Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The chapter presents the research method, population, sample size, sampling techniques,

description of the respondents, instrumentation, data gathering procedure and statistical

treatment of data.

Methods of Research

The descriptive type of method of research had been used in this study. This method of

research will best describe the results of the investigation since according to Best and Khan

(2013), the descriptive type of research describes and interprets what is. It is concerned with

conditions or relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs, point of views, or attitudes that

are help, processes that are going on, effects that are felt, and the trends that are developing.

Population of the Study

The population in this study were the grade six students enrolled in the school year

2018-2019 in the 3 elementary schools in the District of Tanza, Cavite. These 3 schools had

enrollees of 776 grade six students as its population.

The sample size was determined using the Slovin’s formula as follows ;

n= N/1+ Ne²

Where: n = no of samples

N = total num. of population

e = margin of error

Therefore: n = 776/1+776 x 0.05²

n = 776/1+776 x 0.0025

n = 776/1+1.94

n = 776/2.94

264
 Using the slovin’s formula , the sample size of 264 for 3 schools had been

determined. The table below shows the distribution of sample by school.

Table 1

Population and Sample Size

Distribution of Respondent by School

Schools Respondents Percent

Punta Elementary School 93 35.2

Sanja Major Elementary School 89 33.7

Florentino Joya Elementary 82 31.1

School

Total 264 100

Sampling Technique

The study had 264 samples from the total population of 776 of Punta Elementary School,

Sanja Mayor Elementary School, Florentino Joya Elementary School who were officially enrolled

in Grade (VI) Six for the school year 2018-2019. These participants were selected through

stratified random sampling so that each member of the population had an equal chance of

becoming a research participant.

Simple random sampling is a technique which attempts to restrict the possible samples

to those which are “less extreme” by ensuring that all parts of population are represented in the

sample in order to increase the efficiency (that is to decreased the error in the estimation)

Pupils were divided based on their school. From within these groups the researcher

together with their respective class advisers randomly selected the names of the learners who

will be included in the study.

Research Instrument

The data gathering instrument used in this study is found in the Appendix . The 1st stage

in this study was the determination of the score in reading or the reading proficiency levels of the

pupils included in the study. The instrument used in this study the teacher-made passage and

the Phil-IRI result. It will be a 7-item multiple choice type of test in determining reading proficiency

score .

A test questionnaire was used in order to measure the reading proficiency level of

learners. The researcher-made questionnaire measured the reading proficiency level of the

respondents which determines the reading levels classified as Independent level, Instructional

level, Frustration level.

The questionnaire was validated by the English Coordinator, School Principal and the

District Supervisor. The Phil-IRI-Silent Reading Test gives quantitative information about the

pupil’s silent reading capabilities. Quantitative information shows the reading levels namely:

frustration, instructional and independent. Furthermore, it uses predetermined set of criteria in

identifying the reading levels of the pupils such as the reading speed and percentage of correct

answers to comprehension questions. It has adapted the combination of bands of reading rate

(words per minute) proposed by Morris and Gunning. In this study, the level of reading proficiency

was interpreted based on the result of the computation.

The Manual of Phil-IRI Test Administration and Interpretation which was retrieved from

the DepEd Department of Education portal and was used as main reference in the interpretation.

For statistical analysis, the survey has two parts, part one for the socioeconomic profile

and score in reading and grade in English whol;e the 2nd part is the determination of assessment

level of pupiils in the PHLT (parent-home-learner –teacher) factor.

Part I This consist of the personal data sheet which asks for respondents’ socio-

demographic profile such as age, gender grade point in English, parent Highest Educational
Attainment, monthly income, birth order and number of siblings. The reading proficiency score

had been written in this 1st part of survey instrument for inclusion in tallying of statistical results.

Part II This consists of an assessment of pupils of the PHLT (parent-home-learner-

teacher) factors which uses the following scale of measurement

5 (4.5 - 5.00 ) – Very Great extent

4 3.5 – 4.49 – Great Extent
3 (2.5 - 3.49 - Moderate Extent
2 1.50 – 2.49 – Slight Extent
1 Below 1.5 - not at all

Data Gathering Procedures

The researcher will first seek permission from the district supervisor of Tanza District,

Cavite to allow the researcher to distribute questionnaires, and gather the needed data for the

study specifically for reading proficiency level. In selected Elementary Schools of the District of

Tanza, Cavite.

Upon approval, the researcher will personally administer the questionnaires to his target

respondents. The researcher shall personally administer the questionnaires in the 776

respondents and a sample of 264 in (3) three Schools of Selected Elementary School in the

District of Tanza Cavite. The survey forms had been distributed after given permission by proper

authorities to the pupils in the Selected Elementary Schools in the District of Tanza, Cavite. The

pupils respondents will be given the questionnaire for an hour to answer and finish. Answer sheet

were provided by the researcher. The results of the reading examination had been noted which

form part of the variables in the 1st part of the study, the determination of reading proficiency of

respondent pupils.
 The learners reading proficiency level are interpreted as fallows.

Research Procedure

Computed Value of Levels of Reading

Comprehension Proficiency
90 – 100% Independent Level
75 – 89% Instructional Level
75% and below Frustration Level
After administering exams, the researcher retrieved the questionnaire from the students

and properly examined it.

The data shall be tabulated and interpreted based on the three major skill categories in

reading levels namely: independent level, instructional level, frustration level and other survey

questionnaire like: parent factor, home factor, pupil factor, teacher factor, and passage in Title

“The lost Sea”

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered through the questionnaires and will be treated statistically using the

following statistical tools:

1. Frequencies and percentages had been used to determine the distribution of

respondents according to age, gender, highest educational attainment of parents, family

income , number of siblings and birth order.

2. Mean is use to determine the average assessment of pupils in the PHLT factors as well

as the score in reading and grade in English.

3 The t-test and the F-test had been used in this study to determine if there is a significant

difference in the score in reading among students with different socio-economic profile.
 The t-test had been used if the profile involved only two classification and F-test had been

used if profile involved more than 2 groups like the family income categories.

4. The pearson correlation had been used to determine the significant relationships of the

reading proficiency scores of the student with the grade in English and the assessment

level on the PHLT (parent-home-learner-teacher) factors.