RSM970S1 En7 PDF

SYSTEM PRESENTATION
RSM970S
Part 1 / 2
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Printed on 05/06/2003
Centre Electronique Rouen Ymare 1
RSM970S PRESENTATION
SYLLABUS
l PRINCIPLES
l STANDARD CONFIGURATION
l GENERAL DESCRIPTION
l KEY FEATURES
l FUNCTIONAL PRESENTATION
l MAINTENANCE
l DOCUMENTATION
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
STANDARD CONFIGURATION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
KEY FEATURES
FUNCTIONAL PRESENTATION
MAINTENANCE
DOCUMENTATION
PRINCIPLES
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
STANDARD SSR
Aircraft
Transponder
INTERROGATION: Request for identification REPLY: identification or altitude

or altitude
• Frame pulse detection

• Range measurement
SSR Radar: • Azimuth measurement
• altitude report decoding
Tracks and/or plots • identification decoding
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ATC
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SECONDARY

SURVEILLANCE RADARS
Interrogators on the ground generate RF pulse modulated messages to aircraft. These

interrogation messages are known as
INTERROGATION MODES
The transponders carried on these aircraft detect the messages and answer by sending
back RF pulse modulated messages known as
REPLIES.
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Receivers on the ground look for these RF signals and process them for analysis by
external equipment (extractors, processors and display console).
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
PURPOSE
The RSM970S SECONDARY RADAR is designed to locate and identify aircraft.

Unlike a primary radar, it requires the active participation of aircraft which must be
fitted with a specific equipment : a TRANSPONDER.
This secondary surveillance radar (SSR) interrogates aircraft by means of RF pulse
trains forming
INTERROGATION MODES
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t
P1 P3
0.8 µ s 0.8 µ s

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
“NON MODE S” INTERROGATION MODES
P1 P3
t= 3µs
Mode 1
P1 P3
t= 5µs
Mode 2
P1 P3
t= 8µs
Mode 3 / A
P1 P3
t = 21 µ s
Mode C
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1,2,3 Military modes

A,C Civilian modes A = Identification mode
3=A C = Fligth Level mode

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
PURPOSE
Aircraft transponders interpret these questions and in turn, send out replies. Replies
are built with framing pulses encapsulating pulsed bits making data words. These
words are known as
CODES
The receiver of the equipment detects these RF pulses, processes them and
supplies the associated equipment with directly usable signals.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
“NON MODE S” REPLIES
20.3 µs
0.45 µs 1 µs
F1 2 FRAMING PULSES ( BRAKET PAIR ) F2
C1 A1 C2 A2 C4 A4 B1 D1 B2 D2 B4 D4
FROM 0 UP TO 12 DATA PULSES ( CODE )
X
X PULSE
( USUALLY ABSENT )
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CODE = A B C D 4 Octal Digits
A = A4 A2 A1 3 bits IF PULSE PRESENT ==> bit = 1

B = B4 B2 B1 3 bits IF PULSE ABSENT ==> bit = 0
C = C4 C2 C1 3 bits
D = D4 D2 D1 3 bits

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S INTERROGATION
SURVEILLANCE FOR SSR-ONLY AIRCRAFT (P4 Short)

ALSO WITH ACQUISITION OF MODE S AIRCRAFT (P4 Long)
2 µs 0.8 µs or 1.4 µs
8 µs
P1 P3 P4
ACQUISITION, SURVEILLANCE AND DATA LINK FOR MODE S AIRCRAFT

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2 µs
16.25 µs or 30.25 µs
1 µs
P1 P2 P6 ( DPSK )
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S REPLY
Reply format
Preamble 8 µs Data block 56 µs or 112 µs
4.5 µs ( 1 µs = 1 bit )
0.5 0.5 0.5 µs 0.5 0.5 0.5 µs
Data bit format

1 µs 1 µs
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1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS
Secondary surveillance radars use highly directive antennas.

The radiation pattern of such antennas is characterised by :
n a very narrow major beam width,

n low-amplitude secondary lobes.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN
reception angle
main lobe
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secondary lobes
or sidelobes
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
The use of such a system results in two possibilities :
l the transponder of an aircraft answers to a question emanating from the antenna

via one of its secondary lobes ,
l a reply is picked up by the antenna via one of its secondary lobes.
In both cases, the antenna axis does not correspond to the direction of the
aircraft so that there would be a major positioning error.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Transponder triggered via a sidelobe
antenna axis
secondary lobes
or sidelobes main lobe
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Reply received via a sidelobe
antenna axis
secondary lobes
or sidelobes main lobe
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
These risks may be lessened by use of the following means :
l on interrogation (ISLS and IISLS processes), the aircraft transponder detects

interrogation via a side lobe but doesn't reply.
l on reception (RSLS process), the secondary radar receiver detects and

eliminates signals received through the side lobes,
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
When two aircraft cross each other, their replies overlap.

Likewise, when a reply is reflected by an obstacle, it reaches the receiver with
a delay with respect to the direct reply.
This results in mixing of the pulses, making them not easily usable by the
extractors (associated equipment).
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
B
A
pulses from A
pulses from B
Garbling with
overlapping
pulses from A
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pulses from B
garbling with
RF mixing

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
direct path
reflected path
direct pulses
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Reflector (ground) reflected pulses
garbling

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ISLS PROCESS in SSR
ISLS = Interrogation with SideLobe Suppression
aircraft in a sidelobe
aircraft in axis of main lobe
P1 P2 P3
Looking to their amplitudes,
P1& P3 are less than P2
the transponder is NOT triggered
P1 P2 P3
control channel Ω

P1 & P3 are much greater than P2
the transponder is triggered
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channel Σ
main lobe
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ISLS PROCESS in SSR
At interrogation, the Interrogator transmits :

l pulses P1 and P3 on the Σ channel and
l pulse P2 on the Ω channel.
The energy radiated over the entire horizon by the Ω channel of the associated
antenna is greater than the energy radiated by the Σ channel secondary lobes.
The energy radiated by the major lobe of the Σ channel is greater than the energy
radiated by the Ω channel.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ISLS PROCESS in SSR
When the transponder is in the major lobe of the Σ channel (antenna axis), it
receives pulse P1 at a level upper than for the pulse P2 + K dB level (radiated on
Ω) and replies to interrogations (when P1 ≥ P2 + 9 dB).
If the level of P2 exceeds the level of P1, meaning that the interrogation has been
transmitted via a secondary lobe, the transponder does not reply.
Note : when P1 ≥ P2 ≥ P1 - 9 dB, the transponder may or may not reply.

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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ISLS PROCESS in Mode S
Interrogation through outside main Σ lobe
P1 P2 P6
Σ CHANNEL
P5
HIGH
LEVEL
Ω CHANNEL
Interrogation through main Σ lobe

P1 P2 P6
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Σ CHANNEL
P5 LOW
Ω CHANNEL LEVEL
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
IISLS PROCESS
When the aircraft is not in the major lobe, the transponder first receives the pulse
P1cont (as the Ω channel is omni-directional, the travelled path is direct).
The pulse P2, with normal amplitude, appends 2 µs later (preceded or followed by
P1, depending on the delay due to additional length of the reflected path).
The transponder compares the first received pulse (P1cont, with attenuated
amplitude) to the second (normal amplitude) pulse (P1 or P2 depending on the
delay) and, in the same way as for ISLS, does not reply.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
IISLS PROCESS
IISLS = Improved Interrogation with SideLobe Suppression
INTERROGATION
Ω
 Ω P1 cont - P2
direct path 
 Σ P1 - P3 (weak)
aircraft outside the Σ major lobe
Σ  Ω P1 cont - P2 (weak)
reflected path 
 Σ P1 - P3
P3
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P1
reflecting obstacle
Σ
P1cont P2
Ω
P1cont is attenuated with respect to P2

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
IISLS PROCESS
If the aircraft is in the major lobe, pulses P1cont and P1 will arrive at the same time with
a resulting level greater than P2 ; the transponder then replies to the interrogation.
Further, the transponder does not answer to interrogations which do not strictly
correspond to SSR standards (in particular, those where the delay between P1 and P2
is not between 1.3 µs and 2.7 µs).
When the transponder rejects an interrogation due to interrogation via a secondary lobe
or not complying with standards,
it is self inhibited for 35 µs.
Any other interrogation arriving during this period

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(in particular the reflected ones) will receive no reply.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
IISLS PROCESS
RECEPTION BY THE TRANSPONDER
Ω
Ω P1 cont - P2
direct path 
Σ P1 - P3 (weak)
aircraft outside the Σ major lobe
Σ  Ω P1 cont - P2 (weak)
reflected path 
 Σ P1 - P3
reflecting obstacle
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P1 variable position according

to the delay due to the reflection
P1+ P1cont
P2 P3 P1cont P2
P3
Reception via the Σ major lobe Reception outside the Σ major lobe

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RSLS PROCESS
RSLS Reception with SideLobe Suppression

aircraft in a sidelobe
aircraft in axis of main lobe
pulses received via Ω are greater
than pulses received via channel Σ sidelobe.
The reply is NOT DECODED Looking to their amplitudes,
Σ pulses received via channel Σ main lobe
are greater than pulses received via Ω.
Ω The reply is DECODED
Σ
control channel Ω
Ω
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channel Σ
main lobe

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RSLS PROCESS
The antenna used with the equipment features Σ and Ω channels ,

each having a different directivity pattern.
l The Ω channel has almost the same gain in all directions ;

it is at least equal to the gain of the secondary lobes of the sum pattern Σ.
l The major lobe of the Σ channel has a gain greater than that of the Ω
channel.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RSLS PROCESS
The receiver compares the amplitude V of the signals received

via the Σ and Ω channels.
l If VΣ > VΩ : the signal is from the Σ major lobe and is to be taken into account.
l If VΣ < VΩ : the signal is from a Σ secondary lobe;

the receiver flags the corresponding signal for the extractor equipment.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RSLS PROCESS
The RSM970S attributes a coefficient K1 (operational parameter) which may be

adjusted from 0 up to + 10 dB to the Ω channel in order to make sure that the gain
of this channel is higher than that of any secondary lobe of the Σ channel.
In addition, the gain of the Ω channel is reduced in the main Σ lobe direction.
l the gain of the Σ channel is maximum on the antenna axis,
l the gain of the Ω channel is minimum on the antenna axis.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
SECONDARY LOBE SUPPRESSION
antenna axis
Σ pattern
Ω pattern K1 adjustable between

0 dB and + 10 dB
10 dB max
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180° 180°
0°
reception angle with VΣ > V Ω
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MONOPULSE PROCESS
antenna
main axis
antenna rotation
c
b
∆ left-hand side lobe
a
∆ right-hand side lobe

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Pulses received from aircraft in :

position a position b position c
∆ ∆ ∆
Σ Σ Σ

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS
antenna axis
bearing = 0°
Σ lobe (sum channel)
∆ lobe (difference channel)


Σ  transmission &
Ω  reception lobes
∆ reception lobe
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Ω lobe (control channel)
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ANGLE ERROR MEASUREMENT
The monopulse technique used on the equipment provides a means to measure the
angle error for each pulse of the reply, this providing a better accuracy for azimuth
position and an accurate way to discriminate garbled pulses.
Every pulse is received via the Σ pattern with an amplitude A1 and via the ∆ pattern
with an amplitude A2.
The amplitude ratio A2/A1, represents the pointing error, i.e. the angle between the
antenna axis and the reception azimuth.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
aircraft position
amplitude
A1=VΣ
amplitude as a function
of the pointing error
A2=V∆
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pointing error
θ=0° θ = 180 °
0°
A2 V∆
angle error voltage = cos θ = cos θ
A1 VΣ

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
To get the angle error voltage, the RSM970S calculates the following ratio :
Vangle error = ( V ∆ / V Σ ) cos θ
Where θ = phase shift between ∆ and Σ signals

( 0° for LH sidelobe and 180° for RH sidelobe)
The azimuth accuracy is maximum along the antenna axis and the function f (
Vangle error ) is proportional to the pointing error in the region of the major lobe.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES

dB Ratio
Curve 1 ∆/Σ
(Σ)
1
Curve 2
Curve 3 (∆ )
(∆/ Σ)
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0 θ (OBA)
CURVE 1 : REPRESENTATION OF "Sum" RADIATION PATTERN (Σ)
NEAR THE ANTENNA RADIATION AXIS.
CURVE 2 : REPRESENTATION OF "Difference" RADIATION PATTERN (∆)
NEAR THE ANTENNA RADIATION AXIS.
CURVE 3 : REPRESENTATION OF ∆/Σ RATIO VARIATION
AS A FUNCTION OF THE OBA (OFF BORESIGHT ANGLE θ).
D-SYS-116-GB-A

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
(V ∆ / V Σ) cos θ = (∆/Σ
∆/Σ) cos θ = tan (Φ
Φ /2)
To avoid difficulties involved in the measurement of an amplitude ratio, the

equipment converts the measurement
∆ / Σ) cos θ
of the ratio (∆
into the measurement of the phase shift Φ , between two signals
Σ + j ∆ and Σ − j ∆
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built thanks to a hybrid circuit at the receiver input.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
IMAGINARY AXIS
+j∆
Σ+j∆
+j∆
φ Σ
REAL AXIS
-j∆
Σ-j∆
Σ -j∆
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φ = 2 ARC Tan ∆ / Σ
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MAJOR LOBE REFINEMENT
DURING RECEPTION
The difference in amplitude of the pulses received on both channels is maximum

when the reply comes from a transponder located on the antenna axis.
RSM970S attributes a factor K2 (operational parameter), adjustable from -10 dB up

to +10 dB, to the amplitude of the ∆ channel, in order to reduce the beamwidth of
the Σ major lobe.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MAJOR LOBE REFINEMENT
DURING RECEPTION
reception angle
variable according to K2
∆ channel K2 = ∆ + 10 dB
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Σ channel
0°
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
TVBC (TIME VARIED BASE CLIPPING)
The RSM970S equipment includes a system which eliminates the replies

whose levels are too low in the nearby zone.
This system works by validating pulses only if they exceed a threshold

voltage varying with time.
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Log Σ
fixed duration
variation of TVBC law severity
unwanted
reply pulses
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noise time (= range)
1
Useful video pointer
0

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
In the basic version, these laws decrease by 6 dB per range octave,

corresponding to propagation losses in space (1/R2).
This choice of different laws permits an accurate adjustment of the TVBC

efficiency according to the environmental conditions.
The equipment also allows these laws to be modified in range and to be

selected as a function of azimuth.
Several laws are fully programmable on site by the operator.

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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODES A / C / S ALL CALL INTERROGATION
MODE A : 8.0 µs
0.8 µs MODE C : 21.0 µs 2.0 µs
P1 P3 P4
2.0 µs
0.8 µs * 0.8 µs
1.6 µs
SLS CONTROL
P2
TRANSMISSION
0.8 µs * No Mode S reply

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REPLY FROM REPLY FROM

INTERMODE P4
SSR-ONLY TRANSPONDER MODE S TRANSPONDER
Mode A/C/S all-call Aircraft address
Long Code A or C
Mode A/C-only all-call Short Code A or C No reply

Refer to ICAO Annex 10

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S ALL CALL / ROLL CALL INTERROGATION
2.0 µs 2.75 µs
0.5 µs 0.5 µs
1.25 µs 0.25 µs P6 56 or 112 data bits
P1 P2
SYNC PHASE
0.8 µs REVERSAL PHASE REVERSAL
0.8 µs POSITION
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1 st data bit last data bit

0.4 µs
SLS CONTROL P5
TRANSMISSION
0.8 µs

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S ALL CALL / ROLL CALL INTERROGATION
2.0 µs 2.75 µs
0.25 µs Guard
0.5 µs interval
1.25 µs P 0.5 µs
6
Interrogation P P
1 2
Sync phase First chip Last chip

reversal
0.4 µs
SLS control
transmission P
5
0.8 µs
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First 5 (or 2) bits Last 24 bits
Message after
DPSK decoding
UF AP or IP

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S INTERROGATION FORMAT
FORMAT NO. (UF) MESSAGE LENGTH MODE S INTERROGATION REQUEST
0 Short (56 bits) Short air-air surveillance (ACAS)

1, 2 and 3 - Not defined
4 Short (56 bits) Surveillance, altitude request
5 Short (56 bits) Surveillance, identify request
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 - Not defined
11 Short (56 bits) Mode S-only all-call
12, 13, 14 and 15 - Not defined
16 Long(112 bits) Long air-air surveillance (ACAS)
20 Long (112 bits) Comm-A, altitude request (SLM *)
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21 Long (112 bits) Comm-A, identify request (SLM)

22 and 23 - Not defined
24 (2-bit field) Long (112 bits) Comm-C (ELM **)
* SLM: Standard Length Message
** ELM: Extended Length Message

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S REPLY FORMAT
Preamble Data block

8.0 µs 56 or 112 µs
Bit
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 N-1 Bit N
0.0 0.5 1.0 3.5 4.5 8.0 9.0

Time (µs)
Example:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1
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First 5 (or 2) bits Last 24bits
Message format:
DF AP or IP

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S REPLY FORMAT
FORMAT NO. (DF) MESSAGE LENGTH MODE S INTERROGATION
0 Short (56 bits) Short air-air surveillance (ACAS)

4 Short (56 bits) Surveillance, altitude reply
5 Short (56 bits) Surveillance, identify reply
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 - Not defined
11 Short (56 bits) Mode S-all-call reply
12, 13, 14 and 15 - Not defined
16 Long (112 bits) Long air-air surveillance (ACAS)
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20 Long (112 bits) Comm-B, altitude reply (SLM *)

21 Long (112 bits) Comm-B, identify reply (SLM)
22 and 23 - Not defined
24 (2-bit field) Long (112 bits) Comm-D (ELM **)
* SLM: Standard Length Message
** ELM: Extended Length Message Refer to ICAO Annex 10

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
MODE S ERROR DETECTION CODE GENERATION
32 or 88 BIT DATA FIELD 24 PARITY CHECK BITS
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ENCODER 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
24 BIT AIRCRAFT ADDRESS = 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
ADDRESS OR 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
INTERROGATOR
/PARITY FIELD
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0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
56 or 112 BIT INTERROGATION OR REPLY
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Mode S radar station main features
−surveillance of SSR-only and Mode S equipped aircraft via all-call interrogations,

−acquisition of Mode S aircraft via Mode S all-call interrogations,
−surveillance of acquired Mode S aircraft via roll-call interrogations,
−data transmission/reception to/from acquired Mode S aircraft using roll-call
interrogations,
−message broadcast to all Mode S aircraft,
−messages broadcast from Mode S aircraft,
−surveillance data link between Mode S stations (surveillance network).
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RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Reply processing
The Mode S radar station processes SSR or Mode S replies:

−processing of SSR reply received from any aircraft:
• detection of the transponder frame pulses,
• range measurement,
• azimuth measurement by monopulse processing,
• altitude report by decoding the "C" code reply,
• identification by decoding the "A" code reply,
−processing of Mode S reply received from Mode S transponder:
• detection of Mode S reply preamble and data block,
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• range measurement,
• azimuth measurement by monopulse processing,
• identification by decoding the aircraft address from all-call reply,
• flight parameters (at least "A" code and Flight Level or "C" code) and messages
by decoding Mode S roll-call replies.

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
INTERROGATION SEQUENCING
Mode S INTERROGATIONS
Interrogations Listening windows
Reply to Reply to Reply to Reply to
RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC4 RC1 RC2 RC3
P1 P2 P6 P1 P2 P6 P1 P2 P6 P1 P2 P6
2.5 ms 5 ms
AC RC AC RC AC RC AC RC
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Keys: AC = All-Call
Mode S-only RC = Roll-Call
all-call Mode A
P1 P2 P6 P1 P3 P6 Mode S-only
Mode C
all-call
P1 P2 P4S P1 P3 P4S

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
INTERROGATION SEQUENCING
SSR INTERROGATIONS
SSR SSR SSR SSR SSR SSR SSR SSR SSR

AC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC AC
Mode A Mode C Mode A Mode C

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P1 P3 P1 P3 P1 P3 P1 P3
Keys: AC = All-Call
RC = Roll-Call
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Mode S interrogation and reply protocols
− during all-call periods :lockout protocol

for aircraft already acquired by a Mode S station, they do NOT reply to all-call
interrogations from this station (aircraft are automatically freed 18 s later),
− during roll-call periods, for uplink and downlink transactions:
• surveillance,
• Comm-A,
• Ground-Initiated Comm-B (GICB): enhanced surveillance
• Air-Initiated Comm-B (AICB),
• Comm-C
• Comm-D
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• uplink and downlink broadcast transactions.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ALL-CALL LOCKOUT PROTOCOL
Mode S all-call replies are made or not made to a Mode S radar station according to
the II (Interrogator Identifier) or SI (Surveillance Identifier) code allocated to the
station.
II/SI code definition
The II/SI code is a site dependent parameter.
It is made up of 2 fields : IC and CL
When CL = 0 IC = II
When CL ≠ 0 IC is a 4-bit sub-field of SI
− Interrogator Identifier (II code from "0" to "15"; the "0" value is to be avoided
following ICAO recommendations ),
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− Surveillance Identifier (SI code from "1" to "63" ).

CAUTION
the II / SI code is assigned by the local authority
it must not be modified by the operator

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
ALL-CALL LOCKOUT PROTOCOL
2 scans to acquire,
RC…. + 2 scans before locking (to do not lock onto a reflection)
(the number of scans before locking is an operational parameter)
ENTERING LOCKED-OUT
MODE A/C
MODE S MODE S
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT
NO REPLY
Acquisition Lock-out A/C reply
command
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AC RC AC RC
Selective interrogations
AC: All-Call period
Windows for reply signals RC: Roll-Call period

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Surveillance protocols
The Mode S radar station can request surveillance data from a Mode S transponder
via a surveillance or Comm-A interrogation.
The transponder having recognised its address sends the required data to the radar
station via a surveillance or Comm-B reply as required.
The Comm-B reply enables enhanced surveillance.
The "surveillance, altitude" reply and the "Comm-B, altitude" reply contain :
−altitude: code C (same as SSR or by 25-feet steps) requested at each antenna
scan,
−flight status:
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
• alert condition when identity code A has been changed by the pilot,
• SPI (Special Position Indicator) condition,
• aircraft airborne or on the ground.

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Surveillance protocols
The "surveillance identity" reply and the "Comm-B identity" reply contain :
−identity: code 3/A (same as SSR) requested by the station in the first roll-call
interrogation following aircraft acquisition (done again if OBA is not correct),
−flight status: same data as above.
In surveillance or Comm-A interrogations made during roll-call periods:

−aircraft altitude is required every antenna scan,
−aircraft identity is required at acquisition (any change being indicated in flight
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
status), on periodic request, at least every 18 s.

Once aircraft have been acquired, one interrogation (altitude request) is performed
per aircraft and per antenna scan.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Air-air surveillance (ACAS) protocol
An Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) can request surveillance data from
a Mode S transponder via an air-air surveillance interrogation.
The transponder having recognised its address sends the required data to the ACAS
via an air-air surveillance reply,
this reply being fruit for the radar station.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Data link protocols
Data link transmission needs to be controlled by :

- surveillance or Comm-A interrogations
- or Comm-B replies according to multisite-directed or non selective protocol.
Multisite-directed protocol
The Mode S radar station (with II code only) reserves data link transfer and data link
close-out with the Mode S transponder.
To that purpose, the station transmits a surveillance or Comm-A interrogation
including the reservation request together with the II code assigned to the station.
The transponder stores the II code.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
The next replies and interrogations include the II code to be checked by either the
station or the transponder (level 5 only) so that data link transmission or close-out is
controlled by a single radar station.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Data link protocols
Non selective protocol

This protocol is used where there is a surveillance data link between radar stations
having the same II/SI code (cluster). The coordination is done by the GDLP.
Data link messages (SLM/ELM only) are transferred and closed out without needing
any radar station reservation.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
REGISTER ALLOCATION
Register No. Assignment Minimum update rate
00 Not valid N/A

16
01 Unassigned N/A
16
02 Linked Comm-B, segment 2 N/A

16

16
16
05 Extended squitter airbone position 0.2 s
16
06 Extended squitter surface position 0.2 s

16
07 Extended squitter status 1.0 s

16
08 Extended squitter identification and type 15.0 s

16
09 Extended squitter airbone velocity 0.2 s
16
0A Extended squitter event-driven information variable
16
0B Air/air information 1 (aircraft state) 1.0 s

16
0C 16 Air/air information 2 (aircraft intent) 1.0 s

0D -0E Reserved for air/air state information To be determided
16 16
0F Reserved for ACAS To be determided
16
10 Data link capability report < 4.0 s
16
11 -16 Reserved for extension to data link capability report 5.0 s
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
16 16
17 Common usage GICB capability report 5.0 s
16
18 16 -1F 16 Mode S specific services capability report 5.0 s

20 Aircraft identification 5.0 s
16
21 Aircraft registration number 15.0 s

16
22 Antenna positions 15.0 s

16
23 Reserved for antenna position 15.0 s
16
24 Reserved for aircraft parameters 15.0 s

25
16
15.0 s
16
Aircraft type
26 -2F Unassigned N/A
16 16

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
REGISTER ALLOCATION
Register No. Assignment Minimum update rate
30 16 ACAS active resolution advisory

31 16-3F 16 Unassigned N/A
40 16 Aircraft intention 1.0 s
41 16 Next way-point identifier 1.0 s
42 16 Next way-point position 1.0 s
43 16 Next way-point information 0.5 s
44 16 Meteorological routine air report 1.0 s
45 16 Meteorological hazard report 1.0 s
46 16 Reserved for flight management system Mode 1 To be determided
47 16 Reserved for flight management system Mode 2 To be determided
48 16 VHF channel report 5.0 s
49 16-4F 16 Unassigned N/A
50 16 Track and turn report 1.0 s
51 16 Position report coarse 0.5 s
52 16 Position report fine 0.5 s
53 16 Air-referenced state vector 0.5 s
54 16 Way-point 1 5.0 s
55 Way-point 2 5.0 s
16
56 16 Way-point 3 5.0 s
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
47 16-5E 16 Unassigned N/A

5F 16 Quasi-static parameter monitoring 0.5 s
60 16 Heading and speed report 1.0 s
61 16 Extended squitter emergency/priority status 1.0 s
62 16-6F 16 Reserved for e xtended squitter
70 16-E0 16 Unassigned N/A
E1 16-E2 16 Reserved for Mode S BITE N/A
E3 16-F0 16 Unassigned N/A
F1 16 Reserved for military use To be determined
F2 16-FF 16 Unassigned
N/A

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
REGISTER ALLOCATED TO BDS 10 - DATA LINK CAPABILITY REPORT
FIELD
1
2
3
4 BDS Code 1 0
5
6
7 Notes:
8
9 Continuation flag 1) The enhanced protocol indicator denotes a
10 LEVEL 5 transponder when set to 1 and a
11 LEVEL 2 to 4 transponder when set to 0.
12 UNASSIGNED
13 2) When bit 25 is set to 1 at least one Mode S
14 Specific Service is supported and the specific
15 Capability Report should be checked.
16 Reserved for ACAS
17
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
18
19
20 Mode S subnetwork version number
21
22
23
24 Transponder enhanced protocol indicator (Note 1)
25 Mode S specific services capability (Note 2)
26 Refer to ICAO Annex 10

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
REGISTER ALLOCATED TO BDS 10 - DATA LINK CAPABILITY REPORT
FIELD
Notes:
27 Uplink ELM capability 3) The squitter capability subfield (SCS) is
28 interpreted as follows:
29
0 = squitter registers are not updated
30 Downlink ELM capability
31 1 = squitter registers are being updated
32
33 Aircraft identification capability
34 Squitter capability subfield (SCS) (Note 3) 4) The surveillance identifier (SI) bit is interpreted
35 Surveillance identifier (SI) (Note 4) as follows:
36 Common usage GICB capability report (Note 5)
0 = no surveillance identifier code capability
37
1 = surveillance identifier code capability
38 RESERVED FOR ACAS
39
40
41 MSB 5) Bit 36 is toggled to indicate that the common
42 usage GICB capability report (BDS Code 17)
43
has changed. To avoid the generation of too
44
45 many broadcast capability report changes.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
46 BDS Code 17 should be sampled at approximately

47 Bit array indicating the support status of DTE one-minute intervals to check for changes.
48 subaddresses 0 to 15
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56 LSB

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
REGISTER ALLOCATED TO BDS 20 - AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION
FIELD FIELD
1 33 MSB
2 34
3 35 CHARACTER 5
4 BDS Code 2 0 36
5 37
6 38
7 39 MSB
8 40
9 MSB 41 CHARACTER 6
10 42
11 CHARACTER 1 43
12 44
13 45 MSB
14 46
15 MSB 47 CHARACTER 7
16 48
17 CHARACTER 2 49
18 50
19 51 MSB
20 52
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
21 MSB 53
22 54 CHARACTER 8
23 CHARACTER 3 55
24 56
25
26
27 MSB
28
29 CHARACTER 4
30
31
32

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RSM970S STATION
The RSM970S station is capable of providing the following functions:

−the surveillance of aircraft equipped with SSR or Mode S transponders,
−the uplink and downlink Mode S data link with aircraft equipped with Mode S
transponders,
−the surveillance coordination with other Mode S stations.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
DATA LINK SUBNETWORK
AVIONICS ATN ROUTER
ADLP
MODE S TRANSPONDER
MODE S STATION MODE S STATION

GDLP INTERFACE GDLP INTERFACE
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GDLP
AVIONICS ATN ROUTER
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
COMM-C UPLINK ELM PROTOCOL
WITH NON SELECTIVE DATA LINK PROTOCOL:
NEW ANTENNA SCAN

128 µs 120 µs
SURV OR
COMM-D
COMM-B
INITIAL
SEGMENT ACK
m SEGMENTS
WELL RECEIVED CLOSE OUT
NUMBER OF
SEGMENTS = m UP LINK ELM
CLOSE OUT
SURV OR
COMM-C COMM-C COMM-C COMM-C COMM-C COMM-A
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
33.75 µs
50 µs
2 to 16 SEGMENTS IN ANY ORDER (EXCEPT m)
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
COMM-C UPLINK ELM PROTOCOL
WITH MULTISITE-DIRECTED DATA LINK PROTOCOL:
NEW ANTENNA SCAN

128 µs 120 µs
SURV OR SURV OR
COMM-D
COMM-B COMM-B
INITIAL
SEGMENT
CHANNEL UP LINK ELM
RESERVATION CHANNEL NUMBER OF CLOSE OUT
FOR STATION II RESERVED SEGMENTS = m m SEGMENTS BY STATION II ACK
FOR STATION II WELL RECEIVED (CHANNEL FREE) CLOSE OUT
SURV OR SURV OR
COMM-C COMM-C COMM-C
COMM-A COMM-A
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
33.7 µs
50 µs
2 to 16 SEGMENTS IN ANY ORDER (EXCEPT m)
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
UPLINK FORMAT
56 bits
AP : 24
(ACAS) Short Air-Air Surveillance UF 00 00000 -3- RL : 1 - 4 --- AQ : 1 --------- 18 ----------
(ACAS) Long Air-Air Surveillance UF 16 -3- RL : 1 - 4 --- --------- 18 ---------- MU :56 AP : 24
10000 AQ : 1
Mode S Only All-Call UF 11 01011 PR : 4 IC : 4 CL :3 ----16 --- IP : 24
Surveillance Altitude Request UF 04 00100 PC : 3 RR : 5 DI : 3 SD : 16 AP : 24
Surveillance Identity Request UF 05 00101 PC : 3 RR : 5 DI : 3 SD : 16 AP : 24
Comm -A Altitude Request UF 20 10100 PC : 3 RR : 5 DI : 3 SD : 16 MA :56 AP : 24

RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Comm -A Identity Request UF 21 10101 PC : 3 RR : 5 DI : 3 SD : 16 MA :56 AP : 24
Comm -C (Extended Length Message) UF 24 11 RC : 2 NC : 4 MC :80 AP : 24
112 bits

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
COMM-D DOWNLINK ELM PROTOCOL
WITH NON SELECTIVE DATA LINK PROTOCOL:
136 µs
128 µs 128 µs 120 µs

SURV OR
COMM-D SURV OR
COMM-D COMM-D
COMM-B COMM-B
DOWN-LINK
ACK
"m" SEGMENTS
CLOSE OUT
ELM REQUEST SEND
SEGMENTS
SEGMENT CLOSE OUT
1 to m
DOWN-LINK ELM
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
SURV OR COMM-C SURV OR

COMM-A + II COMM-A
128 µs
1 to 16 (m) SEGMENTS IN ANY ORDER
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
COMM-D DOWNLINK ELM PROTOCOL
WITH MULTISITE-DIRECTED DATA LINK PROTOCOL:
128 µs 128 µs
SURV OR SURV OR COMM-D SURV OR

COMM-D COMM-D
COMM-B CHANNEL COMM-B COMM-B
RESERVATION
FOR
STATION II SEND
CHANNEL SEGMENTS DOWN-LINK ELM ACK
RESERVATION 1 to m CLOSE OUT BY CLOSE OUT
DOWN-LINK FOR STATION II STATION II
SEGMENT (CHANNEL FREE)
ELM REQUEST
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
SURV OR "m" SEGMENTS

SURV OR COMM-A
COMM-C
COMM-A COMM-A
128 µs
1 to 16 (m) SEGMENTS IN ANY ORDER
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
DOWNLINK FORMAT
56 bits
(ACAS) Short Air-Air Surveillance DF=00 00000 VS : 1 --- 7 --- RI : 4 -- 2 -- AC : 13 AP : 24

---
(ACAS) Long Air-Air Surveillance DF=16 10000 VS : 1 --- 7 --- RI : 4 -- 2 -- AC : 13 MU :56 AP : 24
---
All - Call Reply DF=11 01011 CA : 3 AA : 24 IP : 24
Surveillance , Altitude DF=04 00100 FS : 3 DR : 5 UM : 6 AC : 13 AP : 24
Surveillance , Identity DF=05 00101 FS : 3 DR : 5 UM : 6 ID : 13 AP : 24
Comm -B , Altitude DF=20 10100 FS : 3 DR : 5 UM : 6 AC : 13 MB : 56 AP : 24

RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Comm -B , Identity DF=21 10101 FS : 3 DR : 5 UM : 6 ID : 13 MB : 56 AP : 24
Comm -D ( Extended Length Message ) DF=24 11 --1-- KE : 1 ND : 4 MD : 80 AP : 24
112 bits

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RSM970S MAIN OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT
Mode S transponder SSR-only transponder
SSR, INTERMODE AND SSR AND INTERMODE

MODE S INTERROGATIONS INTERROGATIONS
SSR REPLIES
MODE S REPLIES
SSR REPLIES
MODE S
All-call/Roll-call interrogation RADAR
scheduling and generation
. Video pulse reply generation

. Pulse analysis and validation
. Identification of pulses relevant
to SSR and Mode S
Mode S reply processing: Mode S SSR reply processing:

. Reply preamble and data block detection . Frame pulse detection
. Range measurement
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
and SSR . Range measurement

. Azimuth measurement plot . Azimuth measurement
. Aircraft address decoding . Altitude report decoding
. Flight parameter decoding combination . Identification decoding
. Data link message decoding
Data Surveillance SSR/PSR

link coordination tracks and/or plots
messages messages
GDLP/LU SCN ATC

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Network aided / Standalone modes
Within a cluster, a Mode S station can operate according to two modes:

− the network aided mode: the connection between the station and the SCN is
enabled and the station performs the surveillance co-ordination mission,
− the standalone mode: the connection between the station and the SCN is disabled
and the station does not perform the surveillance co-ordination mission.
The Mode S station operates with a Radar Parameter Set (RPS) identified by its
name, selected among up to sixteen RPSs depending on the Network aided or
Standalone mode of operation.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
RPS features
The RPS describes the following parameter values:
− II/SI code to be used by the radar,
− coverage map name,
− scheduling parameters:
• AC/RC operational pattern,
• all-call staggering maximum deviation,
− I/R map selector (1/2)
In the network aided mode, the selection of the RPS to be applied is made according
to a pre-defined policy (site dependent parameter) depending on the cluster state.
In the stand-alone mode, the Mode S station operates with a RPS corresponding to
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
this mode.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
SCN Centralised / Distributed approaches
Centralised approach:
A cluster controller is responsible for maintaining the overall coherency:
- the cluster controller knows the coverage maps of each radar,
- it informs a radar when an aircraft is entering the radar coverage,
- it centralises all SCN data exchanged between the radars belonging to the cluster.
Distributed approach:
Radars are able to co-ordinate themselves:
- all radar stations are interconnected via the network and directly exchange SCN
data,
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
- each radar knows the coverage limits of the adjacent ones,

- a radar informs the adjacent one when an aircraft is entering its coverage.
RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Surveillance Coordination Network SCN
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
CENTRALIZED APPROACH

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
Surveillance Coordination Network SCN
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
DISTRIBUTED APPROACH

RSM970S PRINCIPLES
EXAMPLE of INTERCONNECTION
Management Data entry Data display

process process process
Avionics
subnetwork
Avionics
router
MODE S
subnetwork
ADLP
MODE S TRANSPONDER
AIRCRAFT
GROUND
VHF Satellite
subnetwork subnetwork
MODE S STATION
GDLP INTERFACE
GDLP
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Ground Ground
router router
Private Ground ATS

ground router ground
subnetwork subnetwork
Airline Airline Weather En route Airport ATS Weather

database control database control tower database database
control

RSM970S CONFIGURATION
PRESENTATION
PRINCIPLES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
KEY FEATURES
MAINTENANCE
DOCUMENTATION
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
LOCATION OF RADAR STATION SUBSYSTEM
AERIAL
SUBSYSTEM
RADAR TOWER
AND RADAR ROOM
INTERROGATOR/RECEIVER
SUBSYSTEM
RADAR ROOM
SITE DEPENDENT
PARAMETER
TOOL
RADAR ROOM
INTERROGATOR REPLY
PROCESSOR
SUBSYSTEM
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
RADAR ROOM
ANCILLARIES
RADAR REMOTE
POWER MAINTENANCE CONTROL AND
I/R CABINET DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES MONITORING
CABINET SUBSYSTEM
RADAR ROOM
AND RADAR ROOM AND
RADAR ROOM CONTROL CENTRE
SITE MONITOR ROOM

DUAL CHANNEL ARCHITECTURE
MODE S MODE S
AERIAL SITE MONITOR SITE MONITOR
AS 909
SUBSYSTEM ANTENNA ANTENNA ANTENNA
CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 1
AZIMUTH
SIGNAL
CHANNEL 1
RF SIGNALS
CHANNEL 1 OR 2 AZIMUTH
DISTRIBUTION AZIMUTH ROTARY
AZIMUTH DATA SIGNAL JOINT
UNIT CHANNEL 2 MODE S
SITE MONITOR
RF SIGNALS
CHANNEL 1 TRANSFER
CHANNEL 2
I/R SUBSYSTEM RF UNIT I/R SUBSYSTEM
TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER
AND AND
RECEIVER RECEIVER
CONTROLS VIDEOS CONTROLS VIDEOS
UTC
CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 UTC
TIME TIME IRP SUBSYSTEM IRP SUBSYSTEM TIME TIME
RECEIVER RECEIVER
CHANNEL 1 EXTRACTOR EXTRACTOR CHANNEL 2
AND AND
PROCESSOR PROCESSOR
HUB HUB
“LINES” UNITS ARE

LINES LINES LINES LINES LINES LINES
CONTROLLED BY
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
THE “TO ANTENNA” CHANNEL
PSR PSR
CHANNEL CHANNEL HARDWARE LINKING DEPENDING ON SITE REQUIREMENTS
2 1
M M M M M M M M M M
O O O O O O O O O O
D D D D D D D D D D
E E E E E E E E E E
M M M M M M M M M M
FROM/TO FROM/TO FROM/TO FROM/TO

ATCC SCN GDLP LU

ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS
SMS
SMS FOR RF RADAR
ANTENNA
TOWER BUILDING ANALYSIS TOWER
FACILITY
Σ, ∆ and Ω Stop antenna rotation

external signals
Control + alarm signals
SMS TRANSFER
RF UNIT
400 V AC
AC
POWER ANTENN Wind speed meter
230 V AC DISTRIBUTION C
MAINS AONTROL controls CABINET
CABINET CABINET BUILDING
Emergency stop
command
POEMS DATA Control and

REGROUPING M
STATION monitoring
UNIT messages
CHANNEL 1
primary plots
PSR DPC µLINES M
CHANNEL 2
primary plots
Mx6 Mx2 Mx2 RCMS

REMOTE
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Track Track data, Data link Data link POSITION

data SCN information messages messages
and commands
Mx6 Mx2
SCN
ATCC
Mx2 GDLP LU
M : Modem OTHER
STATION
: Mechanical
interface

RSM970S GENERAL DESCRIPTION
PRESENTATION
PRINCIPLES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
KEY FEATURES
MAINTENANCE
DOCUMENTATION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
PRESENTATION OF THE EQUIPMENT
The RSM970S equipment is composed of two I/R channels including each:
l one IR cabinet
l one Transmitter
l one Receiver
l one Interrogator/Reply Processor
l two fan units
l one DC power supply unit
one Time Stamping Function unit (option)
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
PRESENTATION OF THE EQUIPMENT
The RSM970S carries out the functions of a dual interrogator / receiver and signal
and data processing equipment.
The dual architecture of the RSM970S includes two separated I / R channels.

This design makes easy maintenance on one channel while the second channel
remains operational.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
The RSM970S uses secondary antennas such as the AS 909 or equivalent.

The radar station includes :
l two I / R channels
l one RF UNIT associated with the secondary antenna
l one Local Maintenance display
l one Antenna control cabinet
l one Power distribution cabinet
l a technical desk
l a remote control unit for operating the station from a distance
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
The azimuth encoder transmits the angular position of the antenna (north crossing
and increment signals) in digital form.
RSM970S AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
SECONDARY ANTENNA
VIA ROTARY JOINT AZIMUTH
AND DRIVE MECHANISM DISTRIBUTION
Σ ∆ Ω
RSM970S
IR CABINET
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
REMOTE CONTROL
AND MONITORING
MAINTENANCE
DISPLAY UNIT

RSM970S CABINET ARRANGEMENT

2
1 3 10
4
5
9
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
The dual Interrogator/Receiver cabinet (IR CB) (item 5), having front and rear access
doors, each of the left (channel 1) and right (channel 2) parts contains the following
equipment:
• a receiver (SRX 2000) (item 4),
• a transmitter (STX 2000) (item 3),
• an Interrogator Reply Processor (IRP) (item 7),
• the equipment own to each I/R channel cabinet: DC power supply (DCS) unit
(item 9), thermal sensor and fan units (items 6 and 8).
• The antenna control cabinet (AA 2000) (item 2) close to the dual I/R cabinet.
The power distribution cabinet (AE 2000) (item 1) mounted back to back with the
antenna control cabinet (AA 2000).
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
At the rear of the channel 1 (left side) I/R cabinet is located the transfer RF Unit
(RFU) (item 10).

12
13
11
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
14
34
15
33
16
32 25 24
17
31
26 23 18
30
19
29
20
28 27 22 21

Technical desk (item 11) for :
- the RCMS computer XOP 2000 (LTM position) (item 12),
- the local display (IRIS) (item13)
and with two mini-cabinets attached to the technical desk:
Technical desk left cabinet:
• a video switching box (associated to IRIS) (item 34),
• a time receiver (option) (item 33),
• three (or more) µlines 4 (items 25, 26 and 32),
• reserved locations for modems (items 27 to 31).
Technical desk right cabinet:
• an Azimuth Distribution Unit (ADU 2000) (item 14),
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
• a time receiver (option) (item 15),

• three (or more) µlines 4 (items 16, 17 and 24),
• a Data Regrouping Unit (DRU for RCMS function),
• reserved locations for modems (items 18 to 23).

RSM970S KEY FEATURES
PRESENTATION
PRINCIPLES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
KEY FEATURES
MAINTENANCE
DOCUMENTATION
KEY FEATURES
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Key Characteristics
ALTITUDE
2
(1) Max. elevation angle : 45 °
(2) Maximum altitude : 66 000 ft
1 (3) Range : 256 nm

3
(4) Min. elevation angle : 0.5 °
(5) Minimum range : 0.5 nm

RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
5
4
RANGE
CO VERAGE DIAGRAM

PERFORMANCES
− Position detection performance

• SSR position detection
Hypotheses of range, turning rate and IRF: 256 nm at 4.5 rpm and 70 Hz
256 nm at 7.5 rpm and 115 Hz
256 nm at 10 rpm and 150 Hz
− Overall detection probability : > 97 %
− Position detection with garbling targets (no fruit)
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Range separation Azimuth separation Overall probability of detecting two targets
< 0.05 nm < 0.6° ≥ 80%

0.05 nm to 2 nm < 0.6° ≥ 99%
< 2 nm 0.6° to 4.8° ≥ 99%
> 2 nm > 4.8° ≥ 99%

PERFORMANCES
• Mode S position detection in selective mode

− Hypotheses of range, turning rate and IRF: 256 nm at 4.5 rpm and 70 Hz IRF
256 nm at 7.5 rpm and 115 Hz IRF
150 nm and 80 nm at 15 rpm and 150 Hz
− Overall detection probability : 99 % (with Mode S transponder probability of
reply equal to 90%)
− Position detection with garbling replies (no fruit)
Reply type Garbling reply Overlapping time t Overall Mode S detection probability
Mode S short SSR or Mode S t ≤ 20 µs ≥ 70%
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
and long
Mode S short Mode S 20 < t ≤ 32 µs ≥ 40%
and long
Mode S short Mode S 32 < t < 64 µs ≥ 20%
and long
Mode S long Mode S long Not testable Not testable

PERFORMANCES
− SSR validated correct code detection with garbling targets (no fruit)
Range Azimuth Code Overall probability of detecting
separation separation two SSR targets with validated
correct code
< 0.05 nm < 0.6° Mode A or C > 60%
0.05 nm to 2 nm < 0.6° Mode A or C > 90%
< 2 nm 0.6° to 4.8° Mode A or C > 98%
< 2 nm 1.2° to 4.8° Mode A or C > 99%
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
PERFORMANCES
• False information:
− Validated but incorrect Mode A codes : < 0.1 %
− Validated but incorrect false Mode C codes : < 0.1 %
− Probability of false data link message in a Mode S reply :< 10 E-7
−Surveillance position accuracy
• Range accuracy and bias adjustment:
− Slant range bias (Mode S, A or C):< 14 m
− SSR range random error :< 30 m (rms)
− Mode S range random error :< 15 m (rms)
Range bias null adjustment is configurable by the operator.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
Range offset is also configurable by the operator in order to set the range bias below
14 m.
PERFORMANCES
• Azimuth accuracy and bias adjustment:

− Azimuth bias for elevation angles between 0 and +6° (Mode S, A or C) <
0.022°
− Azimuth bias for elevation angles between 0 and +10° (Mode S, A or C) <
0.033°
− Azimuth random error (Mode S, A or C) 0.068°
Azimuth bias null adjustment is configurable by the operator. Angular offset is
configurable by hardware on the ADU 2000 during site installation, in order to set the
azimuth bias below 0.022°.
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RF characteristics
• Radar frequencies:
− Interrogation frequency : 1030 MHz ± 1 MHz
− Reception frequency : 1090 MHz ± 3 MHz
• Maximum antenna gain : 27 dBi
• Antenna azimuth beam width : 2.4°
• Transmitted power peak power : 2570 W
• VSWR : < 1.5 (cabinet output)
• Isolation between channels : > 70 dB
• Transmitter duty cycle:
− 63.7 % over 1.6 ms (32 Mode S roll-call interrogations within 1.6 ms, with
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
one interrogation every 50 µs); capability of repeating this duty cycle every
16 ms
− at least 5 % over one antenna revolution for the SUM channel
• RF change over switching time : < 100 ms

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
−System start-up
• System response time (time between the start-up command and the sending of
a plot on a surveillance line): 4.5 minutes plus 3 scan periods
• Initial aircraft acquisition: at least 99 % of aircraft present in the surveillance
coverage of the system within 10 antenna scans after the first plot has been
output on the surveillance link
• Time stamping
• Control and Monitoring System time synchronisation: from GPS receiver time
information with a minimum precision of 1 s
• Radar processing time stamping accuracy < 2 ms
System time performance when not synchronised on external signal:
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
drift ≤ 20 ms per month

−Control and monitoring
On-line fault reporting time : < 2 s after the fault is detected
l

RADAR customisable characteristics
Examples of customisable parameters:

−reception parameters: RSLS values, etc.,
−processing parameters: limitation threshold, etc.,
−TVBC law parameters: TVBC law description (8 TVBC laws are predefined),
−scheduling parameters: initial all-call/roll-call pattern definition, staggering definition,
etc.,
−tracking parameters: target thresholds (speed, etc.), etc.,
−SMS parameters: thresholds for monitoring (azimuth tolerance, etc.), etc.,
−Mode S protocol parameters: transaction priority, delays for lockout, etc.,
−physical line configuration parameters: protocol, data rate, etc.,
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
RADAR customisable characteristics
−output data selection parameters: enabling of delivery of special data such as

extrapolated position, Test Target Generation (TTG) data, SMS data, data ASTERIX
category selection, etc.,
−Local Display (LD) output parameters: selection of data output to LD, etc.,
−primary interface parameters: enabling of PSR processing, etc.,
−miscellaneous parameters: nominal rotation speed, maximum IRF, etc.,
−cluster management parameters,
−radar parameter set parameters: I/R maps, all-call/roll-call operational pattern, etc..
RSM970S1_en7 Rev 03 15-05-2003
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SYSTEM PRESENTATION

INTERROGATION: Request for identification REPLY: identification or altitude

• Frame pulse detection

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SECONDARY

Interrogators on the ground generate RF pulse modulated messages to aircraft. These

The RSM970S SECONDARY RADAR is designed to locate and identify aircraft.

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1,2,3 Military modes

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F1 2 FRAMING PULSES ( BRAKET PAIR ) F2

CODE = A B C D 4 Octal Digits

A = A4 A2 A1 3 bits IF PULSE PRESENT ==> bit = 1

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SURVEILLANCE FOR SSR-ONLY AIRCRAFT (P4 Short)

ACQUISITION, SURVEILLANCE AND DATA LINK FOR MODE S AIRCRAFT

Data bit format

Secondary surveillance radars use highly directive antennas.

n a very narrow major beam width,

The use of such a system results in two possibilities :

l the transponder of an aircraft answers to a question emanating from the antenna

Transponder triggered via a sidelobe

Reply received via a sidelobe

l on interrogation (ISLS and IISLS processes), the aircraft transponder detects

l on reception (RSLS process), the secondary radar receiver detects and

When two aircraft cross each other, their replies overlap.

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Reflector (ground) reflected pulses

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Looking to their amplitudes,

At interrogation, the Interrogator transmits :

Note : when P1 ≥ P2 ≥ P1 - 9 dB, the transponder may or may not reply.

Interrogation through outside main Σ lobe

Interrogation through main Σ lobe

aircraft outside the Σ major lobe

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Any other interrogation arriving during this period

(in particular the reflected ones) will receive no reply.

aircraft outside the Σ major lobe

P1 variable position according

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RSLS Reception with SideLobe Suppression

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The antenna used with the equipment features Σ and Ω channels ,

l The Ω channel has almost the same gain in all directions ;

The receiver compares the amplitude V of the signals received

l If VΣ < VΩ : the signal is from a Σ secondary lobe;

The RSM970S attributes a coefficient K1 (operational parameter) which may be

Ω pattern K1 adjustable between

∆ right-hand side lobe

Pulses received from aircraft in :

Centre Electronique Rouen Ymare 34

∆ lobe (difference channel)

Ω lobe (control channel)

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Vangle error = ( V ∆ / V Σ ) cos θ

Where θ = phase shift between ∆ and Σ signals

ANGLE ERROR MEASUREMENT

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To avoid difficulties involved in the measurement of an amplitude ratio, the

into the measurement of the phase shift Φ , between two signals

built thanks to a hybrid circuit at the receiver input.

ANGLE ERROR MEASUREMENT

The difference in amplitude of the pulses received on both channels is maximum