernuli nacionalisturi
safuZvlis mqone naciebs adreuli, Sua saukuneebisa da
antikuri xanis prenacionalisturi naciebisagan,
romlebsac ar gaaCndaT ideologiuri gegma an raime
standarti. maTi nacionalizmebi wmindad
partikularistuli iyo da imave istoriuli viTarebebis
gavlenas ganicdida, romlSic Tavad premodernuli nacia
imyofeboda. maT ar gaaCndaT naciebis raime ‘Teoria’,
aramed mxolod miznebi da mocemuli naciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sentimentebi. aqedan gamomdinare, maT
nacionalizmebs ganmeoreba an gavrceleba ar SeeZloT;
xelmisawvdomi ar iyo sayovelTao ideaTa raime sistema,
romelic SeiZleboda universalurad gamoyenebuliyo da
saerTo miznebisaken mimarTuli garkveuli saxis qmedeba
gamoewvia. am azriT, nacionalizmma, rogorc ideologiam,
daadastura Tavisi wyalgamyofi roli adamianTa
asociaciebisa da komunikaciebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
meore aspeqtia modernuli naciebisaTvis eTnikuri
safuZvlis mniSvnelovneba. mis kvals vxedavT ara
mxolod adreul naciebSi, aramed XX saukunis saxalxo
nacionalizmebSic. isinic wina eTnikur kavSirebsa da
sentimentebsaa morgebuli, isini sxvadasxa kriteriumiT
gansazRvraven ‘nacionalur TviTs’, Tumca yovelTvis
cdiloben dominanturi eTnies kulturul warsulTan,
rac SeiZleba, met gangrZobadobas miaRwion.
nacionalistTa fabrikaciebisa da miTiuri gamonagonebis
mcdelobisTvis Tvalyuris midevneba advilia. udavoa,
rom zogierTi nacionalisti inteleqtuali Tavs ityuebs

168
anda, rogorc keduri amtkicebs, cinikuradac ki
manipulirebs masebis sentimentebiT, magram maTi xSiri
warmatebuloba miuTiTebs gansxvavebul interpretaciaze,
romlis centrSic moqceulia xalxSi ‘gamoZaxilisa’ da
xalxisadmi ‘mowodebis’ saWiroeba. vinaidan wminda
gamonagons ar ZaluZs didi xniT daainteresos adamianTa
didi raodenoba (gaixseneT Eesperanto), inteleqtualTa
da sxvebis xelaxali aRmoCenebica da axali
konstruqciebic saxalxo percefciebTan rac SeiZleba
axlos unda darCeniliyo. maT ‘xalxis tradiciebis’
kulturuli parametrebiT unda esargeblaT, rodesac
eTnikuri erTobis gancdis politizebasa da am
tradiciebis, rogorc nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
politikuri brZolisaTvis Rrma kulturuli resursebis,
reinterpretacias axdendnen.
bolo Tvalsazrisi Seeexeba eTnieebisa da naciebis
Sinagan samyaros. ‘xalxisaTvis’ mowodeba SesaZlebelia
mxolod maTi koleqtiuri maxsovrobebis, simboloebis,
miTebis, Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebis aRmoCenisa da
gamoyenebis gziT. Sida samyaros Casawvdomad Cveni
analizic mimarTuli unda iyos eTnosimbolisturi
elementebis moZiebisa da ganxilvisken. es saziaro
maxsovrobani oqros xanebis, winaprebis, didi gmirebis
Sesaxeb da is sazogado Rirebulebebi, romelTac isini
ganasaxiereben, eTnikuri warmoSobis, migraciiis da
RvTiTrCeulobis miTebi, erTobis simboloebi, teritoria,
istoria da gansakuTrebuli bediswera, iseve rogorc,
naTesaur urTierTobaTa wes-Cveulebebi da Tavganwirvis
tradiciebi dagvexmareba eTnikuri warsulis
nacionaluri awmyosa da momavlTan urTierTobis,
konkretulad ki, eTnikur erTobebs da premodernul da
modernul naciebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis da
wyvetilebis gacnobierebaSi. naciebis amJamindeli
TviTSegnebis gageba, sakuTari istoriisa da bedisweris
gamorCeulobis rwmenis Cawvdoma warmoudgenelia
romelime eTnosimbolisturi elementis ugulebelyofiT.
naciebis Sida istoriis adekvaturi wvdomis gareSe ki,
Cven umweoni aRmovCndebiT, SevafasoT maTi momavali
ganviTareba globalur eraSi.

169
 6

perspeqtivebi

________________________________

saxalxo socialuri nacionalizmebis Zalasa da

sayovlTaobas veraferi daaklo ukuRmarTma movlenebma
da msoflio omebis holokostebma. piriqiT, maT axali
Zala da biZgi miecaT samoqalaqo pirTa totaluri
monawileobiT saomar moqmedebebSi. nacionalizmis Temaze
dasavleTisa da komunisturi qveynebis mdumarebis
miuxedavad, romelic mxolod afrikasa da aziaSi
kolonizaciis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaTa Tanmdevma imedis
didma talRam daarRvia, evropel da amerikel naciebs
politikaSi ufro Rrmad hqondaT fesvi gadgmuli, vidre
odesme. gaeros wevroba mxolod saxelmwifos SeeZlo da,
misi wesdebis Tanaxmad, TviTgamorkvevis principis
gamoyeneba dasaSvebi iyo mxolod ganTavisuflebuli
koloniebis mimarT. sayovelTaod iqna gaziarebuli
saxalxo Tanxmobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
‘nacionalisturi’ mtkicebulebebis, rogorc saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis erTaderTi safuZvlis, kanoniereba. aman
dagvanaxa, Tu ras miaRwia naciam, rogorc saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobrobis qvakuTxedma, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi.

mzardi nacionalizmi

Semdgomma movlenebma odnav Tu Searyia naciisa da

nacionalisturi principis centraluri pozicia. amaTagan
uadresi, dekolonizaciis procesi evropuli da
amerikuli nacionaluri legitimurobisa da saxalxo
suverenobis principis safuZvelzeve warimarTa. axla es
principi bolo dros ganTavisuflebuli koloniebidan
axali naciebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda, oRond Zvel
sazogadoebebsa da kulturebze dayrdnobiT. es ‘naciaTa
mSeneblobis’ era iyo, roca umeteswilad evropuli

170
modelis Targze gamoWrili axali saxelmwifoebi miviReT
afrikasa da aziaSi.1
mZimed Semoabija e.w. ‘eTnikurma aRorZinebam’
dasavleTis industriul sazogadoebebSi – kvebeksa da
flandriaSi, Sotlandiasa da kataloniaSi, bretansa da
euskadaSi, korsikasa da uelsSi. aq ZvelTaganve
damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebis dominanturi eTnikuri
umravlesobebisa da maTi centralizebuli mTavrobebis
winaaRmdeg upiratesad saSualo klasis ‘periferiul
umciresobaTa’ amboxma klasikuri evropuli masobrivi
nacionalizmebis zogierT uZveles simbolos, miTs da
maxsovrobas mimarTa, Tumca igi ufro socialuri da
xSirad socialisturi programebiT da ufro SezRuduli
politikuri amocanebisaTvis, xSirad ki sulac
kulturuli da ekonomikuri avtonomiisaTvis
xorcieldeboda, vidre sruli damoukideblobis
mopovebis surviliT. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos
da 70-ian wlebSi eTnikuri avtonomiis misaRwevad
wamowyebuli moZraoba (amerikaSi adamianis
uflebebisaTvis brZolasTan erTad) studentur,
feministur da ekologiur moZraobas gadaexlarTa, ramac
sagrZnoblad daZaba situacia myari demokratiis
saxelmwifoebSi. es miznad isaxavda aRorZinebadi
eTnoregionaluri loialobebis samyaroSi funqciebisa da
sicocxlisunarianobis gadafasebas.2
am gamowvevis gamoZaxili dasavleTSi jer kidev
ismoda, roca yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi perestroikisa da
glasnostis axalma politikam aRmosavleT evropasa da
sabWoTa respublikebSi nacionaluri ganxeTqileba
warmoSva da eTnikuri miswrafebebi gamoaRviZa.
poloneTSi ufro adrec, XX saukunis 80-ani wlebis Sua
xanebSi ki ukve baltiispireTSi, ukrainaSi, kavkasiasa da
centralur aziaSi Seqmnilma daZabulobam da
konfliqtebma, daaCqara, an, iqneb, sulac gamoiwvia,
sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi imperiis msxvreva
eTnonacionaluri sazRvrebis gayolebiT. eTnikuri
nacionalizmebis am axal talRas erT-erTi Sedegad
patara xalxebisa da damokidebuli naciebis
miswrafebebisaTvis, zogadad, nacionalizmisaTvis,
sajaro legitimurobis met-naklebi aRdgena mohyva,

171
ramdenadac maSin ise Canda, rom saxalxo moZraobis
motivi koleqtiuri Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken
WeSmariti miswrafeba iyo. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi da,
gansakuTrebiT, balkaneTSi imedi ar gamarTlda, amis
magivrad TiTqosda dadasturda urRvevi kavSiri
eqskluziur eTnikur nacionalizmsa da neofaSizms,
rasizms da ‘eTnikur wmendas’ Soris, evropis politikuri
ruka arsebuli eTnonacionaluri dayofis Sesabamisad
kidev erTxel sagrZnoblad Seicvala, ramdenadac
aRmosavleTi evropis politikosebi sul ufro da ufro
eqceodnen nacionalurad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebis,
maTi elitis moTxovnebisa da interesebis tyveobaSi.3
Tuki movlenaTa amgvar ganviTarebas davumatebT
eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gangrZobad gavrcelebas da
teritoriuli nacionalizmebis mdgradobas afrikisa da
aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi Tamilebidan da morodan
dawyebuli da qurTebiT, samxreTsudanelebiT da
eritrielebiT damTavrebuli, gagvikvirdeba kidec, rom
romelime mkvlevari jer kidev seriozulad saubrobs
nacionalizmis Semcirebaze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, mis
imanentur aRsasrulze.
erik hobsbaumi swored amas amtkicebs eTnikuri da
teritoriuli nacionalizmebis swraf gavrcelebaze
dakvirvebiT. ras gulisxmoben hobsbaumi da misi
momxreebi?
hobsbaumisaTvis nacionalizmebis momZlavreba
droebiTia; is mxolod niRabia ‘istoriis moZraobisaTvis’,
romelic sinamdvileSi adamianTa ufro didi
gaerTianebisakenaa mimarTuli. nacionalizmi kvlavac
iarsebebs, magram ufro mcire da meorexarisxovan rols
Seasrulebs. hobsbaumi arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ratom
unda dakargon naciebma mniSvnelovneba. ‘nacia-
saxelmwifoebma’ adrindeli ekonomikuri da samxedro
funqciebi romc dakargon (rac gardauvlad miaCnia
hobsbaums), ratom unda gamoiwvios aman ‘naciebis’
amoZirkva? gana saxelmwifo suverenobis dakargva
nacionaluri identobis SezRudvas gulisxmobs?
(Hobsbawm 1990: Tavi 6).
amgvari kiTxvebi im sakiTxTa kompleqsurobaze
miuTiTebs, romlebic naciebisa da nacionalizmis e.w.

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‘monacvleobas’ an ‘transcendetobas’ exeba. Cven,
faqtobrivad, sul mcire, sami sxvadasxva mtkicebis da
maTgan gamomdinare debatebis pirispir vdgavarT. pirveli
‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ da mis imanentur aRsasruls an
mdgradobas Seexeba, meore ‘nacionaluri identobis’
transformaciebsa da SesaZlo fragmentaciazea
fokusirebuli, maSin, roca mesame yuradRebis
koncentrirebas ‘nacionalizmis’ ideologiebis dacemasa
da maT SesaZlo monacvleobaze axdens. me maT
rigrigobiT ganvixilav.

nacia-saxelmwifos dasasruli?

imis mtkiceba, rom politikuri erTobis garkveuli

tipi, romelic xSirad ‘nacia-saxelmwifod’ iwodeba,
sabolood mospobis winaSea, Cveulebriv ekonomikur da
politikur safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT keTdeba. is
gulisxmobs, rom:

(1) terminiT ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’ iseTi gamokveTili da

gansxvavebuli politikuri erToba aRiniSneba,
romlis calke moazrebac SesaZlebelia;
(2) Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli xdeba am tipidan droTa
ganmavlobaSi momxdari gadaxrebis Sefaseba da,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, misi Zalis da/an
koheziurobis Sesustebis Cveneba;
(3) amgvari traeqtoria im istoriuli cvlilebebiTa
da socialur-politikuri transformaciiTaa
gamowveuli, romlebic, ‘nacia-saxelmwifoebs’
aRarsad utoveben adgils, garda folklorisa.

1. rogorc vnaxeT, wminda ‘nacia-saxelmwifod’

wodebuli politikuri erToba Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nacia-saxelmwifo mxolod iq
arsebobs, sadac saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleoba
metnaklebad erTsa da imave eTnonacionalur jgufs
ganekuTvneba da, sadac jgufis sazRvrebi saxelmwifosas
Seesabameba. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba ‘nacia’ da
‘saxelmwifo’. amgvari damTxveva Zalian iSviaTia, kerZod,
dRevandel, migraciebisa da kulturuli Serevis

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msoflioSi. ufro gavrcelebulia politikuri erTobis
is tipi, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ‘nacionaluri
saxelmwifo’. misi mosaxleobis umravlesoba erT
dominantur eTnonacionalur jgufs ganekuTvneba da, imis
miuxedavad, rom saxelmwifo sazRvrebis SigniT mcire
eTnikuri jgufebic moiZebneba, masSi politikuri erToba
nacionalisturi ideologiis doqtrinis farglebSia
legitimuri (ix. Connor 1972; Wiberg 1983).
2. kidevac rom movaxerxoT da davamtkicoT,
rom ‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ cnebis gamoyeneba farTodaa
SesaZlebeli, mainc gagviWirdeboda misi Zalis da/an
koheziis dacemisaken mimarTuli gamokveTili tendenciis
Cveneba; kidev ufro rTulia amis gakeTeba nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi. argumenti gulisxmobs, rom
XIX saukunis garkveul momentSi nacionaluri
saxelmwifo (an nacia-saxelmwifo) politikuri
organizaciis dominanturi forma iyo. misi dacema,
gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mTavari
funqciebis dakargvis Sedegad Zalisa da koheziis
simaRleebidan daSvebiT iwyeba. am ukanasknelTa mTavar
maCveneblad, Cveulebriv, miiCneven sruli suverenitetis
an, Tundac, sagareo saqmeebis warmarTvaSi farTo
avtonomiurobis qonas. faqtobrivad, ori ukanaskneli
saukunis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ramdenime nacionalur
saxelmwifos hqonda SeuzRudavi suvereniteti;
saxelmwifoebi SeboWilni iyvnen sxvadasxva
xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT da ar flobdnen
berketebs efeqturi cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad
SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli teqnologiebisa da
komunikaciebis gamo. es exeba rogorc sagareo saqmeebisa
da saomari moqmedebebis warmoebas, ise saSinao
kontrolsa da infrastruqturul cvlilebebs. marTalia,
XIX saukunis dasasrulidan saxelmwifoTa
SesaZleblobebi didad gaizarda, magram isini mainc ver
Seedrebodnen Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa Zalauflebas,
da mxolod erTi muWa didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis iyvnen
misawvdomi. igive iTqmis saxelmwifoTa koheziurobazec.
roca Tanamedrove eTnikur da regionalur moZraobebs
vafasebT, ar unda daviviwyoT arc gasuli ori saukunis
ganmavlobaSi bevr nacionalur saxelmwifoSi mimdinare

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eTnikuri, religiuri da regionuli moZraobebi, maTi
mcire masStabis miuxedavad. dRes politikuri
solidarobis dacvis Sansic bevrad metia, radganac
saxelmwifo elitas masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi,
propagandis teqnika da saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema
saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleobas saerTo Rirebulebebi,
sentimentebi da rwmenebi Caunergos, gansakuTrebiT Tu
isini ‘nacionaluri’ xasiaTisaa. es teritoriuli da
eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gamZleobis erT-erTi mizezi
unda iyos (ix. Kahan 1968).
3. savsebiT marTalia, rom nacionalurma
saxelmwifom mravali Tavisi adrindeli ekonomikuri
funqcia dakarga da, birTvuli, qimiuri da biologiuri
iaraRis Seqmnis Semdeg, misi samxedro Tavisuflebac
mkacrad SeizRuda. fulis uzarmazari brunvis, gasaRebis
bazrebisa da giganturi transnacionaluri kompaniebis
warmoSobam (romelTac TavianTi biujetebiT, personaliT,
investiciebiT da teqnikuri gamocdilebiT bevrad
gauswres SedarebiT patara saxelmwifoebs) da
uzarmazari politikuri da samxedro blokebisa da
multinacionaluri marTvis struqturebis Seqmnam
ueWvelad amoSala ekonomikuri avtonomiuroba da
umZlavresi saxelmwifoebis samxedro arCevanic ki
SezRuda. magram amgvari eroziis xarisxis Sefasebas
aZnelebs adreuli periodis nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis
mier ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalauflebis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis simwire.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas enacvleba nacionaluri
saxelmwifos axali funqciebi, romelsac igi
nacionaluri xasiaTisa da moqalaqeTa keTildReobis
saxeliT asrulebs. Cven vxedavT saxelmwifosa da
xelisuflebis funqciebi rogor inacvlebs ekonomikuri
da samxedro sferodan socialur da kulturul
sferoSi, sagareo suverenobidan Sida kontrolisaken.
sakmarisia gavixsenoT saxelmwifo regulirebis
uzarmazari zrda iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa masobrivi
saxalxo ganaTleba, janmrTelobisa da dedaTa da
bavSvTa dacva, mosaxleobisa da garemos dagegmva,
imigracia, masmedia, xelovneba, sporti da kultura,
profesiebi da SromiTi saqmianoba, profkavSirebi da

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xelfasebi, gadasaxdebi da fiskaluri politika da kidev
bevri sxva ram, raTa davaskvnaT, rom nacionalur
saxelmwifos gaqroba ar emuqreba da igi ufro
centralizebuli, koordinirebuli da mZlavri xdeba.
garedan zewolis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos upirvelesi
funqcia – kanoniereba da wesrigi, xelSeuxebeli rCeba da
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kontrolis umTavres
berketad gadaiqceva, da aseve moiazreba. mTlianobaSi
nacionalur saxelmwifos axla Tavisi monitoringiT,
maregulirebeli da biurokratiuli kontroliT bevrad
ufro pirdapir, mdgradad da yovlismocvelad SeuZlia
Careva, vidre odesme modernuli (premodernuls rom Tavi
davaneboT) istoriis ganmavlobaSi.4
magram es medlis erTi mxarea. nacionaluri
saxelmwifos Sesustebis gardauvlobas aseve ukavSireben
globalizaciis Sedegebs. me aq am cnebis Taobaze kamaTSi
ver CaverTvebi. ubralod aRvniSnav, rom, ekonomikur
damoukideblobasa da mosaxleobis masobriv
gadaadgilebasTan erTad, viwrovdeba dro da sivrce. amis
maCvenebelia msoflios erT nawilSi mimdinare
movlenebis myisieri gamoZaxili mis meore nawilSi, rasac
globaluri masobrivi komunikaciebis swraf zrdasa da
sainformacio teqnologiebs da maT msgavsT unda
vumadlodeT. magram sakiTxavia, aqcevs Tu ara es mTel
Cvens samyaros ‘erT adgilad’. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi nacionaluri saxelmwifos
sazRvrebi ufro SeRwevadi gaxda, masobriv komunikaciebs
sazRvrebis kvali mTlianad ar wauSlia da arc
nacionaluri saxelmwifos maregulirebeli da
sazedamxedvelo funqciebi Seumcirebia. piriqiT,
saxelmwifo elitebi informaciis gavrcelebaze da
kulturis sferoSi TavianTi Zalauflebis gazrdas
eswrafvian, risTvisac sxva saxelmwifoebTan xSirad
deben mravalmxriv SeTanxmebebsa da xelSekrulebebs.
mTels msoflioSi mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis momravlebam sxvadasxva konvenciebiT da
xelSekrulebebiT zog did saxelmwifos moqmedebis
Tavisufleba SeuzRuda, patara saxelmwifoTa umetesoba
ki arc arasdros sargeblobda didi avtonomiurobiT.
magram yvelaferma aman gazarda nacionaluri

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saxelmwifos Zalaca da xangrZlivobac, romelic axla
erTaderT legitimur internacionalur aqtorad
gaiazreba.5
amas is SeiZleba davupirispiroT, rom axla
ekonomikurma da kulturulma Zalebma bevrad ufro didi
politikuri erTeulebis da kulturuli sivrceebis
saWiroeba Seqmnes da amitomac SeiniSneba axali
kontinentaluri asociaciebisa da kavSirebis zrda. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia evropis kavSiri, romelic viwro
sabaJo kavSiridan namdvili evropuli federaluri
saxelmwifosa da evropuli kulturuli identobis
Seqmnisaken mimarTul did ekonomikur da politikur
Tanamegobrobad gardaiqmna. miuxedavad dRevandeli
evropis kavSiris devizisa ‘erToba mravalferovnebaSia’,
panevropelTa mier namdvili evropuli erTobisa da
identobis miRweva mxolod nacionaluri identobis
xarjze naklebad saeWvoa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini unda
moelodnen nacionaluri identobaTa Zalisa da
intensivobis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas da, XVIII saukunis
bolosa da XIX saukuneSi SeerTebuli Statebis an
germaniis Seqmnis analogiurad, arsebuli loialobebis
nacionaluri saxelmwifosagan federaluri kavSirisaTvis
gadacemas. federaluri centrisaTvis funqciebisa da
Zalauflebebis TandaTanobiTi, usafrTxo gadacemis
uzrunvelyofiT isini varaudoben iseTi
institucionaluri politikuri CarCos Seqmnas, romelic
xalxis loialobebs sabolood gaakontrolebs; sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT dasaSvebad miaCniaT, rom
suverenobis gadacemas identobis Secvla mohyveba (ix.
Wallace 1990; Reikmann 1997).
saxelmwifo suverenobasa da nacionalur
identobas Soris savaraudo kavSiri evrofilebsa da
evroskeptikosebs Soris mimdinare debatebis
umravlesobas udevs safuZvelad, iseve rogorc evropuli
integraciis etapebis ganviTarebis Taobaze Catarebul
ramdenime referendums. amiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli
evrovalutis sivrceSi Sesvlaze uaris gancxadeba daniis,
britaneTis da, SesaZloa, SvedeTis mierac iseve, rogorc
evrokavSirSi Sesvlaze ganacxades uari norvegiam da
Sveicariam. magram gana suvereniteti da identoba ase

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mWidrodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli? ruso urCevda
polonelebs, romelTac is-is iyo damoukidebloba
dakarges, Tavisi wes-Cveulebebi da kultura
SeenarCunebinaT. Semdgom ki davinaxeT, rom asi wlis
ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebulma mravalgvarma mcdelobam
SeesustebinaT an srulad aRmoefxvraT polonuri
identoba, kraxi ganicada. evropaSi xom saxelmwifoTa
amgvari danawevrebis msgavsi araferi ar aris
ganzraxuli. piriqiT, igulisxmeba, rom evropuli
direqtivebi nacionaluri saxelmwifosa da misi
instituciebis meSveobiT unda aRsruldes, rac kidev
metad aRWuravs maT legitimurobiTa da ZalauflebiT.
metic, saxelmwifoebs, rogorc ‘damxmareebs’,
unarCundebaT garkveuli Tavisuflebebi da
Zalauflebebi, sanacvlod ki ‘zemodan gaerTianebis’
procesis meSveobiT saxelmwifo kanonebisa da
moqmedebebis harmonizaciis uzrunvelyofa moeTxovebaT
jer ekonomikur da socialur, xolo Semdgom politikur
da samxedro sferoebSi. aq sakiTxavi is aris, Tu
daaxloebiT ramden xans dauWers am proeqts mxars
Semadgenel nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi xalxi da,
ramdenad Seaviwroebs evropuli federaluri saxelmwifo
arsebul nacionalur saxelmwifoebs maT umTavres
funqciebsa da ZalauflebebSi, iseve rogorc moqalaqeTa
politikur sentimentebSi.6

hibriduli identobani?

nacionaluri saxelmwifo Tu gamowvevas zemodan,

ufro didi politikuri jgufebisa da asociaciebisagan
iRebs, nacionalur identobas anu politikuri
solidarobis Sida kavSirs safrTxe qvemodan, ufro
patara jgufebis pretenziebis gamo eqmneba. ukanaskneli
ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi
mosaxleobis masobrivi gadaadgilebebi moxda, ris gamoc
bevri sazogadoebis (gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi)
kulturuli Semadgenlobis da TviTxatis Secvla daiwyo.
ltolvilebis da TavSesafris mZebnelTa, Gastarbeiters da
yofili koloniebis mcxovrebTa axalma nakadma erTiani,
homogenuri nacionaluri identobis tradiciuli

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Rirebulebebi da rwmenebi Searyia. es nacionaluri
ideologiebisa da erTiani naciis Sesaxeb damrigeblur
moTxrobaTa gamowvevad iqca, zog SemTxvevaSi ki
‘nacionalur erTobaSi’ sustad SekavSirebul rig
kulturul erTobebs Caenacvla. ‘multikulturul
naciaSi’ yoveli TviTi ‘sxvebTan’ kavSirSi ganisazRvreba.
homi babas azriT, oficialuri teqstebi gzas uTmoben
xalxis yoveldRiur, ‘Teatralizebul’ Txrobas,
romelSic istoriisa da identobis percefcia ixliCeba
da ordeba, nacia Semadgenel kulturul nawilebad
fragmentirdeba, nacionaluri identoba ki
‘hibridizirdeba’ (Bhabha 1990: Tavi 16).7
bolodroindelma masobrivma migraciebma bevri
naciis kulturuli Semadgenloba, udavod, Secvales,
iseve, rogorc masobrivma satransporto gadazidvebma da
turizmma, sateliturma komunikaciebma da sainformacio
teqnologiebma; maT sxva kulturebis da xalxebis Sesaxeb
codnis done aamaRles, ramac naciis kulturuli
erTianobis da misi saerTo, Tundac Soreuli, warmoSobis
Sesaxeb Zvel TvalsaCino garkveulobas safuZveli
gamoacala. Tumca realurad isini arc arasodes yofilan
ueWvelni. yovelTvis arsebobda urTierTsapirispiro
miTebi warmoSobis Sesaxeb da nacionaluri kulturis
alternatiuli maxsovrobani (maSinac ki, rodesac zogi
maTgani droebiT dominanturi da oficialuri xdeboda).
es niSnavda, rom ‘nacionaluri identoba’ yovelTvis,
yoveli Taobis mier xelaxla gaiazreboda da axal
formas iZenda. iqneb romantikul eTnikur nacionalizms
homogenuri, erTiani Seukowiwebeli nacia swyuroda,
romelic erTaderT avTentur ‘suls’ gamoxatavda, magram
es Soreul ideals ganasaxierebda da mxolod iSviaTad
Tu iqceoda politikur programad. maSinac ki, roca
nacionaluri saxelmwifo masobrivi saxalxo ganaTlebis
gziT unificirebuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnas eSureboda,
igi ‘nacionaluri identobis’ bunebis rwmenebisa da
koncefciebis cvlilebebzec reagirebda, mis gamoWedvas
da axali TaobisaTvis gadacemas cdilobda. yvelafers
rom Tavi davaneboT, modernul saxelmwifoTa
umravlesoba eTnikurad pluraluri da heterogenulia,
da nacionalistebis umetesoba nacionalur erTianobas

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eswrafvis, homogenurobas ki Zalze iSviaTad.
nacionaluri erTianoba SeiZleba sulac ar iyo miraJi,
rogorc uiliam makneili amtkicebs; Cveulebriv mas
zogadi interpretacia eZleoda, rogorc koleqtiur
miRwevasa da movaleobas, renanis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
‘farTomasStabian solidarobas, warsulSi gaRebuli
msxverplis Sedegad miRweuls, iseTs, romlisTvisac
momavalSic gawiraven Tavs’ (1882, citirebulia Bhabha 1990:
19; Sdr. McNeill 1986: Tavi 2). kulturuli pluralizmis
Sedegad an xangrZlivi istoriis wyalobiT, bevr
dasavlur saxelmwifoSi amoqmedda nacionalizmis ufro
moqalaqeobrivi da teritoriuli varianti, romlis
meSveobiTac imigrantebma da devnilebma SeZles
moqalaqis kanonieri adgilis damkvidreba maspinZel
naciaSi. maT zogjer sTavazoben naciis
reinterpretaciisa da politikuri identobis Seqmnisaken
mimarTul kulturul saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebas,
raTa maTi kulturebi da msoflmxedva axali saerTo
nacionaluri identobis Semadgenel elementad iqces.
miuxedavad amisa, nacionaluri reinterpretaciis
SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. erTiani sajaro kultura
da saerTo ufleba-movaleobaTa Taviseburi nakrebi
istoriul samSoblosTan mimarTebaSi identifikaciasa da
legitimacias saWiroebs. politikuri solidaroba,
warmoSobis zogierTi miTis, istoriuli maxsovrobebisa
da koleqtiuri simboloebis kultivirebas moiTxovs,
raTa adamianebi koleqtiuri kuTvnilebisa da saerTo
qmedebaSi CarTvis azrs Cawvdnen. amgvari miTebi,
simboloebi da maxsovrobebi saxeldebuli naciis an
nacionaluri saxelmwifos mosaxleobis didma segmentebma
unda aitacos. es ufro mets moiTxovs, vidre wminda
moqalaqeobrivi da teritoriuli nacionalizmia,
romlisaTvis sacxovrebeli adgili da respublikisadmi
loialoba naciis moqalaqeobis mTavar kriteriumebs
warmoadgens. am ukanasknels SeiZleba kombinireba an
Canacvlebac ki dasWirdes naciadyofnis sxva, kulturuli
kriteriumebiT (SesaZloa, nacionaluri solidarobis
genealogiuri testis CaTvliTac), romelTa mixedviTac,
mxolod dominanturi eTniedan SobilT SeuZliaT Tavi
miaCndeT naciis wevrebad da, maSasadame, nacionaluri

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saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad. amgvarad, Cven imis mowme
vxdebiT, rom iseT racionalur da liberalur
saxalmwifoSic ki, rogoric safrangeTia, revoluciis
droindeli, Tavdapirvelad ufro moqalaqeobrivi da
teritoriuli franguli nacionalizmi dreifusis saqmis
periodSi da viSis reJimis dros franguli naciis
Sesaxeb bevrad ufro SezRudul Tvalsazriss uxsnis
gzas, romelic gulisxmobs naciisadmi mxolod imaT
mikuTvnebas, vinc safrangeTSi frangul kaTolikur
ojaxSi daibada. aqedan gamomdinareobs logikuri daskvna,
rom es kulturuli safrangeTi kulturulad da
fizikurad unda ganiwmindos koroziis gamomwvevi
mtruli elementebisagan, romlebic, rogorc irkveva,
safrTxes uqmnian naciis moralur kohezias da
kulturul individualobas (ix. Viroli 1995).8
Tuki aseTi ram xdeba, sifrTxiliT unda
movekidoT im mtkicebas, rom modernuli dasavluri
saxelmwifoebis nacionaluri identobebi ‘hibriduli’ da
fragmentuli gaxda, da, rom adgilobrivi Tu
imigrantuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi segmenti,
iseT kulturul jgufad gadaiqca, romelic ufro
maRali rangis da zemdgom nacias upirispirdeba. SeiZleba
modernul nacias erTze meti saxe hqondes da Sereulma
qorwinebebma mosaxleobis Sereva kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT daaCqaros uaxloes warsulTan SedarebiT.
magram gansaxilvel saxelmwifoTagan bevri inarCunebs
didi xnis winandel dominantur eTnieebs. xolo didi
qalaqebis gareT mcxovrebi dominanturi eTnies wevrebi
inarCuneben mSobliur (Tumca cvalebad) kulturebs,
maxsovrobebs, simboloebsa da warmoSobis miTebs. is
faqti, rom nacionaluri identobis idea dasavleTSi
dausrulebeli debatebis sagans warmoadgens da
periodul revizias ganicdis, imaze miuTiTebs, rom
amgvari koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba mniSvnelovan
miznebs emsaxureba da modernuli epoqis sasicoxlo
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. saerTod, nacionalur
identobas ufro metad dasavleTis gareT eswrafvian,
sadac kolonializmis mier gadamterebuli xalxebisaTvis
adgilis povna da politikuri usafrTxoebisa da
kulturuli kuTvnilebis garkvevis saWiroeba ufro

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metadac ver iTmens. rogorc parTa CaTerjim naTlad
dagvanaxa, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mravalricxovan da
mravalferovan mosaxleobas (magaliTad, indoeTis
naxevarkunZulze) erTze meti ‘nacionaluri identoba’
aqvs, naciis politikuri erTobisTvis tradiciebis,
simboloebis, miTebis da maxsovrobebis gaerTianebis
cdebs aucileblad sdevs Tan politikuri brZolebi da
mosaxleobis farTomasStabiani mobilizacia afrikisa da
aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi (Chatterjee 1993; ix., agreTve,
Brown 1994).

nacionalizmis gaqroba?

nacionalur identobas jer kidev eniWeba

mniSvneloba. ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavad nacionalizmze?
aqvs ki mas momavali? nacionalizmis da naciebis
perspeqtivebze radikaluri Tezisi wamoayena msoflio
istoriis gamoCenilma specialistma uiliam makneilma. is
asabuTebs, rom civilizebuli sazogadoebis warmateba
ganpirobebulia misi unariT didi raodenobiT miizidos
sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis mqone adamianebi. maSasadame,
polieTnikuroba warmoadgens istoriul normas da ara
nacionaluri erTianoba. premodernuli imperiebis
kulturulad Sereuli xasiaTi Rrmavdeboda maTze
simdidrisa da Zalauflebis moSurne tomebis perioduli
TavdasxmebiT, xSiri epidemiebiT (rac urbanul
mosaxleobas fitavda da muSaxelze moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad qalaqis mosaxleobis soflidan
Sevsebis saWiroebas iwvevda) da Soreul qveynebTan
vaWrobiT (rac iseTi, xSirad urTierTmtrulad
ganwyobili gaerTianebebis mier iyo organizebuli,
romelTac sakuTari, wminda werilTan dakavSirebuli da,
Sesabamisad, Tan gadasatani, religiebi hqondaT). amis
gamo civilizebuli sazogadoebi warmoadgendnen ostatTa
kosmopolitur ierareqiebs. barbarosobis mxolod iseTma
avanpostebma SeinarCunes TavianTi monoeTnikuri xasiaTi,
rogorebic premodernuli inglisi da iaponia iyo (McNeill
1986: Tavi 1).
es yvelaferi daaxloebiT 1700 wlis Semdeg
Seicvala. klasikuri humanizmis gavlenam da politikuri

182
solidarobis miseuli idealebma, mkiTxveli publikisa da
vernakuluri literaturebis aRorZinebam, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis swrafma zrdam dasavleT evropaSi (romelic
samuSao Zalaze urbanuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis
saSualebas eTnikurad homogenuri sasoflo raionebidan
SevsebiT iZleoda), da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
(infanteriis gamowvrTnaSi revoluciis mibaZviT)
sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi samxedroTa farTo
monawileobis gaCenam solidarobisa da Zmobis axali
gancda waaxalisa: XVIII saukunis bolos yvela es
faqtori erTad modis dasavleTSi ‘raTa modernuli
nacionalizmi Svas’, Tavisi ‘nacionaluri Zmobisa da
eTnikuri erTianobis miTiT’ (iqve: 51, 56).
magram ori msoflio omis Sedegad situacia
Seicvala da nacionalisturi ideali daimsxvra.
yvelaferma: zizRma nacistTa barbarosobisadmi,
uzarmazarma materialurma zaralma da totaluri omis
martod warmoebis SeuZleblobam, aTasobiT eTnikurad
heterogenuli muSaxelis da jariskacis SerCevis
saWiroebam, farTo transnacionaluri warmoebebis da
masobrivi komunikaciebis, iseve rogorc mravalmxrivi
samxedro blokebis ricxvis zrdam Ziri gamouTxara
nacionaluri saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da
Zalauflebas. Sedegad polieTnikuri ierarqia dabrunda,
raTa kvlavac saTanadod dakmayoflebuliyo gadaudebeli
moTxovnileba kvalificiur muSaxelze. faqtobrivad,
nacionaluri erTianobis pirvelyofili ideali ara
marto kacobriobis istoriis cdomileba iyo, saboloo
jamSi igi miraJic aRmoCnda; socialur realobas
yovelTvis polieTnikuri ierarqia warmoadgenda TviT
‘nacionalistur’ dasavleTSic ki.
erTi SexedviT, es damajerebeli Tezisia.
polieTnikuroba iyo da kvlavac rCeba adamianuri
yofierebis erT-erT mudmiv maxasiaTeblad. magram
makneilis Tezisi eyrdnoba eTnieebsa da naciebs,
eTnikurobasa da nacionalizms Soris imaze bevrad didi
ufskrulis arsebobas, vidre amis safuZvels istoriuli
monacemebi iZleva. Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime kompaqtur
eTniesa da, iqneb, naciasac, araviTari myari safuZveli ar
arsebobs imisaTvis, rom premodernul polieTnikur

183
epoqebSi (da ara ‘civilizaciis’ mijnaze) eTnikurobisa da
naciadyofnis urTierToba uSedegod miviCnioT. Tumca maT
Soris arsebuli analitikuri gansxvaveba kritikuli
mniSvnelobisaa. praqtikaSi, makneilis azriT, eTnikuroba
da naciadyofna urTierTgadamkveTi da, zogjer,
erTmaneTTan Sezrdilic kia. rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod
fanatikur organul nacionalistebs surT namdvili
kulturuli homogenuroba; eTnikuri nacionalistebis
umravlesoba kulturis, nebisa da miznebis ufro zerele
erTianobas sjerdeba. metic, eTnikuroba aseve xSirad
ayalibebs kulturul baziss nacionalizmis
teritoriuli da politikuri pretenziebisaTvis, xolo
Tanamedrove nacionalizmebis umetesoba erTi an meti
eTnies arsebobas emyareba. makneili ver amCnevs, Tu
rogor qmnian kuTvnilebisa da loialobis koncentrul
wreebs postmodernuli civilizaciis mis mier
SemoTavazebuli eTnikuri komponentebi, verc imas, rom
adamiani SeiZleba erTdroulad ramdenime inkluziur
erTobas miekuTvnebodes da yoveli maTganis mimarT
hqondes movaleobis grZnoba, iqneba es ojaxi, klani,
eTnie, nacia an, iqneb, kontinenturi kulturuli erToba.
yoveli maTganis doneze moqmedebs ‘Zmobisa da
erTianobis’ miTebi.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom nacias dRes aRara
aqvs sxva kulturul erTobebze meti mniSvneloba; rom is
‘mraval identobaTa’ Soris mxolod erT-erTi arCevania
individis sxva SesaZlo identifikaciaTa Soris? Tu asea,
globalur sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi, bevrad meti
adamianisaTvis mdidari da mravalferovani
SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, Sesustdeba Tu ara
nacionalisturi arCevani? Tu arsebobs naciisaTvis ufro
fundamenturi da yovlismomcveli ram, ris gamoc
nacionalisturi arCevani postmodernistul
sazogadoebebisTvisac SeiZleba darCes ganmeorebad
Taviseburebad?9

momxmarebeli sazogadoeba

P mosazreba, rom postmodernistuli sazogadoeba

‘postnacionaluricaa’, rasac Tan sdevs nacionaluri

184
sentmentebis gaqroba da nacionalisturi ideologiebis
mimarT imedgacruebis zrda, imgvari kosmopolituri
globaluri kulturis warmoqmnis Teziss emyareba,
romelic erTimeores miyolebiT ierTebs da Slis
nacionalur kulturebsa da identobebs.
am Tezisis ori versia arsebobs. pirveli xazs
usvams masebis momxmareblobas, arnaxul materialur
sargeblianobas sul ufro da ufro meti adamianisaTvis
mTels msofloSi, ramdenadac dasavluri warmoebis
produqtebi, teqnologiebi da kapitali axal
samomxmareblo bazrebs eZeben da csovrebis dones
TandaTanobiT amaRleben dasavleTis gareT. es
Tvalsazrisi iTvaliswinebs, rom uzarmazari
transnacionaluri kompaniebi masiurad awarmoeben
moxmarebis sagnebs da izrdeba moxmarebis Sablonebis
standartuloba, ramdenadac cxovrebis standartebiT
yvelganaa misaRebi dasavluri nawarmisa da momsaxurebis
SeZena. moxmarebis sagnebis nakadi da momxmareblobis
xibli nacionalur sazRvrebsa da nacionaluri
mTavrobis mier regulirebas sul ufro auZlurebs da
uadgilod aqcevs. magram nacionalizmis dacemis mTavari
faqtori mainc nacionaluri kulturebis ugulebelyofaa.
masobrivi momxmareblobis ‘kulturuli imperializmi’
Slis nacionalur kulturaTa Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs, ramdenadac isini sagnebis SefuTvamde da
folkloramde dahyavs. aseve, igi safuZvels aclis
avtonomiuri kulturisa da sazogadoebis Seqmnis
SesaZleblobas yvelaze ufro unariani pirovnebebis
naRebis moxdiT, emigraciisa da transnacionalur
kapitalistur ekonomikaSi elitis kooptirebis gziT (ix.
Tomlinson 1991: Tavi 3).
ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
udavod, gaizarda sagnebis warmoebac da moxmarebac, ris
Sedegadac kulturulma msgavsebam sxvadasxva sferoSi
(arqiteqturidan da transportidan dawyebuli da
jandacviT, ganaTlebiT da masmediiT damTavrebuli)
gadawona nacionaluri kulturuli sxvaobani. kerZod,
masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebma dasavluri
produqtebisa da saqmiani aqtivobis sabiTumo
transferebiT SesaZlebeli gaxada dasavluri stilisa da

185
instituciuri modelebis reproduqcia. amave dros, es
reproduqciebi da transferebi nacionaluri mTavrobebis
mieraa organizebuli da adaptirebulia nacionaluri
erTobebis konkretul principebTan da kulturul
praqtikasTan. metic, dasavluri teqnologiebisa da
komunikaciebis (inglisuri enis CaTvliT) miRebasTan
erTad, bevri nacionaluri saxelmwifos elita,
kulturul imperializmTan dasapirispirebisas cdilobs
Tavisi kulturuli praqtika, rwmenebi da stilebi
danergos, eswrafvis ra nacionalur kulturul
avtonomias, miuxedavad globaluri momxmareblobis
miRebisa. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa religiis, enisa
da literaturis da istoriis sferoebSi, magram igi
agreTve SeiZleba gamovlindes xelovnebasa da
arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi (dasavluri popkulturis
gverdiT), dasvenebasa da yoveldRiur yofaSi, iseve
rogorc politikur da samarTlebriv praqtikaSi. am
SemTxvevebSi kulturul nacionalizms samomxmareblo
globalizmTan Tanaarseboba da misiT sazrdooba
SeuZlia (ix. Richmond 1984; Schlesinger 1987 da 1991: nawili
III).
magram ‘nacionalizmi’, rogorc es meore TavSi
vnaxeT, ufro metia, vidre nacionaluri sentimentebi anda
nacionalisturi ideologia. igi agreTve ‘avTenturobaze’
dafuZnebuli sajaro da politizebuli kulturis
formaa, iseve rogorc winaparTa miwaze moqalaqeTa
sakralur erTobaSi nacionaluri identobis,
avtonomiurobisa da erTianobis maZiebeli politikuri
religiis tipi. sxva sityvebiT, nacionalizmi eswrafvis
naciebis Seqmnas adrindeli (Tumca modernuli
geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli pirobebis
Sesabamisad transformirebuli) eTnikuri da religiuri
erTobebis ‘avTenturi’ suliskveTebisa da saxis mixedviT.
es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes adreuli miTebis,
simboloebis, kodebis, tradiciebis da maxsovrobebis
erTgvar seleqciasa da reinterpretacias, magram
yovelTvis arsebuli kulturebisa da erTobebis
parametrebisa da avTenturi suliskveTebis farglebSi.
vinaidan axlad Seqmnili naciebis elitebs surT
momxmareblobis imperialistur formebs winaaRmdegoba

186
gauwion, erTianobisa da avtonomiis misaRwevad isini
mimarTaven adre arsebul zog kulturul resurss. aqedan
momdinareobs maTi unaric ekonomikuri da socialuri
ganviTarebisaken mimaval gzaze moaxdinon moqalaqeTa
mobilizacia TavganwirvisaTvis, maSinac ki, roca
dasavluri teqnologiebisa da praqtikis miRebas
eswrafvian da dasavlur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas
iyeneben da iZenen.

globaluri kultura?

‘postnacionaluri’ wesrigisa da nacionalizmis

dasustebis Tezisis meore versia eleqtronul masobriv
komunikaciebze dafuZnebuli globaluri kulturis
cnebiT iwyeba. amtkiceben, rom marqsisa da engelsis
winaswarmetyvelebidan saukunis gasvlis Semdeg
informaciulma sazogadoebam da masobrivma
komunikaciebma globalur kulturas swored iseTi
pirobebi Seuqmnes, romelebSic erTiani, kosmopolituri
da samecniero kultura mTels msoflios moicavs da
auqmebs yvela adre arsebul eTnikur da nacionalur
kulturas. axalma cifrulma revoluciam da
kompiuterizebuli sainformacio teqnologiis farTod
gavrcelebam safuZveli gamoacala adre arsebuli
kulturebis mimzidvelobas da Seusabamo gaxada
aramecnieruli gagebebi. rac mTavaria, isini amgvar
kulturebs warmoaCenen rogorc nawilobrivs,
araracionalursa da ‘romatikuls’ da, aqedan
gamomdinare, maT ganmartaven, rogorc kacobriobis
istoriis sxva, warsuli epoqis kuTvnilebas, romelic
(albaT, imdroindeli xelovnebis qmnilebebis
gamoklebiT) ‘arafers gvaswavlis’. am epoqis kvlevas,
msgavsad nebismieri, winarecifruli epoqisa, SeiZleba
Tavisi xiblic hqondes, magram, gelneris TvalsazrisiT,
is Cvens dRevandel kulturul mimarTebebs ufro metad
ar Seesabameba, vidre premodernuli kulturebi
nacionalur modernul dros. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,
nacia da nacionalizmi romantikuli xanis, modernizaciis
epoqis kuTvnilebaa, magram masobrivi komunikaciebis,

187
kosmopolitizmisa da hibriduli kulturis pirobebSi
maT CvenTan aRaraferi esaqmeba.10
masobrivi komunikaciebis epoqa masobrivi
migraciebis epoqacaa. postnacionalur epoqaSi
makneiliseuli eTnikuri jgufebisa da kulturebis
aRreva da homi babaseuli kulturul identobaTa
hibridizireba kargad Tavsdeba imis saWiroebasTan, rom
Tavs yvelgan ise grZnobde, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi.
amisTvis yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdom mediumSi unda
SegeZlos komunikacia. anonimur, impersonalur qalaqSi
nacionaluri ‘ena da kultura’ ki aRar aduRabebs
modernul, industriul sazogadeobas, aramed
sainformacio teqnologia da kompiuteruli ganaTleba,
romelic masobrivi komunikabeluri, hibriduli da
postmodernuli globaluri sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad
yovelgvar kulturul bariers laxavs. ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis ZalebTan erTad, es faqtorebi ubiZgebs
hobsbaums daamcros damanawevrebeli, viwro
nacionalizmis talRis mniSvneloba, romelsac igi
miiCnevs droebiT da meorexarisxovan movlenad, gadaxrad
WeSmariti ‘istoriiis msvlelobidan’, cvlilebis
soliduri Zalebisadmi SiSis reaqciad, ucxoelis
yvelgan yofniT da ojaxuri fesvebis gaxmobiT gamowveul
aRSfoTebad (Hobsbawm 1990: 164, 167–168; Sdr. A.D.Smith 1998:
123–124, 216–218).
kvlav araferi Cans iseTi, am Tezisis pozitiur
mtkicebulebebs rom daupirispirdes. ueWvelia, Cven
masobrivi komunikaciebis formebis, gavrcelebis arealis
da intensivobis farTo cvlilebaTa mowmeni varT, Tumc
es SeiZleba ufro kumulaciuri xasiaTis iyos, vidre
revoluciurisa. aseve didi zrda SeimCneva migraciebis
tempebsa da moculobaSi, Tumc amis proporciul
precendentebsac hqonda adgili ukanaskneli ori saukunis
manZilze. magram aris ki es axali, globaluri tipis
kulturis Semotana? Tu Cven ubralod saqme gvaqvs
sakomunikacio teqnologiebisa da enis axal saxeobasTan,
anu mediumTan mesijis gareSe?
imis Tqma, rom ‘virtualuri realobis’, e.i.
samyaros gareT samyaros Seqmna, mxolod teqnologiuri
miRwevebis tolfasia, udavod masobrivi komunikaciebis

188
revoluciis inteleqtualuri monapovrebisa da misi
potencialis Seufasebloba iqneboda. magram, meores
mxriv, axali sainformacio teqnologiis Seqmnis
‘kulturis’ gansxvavebul globalur formad miCneva
niSnavs mniSvnelobaTa garkveuli simravlis mqone
sityvebis savsebiT sxva mniSvnelobebiT gamoyenebas.
termini ‘kultura’ miemarTeba ara marto ‘komunikacias’ da
tout court mis teqnologias, aramed cxovrebisa da
gamoxatvis gansxvavebul stils, esTetikur stilsa da
medias, adamianur Rirsebebs, emociebsa da saqmianobis
formebs. am azriT, isini yovelTvis ufro iyvnen
kulturebi, vidre kultura, cxovrebis istoriulad
gansxvavebuli stilebi da adamianuri Rirsebebis,
emociebisa da qmedebebis cvalebadi gamovlinebani.
amgvari kulturebi konkretul koleqtiur moTxovnebsa
da problemebs pasuxobdnen sakuTar specifikur
istoriul konteqstebSi. isini ganagebdnen sicocxlesa da
sikvdils, dardsa da usamarTlobas, siyvarulsa da
danakargs. isini aswavlidnen adamianebs cxovrebasTan
gamkvlavebis xelovnebas da sikvdilisaTvis Tvalis
gasworebas. TaobebisaTvis isini ganasaxierebdnen erTobis
saerTo azrs, dagrovil sibrZnesa da koleqtiur
maxsovrobebs Taviseburi wes-Cveulebebis, ritualebis,
zneobis, manerebisa da artefaqtebis meSveobiT. am gziT,
isini gamoxatavdnen calkeuli koleqtivebis da maTi
individualuri wevrebis sxva, analogiuri
koleqtivebisagan gansxvaveul msoflxedvasa da emociebs.
maS, raRaa ‘globaluri kultura’? ra Tqma unda,
araviTar sakomunikacio eleqtronul teqnologias da mis
virtualur qmnilebebs ar SeuZlia momavlis ‘globaluri
moqalaqeebis’ emociuri da fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, iseve rogorc ar
SeuZlia gvaswavlos cxovrebis tvirTis zidva,
sixarulis gaziareba, tkivilTan da danakargTan
gamklaveba da sxva, cxovrebiT motanilis gadatana.
globaluri kultura iqneba winaswarprognozirebadi,
erTdroulad mecnierulic, emociurad neitraluric da
teqnikuric. mas ar eqneba adgili, dro da maxsovroba.
maradiuli virtualuri awmyo Tvals moaSorebs
warsulisa da momavalis panoramebs. virtualurad

189
yvelganmyofobis SesaZlebloba gvaTavisuflebs
adgilmdebareobaze fiqrisagan. droisa da sivrcis
koordinatebi, ase Rirebuli naciebisa da
nacionalizmisaTvis, azrs kargaven, ramdenadac dro da
sivrce im erT wertilSi ikumSeba, romelsac uSualod
damkvirvebeli warmoadgens. teqnikuri diskursiT
mojadoebuli msoflio aris aq da axla, nebismier
adgilas da yvelgan; maxsovrobis an bedisweris, winapris
an STamomavlobis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs, amis mizeziT,
aRarc uSualo erTobisa. mxolod erT nabijze myof
CrdilebTan TamaSia saWiro.11
amgvar asketur xedvas ar gulisxmobs adamianebis
umravlesoba, roca globalur kulturaze saubrobs.
gavixsenoT Mmarqsi da engelsi, romlebic nacionalur
literaturas msoflio literaturasTan Serwymas
uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. es iqneboda nacionalur
kulturaTa daaxloeba, magram ara mospoba, rogorc
uadgilo winaremecnieruli gadmonaSTisa. es imas niSnavs,
rom kompiutizirebuli informaciuli teqnologiisa da
mis mier Seqmnili virtualuri realobis ConCxma
arsebuli kulturebis xorci unda Seisxas; anda am
kulturebidan amorCeuli motivebisa da elementebis
(‘naglejebi da nakuwebi’) gasarTob cinikur satiraSi
CarTviT maTi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobani yvelgan myofi
mouxelTebeli awmyos Sesatyvisad gardaqmnas. amgvarad,
postmodernuli da kosmopolituri globaluri kultura
SeiZleba iyos mxolod ekleqturi, hibriduli,
fragmentuli, prezentistuli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi,
mudmivad ‘Sesabamisobis’ maZiebeli. aseT ezoTerul da
danakerebiT savse kulturas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod
SezRuduli mowodebis unari (maSinac ki, roca
popkulturebs iyenebs) da naklebi gamZleoba da
moqniloba (im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca cdilobs Tavi
daaRwios stilizebas).

internacionalizebadi nacionalizmi

is, rom globaluri kulturis verc mecnieruli

da verc ekleqtikuri versia xalxSi gamoZaxils ver
poulobs da arc gamZlea, gvafiqrebinebs, rom

190
nacionalizmis postmodernuli Semcvlelis pirobebi jer
kidev araa realizebuli da, rom sinamdvileSi
globalizaciam SeiZleba kidec gaaZlieros
nacionalizmi, radgan Sorsaa imisagan, rom mis
Semcvlelamde migviyvanos. es daskvna sam arguments
eyrdnoba. pirveli Seexeba globalizaciis procesebis
Sedegebs naciebisa da nacionalizmisaTvis; meore
argumenti gvabrunebs nacionalizmis eTnikur bazisTan da
postmodernul epoqaSi mis kulturul memkvidreobasTan;
mesame nacionaluri identobis sakraluri safuZvlebisa
da misi grZelvadiani sazrisebis ganxilviT amagrebs
eTnikur bazisebs.
daviwyoT globalizaciiT. entoni gidensi
damajereblad asabuTebs, rom arsebobs kavSiri
globalizaciis tendenciasa da mis gverdiT da mis
Sedegad warmoqmnili lokalizmis aRorZinebas Soris.
globalizaciis Zalebi lokalur arealebTan,
sakiTxebTan da problemebTan axali mijaWvulobis
gaCenas uwyobs xels. amiT aixsneba farTomasStabiani da
mzardi zenacionalizmisa da daSladi eTnikuri
nacionalizmis paradoqsi, rac, erTis mxriv, kontinenturi
asociaciebisa da Tanamegobrobebis gaCenas niSnavs,
meores mxriv ki, iseTi mciremasStabiani eTnikuri
moZraobebis swraf gamravlebas, romelTac, sxva
regionalur da lokalur ekologiur moZraobebTan
erTad, hobsbaumi mcire mniSvnelobas aniWebs. es
yvelaferi klasze dafuZnebuli politikidan axal,
‘identobis politikaze’ gadasvlis nawilia, rac sakuTar
TavSi mzard feministur, regionalur da mwvaneTa
moZraobebs moicavs. postmodernul epoqaSi am
politikaSi sami done gamoikveTeba: lokaluri eTnikuri,
regionaluri, genderuli da ekologiuri done;
nacionaluri saxelmwifos done; dabolos, kontinenturi
(sxvagvarad, globaluri) erTobis zenacionaluri done
(Giddens 1991).
am interpretaciaSi bevri ram aris mimzidveli.
klasze dafuZnebulma politikam dasavleTSi ukan daixia
manufaqturuli warmoebidan momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul
industriaze gadanacvlebasTan erTad. misi adgilis
dasakaveblad warmoiSva mTeli rigi sruliad axali

191
politikuri moZraoba, aRorZinebadi eTnikuri
nacionalizmis CaTvliT. Zneli saTqmelia, gamogvadgeba
Tu ara ‘identobis politikis’ cneba maT saerTo niSan-
TvisebaTa gansasazRvrad. magaliTad, genderuli
politika Zalian gansxvavebuli Cans eTnikuri
mobilizaciisagan, romelsac genderuli sazRvrebis
gadakveTa SeuZlia, iseve rogorc am ukanasknels SeuZlia
eTnikuri dayofis gadalaxva. marTlac, nacionalizmis
Sesaswavlad iseTi umniSvnelovanesi sfero, rogoricaa
naciebisa da nacionalizmis genderizacia, win uswrebs
globalizacias da, iqneb, modernulobasac ki. metic,
gaurkvevelia aqvT Tu ara globalur tendenciebs raime
aucilebeli kavSiri lokaluri an genderuli sakiTxebis
win wamowevasTan (an SenarCunebasTan); iolad ergeba Tu
ara eTnikuri nacionalizmi ‘globalur-lokalur’ sqemas?
me mgoni, ‘eTnikuri aRorZineba’ da ‘identobis politikis’
eTnikuri done sxvagvar axsnas saWiroebs da
zenacionaluri donis asociaciebis momravleba (romelic
TavisTavad mzardad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia) damatebiTi
efeqtia (iqneb, xelSemwyobi faqtoric), da ara
globaluri Zalebisa da lokaluri mijaWvulobebis
dakavSirebis aucilebeli piroba (ix. Melucci 1989; Yuval-
Davis 1997; Sluga 1998).12
paradoqsia, rom realurad globalizaciis
procesebs udidesi efeqti nacionaluri saxelmwifos
Sualedur doneze aqvT. magram, vimeoreb, globalizaciis
or did Zalas – ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebas
(rac mohyva transnacionaluri korporaciebis moqmedebas)
da informaciuli da cifruli teqnologiebis Semotanis
Sedegad warmoqmnil masobriv komunikaciebs – mxolod
ukve arsebuli politikuri tendenciis daCqareba da
gafarToeba SeuZliaT.
Cven am tendencias ‘nacionalizmis
internacionalizacia’ SeiZleba vuwodoT. mas samgvari
forma aqvs. pirvel adgilzea nacionalizmi da
nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis doqtrina rogorc gaeros
wesdebisa da sxvadasxva konvenciebisa da
xelSekrulebebis ZiriTadi principi, romelsac xSirad
mimarTaven yovelgvari kamaTisa da krizisis dros. Cven am
procesSi SeiZleba naciebisa da nacionalizmis (rogorc

192
farTod gavrcelebuli da gaziarebuli ideologiebisa
da Cveuli da Tanazomieri koleqtiuri aqtorebis),
‘normalizaciisaken’ mimarTuli tendencia SevniSnoT (ix.
Mayall 1990).
meore, nacionalisturi moZraobebi yovelTvis
mimarTaven maxlobel Tu Soreul winamorbedebs
strategiis, taqtikisa da STagonebisaTvis da, xSirad,
garkveuli daxmarebisaTvisac. nacionalizmi axal da
axal warmatebul regionebs ipyrobs, aCens axal
pretenziebsa da Sesabamis moTxovnebs ayenebs.
rasakvirvelia, nacionalizmebis ‘demonstrirebis efeqts’
didad Seuwyes xeli masobrivma komunikaciebma,
politikurma aliansebma da ekonomikurma
urTierTdamokidebulebam; magram maT mxolod
ganaviTares bazisuri nacionalisturi mesiji.
D dabolos, vinaidan zogma nacionalizmma orive
msoflio omis dawyebaSi gadamwyveti mizezis roli
Seasrula, es omebi ki, Tavis mxriv, axali
nacionalizmebis katalizatorebi iyvnen, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es adreuli nacionalizmebi mTels msoflioSi,
nacionalizmis, rogorc aseTis, gavrcelebisa da naciis
politikuri organizaciis saerTaSoriso normad
gardaqmnis saSualebebs warmoadgendnen. maSasadame,
pirdapir Tu iribad, nacionalizms Seswevs unari yvela
kontinentze da yovelgvari reJimis pirobebSi
ganmeordes.13
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobaze zegavlenas
teritoriuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis ‘politikuri
pluralizmis’ ukve arsebuli CarCo imiT unda ganevrco,
rom mas bevri axali saxelmwifo Semateboda
saxelmwifoqmnadobis meore principis, kerZod,
‘kulturuli pluralizmis’, SemoRebis Sedegad. adre
nacionalur saxelmwifod mxolod politikuri
suverenitetis mqone iseTi qveyana miiCneoda, romlis
iurisdiqciac did teritoriaze vrceldeboda. axla
saxelmwifos, politikuri suverenitetis da
teritoriuli iurisdiqciis garda, moeTxoveba met-
naklebi kulturuli erTianoba da solidaroba da
sasurvelia garkveuli xarisxis kulturuli unikaloba
enaSi, religiaSi, wes-CveulebebiSi, instituciebSi da

193
kulturis istoriaSi. saerTaSoriso kulturuli
pluralizmi didad davalebulia globalizaciis
procesebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki masobrivi komunikaciebiT.
maT bevrad gauioles saxelmwifoebs maT mier marTuli
nacionaluri saganmanaTleblo sistemis meSveobiT, iseve
rogorc nacionalur kulturebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebisaTvis meti gamokveTilobisa da
gamomsaxvelobis miniWebiT, nacionaluri kulturis
daenergva da, amgvaradve, erTobis yovel wevrs amis
Sedegad miRebul politikur kulturaSi CarTva.
amgvarad, irkveva, rom globalizaciis procesebi arc
nacionalizmis gavlenas asusteben da arc naciebs
aqroben. sinamdvileSi isini avrceleben am gavlenas da
xels uwyoben naciebs, rom ufro metad monawile da
gansxvavebulni gaxdnen (A.D.Smith 1995: Tavi 6).

araTanabari eTnoistoriebi

globalizaciis procesebis garda, arsebobs Rrma

mizezebic, romlebic migviTiTeben, Tu ratomaa
SeuZlebeli nacionalizmis monacvlis warmoSobis da
naciaTa gaqrobis pirobebis Seqmna. am mizezTagan pirveli
premodernuli eTnikurobis memkvidreobidan
momdinareobs. es araa ubralod ‘gadmonaSTis’ argumenti,
rom raki modernul epoqasa da mis naciebSi premodernul
eTnieTa elementebi SenarCundnen, maSasadame, zustad
aseve modernul naciebsa da nacionalizmsac SeuZliaT
gaZlon postmodernul xanaSi. es argumenti msoflioSi
eTnoistoriebis araTanabar gavrcelebas da naciebisa da
nacionalizmis gamZleobaze mis gavlenas ufro exeba.
gavixsenoT, rom eTnoistoria imiT gansxvavdeba
‘istoriisagan’, rom es ukanaskneli warsulSi metnaklebad
uintereso, profesiul ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, maSin
roca pirveli erTobis wevrebis sakuTar Canawerebs da
mis mierve maxsovrobebisa da ‘avTenturi’ koleqtiuri
warsulis an warsulebis xelaxal aRmoCenas efuZneba.
aseTi mcdelobisas koleqtiuri warsuli WeSmariti
zneobrivi gakveTilebisa da Tvalwarmtaci suraTebis
seriis saxiT gvevlineba, romelic identobasa da
unikalobas cxovlad warmoaCens, iseve rogorc erTobis

194
mniSvnelovnebas da arsobriv sikeTes, miuxedavad imisa,
Tu ra naklovanebebi aqvT calkeul wevrebs.
eTnoistoriis yuradRebis centrSi socialur-
ekonomikuri problemebi an politikuri instituciebis
ganviTareba ki ar eqceva, aramed gmiroba da Tavganwirva,
SemoqmedebiTi unari da aRorZineba, wmidanoba da
RvTismsaxureba, genealogia da tradicia, erToba da misi
lideri. yvelaze xSirad eTnoistoria erT an ramdenime
‘oqros xanas’ ixsenebs, raTa maTi SegonebiTa da
magaliTiT momavalSi aRadginos erToba. amgvari ‘oqros
xanebi’ erTobis ‘arss’, mis ‘WeSmarit’ xasiaTs
ganasaxiereben, Tumca mravalgvar formas iReben. ‘oqros
xana’ SeiZleba iyos politikuri da ekonomikuri,
simdidris, Zlevamosilebis da brwyinvalebis (Zvel
egvipte, inkebis peru), an religiuri, asketuri rwmenisa
da wmindanobisa da sibrZnis epoqebi (konfucis xana,
upaniSidebis xana, bibliisa da yuranis epoqebi), an
kulturisa da xelovnebisa, rodesac didi moazrovneebi,
mwerlebi da xelovanni ikribebodnen did qalaqebsa da
imperiebSi (Zvel aTensa da aleqsandriaSi, Sua
saukuneebis italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi an XVII
saukunis niderlandebis provinciebSi). erTobis momdevno
TaobebisaTvis es xanebi kanonikurad gadaiqca; isini
konspeqturad gvawvdian yvelafers, rac diadi da
keTilSobilia ‘Cvens erTobaSi’, da rac axla,
samwuxarod, dakargulia, magram male aRorZindeba naciis
xelaxal dabadebasTan erTad (ix. A.D.Smith 1997).
Tu arc oqros xana arsebobda da arc gmirebi, arc
didebuli teqstebi da artefaqtebi, Cven, Tanamedrove
naciam, rogorRa ganvsazRvroT ‘ra aris Cveni namdvili
TviTi’? gana ara varT naciadyofnis Rirsi Tu Cveni
miswrafebebia ukanono? nacionalisturi kanonis mixedviT,
yovel nacias aqvs Rirseuli da sasargeblo warsuli;
saqme mxolod misi povnaa. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebSi vawydebiT erTsa
da imave kulturul miznebsa da qmedebebs iqneba es
istoriuli da literaturuli sazogadoebebis
Camoyalibeba, materialuri naSTebis da dokumentebis
Zieba, vernakuluri enebis Seswavla da gavrceleba,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TaviseburebaTa fiqsireba,

195
Zveli folkloruli tradiciebis Tu wes-Cveveulebebisa
da ritualebis xelaxali aRmoCena. Cven am TviTigivuri
moqmedebebisa da miznebis povna SegviZlia afrikaSi,
saharis samxreTiT da aziaSi koloniuri mmarTvelobis
dros, iseve rogorc evropaSi. Sedegi iyo e.w. ‘uistorio
naciebis’ istoriul naciebad gadaqceva, maTTvis gmirebis,
kulturebis aRdgena da SemorCenili dokumentebidan da
artefaqtebidan cnobebis saguldagulo amokrefiT oqros
xanebis miRebac ki. elias lonrotis mier kareliuri
baladebis xelaxalma aRmoCenam da epikur kalevalaSi
gaerTianebam finelebis yuradReba sibrZnisa da gmirobis
xanas miapyro; slovakebi svatoplukisa da sxva mefeebis
droindel adremoraviul samefos miubrundnen;
ukrainelebi aseve eZiebdnen TavianT fesvebsa da didebas
kazakTa tradiciebSi da, kidev ufro adre, kievis
ruseTSi; zimbabvelebma sakuTari winapris didebis xana
im civilizaciaSi hpoves, romelmac diadi zimbabves
monumentebi aRmarTa.14
avTenturi eTnoistoriis araTanabari ganawileba,
ris Sedegadac zogierT nacias ‘mdidari’, kargad
dokumentirebuli warsuliT SeuZlia iamayos, xolo
sxvebi warsulze bundovani warmodgeniT unda
dakmayofildnen, gauTavebel Sedarebasa da konkurencias
uwyobs xels. mTels msoflioSi nacionalizmebis
mamoZravebeli ara marto fardobiTi ekonomikuri
siRaribea, aramed kulturuli da eTnosimbolisturi
resursebis SedarebiTi naklovanebac. es exeba ara
mxolod ‘utyuar cnobebs’, aramed avTenturobis
percefciasac Tavad naciis wevrebis nawilSi da
ucxoebSic, anu naciis kulturis avTenturi xasiaTis
aRiarebas SinaurTa da gareSeTa mier. im eTnieTa
raodenoba, romlebic naciadyofnisa da saxelmwifod
yofnis potenciuri kandidatebi arian da maT mier imis
gacnobiereba, rom Tavadac da gareSenic unda
darwmundnen maTi pretenziebis safuZvlianobaSi,
eTnoistoriasa da eTnikur kulturas gadamwyvet rols
aniWebs naciadyofnis dasabuTebasa da dakanonebaSi. es
gvafiqrebinebs, rom eTnonacionalizmebis Zala moimatebs
da maTi gavrcelebis arealic gafarTovdeba.

196
 aRniSnuli daskvna Cems adrindel mtkicebas
ukavSirdeba imis Taobaze, rom nacionalizms unda
SevxedoT ara rogorc zustad politikur ideologias,
aramed rogorc sajaro da saxalxo da ‘avTenturi’
kulturis politizebul formas. vernakuluri eTnikuri
kulturebis politikur saxalxo sajaro kulturebad
gadakeTebis farTo gavrceleba nacionalizmis erT-erTi
centraluri mimarTulebaa. mTels msoflioSi eTnieebis
raodenoba XXI saukunis dasawyisSi nacionalizmis
SenarCuneba-gafarToebis mizezs gasagebs xdis.

sakraluri safuZvlebi

rac zemoT vTqvi, ambis mxolod nawilia. is, risi

meSveobiTac SegviZlia nacionaluri identobis
gangrZobadobasa da naciTa gamZleobas CavwvdeT, ufro
metad naciebis sakraluri safuZvlebis SeswavlaSia.
es TiTqos paradoqsia. bolos da bolos, Cven xom
sekularul epoqaSi vcxovrobT, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
dasavleTSi, sadac materialurma faseulobebma da
preferenciebma sakraluris gancda daamxo,
transcedenturi Rirebulebebis Zveli rwmena ki gaaqro.
identobani, romelTa Seqmnasac vcdilobT, arsiT
pragmatulia; isini ekonomikur safuZvelzea damyarebuli
da politikur gamoxatulebas mxolod maSin iZens, roca
surs moicvas da ganaviTaros materialuri interesebi.
Cven kulturasac, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi xalxur
doneze, komerciuli midgomebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis,
aklia sakraluri, transcendenturi ganzomileba, rwmena
imisa, rac uSualod awmyosa da mis efemerul
gamoxatulebaTa miRmaa. politikuri idealebis mimarT
farTod gavrcelebuli apaTiis da cinikuri
damokidebulebis pirobebSi gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom
nacionaluri ideali araTu loialobas gvinergavda,
aramed sakmao indeferetulobas iwvevda.
es problema marto dasavleTSi rodi dgas.
nacionalizmisadmi gaorgulebis niSnebi sxva qveynebSic
SeiniSneba. politikuri damoukideblobis miRwevasTan
erTad nacionalisturi vnebebic dacxra, radganac cxadi
Seiqna, rom nacionalizmi ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebis

197
araviTar recepts ar flobs, da rom naklebad
ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri da
kulturuli daqvemdebarebulobis mdgomarebidan
gamosayvanad sxva ideologiebia saWiro, iseve rogorc
mniSvnelovani resursebi da teqnologiebi.15
amis gacnobierebas sulac ar SeuSlia xeli
mraval postkoloniur saxelmwifoSi (dawyebuli
indoeTidan da indoneziidan da palestiniTa da
israeliT, eTiopiiTa da angoliT damTavrebuli)
eTnikurobasa da religiaze dafuZnebuli
nacionalisturi vnebebis amofrqvevisaTvis. mas arc is
nacionalisturi mgznebareba daucxria, romelic
msoflioSi mimdinare mraval mniSvnelovan teritoriul
davas axlda – qaSmirSi, Sri-lankaSi, kavkasiaSi,
balkaneTSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da afrikis rqaze. mark
iurgensmaieri ‘religiuri nacionalizmebis’ ganxilvisas
yuradRebas amaxvilebs sekularuli saxelmwifo
nacionalizmis marcxze (rac bevris azriT faqtia) da
ufro radikaluri, religiuri Zirebis mqone
nacionalizmis mimzidvelobaze, romelic cdilobs
socialuri gardaqmnebi Zveli religiuri teqstebisa da
praqtikis mkacri interpretaciebis mixedviT
ganaxorcielos (Juergensmeyer 1993). Tumca realurad ‘axal
civ omze’ laparaki ar SeiZleba, udavoa, rom religiuri
nacionalizmebis sxvadasxva tipTa Soris erTianobis
ararseboba, maTi magaliTebi, seriozuli sasuliero da
politikuri gamowvevaa xSirad araefeqturi
aradasavluri saxelmwifo naconalizmebisaTvis.
TviT dasavleTSic ar gamqrala naciis sakraluri
safuZvlebi. maT, udavod, miiRes sekularuli
racionalizmis gamowveva da iZulebulni gaxdnen
socialur da politikur cvlilebebs morgebodnen.
magram sekularuli nacionalizmis ‘politikuri
religias’ kvlav izidavs Zveli religiuri motivebi
Tavisi liturgiiT, simbolizmiTa da miTebis SeqmniT,
vinaidan igi sakuTar Tavs racionalistur epoqaSi xsnis
erTaderT sicocxlisunarian dramad warmosaxavs. bolos
da bolos, koleqtiur doneze racionalizmis
gamovlineba, garkveulwilad uSvebs kooperirebasa da
politikur solidarobas, es ki kargad gansazRvrul

198
CarCosa da politikur arenas saWiroebs. axlo momavalSi
nacia – Tavisi teritoriis mflobeli erToba,
gansxvavebuli sakuTari istoriiTa da bedisweriT,
ueWvelia, yvelaze metad saxalxo da mosaxerxebel
CarCos uqmnis politikuri solidarobas.
naciis es oTxi bazisuri kategoria – erToba,
teritoria, istoria da bediswera – warsulSi, da me
vityodi, awmyoSic ganixileba, rogorc ‘sakraluri’, im
azriT, rom wevrebis umetesoba maT pativiscemisa da
Tayvaniscemis TviTkmar obieqtebad miiCnevs. ver vityviT,
rom romelime maTganis aspeqtebi sadavo ar gamxdariyos.
zogierTma erToba, rogorc aseTi, globalur
kosmopolitizmSi gacvala. uamravi kiTxva wamoiWra
samSoblos cnebis bunebisa da ganfenilobis, miRebuli
eTnoistoriebis WeSmariti Sinaarsisa da moralis da
erTobis bedisweris sxvadasxva xedvis viTomcda
RirsebebTan da naklovanebebTan dakavSirebiT. ukve is,
rom msoflio erTobebad da naciebad iyofa, romlebic
TavianT teritoriebs anu samSoblo miwebs floben,
romelTac sakuTari istoriebi da bediswerebi aqvT,
imgvar rwmenas nergavs, romelsac adamianTa umravlesoba
iSviaTad Tu uRalatebs. es forma, rasac ‘sakraluri
Tvisebebi’ an, ufro zustad, naciis bazisuri Tvisebebi
SeiZleba ewodos, misi wevrebis sakralur Tanaziarebad
gaiazreba.16
ai, es sakraluri Tvisebebi, romlebic me meore
TavSi ganvixile:

(1) eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmena, naciis, rogorc

rCeuli xalxis idea, maszed dakisrebuli
sagangebo misiiT an eqskluziuri RvTaebrivi
aRTqmiT;
(2) mijaWvuloba sakralur teritoriasTan, wmindanTa,
gmirTa da brZenTa, winaparTa saflavebiTa da
ZeglebiT kurTxeul winaparTa samSoblo miwasTan;
(3) ‘oqros xanaTa’ saziaro maxsovrobani, rogorc
naciis eTnoistoriis mwvervalebi, materialuri
da/an sulieri da mxatvruli simdidris epoqebi;
(4) ‘saxelovan micvalebulTa’ da naciisa da misi
xvedrisaTvis gmiruli Tavdadebis kulti.

199
 eTnieebSi, qalaq-saxelmwifoebsa da imperiebSi am
rwmenebis, maxsovrobebisa da mijaWvulobebis magaliTebs
premodernul epoqebSic SexvdebiT. TviT saxelovan
micvalebulTa kultsac ki hyavs winamorbedi dakrZalvis
ceremoniebisa da winaparTa kultis saxiT. rogorc georg
mosma germaniis magaliTze dagvanaxa, adreulma
germanelma nacionalistebma TavianTi demonstraciebisa
da zeimebisaTvis qristianuli liturgikuli da
ritualuri elementebi gamoiyenes. zogadad,
nacionalistebi am tradiciul religiur safuZvlebs
eyrdnobian, sakuTari miznebisaTvis arCeven da aaxleben
Zvel motivebs, simboloebsa da miTebs. nebismier (ufro
metad bazisur) doneze nacionalizmi, rogorc
politikuri religia da rogorc ‘xalxis religia’,
modernuli nacionaluri identobebis rekonstruqcia-
SenarCunebisaTvis am oTx sakralur Tvisebas uciloblad
mimarTavs (Mosse 1975 da 1994).
cxadia, yvela nacias Tanabrad ara aqvs es
sakraluri Tvisebebi. Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad
araTanabradaa ganawilebuli msoflioSi kargad
dokumentirebuli movlenebiT aRsavse eTnoistoriebi. es
uTanabroba sxva sakralur Tvisebebsac Seexeba. zog
SemTxvevaSi dakavebuli teritoriebisadmi sakralurad
aRqmuli mijaWvuloba naciis arsebobis amosavali
wertili, misTvis Taviseburebisa da intensivobis
mimniWebelia, rogorc es gaWianurebuli teritoriul
davebis dros xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevebSi win oqros
xanebis saziaro maxsovrobani wamoiweven, raTa
koleqtiur qmedebas mimarTuleba dausaxon. zogjer
eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmena, erTobis, viTarca rCeuli
xalxis, sayovelTao idea, nacias energiiT aRavsebda, mis
moqalaqeebs ki mkveTrad mijnavda ucxoTagan. yvelaze
ufro zogadad, albaT, omSi dacemul gmirTa kulti da
maTi monumentebi, da ‘saxelovan micvalebulTa’ xsovnis
ceremoniebi ganmartaven moqalaqeTa koleqtiuri
kavSirebisa da bedisweris bunebas.
am koncefciis safuZvelze gavbedav zogadi
hipoTezis wamoyenebas nacionaluri identobis gamZleobis
Taobaze. iq, sadac oTxive es sakraluri Tviseba farTod
warmodgenili iyo da aris kidec eTnonacionalur

200
mosaxleobaSi, Sedegad miRebuli nacionaluri identobac
gansakuTrebiT mZlavri da moqnilia da aseTad darCeba.
is mkveTrad gamijnavs erTobis wevrebs ucxoTagan da a.S.,
uxalisod moekideba axalmosulebis nacionaluri
kulturuli erTobis sruluflebian wevrebad miCnevas.
da piriqiT, iq, sadac am sakralur TvisebaTagan erTze
meti sustia an saerTod ar aris, nacionaluri identobis
Zalac, Sesabamisad, Semcirebuli iyo da aris da mas
mimzidvelobac dakarguli aqvs sxva kulturuli
identobebis winaSe mdgari mosaxleobisaTvis. amitom Tavs
iCens naciis socialuri da kulturuli sazRvrebis
simkveTris Semdgomi Sesusteba da ucxoTa ara mxolod
moqalaqeebad, aramed nacionaluri erTobis srulfasovan
wevrebad miRebisTvis mzadyofnis zrda.

daskvna

amgvarad, am bazisur doneze nacia SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnas, rogorc moqalaqeTa sakraluri
Tanaziareba, xolo nacionalizmi, rogorc ‘politikuri
religiis’ forma sakuTari wminda werilebiT,
liturgiebiT, wmindanebiTa da ritualebiT. naciebTan an
nacionalizmebTan dakavSirebiT monoliTuri da
statikuri araferia. imave mizeziT, ris gamoc
tradiciuli religiebi axal pirobebTan Sesagueblad
periodulad ganicdida cvlilebebs, Cveulebriv,
modernuli nacionaluri identobebic axleburad
moiazreboda momdevno Taobebis mier; da zustad iseve,
rogorc religia Seicavs variantul formebs,
nacionalizmebSic vpoulobT nacionaluri
warmomavlobisa da ganviTarebis konkurentul miTebs.
durkhaimis sityvebi, romlebiTac igi aboloebs religiis
miseul analizs, naciebsa da nacionalizmsac kargad
esadageba:

amrigad, aris raRac maradiuli religiaSi,

romelsac bedisweram arguna yvela specifikuri
simbolo Semoinaxos, romelTa garsSic
religiurma azrma sakuTari Tavi moxerxebulad
moaqcia. ar arsebobs iseTi sazogadoeba, romelic

201
 ar saWiroebdes erTianobisa da TviTmyofadobis
Semadgeneli koleqtiuri sentimentebisa da
koleqtiuri ideebis dacvasa da periodul
gadaazrebas (Durkheim 1915: 427).

maSasadame, sanam naciis sakraluri safuZvlebi arsebobs

da sekularul materializmsa da individualizms jer ar
gamouclia safuZveli istoriisa da bedisweraze
damyarebuli erTobis umTavresi rwmenebisaTvis, manamde
nacionalizms, rogorc politikur ideologias, sajaro
kulturasa da politikur religias, daWknoba ar uweria,
xolo nacionaluri identoba darCeba Tanamedrove
msoflio wesrigis qvakuTxedad.

202
 SeniSvnebi

________________________________

Tavi 1 cnebebi

1 am sakvanZo cnebebis ufro sruli ganxilva ix.

zernatosTan (Zernatto 1944), snaiderTan (Snyder 1954)
da kemilainenTan (Kemiliainen 1964).
2 nacionalizmis nacionalur sentimentTan
gamaigivebeli ganmartebebis Sesaxeb ix. miCelati
da Tomasi (Michelat and Thomas 1966), koni (Kohn 1967a:
Tavi 1) da seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 1).
3 nacionalisturi moZraobebis strategia da taqtika
ix. brilisTan (Breuilly 1993) da esmanTan (Esman 1994).
dasavleTSi usaxelmwifo naciebis
nacionalisturi miznebi da taqtika
gaanalizebuli aqvs gibernaus (Guibernau 1999).
4 nacionalizmis, rogorc upiratesad diskursiuli
warmonaqmnis analizis magaliTi ix. kalhunTan
(Calhoun 1997); ix. agreTve brubeikeri (Brubaker 1996).
5 vinaidan ar mogvepoveba nacionaluri simbolizmis
ganmazogadebeli gamokvlevebi, mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia hobsbaumisa da reinjeris redaqciiT
gamocemul krebulSi (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1893)
moTavsebuli statiebi da mosis Sroma (Mosse 1975
da 1990). ix., agreTve, hedetofti (Hedetoft 1995:
nawili I, Tavi 4) da statiebi SesaniSnavi opusidan
frangi xalxis ‘xsovnis adgilTa’ Sesaxeb noras
redaqciiT (Nora 1997–1998, gansakuTrebiT, tomi III).
6 ‘antikoloniuri nacionalizmebis’ umetesoba
eTnikurad homogenur mosaxleobaTa SigniT
koloniuri administraciis xelSewyobiT
urTierTwakidebul umciresobaTa ideologiur
moZraobebs warmoadgenda, rogorc amas nigeriasa

203
 da indoeTSi hqonda adgili. evropuli modelis
nacionaluri bazisis uqonlobis gamo, am qveynebis
elitas ganzraxuli hqonda misi Seqmna. isini
‘ganzraxvis naciebi’ iyvnen (Rotberg 1967). ix.,
agreTve, Caterji (Chatterjee 1986).
7 aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT uolker konoris mier
SeniSnuli gansxvaveba istoriul da gancdil
realobas Soris (Connor 1994: 202); mniSvneloba aqvs
ara imas, rac aris, aramed imas, rac ganicdeba.
8 mosazreba, rom nacia da nacionaluri xasiaTi
nacionalizmis ideologias, sul cota, saukuniT
mainc, uswrebs win ix. kemilainenisa (Kemilainen 1964)
da grinfeldis (Greenfeld 1992: Tavebi 1–2)
dawvrilebiT gamokvlevebSi.
9 naciis cnebis ganmartebis problemebis Taobaze
sayuradRebo diskusia ix. doiCTan (Deutsch 1966:
Tavi 1), rastousTan (Rustow 1967) da konorTan
(Connor 1994: Tavi 4).
10 diasporebis Taobaze ix. koeni (Cohen 1997).
eTnieebis umetesoba, faqtobrivad sakuTar
teritoriebze saxlobs, magram premodernul
warsulSi maT xSirad ar hqondaT sazRvrebi. sxva
eTnieebs SeeZloT winaparTa miwazec ecxovraT da
gafantulnic yofiliyvnen, rogorc moxda
zogierTi otomanuri mileTis SemTxvevaSi; ix.
armstrongTan (Armstrong 1982: Tavi 7).
11 es gansazRvrebebi ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1986:
Tavi 2; 1991: Tavi 1). ix., agreTve, motilTan (Motyl
1999: Tavebi 4–5).
12 naciebi ubralod eTnieebis delokalizebul da
politizebul formebs ar warmoadgenen, rogorc
amas akzini (Akzin 1964) amtkicebda; Yyvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, eTnie iseve SeiZleba iyos didic
xalxmravalic da politikurad organizebulic,
rogorc eTnikuri saxelmwifo. xolo rac nacias
eTniesagan ganasxvavebs, (sajaro) kulturis tipia,
(erTiani teritoriuli) ekonomika da
samarTlebrivi wesrigi (yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo
ufleba-movaleobani). am TvalsazrisTa damuSavebis

204
 magaliTi ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 2000a: Tavi 3), da
qvemoT, mexuTe TavSi.
13 saerTaSoriso politikaSi modernuli diasapora-
erTobebis rolis Sesaxeb ix. Seferi (Sheffer 1986);
xolo modernuli multilokaluri somxuri
diasporas Taobaze ix. panosiani (Panossian 2000).
14 aq Cven ori saxis ‘warumatebeli’ nacionalizmi
SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan: eTnikuri
kategoriis anu eTnies warumatebloba mZlavri
nacionalisturi moZraobis ganviTarebaSi; da am
nacionalizmis warumatebloba politikuri
miznebis miRwevaSi. pirveli saxis warumateblobis
magaliTebad oqsitanebi an koptebi SeiZleba
miviCnioT, maSin roca qurTebi da Tamilebi
(dRemde) SeiZleba meore saxis ‘warumateblobis’
magaliTad mogvexmo. ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1983:
Tavi 9).
15 termin ‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ Taobaze ix. zartmani
(Zartmann 1964). eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis koloniuri
xelisuflebebis mier Seqmnili axal teritoriuli
sazRvrebis efeqts aRwers horovici (Horowitz 1985:
Tavi 2).
16 aRmosavleT evropaSi eTnikurobisa da enas Soris
arsebuli siRrmiseuli bmebis sakiTxis
originaluri analizisas amgvaria fiSmanis
midgoma (Fishman 1980), romelTa gabundovnebac, misi
SexedulebiT, modernistul midgomebs Cvevad aqvT
gadaqceuli. kritika ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998:
159–161).
17 am saxis intergeneraciuli analizis saWiroebis
Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi centraluria armstrongisa
(Armstrong 1982: Tavi 1) da, sazogadod, istoriuli
eTnosimbolizmis mimdevarTaTvis.

Tavi 2 ideologiebi

1 nacionalisturi ideologiis inteleqtualuri da

moraluri kritikisaTvis ix. minogu (Minogue 1967),
dani (Dunn 1978: Tavi 3) da pareki (Parekh 1995).

205
2 adreuli nacionalisti moazrovneebis erTgvari
arasruli Sefasebis mcdeloba ix. baronTan (Baron
1960), konTan (Kohn 1965, 1967a da 1967b) da
virolisTan (Viroli 1995); Sdr., agreTve, sluga (Sluga
1998).
3 rasakvirvelia, es naciebis sasruli bunebidan
gamomdinareobs; rogorc andersoni (Anderson 1991)
Segvaxsenebs, yovelTvis moiZebnebian naciis gareT
myofi adamianebi.
4 Cven SegviZlia vikiTxoT: mainc ras warmoadgendnen
‘nacionaluri komunizmebi’, nacionaluri
mimarTulebis komunizmebs, Tu komunisturi
mimarTulebis nacionalizmebs? amis Sesaxeb ix.
kaucki (Kautsky 1962: Sesavali da louentalis
statia).
5 kamaTi saxelmwifoebriobas moklebuli naciebis,
rogorc politikuri aqtorebis, mniSvnelobis
zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. gibernausTan (Guibernau
1999).
6 evropul istoriaSi iridentizmis rolis Sesaxeb
ix. seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 3) da
alteri (Alter 1989); afrikaSi arsebuli
iridentizmisa da sazRvrebis Taobaze ix. asivaju
(Asiwaju 1985); xolo kavkasiuri iridentizmebisa da
separatizmebisaTvis ix. raiti, goldenbergi da
Sofildi (Wright, Goldenberg and Schofield 1996).
iridentizmsa da separatizms Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb ix. horovicTan (Horowitz
1992).
7 fixtes, ianisa da miuleris ideebis Sesaxeb ix.
keduri (Kedourie 1960) da koni (Kohn 1965).
rasakvirvelia, patriotebisaTvis frangul
revoluciaSi pirvelxarisxovani Zmuri
siyvarulisa da erTianobis ideebi iyo; ix. Sama
(Schama 1989: Tavi 12).
8 herderis Sesaxeb ix. barnardis (Barnard 1965) da
berlinis (Berlin 1976) brwyinvale gamokvlevebi.
‘nacionaluri gamoRviZebis’ metaforebis Taobaze
ix. pirsoni (Pearson 1993); nacionalizmis mier

206
 samecniero disciplinebis gamoyeneba e.d.smiTma
gamoikvlia (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 7).
9 warmoSobisa da STamomavlobis nacionalisturi
miTebis analizi ix. statiebSi hoskingisa da
Sopflinis redaqciiT gamocemuli krebulidan
(Hosking and Schöpflin 1997) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith
1999a: Tavi 2). ix., agreTve, Tamas hoferis
saintereso moxseneba (‘glexuri kulturebis
eTnikuri modeli’) ‘avTenturi’ glexuri kulturis
ungruli modelis Sesaxeb (Suger 1980).
10 arqeologiaze nacionalizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb ix.
diaz-endriu da Cempioni (Diaz–Andreu and Champion
1996), da jounsi (Jones 1997). israelis nacionaluri
tradiciis Sesaqmnelad istoriisa da arqeologiis
gamoyenebis aRwera mocemuli aqvs zerubavels
(Zerubavel 1995).
11 jgufis Rirsebis cneba horovicma gamoikvlia
(Horowitz 1985: Tavebi 4–5). zogierTi aziuri
magaliTisaTvis ix. statiebi tonesonisa da
antlovis (Tønnesson and Antlov 1996), da leiferis
(Leifer 2000) redaqciiT^gamosul krebulebSi.
12 es garemoeba wamoWris saintereso kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara aTenis, spartas,
florenciisa da veneciis msgavsi qalaq-
saxelmwifoebis miCneva mcire masStabis naciebad,
aris Tu ara maTi ‘patriotizmi’ nacionalizmis
WeSmaritad moqalaqeobrivi tipi an misi
prototipi (ix. Cohen 2000). respublikur
patriotizmsa da (germanul eTnokulturul)
nacionalizms Soris gansxvavebebis aRweris arcTu
savsebiT warmatebuli mcdeloba ix. virolisTan
(Viroli 1995); Zveli berZnuli polisis SemTxvevaSi
arsebuli zogierTi konteqstualur sxvaobisaTvis
Sdr. (Fondation Hardt 1962) da fainli (Finley 1986:
Tavi7).
13 ix. maTosianis klasikuri analizi (Matossian 1962).
daniur SemTxvevisaTvis ix. ulf ostergardis
‘glexebi da danielebi: daniuri nacionaluri
identoba da politikuri kultura’ elisa da sunis
redaqciiT gamosul krebulSi (Eley and Suny 1996).

207
14 es dargi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde SedarebiT
ugulebelyofili iyo. Tu ar CavTvliT, husenis
(Hoosen 1994), da herbisa da kaplanis (Herb and Kaplan
1999) mier Sedgenil sasargeblo krebulebs. garda
amisa, kanaduri da Sveicaruli eTnikuri birTvis
SesaniSnavi analizi mocemulia kaufmanisa da
cimeris mier (Kaufman and Zimmer 1998).
15 amgvari romatikuli, populisturi elementebis
povna TviT moqalaqeobriv da teritorialur
nacionalizmebSic SeiZleba, magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da meqsikaSi; ix. tuvesoni
(Tuveson 1968) da adesi (Ades 1989) da meqsikuri
eTnikuri kulturebis SesaniSnavi gadmocema
gutieresis mier (Gutierrez 1999).
16 durkhaimisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. mitCeli
(Mitchell 1931). brZolis velze
dacemulTaMmosaxsenebeli ceremoniebis rolis
Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, germaniaSi ix. mosi (Mosse
1975, 1990 da 1994).
17 nacionalizmis tipologiis analizi ix. e.d.smiTTan
(A.D.Smith 1983: Tavebi 8–9); Sdr., agreTve, plamenacs
(Plamenatz 1976).
18 germaniis idealis Taobaze ix. lobera (Llobera 1994:
nawili I); xolo veberis nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix.
biTemi (Beetham 1974). lingvisturidan ufro
rasobriv germanul nacionalizmze gadasvla kons
(Kohn 1965) da breCers (Bracher 1973) aqvT
gaanalizebuli.
19 konis diqotomiis kritikisaTvis ix. haTCinsoni
(Hutchinson 1987: Tavi 1); da, agreTve, ix. e.d.smiTi
(A.D. Smith 1983: Tavi 8).
20 ix. heisi (Hayes 1931) da snaideri (Snyder 1976); Sdr.
tili (Tilly 1975: Sesavali da daskvna) da seton-
uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 1).

Tavi 3 paradigmebi

1 revoluciuri fêtes Sesaxeb ix. herberti (Herbert

1972); ix., agreTve, krou (Crow 1985: Tavi 7)

208
 revoluciamde da revoluciis periodSi daviTisa
da sxvaTa xelovnebis da am ukanasknelis
politikasTan kavSiris Taobaze.
2 ganmanaTlebluri safuZveli da misi gavlena
revoluciaze beikers aqvs gamokvleuli (Baker
1988). franguli revoluciisa da nacionalizmis
Sesaxeb ix. kobeni (Cobban 1963), koni (Kohn 1967b) da
o’braieni (O’Brien 1988b).
3 safrangeTSi revoluciis Semdgomi moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb ix. brubeikeri (Brubaker 1992). naciebisa da
nacionalizmis genderizireba revoluciisa da
romanticizmis droidan moyolebuli kargad
dokumentirebuli da gaanalizebulia slugasTan
(Sluga 1998).
4 rusosa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. kobeni
(Cobban 1964) da koleri (Cohler 1970). safrangeTSi
klasikuri modelebisadmi dabrunebis Taobaze ix.
kobeni (Cobban 1963: 162–169) da kenedi (Kennedy 1989:
Tavi 4).
5 realurad, sociologiur modernizms is pozicia
ukavia, rom (a) nacionalizmi axalic aris da
siaxlec, (b) naciebi da nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebic aseve axali da siaxlea da (g)
yvela es nacionaluri fenomeni modernuli epoqis
da/an modernizaciis Sedegebs warmoadgens. bevrad
ufro vrclad ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998:
nawili I).
6 nairnis bolodroindeli Sroma (Nairn 1997) met
mniSvnelobas aniWebs socialur fsiqologiasa da
kulturul anTropologias, gansakuTrebiT ki
nacionalobis kulturul da socialur Zalas.
maSin roca, heCTeri nacionalizmis ufro
politikuri, racionaluri arCevanis, modelisaken
ixreba (Hetcher 1992 da 2000).
7 im sxva mkvlevrebs, romlebic nacionalisturi
ideologiis gansakuTrebul rolsa da Zalas
usvamen xazs, ganekuTvnebian kapfereri (Kapferer
1988), o’braieni (O’Brien 1988a), iurgensmaieri
(Juergensmeyer 1993) da van der veeri (Van der Veer
1994).

209
8 nacionalizmisa da arqeologiis
urTierTdamokidebulebisadmi interesis
bolodroindeli zrda da arqeologiis
politikuri konteqsti SeiniSneba kolTan da
fosetTan (Kohl and Fawcett 1995), diaz–andreusa da
CempionTan (Diaz–Andreu and Champion 1996), da diaz–
andreusa da e.d.smiTTan (Diaz–Andreu and A.D.Smith
2001).
9 miuxedavad imisa, rom gangrZobadi da periodulad
ganmeorebadi perenializmebi analitikurad
gancalkevebadia erTmaneTisagan, praqtikulad maTi
gamyofi xazi mtkiced da myarad dafiqsirebuli
araa.Gzogi iseTi mkvlevris SromaSi, rogoric jon
armstrongia (Armstrong 1982), orive tips SeiZleba
gadavawydeT: konkretuli naciebis (sparselebis,
somxebis) warmoSobis kvleva Sexamebulia Sua
saukuneebis axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi
mudmivad ganaxlebad naciadyofnis fenomenis da
naciebis kvlevasTan; gvaqvs, erTis mxriv,
modernuli nacionaluri identobebis neli
amozrda Suasaukunoebrivi fesvebidan, xolo,
meores mxriv, eTnikur da nacionaluri identobaTa
la longue durée uwyveti formireba da re-formireba.
10 nacionalisturi naturalizmisa da esencializmis
kritikisaTvis ix. penrouzi (Penrose 1995); Sdr.,
agreTve, brubeikeri (Brubaker 1996: Tavi 1), xolo
nacionalizmis konstruqcionistuli da
feministuri kritikis konteqstSi ix. iuval–devisi
(Yuval–Davis 1977).
11 primordializmSi SesavlisaTvis ix. steki (Stack
1986: Sesavali). teritoriis, rogorc sicocxlis
gamavrcobeli Zalis idea, grosbis mieraa
SemoTavazebuli (Grosby 1995); Sdr.
primordializmis elerisa da kuglaniseul
kritikasa (Eller and Coughlan 1993) da grosbis pasuxs
(Grosby 1994), agreTve e.d.smiTis mier gadmocemul
diskusias (A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi7).
12 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi eTnikurobisa da
instrumentalizmis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani
literatura moipoveba. kerZod, ix. herbergi

210
 (Herberg 1960); gleizieri da moinaiheni (Glazer and
Moynihan 1963: Sesavali); beli (Bell 1975); gansi (Gans
1979); okamura (Okamura 1981); da skoti (Scott 1990).
13 ZiriTadad amas Seexeba jon armstrongis mier
premodernul islamur da qristianul
civilizaciebSi eTnikuri identobebis pioneruli
gamokvleva (Armstrong 1982).
14 koloniuri nigeriis detaluri gamokvlevis gziT,
eTnikurobis da naciadyofnis aseTi xasiaTis
adreuli klasikuri analizi ix. koulmenTan
(Colemman 1958, gansakuTrebiT, DdanarTi).
15 miuxedavad amisa, ar unda gavazviadoT subieqturi
elementebis roli. eTnosimbolistebis mier
eTnieebi iseT sociokulturul formaciebad
moiazreba, romlebic sociologiur axsnas
saWiroebs; isini, pirvel rigSi, gancdil da
namoqmedar realobebs moicavs da ara diskursul
formaciebs. nacionalizmis, rogorc qcevis
formis, Taobaze ix. besinjeri (Beissinger 1998).

Tavi 4 Teoriebi

1 maikl heCTerma sul axlaxan wamoayena

nacionalizmis Teoria arapirdapiridan pirdapir
mmarTvelobze gadasvlis azriT (Hechter 2000),
risTvisac racionaluri arCevani savsebiT
modernistuli paradigmis SigniT arsebul
politikur struqturul midgomas Seuxama. sxva
bolodroindeli midgomebi qvemoT, meeqvse TavSia
ganxiluli. TiToeuli maTgani imave modernistuli
paradigmis farglebSi moqmedebs, romlis
aRmatebasac isini gansxvavebuli gzebiT
eswrafvian.
2 kedurisaTvis, rogorc kantis, ise herderis
doqtrinebi, ganmanaTleblobis mier garkveulobisa
da srulyofilebis Ziebis produqtia. magram,
faqtobrivad, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da
avTenturobis herderiseuli ideebi, rusos
naturalizmTan erTad, ganmanaTleblobis
racionalizmisa da universalizmis kritikas

211
 warmoadgens; ix. barnardi (Barnard 1969) da berlini
(Berlin 1999: Tavi 3).
3 ufro sruli kritika ix. haTCinsonTan (Hutchinson
1987: Tavi 1) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi 2).
gelneris Teoria iseve, rogorc misi adrindeli
Sexedulebebi, am bolo dros mwvaved gaakritika
o’lirim (O’Leary 1998). gelneris Teoriis sxva,
modernistuli Sefasebebi ix. holTan (Hall 1998).
4 ix. nairnis gviandeli, ufro socialur-
fsiqologiuri da anTropologiuri analizi (Nairn
1997, gansakuTrebiT, Sesavali da Tavi 5).
5 evropaSi bolodroindeli, 1989 wlis Semdgomi
nacionalizmebis, gelneris TeoriiT didad
davalebuli, gadmocema ix. dikhofTan (Dieckhoff
2000).
6 umarTebulod meCveneba keduris mcdeloba, rom
modernuli nacionalizmi antinomuri
Suasaukuneobrivi milenianuri qristianobidan
gamoiyvanos; ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1979: Tavi 2).
Tumca, nacionalizmis dakavSirebiT religiasTan,
swored kedurim gza gauxsna nacionalzmTa
mravalferovnebisa da maT mier gamowveuli
vnebebis ufro srul aRweras.
7 heCTers magaliTad boSebis saintereso SemTxveva
moaqvs. isini SedarebiT daxurul erTobas qmnian,
sulerTia iqneba es arCevanis Tu aucileblobis
mizeziT (Hechter 1988: 275–276). boSebis Sesaxeb ix.
kerniki da paqsoni (Kernick and Puxon 1972).
8 magram sapirispiro SemTxvevebzec SeiZleba
dafiqreba rogorebicaa, magaliTad, palestinuri
intifada israelis Zlieri saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg, anda irlandiuri nacionalisturi
reaqcia mZlavr britanul represiebze, romelic
1916 wlis saaRdgomo ajanyebas mohyva. metic,
iugoslaviaSi 1980 wels titos gardacvalebis
Semdeg gadasvla moxda mmarTvelobis ufro sust,
naklebad centralizebul da kolegialur
sistemaze, romelmac niadagi moumzada
eTnonacionalistur Zaladobas; ix. rameti (Ramet
1996, gansakuTrebiT, I da IV nawilebi).

212
9 aq kvlav iugoslaviis magaliTi gvagondeba: gana
SeeZleboda vinmes aexsna nacionalizmebis
intensivoba da Zaladoba meore msoflio omis
saerTo maxsovrobis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad
(ustaSebis mier serbTa xocva-Jletis xsovnis
CaTvliT)? irlandiaSi maxsovrobis rolis
Taobaze ix. laionsi (Lyons 1979) da haTCinsoni
(Hutchnson 1987: Tavebi 2–4).
10 es myari Tvalsazrisic joSua fiSmanma SeimuSava
(Fishman 1980). modernistebisgan gansxvavebiT,
fiSmani xazs usvams ‘aramobilizebuli
eTnikurobis’ yvelganmyofobasa da xangrZliv
xasiaTs. ix. agreTve neSi (Nash 1989).
11 aq konoris argumenti iujin veberis im Teziss
eyrdnoba (Weber 1979), romlis mixedviTac mxolod
XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis, mesame respublikis
mier gatarebuli modernizaciis politikis
Sedegad iqca safrangeTSi xalxis didi masa –
glexebi – namdvil frangebad Tavisi kulturiTa
da msoflxedviT. magram aqedan sulac ar
gamomdinareobs, rom frang naciaze laparaki XIX
saukunis dasasrulamde ar SeiZleba.
instituciurad, kulturulad da politikurad
frangi ‘nacia’ am TariRze bevrad ufro adre
moevlina samyaros da ganaTlebuli klasebis
cnobierebasa da qcevaSi, sul mcire, XVI
saukunidan mainc cocxlobda da moqmedebda.
magaliTisaTvis ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997: Tavi 4);
xolo ufro adreuli periodisaTvis – biuni
(Beaune 1985).
12 beli (Bell 1975) da brasi (Brass 1991) sakuTari,
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gzebiT cdiloben
instrumentalistur CarCoSi moaqcion emocia da
simbolizmi, awonasworeben ra ‘interessa’ da
‘afeqts’.
13 saxelmwifoze koncentrirebuli sxva
modernistuli midgomisaTvis ix. tili (Tilly 1975:
Sesavali da daskvna) ufro geopolitikuri
midgomebisaTvis ix. oriji (Orridge 1982) da meioli
(Mayall 1990). makkroni gawonasworebulad

213
 gadmoscems ‘saxelmwifosa da naciis’ Taobaze
mimdinare debatebs (McCrone 1998: Tavi 5).
14 irlandiuri da uelsuri ‘naciebis’ adreuli
SemTxvevebic arsebobs, romlebsac, Tumca arasodes
hqoniaT erTiani saxelmwifo, mainc gansakuTrebul
lingvisturi kulturebi, teritoriebi da bevri
wevrisaTvis saerTo zogierTi samarTlebrivi
ufleba hqondaT, iseve rogorc gareSes
gamokveTili grZnoba; ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997:
Tavi 3). sainteresoa Sveicariis SemTxvevac,
romelic, sul mcire, XV saukunis Semdeg TiTqos
Zvel konfederaciaSi (Eidgenossenschaft) Sedioda da,
romelmac 1291 wels rutlis fici dado da mas
habsburgi mmarTvelebis mxridan Tavisi adrindeli
Tavisuflebebis xelyofisadmi winaaRmdegobis
iaraRad iyenebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.
steinbergi (Steinberg 1976) da im hofi (Im Hof 1991).
agreTve, Sveicarul nacionalur identobaSi
‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’ komponentebis
cimeriseuli damafiqrebeli analizi (Zimmer 1999).
15 Canasaxovan mdgomarobaSi myofi germanuli
nacionaluri sentimentis renesansis humanistebis
mier Sedgenili aRweriloba ix. konTan (Kohn 1967a:
Tavi 4), xolo ‘germaniis’ Suasaukuneobrivi
samflobelos formirebis analizi – loberasTan
(Llobera 1994: nawili I).
16 germanuli da afrikaneruli nacionalizmebis
Zalian gansxvavebuli gadmocemebisa da maTi
miTebis Sesaxeb ix. koni (Kohn 1965) da kauTeni
(Cauthen 1997 da 2000). SeerTebuli Statebisa da
misi miTis providencialuri misiis Sesaxeb
(‘gancxadebuli bediswera’) ix. tuvesoni (Tuveson
1968), o’braieni (O’Brien 1988a) da grinfeldi
(Greenfeld 1992: Tavi 5).
17 amis msgavsad, haTCinsoni miiCnevs (Hutchinson 1987:
Tavi 1), rom kulturuli da politikuri
nacionalizmebi ar unda gavaerTianoT; swored
esaa mis mier keduris kritikisas arsebiTi momenti.

214
18 saxelmwifoebisa da eTnieebis fardobiTi wonis
Taobaze gamarTuli Semdgomi kamaTi ix. e.d.smiTTan
(A.D.Smith 1998: Tavebi 4, 8).
19 hobsbaumisagan gansxvavebiT, andersoni fiqrobs,
rom naciebsa da nacionalizms bediT ar uweriaT
arsebobis Sewyveta postmodernul epoqaSi. magram
amgvari mtkicebuleba iolad sulac ar
gamomdinareobs miseuli Teoriis modernistuli
elementebidan. aucilebelia mivmarToT sxva
elementebs anda mis midgomaSi aRniSnul
‘fatalurobebs’ – daviwyebis SiSsa da globaluri
lingvisturi babilonis godols – rom misma
winaswarmetyvelebam azri SeiZinos. ix. andersoni
(Anderson 1999).
20 andersoni xazs usvams nacionalizmis kognitur
aspeqts da mogviwodebs nacionalizmSi, upirveles
yovlisa, garkveuli politikuri praqtikisa da
kategorizaciebisaken mimarTuli ‘diskursiuli
warmonaqmni’ davinaxoT; kerZod, ix. brubeikeri
(Brubaker 1996) da kalhuni (Calhoun 1997). andersonis
naazrevis ufro istoriuli da struqturuli
gamoyenebisaTvis ix. kitromilidisi (Kitromilides
1989).
21 hobsbaumis gadmocemam Zalze Zlieri gavlena
moaxdina; magaliTisaTvis ix. israelis
nacionalizmis ramiseuli gadmocema (Ram 1995) da
XIX saukunis dasasrulis Sveicaruli
nacionalizmis gadmocema kreisis mier (Kreis 1991).
Semdgomi analizi ix. qvemoT, mexuTe TavSi.
22 berZnuli gangrZobadobis elementebis Sesaxeb,
bizantiuri epoqidan mainc, ix. kempbeli da
Sererdi (Campbell and Sherrerd 1968: Tavi 1), da
armstrongi (Armstrong 1982: 174–181). ix., agreTve,
rudometovi (Roudometov 1998).
23 ‘oqros xanis’ miTebis analizisaTvis ix. hoskingi
da Sopflini (Hosking and Schöpflin 1997). Cemi
eTnosimbolisturi midgomis ufro sruli
gadmocemisaTvis ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1999a:
Sesavali; 2000a: Tavi 3).

215
24 eTnikurobis cnebasTan, umetesad mis
mouxelTeblobasTan, dakavSirebiT, rasakvirvelia,
arsebobs problemebi. zogierTi (gansakuTrebiT,
anTropologebi) amas Tavs aaridebda. sxva
naciebisa da nacionalizmebis axsnisaTvis am faqts
naklebmniSvnelovnad miiCnevda; ix., magaliTad,
puli (Poole 1999: 34–43). amgvar Tavis aridebas an
ignorirebas SeiZleba raRac saerTo hqondes
eTnikuri sentimentebis damRupvel politikur
gamoyenebebTan, ramdenadac inteleqtualTa
seriozuli eWviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
monawileTa qmedeba da vneba gansazRvrulia, es
ararealisturi da gamouvali mdgomareobiT
nakarnaxev rCevad moCans. ramdenadac sakuTriv
eTnikurobas naciebisa da nacionalizmis
saTaveebisa da mimzidvelobis ‘axsna’ ar ZaluZs,
miTebi saerTo warmoSobaze da eTnikuri
mijaWvulobebi mkafiod unda gamoixatos naciebisa
da nacionalizmis problemebisadmi istoriul
midgomaSi. eTnikurobisadmi gansxvavebuli
anTropologiuri midgomebis dawvrilebiTi
ganxilva ix. eriksenTan (Eriksen 1993).

Tavi 5 istoriani

1 evropuli nacionalizmebis meore talRis Sesaxeb

ix. trevor-roperi (Trevor-Roper 1961). nacionalizmis
ideologiuri variaciebi ganxilulia hiesisa (Hayes
1931) da konis (Kohn 1967a) mier.
2 ufro adrindeli versiisaTvis ix. snaideri (Snyder
1954) da koni (Kohn 1955); xolo ufro
gviandelisaTvis ix. snaideri (Snyder 1976), alteri
(Alter 1989) da Sulci (Schulze 1996).
3 gelneri naciebis zomisa da masStabis originalur
sociologiur axsnas gvTavazobs (Gellner 1973); ix.,
agreTve, habsburgTa imperiaSi gamovlenili,
argailis mier moxmobili magaliTebi (Argyle 1976).
4 socialuri evoluciis am mTavari tendenciis
Taobaze ix. parsonsi (Parsons 1966).
‘naciaTmSeneblobisa’ da moqalaqeobis modeli

216
 aRwerilia doiCTan da folcTan (Deutsch and Foltz
1963), da bendiqsTan (Bendix 1996).
5 hobsbaumis midgomam bevr mecnierze iqonia gavlena
(ix. zemoT, Tavi 4, SeniSvna 21). adre aRniSnul
magaliTebs SeiZleba daematos kitromilidisis
mosazreba, rom berZeni istorikosebis mier
saberZneTis bizantiasTan identificireba
SedarebiT bolodroindeli movlenaa (Kitromilides
1998), da im azris zerubavelis analizi, rac
israelebma mianiWes bar-koxbas amboxebasa da
masadas miTs (Zerubavel 1995).
6 nacionalizmTa am nairsaxeobebis Sesaxeb ix. koni
(Kohn 1967a), snaideri (Snyder 1976) da gilberti
(Gilbert 1998).
7 aq naCvenebia grinfeldiseuli Suasaukuneobrivi
gamoyenebebis SezRudulobis (ix. Greenfeld 1992:
Sesavali) implicituri kritika. ufro didi
mniSvneloba msoflio krebebze ‘nacionalur’
dayofebs eniWeboda, rac SuasaukuneebSi farTo
gamoyenebas asaxavda.
8 esaa brilis mier modernizmis sasargeblod
wamoyenebuli mTavari argumenti (Breuilly 1993),
romelsac xazi gausves bendiqsma (Bendix 1996) da,
impliciturad, konorma (Connor 1994: Tavi 9).
9 teleologiuri elementi seton-uotsonis
midgomaSi siuzan reinoldsma gaakritika (Reynolds
1984: Tavi 8). misi SexedulebiT, Suasaukuneobrivi
erTobebis klasificireba retrospeqtulad,
sakuTari sazRvrebisa da sentimentebis (rogorc
modernul naciebad winaswar navaraudebi
gardaqmnis pirveli niSnebis) mqone embrionul
naciebad ki ar unda moxdes, aramed isini unda
ganvixiloT rogorc erTobebi sakuTari wes-
CveulebebiT, kanonmdeblobiT, memkvidreobiT da
mmarTvelobiT, anu rogorc regna TavianTi saxalxo
sentimentebiT, ris gamoc saxeldebulni rogorc
‘samefo’. miuxedavad amisa, paraleli, erTis mxriv,
am adreul Suasaukuneobriv erTobebsa da
samefoebs, xolo, meores mxriv, modernul naciebsa
da nacionalur sentimentebs Soris, aSkaraa; Cven

217
 aRar gvacvifrebs maT Soris urTierTkavSiris
SesaZlebloba. ix. loberas komentari: ‘modernuli
nacionalizmebi Suasaukunoebrivi realobebis
rekreaciebs warmoadgens; faqtobrivad, maT
mxolod maSin SeuZliaT miaRwion warmatebas,
rodesac Suasaukuneobriv warsulSi aqvT fesvi
gadgmuli, Tundac masTan kavSiri arasworxazovani
iyos’ (Llobera 1994: 86).
10 ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997): ‘naciebisa da
nacionalizmis gageba mxolod maSin waiwevs win,
roca ukugdebul iqneba maTi ganuxreli kavSiri
sazogadoebis modernizacasTan’.
11 Suasaukuneobrivi ‘naciebis’ sxva saintereso
SemTxvevebisaTvis ix. noli – XV saukunis
polonuri nacionaluri cnobierebis Sesaxeb (Knoll
1993), im hofi – XV da XVI saukuneebis Sveicaruli
konfederaciis qronikebSi dafiqsirebuli adreuli
bazisuri miTebis rolis Sesaxeb (Im Hof 1991) da
uebsteri – damoukideblobisaTvis warmoebuli
omebis Semdeg Sotlandiuri nacionaluri
sentimentebis zrdis Sesaxeb (Webster 1997). ix.,
agreTve, Tanamedrove Sotlandielebis mier
premodernuli Sotlandiuri identobis
gamoyenebebis iCijouseuli analizi (Ichijo 1998),
romelic Semdgomi kvlevis survils aRZravs.
12 sxva gamokvlevebi aqcents am periodze akeTeben,
romelmac inglisuri nacionalizmi Camoayaliba.
ix. koni (Kohn 1940), da korigani da seieri (Corrigan
and Sayer 1985). am periodSi britaneTis kunZulebze
arsebuli politikis, religiisa da eTnikurobis
urTierTdamokidebulebs kompleqsurobas ufro
frTxilad ekideba kidi (Kidd 1999). britanuli
nacionalizmis Semdgomdroindeli zrdis Taobaze
ix. koli (Colley 1992).
13 gelneris msgavsad, heistingsic amtkicebs, rom
islamisaTvis nacionalizmi miuRebelia, radganac
yvelafris momcveli umas miseuli koncefciiT
nacia mokveTilia, xolo yuranze dafuZnebuli
arabulis sakraluri statusis Sesaxeb misi
daJinebuli mtkiceba gamoricxavs vernakuluri

218
 enebis sakralizebas raime formiT. amis
sawinaaRmdegod Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT im
xerxze, romliTac kaTolikurma eklesiam da
saqristianom aRkveTa da xeli SeuSala naciebis
warmoSobas, da imaze, Tu rogor ekava vulgatas
laTinurs arabulis msgavsi adgili
reformaciamde. XI saukunidan moyolebuli, arc
arabebis pirveloba uSlida xels sparsuli
eTnikurobisa da enis aRorZinebas an Turqulisa
da sxva eTnikurobebis SenarCunebas islamis
farglebSi. garda amisa, ulemebi exmareboda
erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil islamur
dinastiur saxelmwifoebs, romlebic xSirad
premodernuli eTnikuri sentimentebiT
sazrdoobdnen da Zlierdebodnen. ix. armstrongi
(Armstrong 1982: Tavi 3) da frai (Frye 1975).
14 heistingsis kriteriumebis mixedviT, gviani
antikurobis ‘naciaTa’ siaSi SegveZlo Segveyvana
maronitebi, koptebi da samaritianelebic, ris
Sesaxebac ix. atia (Atiayah 1968), purvisiP(Purvis 1968)
da e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 5).
15 budizmis, rogorc gansxvavebuli politikuri
religiis, xedvis Taobaze ix. sarqisianci (Sarkisyanz
1964) da d.i.smiTi (D.E.Smith 1974), xolo
Suasaukuneobrivi Sri-lankis eTnikurobisa da
religiis da misi modernul nacionalizmTan
kavSiris Taobaze ix. robertsi (Roberts 1993) da
subaratnami (Subaratnam 1997).
16 ‘eTnikurobis’ problematuri bunebis Sesaxeb ix.
zemoT, meoTxe Tavi, SeniSvna 24. sxvagvari
kritikisaTvis ix. statiebi uilsmenisa da
makalisteris (Wilsmen and McAllester 1996), da
kalhunis (Calhoun 1997) redaqciiT gamocemul
krebulebSi.
17 Tvalsazrisebi uelselebisa da irlandielebis
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb ix. uiliamsTan (Williams 1985)
da de paorTan (de Paor 1986).
18 ufro zusti imis Tqma iqneboda, rom, am
SemTxvevebSi, saxelmwifo da nacia viTardebian pari
passu da erTmaneTs aZliereben. modernizmisa da

219
 eTnocentrizmis mentaluri ‘blokpostebis’ Sesaxeb
ix. fiSmani (Fishmaan 1980).
19 gelneric mzad iyo emtkicebina nacionaluri
sentimentebis adreuli gamoCena inglisSi (Gellner
1983: 91–92, sqolio); Sdr. missave Sexedulebas
(Gellner 1997: 51), rom dasavleT evropis did
arealSi kulturisa da saxelmwifo wyobis
erTianoba imaze bevrad ufro adre dafuZnda,
vidre amas modernuli (industriuli)
sazogadoebis logika moiTxovda. es imaze
miuTiTebs, rom mizezs inglisis an britaneTis
kunZulebis raime gansakuTrebuloba ki ar
warmoadgens, aramed dasavleT evropis
geopolitikuri da kulturuli rukebi, ris
Sesaxebac ix. oriji (Orridge 1982).
20 ebrauli diasporisa da misi aSkenazebad da
sefardebad dayofis Sesaxeb ix. seltceri (Seltzer
1980), elazari (Elazar 1986), keduri (Kedourie 1992) da
goldbergi (Goldberg 1996).
21 nacionalizmsa da teritorias Soris arsebuli
mWidro istoriuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb ix. statiebi
husonis (Hooson 1994), da herbisa da kaplanis (Herb
and Kaplan 1999) redaqciiT gamosul krebulebSi.
Sama maxsovrobisa da landSaftis damafiqrebel
gadmocemas gvTavazobs (Schama 1995, gansakuTrebiT,
Tavebi 1–4). ruseTis mravlismomcveli gamokvleva
ix. basinTan (Bassin 1991); xolo sakraluri
teritoriebisaTvis ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1999b).
22 igive Tvalsazrisi, Zvel ebraelebTan
dakavSirebiT mainc, gaziarebulia brendonTan
(Brandon 1967) da sternTan (Stern 1972). ufro
zogadad drodadro ganmeorebadi
perenializmisaTvis ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1982).
23 ufro sruli ganxilva ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith
2000a: Tavi 2).
24 Zvel msoflioSi am xalxebis Sesaxeb ufro meti
informaciisaTvis ix. uaizmani (Wiseman 1973) da
e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavebi 2–5). Zveli da Sua
saukuneebis iranis Sesaxeb ix. frai (Frye 1966 da

220
 1975); xolo faraonTa egviptis xelaxeli
aRmoCenisa da aRorZinebis Sesaxeb ix. gerSoni da
jenkovski (Gershni and Jankowski 1987). zogadad
diasporebis Sesaxeb ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1976)
da koeni (Cohen 1997).
25 Zvel babilonsa da israelSi am sajaro
ritualebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb ix. frankforti
(Frankfort 1948) da zeitlini (Zeitlin 1984).

Tavi 6 perspeqtivebi

1 ‘naciaTmSeneblobisaTvis’ ix. doiCi (Deutsch 1966).

dekolonizaciaSi nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
gamoyeneba maials aqvs ganxiluli (Myall 1990,
gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4).
2 evropaSi XX saukunis 60–70-ian wlebSi e.w.
‘eTnikuri aRorZinebis’ Sesaxeb didZali
literatura arsebobs; ix., maT Soris, esmani (Esman
1977), stouni (Stone 1979), e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1981a)
da gibernau (Guibernau 1996).
3 sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre saxelmwifoebSi
nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis rolis Sesaxeb ix.
bremeri da tarasi (Bremmer and Taras 1993) da suni
(Suny 1993). aRmosavleT evropis Sesaxeb ix. gleni
(Glenny 1990), xolo balkaneTis Sesaxeb ix. rameti
(Ramet 1996). Tanamedrove evropul, gansakuTrebiT
ki, centralur da aRmosavlur evropul
nacionalizmebSi eTnikurobisa da saxelmwifos
rolis bolodroindeli originaluri Teoriuli
analizi ix. SopflinTan (Schöpflin 2000).
4 ufro sruli ganxilvisaTvis ix. gidensi (Giddens
1985) da e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1995: Tavi 4).
5 soisolTan ix. imis dasabuTeba (Soysal 1994), rom,
Tumca imigrantebs metnaklebad saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli igive
adamianTa uflebebi da SeRavaTebi aqvT, rac
evropuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, es uflebebi
da SeRavaTebi TiToeuli nacionaluri
saxelmwifosTvis specifikuria. evropaSi eTnikur

221
 umciresobebze zemoqmedebaTa Sesaxeb ix., agreTve,
prisi (Preece 1998).
6 evropuli kulturuli ‘identobisa’ da politikuri
unifikaciis ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilva ix.
e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1992), SlesinjerTan (Schlesinger
1992) da pitersTan (Pieterse 1995), xolo kritika –
delantisTan (Delanty 1995).
7 ix., agreTve, baba (Bhabha 1994). axali, ufro
arCeviTi da simboluri eTnikurobebisaTvis,
multikulturul sazogadoebaSi ix. holi (Hall
1992). ix., agreTve, Ddevid mileris Sromisadmi
miZRvnili simpoziumis masalebi o’liris
redaqciiT (O’Leary 1996). multikulturul
argumentebis Zlieri liberaluri
kontrargumentebi ix. barisTan (Barry 1999).
8 ‘safrangeTis’ cnebis gagebebisaTvis dreifusis
saqmis periodSi ix. kedvordi (Kedward 1965), xolo,
ufro zogadad, franguli nacionalizmebis
Taobaze – koni (Kohn 1967b), iujin veberi (Weber
1991) da gildea (Gildea 1994).
9 simboluri eTnikurobis Taobaze ix. gansi (Gans
1979). mravlobiTi, situaciuri identobebis ideis
Sesaxeb ix. kolmeni (Coleman 1958: danarTi), okamura
(Okamura 1981), da balibari da uolersteini (Balibar
and Wallerstein 1991).
10 postmodernuli epoqis teqnologiuri
revoluciebis Sesaxeb ix. harvi (Harvey 1989); ix.,
agreTve, gidensi (Giddens 1991).
11 es paragrafebi efuZneba e.d.smiTs (A.D.Smith 1995:
Tavi 1) da statiebs krebulSi feTerstonis
redaqciiT (Featherstone 1990).
12 genderisa da nacionalizmis urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb mravalricxovani literatura moipoveba;
kerZod, ix. iuval–devisi da anTiasi (Yuval–Davis and
Anthias 1989) da specialuri gamocema kandiotis
redaqciiT (Kandiyoti 2000).
13 omisa da naconalizmis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb
ix. marvikTan (Marwick 1974) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith
1981b); omis msxverplTa moxseniebisa da

222
 wlisTavebis aRniSvnis Taobaze ix. mosi (Mosse
1990), gilisi (Gillis 1994) da uinteri (Winter 1995,
gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4). axal omebSi
partikularistuli jgufebis mier warmoebuli
brZolebis TaviseburebaTa aspeqtebi ix.
kaldorTan (Kaldor 1999, gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4).
14 finelebis mier kalevalas gamoyenebis Taobaze ix.
branCi (Branch 1985: Sesavali); slovakuri
aRorZinebisaTvis – broki (Brock 1976); kievis
ruseTis istoriisa da kazakTa memkvidreobis
aRorZinebisaTvis – subtelni (Subtelny 1994: Tavebi
1–2, 13); xolo didi zimbabves politikisaTvis –
Cemberleni (Chamberlin 1979: 27–35).
15 amgvari gadamwyveti qmedebis karg magaliTs
(gansakuTrebiT zogierT inteleqtualTa Soris)
iZleva postsionistur ganwyobilebaTa
bolodroindeli zrda israelSi, ris Sesaxebac ix.
rami (Ram 1998), Tumca saeWvoa, rom mas
mosaxleobis didi nawili iziarebdes. msgavsi
damokidebuleba elitasa da umravlesobas Soris
SeiZleba SevniSnoT ‘evropul’ mimarTebebSi, ris
Sesaxebac ix. delanti (Delant 1995).
16 es Tezisi ufro srulad ganxilulia e.d.smiTTan
(A.D.Smith 2000b), religiisa da nacionalizmisaTvis
ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1997).

223
 damowmebani

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