RESEARCH
 Demands a clear statement of the
CHAPTER 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research
 Explain the importance of research in
daily life.
 Describe characteristics, processes and
ethics.
 Differentiate qualitative from
quantitative.
Research- systematic inquiry that is designed
to collect, analyze and interpret data to
understand, describe or predict phenomenon.
(Mertens,2015)
Importance of Research Daily Life
Leann Zarah (2017) list 7 reasons why
research is important.
1) A tool for building knowledge and
efficient learning.
2) Means to understand various issues.
3) An aid business success.
4) Way to prove lies and to support truth.
5) Means to find, gauge, and seize
opportunities.
6) Seed to love reading, writing, analyzing,
and sharing valuable information.
7) Nourishment and exercise for the mind.
Seven importance of research
1) Gather necessary information.
2) To make changes.
3) To improve standard of living.
4) To have a safer life.
5) To explore our history.
6) To understand the Arts.
Characteristics of Research (Leedy, 1974)
 Begin with a question.
 Requires a plan.
problem.
 Deals with the main problem through
sub problem.
 Seeks direction through appropriate
hypotheses.
 Deals with facts and meaning
 Research is circular.
Empirical- based on direct experience and
observation of the researcher.
Analytical- utilizes proven analytical procedure.
Systematic- utilizes certain method or
procedures.
Cyclical- starts with problem, end with a
solution or another problem.
Original –research output expected to be a
product of novel ideas and shows originality.
Critical- exhibits careful and precise judgment.
Gary Anderson and Nancy Arsenault (1996)
outlined at least ten characteristics of
research.
1) Attempts to solve a problem.
2) Involves gathering new data from
primary or first hand sources or using
existing data for a new purpose.
3) Based upon observation experience or
empirical evidence.
4) Demands accurate observation and
description.
5) Employs carefully designed procedures
and rigorous analysis.
6) Emphasizes the development of
generalization, principles or theories that
help in understanding, prediction and/or
control.
7) Requires expertise familiarity with the
field, competence in methodology;
 technical skill in colecting and analyzing 14) Animal Care
data. 15) Human Subjects Protection
8) Attempts to find an objective, unbiased 16) Respect for intellectual Property
solution to the problem and to take great
pains to validate procedure employed. Comparison between Qualitative &
9) A deliberate and unhurriedactivity which Quantitave Research
is directional but often refines the
problem or question as the research Qualitative
progresses.
10) Carefully recorded and reported to other Characteristics
persons interested in the problem.
 Soft science.
 Holistic.
 Basis of knowing: meaning and
Basic Processes of Research discovery
 Develops theory.
1) Identity the question or problem.  Methods: Less structured data; gathered
2) Review the existing literature. thru interview, observation, content
3) Clarify the problem. analysis, etc
4) Clearly define terms and concepts.  Asks open- ended questions in an effort
5) Define the population. to explore.
6) Select methods of data collection.  Results may be presented subjectively –
7) Develop the instrumentation plan. may reveal biases, values or
8) Collect data. experiences that impact how the results
9) Analyze data. are interpreted.
10) Write your paper.  Uniqueness
11) Cite your sources properly.
12) Conclude your research. Quantitative
13) Proofread.
14) Share results. Characteristics

Ethical principles  Hard science.

 Reductionist.
1) Honesty.  Basis of knowing: cause and effect
2) Objectivity. relationship.
3) Integrity.
 Highly structures methods: data
4) Carefulness.
gathered thru the use of tools,
5) Openness.
equipment, questionnaires. Etc.
6) Confidentiality.
 Ask closed-ended questions that give
7) Responsible Publication.
quantifiable answers.
8) Responsible Mentoring.
 Statistical analysis Resulys are
9) Respect for Colleagues.
documented using objective language.
10) Social Responsibility.
 Generalization
11) Non-Discrimination
12) Competence
13) Legality
RESEARCH
(Chapter 2)
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
*Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry
that focuses on the way people interpret and
make sense of their experiences and the world
in which they live.
2. Personal Experience and Engagement
*The researcher has direct contact with and
gets close to people, situation and
phenomenon.
*The researcher’s personal experience are an
important of inquiry and critical to
understanding the phenomenon.
3. Emphatic Neutrality

*Qualitative research, also called “naturalistic *An emphatic stance in working w/ study
inquiry” respondents seeks vicarious understanding
w/o judgement. (By showing openness,
sensitivity, respire, awareness, and
responsiveness)
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH 4. Dynamic Systems

A. THE DESIGN *There is attention to process; assumes

1. Naturalistic
*It refers to studying real-world situations as
they unfold naturally; nonmanipulative;
noncontrolling.
2. Emergent
*It means acceptance of adapting inquiry as
understanding deepens and/or situations
change.
change is ongoing, whether the focus is on
individual. An organization, a community, or an
entire culture.
C. The Analysis
1. Unique Case Orientation
*It assumes that each case is special and
unique; the first level of analysis is being true
to, respecting, and capturing the details of the
individual cases being studied.

3. Purposeful 2. Inductive Analysis

*It means cases for study. (ex. People, *Immersion in the details and specifics of the
Organizations, Communities, Cultures, Events, data to discover important patterns, themes,
Critical incidences) and inter-relationships.

B. Collection of data 3. Holistic Perpective

1. Data *The focus is on complex interdependencies

and system dynamics that cannot be reduced
*Observations yield a detailed, “thick in any meaningful way to linear, cause and
description”. effect relationships and/or a few discrete
variables.
4. Context sensitive
* is an awareness by a qualitative researcher
of factors such as values and beliefs that
influence cultural behaviours.
*Allow the researcher to describe the existing
phenomena and current situations.
*Provide holistic view of the phenomena under
investigation.

5. Voice, Perspective, and reflexivity

*This means that the qualitative methodologist 2. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

owns and is reflective about her or his own
voice and perspective. *Drifting away from the original objectives of
the study in response to the changing nature of
APPROACHES in QUALITATIVE the context under which the research is
RESEARCH conducted.

A. Ethnography *Replication of a study is very difficult.

B. Phenomenology *An inability to investigate causality between

different research phenomena.
C. Grounded Theory

D. Historical Approach

E. Case Study IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS

1. Exploration
METHODS in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
*When something is not well defined,
A. Interviews qualitative methods are helpful.
B. Questionnaires
2. Complexity
C. Observations
*Qualitative research can distil the complexity
D. Document Collection into more manageable parts.

3. Context

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF *Understanding the context and environment a

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH user is in provides for better product direction.

1. Strengths of Qualitative Research 4. Explanation

*Obtain a more realistic view of the lived world *When you need to explain linkages or
that cannot be understood or experience in mechanisms that cause things, a qualitative
numerical data and statistical analysis method can be fruitful.

5. Measures do not fit the problem well

*While there are good ways of measuring
usability, many interactions can be hard to
quantify. Observing users as they struggle to
accomplish a goal and probing on the source
of the problems helps define what ultimately
needs to be measured. It’s not very helpful to
precisely measure the wrong thing. Qualitative
data helps uncover the right things to
measure.
CHAPTER 3
IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING
THE PROBLEM
RANGE OF RESEARCH TOPICS IN THE
AREA OF INQUIRY
*Make sure you have enough
resources for your topic Topics not just
discussed in
(books, websites, blogs)
*Check References from Library
Once the topic is chosen
check (net references, school library
database, research website)
*Master the skill of finding the RESEARCH
topic
Find broad topic then narrow it down
Take note of the FF:
1.Narrow down the topic
2.Read P.O.V Related to your topic
3.Choose something that interest you & your
reader
4.Controversial topics(particular perspective
should be focus on)
THE RESEARCH TITLE-Sums up your main
idea short & concise (5-10 substantive
words)
Characteristics Of Research Title
1.Summarizes main idea of the paper
2.Concise statement of the main topic
3.Major variables are indicated
4.Self explanatory
5.Describe/Imply participants of the study
Working Title
- encapsulate your prepared research
-describes early services as anchor of your
study
Final Title
-captures entirely of the study
Subtitle
-common in social sciences
-explains /provide additional context
BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH
- Sets forth history and background information
on research.
Preliminary step in Research
1.Includes review of area
2.Current info about the issue
3.Helps prove relevance of your research
questions.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Fundamental core of the research.
- guides all stages of inquiry( analysis,
methodology, reporting )
- sometimes serves as aims/objectives
- statement that identifies the phenomenon
Two types of Research Questions
1.General Problem – Central questions (serve
as aim)
2.Specific Problem- sub questions (objective)
THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF STUDY
 These are two elements of a research
paper that inform the reader what
information is included in the research
and explain why the author chose that
information.
SCOPE
 It is a section of a research paper that
explains what information or subject is
being analyzed.
 Most research is limited in scope by
sample size, time and geographic area
 The scope considers the variables: age,
civil status, specific population, etc.
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
 It is the explanation of the scope of the
study which allows the writer to discuss
why certain aspects of a subject were
chosen and why other were excluded.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIMITATIONS AND
DELIMITATIONS
 A Limitation identifies potential
weakness of the study. Limitations are
influences that researcher cannot
control.
 A delimitation addresses how a study
will be narrowed in scope, how it is
bounded.
 Delimitations are choices made by the
researcher which should be mentioned.
Defines parameters of investigation
Consider the following in your limitations
section:
 Your analysis
 The nature of self-reporting
 The instruments you utilized
 The sample
HOW TO INDICATE THE “SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY”
1. Start with any of these sample phrases that
express the scope of the study:
* The coverage of this study…….
* The study consist of…..
* The study covers……
* This study focused on…..
2. Explain what information or subject is being
studied or analyzed. Explain the limitation of
the research like:
 Sample size, Time frame, Geographic
area, Subjects, Objectives, Facilities
and the issues to which the research
was focused
3. Start with any of these phrases that express
the delimitation of the study:
* The study does not cover the….
* The researcher limited this research to….
* This study is limited to…..
4. Describe the scope of the study.
> Explain why aspects of a subject were
chosen and why others were excluded.
> Mention the research method used as well as
the certain theories that applied to the data.
> Explain why you are delimiting the research
to a specific geographic location, age, sex,
population traits, population size, and other
similar consideration.
> Identify the constraints or weaknesses of
your research which are not within the control
of the researcher.
BENEFIT AND BENEFICIARIES /
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 Benefits – includes incremental, minute
improvements, as well as deep
transformative influences
 Beneficiaries – includes persons, group
of person, organization/communities or
other legal entity that would benefit with
the research study
 Significance of the Study - declaration
that such study is very important and
necessary
 Overall, it is the contribution of your
study to the body of knowledge
HOW TO WRITE “BENEFIT AND
BENEFICIARIES/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY”
> Identify the beneficiary or beneficiaries.
> Describe the benefit or benefits that will be
derived from the research or study.
THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 Brief piece of writing that usually comes
at the beginning of a report or proposal
to explain the problem or issue the
document is addressing to the reader.
 Problem statements are often used in
the world of business for planning
purposes.
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF A STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM?
 The ultimate goal of a problem
statement is to transform a generalized
problem into a targeted, well-defined
problem one that can be resolve through
focused research and careful decision
making
WHAT ARE THE KEY CHARACTERISTIC OF
A STATEMENT OF PROBLEM?
 Address a gap
 be significant enough to contribute to
the existing body of research
 be one that will lead to more research
 render itself to be investigated via the
collection of data
 be interesting to the researcher and suit
his/her skills, time and resources
 be ethical
WHAT IS THE FORMAT (PARTS OF A
PROBLEM STATEMENT)?
> The ideal
> The reality
> The consequences
HOW TO WRITE “STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM”
* Construct statement 1 by describing a goal or
desired state of given situation or
phenomenon.
* Describe a condition that prevents the goal,
state, or value discussed in step 1 from being
achieved or realized at the present time.
* Connect step 1 and 2 using the term such as
“but,” “however,” “unfortunately,” or “in spite
of.”
* Using specific details show how the situation
in step 2 contains little promise of improvement
unless something is done.

CHAPTER 4: REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Literature – written works (may be research or
study) that has been carried out and published.
Literature Review- synthesis drawing upon a
select list of academic sources; It is
synthesizing the data you’ve gathered from the
literature that you’ve read that has a strong
relation to your topic.
Annotated Bibliography- list of words or
resources accompanied by a short description.
Difference of Literature Review and Annotated
Bibliography:
-A lit review is not just a mere summary of the
literature but also includes explanations and
has a thesis or statement of purpose, while
annotated bibliography focuses more on
describing the content of literature and having
a list of sources without synthesizing it.
FORMAT: Lit review is a prose document,
similar to journal article or essay, not a list of
citation unlike annotated bibliography that is a
list of sources accompanied by annotations.
4 Major Objectives of RRL:
1. Surveys information that is related to
your topic
2. Synthesizes the information into a
summary- it is getting the important
details in the literature.
3. Critically analyses the information and
identifies the gap between your current
knowledge to the new body of
knowledge gained.
4. Present the RRL in an organized way.
HOW TO SELECT AND REVIEW THE
LITERATURE
STEP 1- ‘WHAT’ information to look for and
‘WHERE’ to look for them.
STEP 2- Evaluating Content
Guidelines:
Authority - the credibility and authority of
source.
Currency - Date of publication. (Study- within
5 years; literature- within 10 years.)
Documentation – Credibility of information
through evidences
Intended Audience – because the content
varies depending on the intended audience.
Objective/Purpose – What’s the goal of
writing it.
Relevancy- Importance, what is the
contribution of the literature to your study.
STEP 3- Recording Information. Take down
notes and use methods (Outline, Mapping,
Charting, Sentence). Be mindful to avoid
plagiarism
STEP 4- Synthesizing Content
STEP 5- Writing the Review
STEP 6- Citing your Sources
APA Citation (American Psychological
Association) - Form of citation that is common
in social sciences and follows the Author
(surname)—Date (year) Method.
Ex: (Rael, 1994) (Rael &
Angeles, 2018)
MLA Citation (Modern Language Association)
– Form of citation that is common in literal arts
and humanities. Follows the Surname-Page
method.
Ex: (Rael 23)
ETHICAL WRITING
PLAGIARISM- used to describe a practice that
involves knowingly taking and using another
person’s work and claiming it, directly or
indirectly as your own.
Blatant Plagiarism- act in which the writer
tries to deceive the teacher or readers into
believing that he or she is totally responsible
for or originator of the content; intentionally
claiming or owning the work of others as yours.
Technical Plagiarism- occurs when the writer
is not trying to cheat or deceive but fails to
follow accepted methods of using the revealing
sources; unintentionally copying due to lack of
knowledge about the proper citation.
LANGUAGE USE
-A writer must avoid racially-charged,
sexiest, offensive language and tendencies.
The writer must be sensitive to the sensibilities
of his/her audience, must avoid sweeping
generalizations and negative stereotypes.
FRAUD- faking or fabricating data and results
for the sake of finishing or accomplishing the
work.
A researcher must observe the following to
avoid fraud:
1. Honesty- be honest, don’t fabricate,
falsify or misrepresent data
2. Objectivity- avoid bias, disclose
personal or financial interests.
3. Integrity- keep your promises and
agreements, act with sincerity, strive for
consistency of thoughts and action.
4. Carefulness- avoid careless errors and
negligence. Keep good records of
research activities.
Definition of Terms- setting the parameters or
boundaries how certain “terms” are going to be
used in the research. Terms defined should be
arranged alphabetically.
Formal definition is consists of 3 parts:
1. The TERM (word or phrase) to be
defined.
2. The CLASS of object or concept to
which the term belongs.
3. The differentiating characteristics that
distinguish it from all others of its class.
For short, DEFINITION!
Ex: Gen Math (term) is a subject (class) that
makes every SHS student’s life a living hell
(Differentiating characteristics).
Why define terms?
1. To avoid misunderstanding with your
audience, because your writing may
contain a term that may be key to
audience understanding and that term
could likely be unfamiliar to them.
2. Because your writing may contain a
commonly used word/phrase that has a
layer of subjectivity or evaluation in a
way you choose to define it.
3. Because your writing may need to
explain the etymology (origin and
history) of a common word that will help
expand upon a point.
How to write the Def of Terms:
STEP 1: Identify the terms to be defined, make
a list of them.
STEP 2: Select the terms of your Thesis
Statement: Adjective + Noun. (ex; illegal
immigration)

STEP 3: Select the terms of your Thesis

Statement: Verbs (ex; influence, affect)

STEP 4; Select the terms of your Thesis

Statement: Verb+ Adverb (ex: is more
effective, are bigger)

STEP 5: Select the terms of your Thesis

Statement: Adverb + Verb (ex: negatively
influence, positively affect)

STEP 6: Use the ff format:

In this research, the term (term) is used to
mean “your meaning inside the quote marks.”

STEP 7: You can write in paragraph, one

paragraph each term.

STEP 8: You can write in list format.

STEP 9: The def of terms can be placed after

the paragraph that describes the purpose of
the study.

Reminders on defining terms:

1. Always observe the 3 components

(term, class, differentiating
characteristics)

2. Avoid defining with “X is when” “X is

where”

3. Do not define a word by mere repetition.

4. Define the term in simple and familiar

words.

5. Keep the class portion of your definition

small but adequate.