Propiedad

𝑎 𝑏
𝐸𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟í𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴 = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑

𝑎−𝜆 𝑏
𝑃(𝜆) = |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = | |
𝑐 𝑑−𝜆

𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎(𝐴)𝜆 + |𝐴|

Propiedad
𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴=[ ] → 𝐴−1 = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

Ejercicio 01
3 −1
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 2
Solución
3−𝜆 −1
𝑃(𝜆) = |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = | |
−2 2 − 𝜆
2
𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎(𝐴)𝜆 + |𝐴|

3 −1
𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − (3 + 2)𝜆 + | |
−2 2

𝑃(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 4
⇒ (𝜆 − 4)(𝜆 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝜆1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 4

𝜎𝜆1 :Espacio propio de 𝜆1 = 1

𝐴𝑥⃗ = 𝜆1 𝑥⃗ ⇒ (𝐴 − 𝜆1 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = ⃗0⃗ ⇒ (𝐴 − 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = ⃗0⃗
3 − 1 −1 𝑥 0
⇒[ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
−2 2 − 1 0
2 −1 𝑥 0 2 −1 𝑥 0
⇒[ ] [𝑦] = [ ] ~𝑓2 = 𝑓2 + 𝑓1 [ ] [𝑦] = [ ]
−2 1 0 0 0 0
De la fila 1
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 , → 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 1
[𝑦 ] = [ ] = 𝑡 [ ]
2𝑡 2
1 1
⇒ 𝜎𝜆1 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑃1 = [ ]
2 2

𝜎𝜆2 :Espacio propio de 𝜆2 = 4

𝐴𝑥⃗ = 𝜆2 𝑥⃗ ⇒ (𝐴 − 𝜆2 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = ⃗0⃗ ⇒ (𝐴 − 4𝐼)𝑥⃗ = ⃗0⃗
3 − 4 −1 𝑥 0
⇒[ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
−2 2 − 4 0
−1 −1 𝑥 0 −1 −1 𝑥 0
⇒[ ] [𝑦] = [ ] ~𝑓2 = 𝑓2 − 2𝑓1 [ ] [𝑦] = [ ]
−2 −2 0 0 0 0
De fila 1:
⇒ −𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = −𝑥 ,
𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑡
 𝑥 𝑡 1
[𝑦 ] = [ ] = 𝑡 [ ]
−𝑡 −1
1 1
⇒ 𝜎𝜆2 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑃2 = [ ]
−1 −1
1 1
𝑃 = [𝑃1 𝑃2 ] = [ ], esta matriz diagonaliza a la matriz A
2 −1
1 1
Respuesta: 𝑃 = [ ]
2 −1

Nota: El porqué de la Diagonalización:

𝜆 0
𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔(𝜆1 , 𝜆2 ) = [ 1 ]
0 𝜆2
1 1 −1 3 −1 1 1 1 0
[ ] [ ][ ]=[ ]
2 −1 −2 2 2 −1 0 4

Observación:
Escojamos otro P
1 −1
𝜎𝜆1 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡 = −1 → 𝑃1 = [ ]
2 −2
1 2
𝜎𝜆2 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡 = 2 → 𝑃2 = [ ]
−1 −2
−1 2 𝜆 0 1 0
𝑃 = [𝑃1 𝑃2 ] = [ ] → 𝑃 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔(𝜆1 , 𝜆2 ) = [ 1
−1
]=[ ]
−2 −2 0 𝜆2 0 4

Observación:
Escojamos otro P
1 3
𝜎𝜆1 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡 = 3 → 𝑃1 = [ ]
2 6
1 −2
𝜎𝜆2 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡 = −2 → 𝑃2 = [ ]
−1 2
3 −2 𝜆 0 1 0
𝑃 = [𝑃1 𝑃2 ] = [ ] → 𝑃 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔(𝜆1 , 𝜆2 ) = [ 1
−1
]=[ ]
6 2 0 𝜆2 0 4

Observación:
Escojamos otro P
1 1
𝜎𝜆1 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡 = 1 → [ ]
2 2
1 1
𝜎𝜆2 = {[ ] 𝑡/𝑡𝜖𝑅} ⇒ 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡 = 1 → 𝑃2 = [ ]
−1 −1
1 1 𝜆 0 4 0
𝑃 = [𝑃2 𝑃1 ] = [ ] → 𝑃 −1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑔(𝜆2 , 𝜆1 ) = [ 2 ]=[ ]
−1 2 0 𝜆1 0 1

Ejercicio de aplicación:

Ejercicio 02
3 −1
Halar 𝐴𝑛 si 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 2

Solución:
Se debe diagonalizar la matriz A, del problema anterior
 1 1 1 1
𝜆1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 4, 𝑃1 = [ ] , 𝑃2 = [ ] , 𝑃 = [ ]
2 −1 2 −1

𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷 → 𝐴 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃 −1
Porque
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑧𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑃:
𝑃𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 → 𝐼𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 → 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑃−1 :
𝐴𝑃𝑃−1 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1 → 𝐴𝐼 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1 → 𝐴 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1

𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴 = (𝑃𝐷𝑃 −1 )(𝑃𝐷𝑃−1 )= 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1 𝑃𝐷𝑃 −1 = 𝑃𝐷𝐼𝐷𝑃−1

= 𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑃−1 = 𝑃𝐷 2 𝑃−1

𝐴2 = 𝑃𝐷2 𝑃−1 , 𝐴3 = 𝑃𝐷3 𝑃−1 , … , 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃𝐷𝑛 𝑃 −1 … … . (1)

2
𝐷=[
1 0
] → 𝐷2 = [
1 0 1 0
][ ] = [1
2
0 ] = [𝜆1 0
]
0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 2
0 𝜆2 2
𝜆 0 𝜆 2 0 𝜆1 3 0 𝜆1 𝑛 0
→𝐷=[ 1 ] , 𝐷2 = [ 1 ] , 𝐷 3
= [ ] , 𝐷 𝑛
= [ ]
0 𝜆2 0 𝜆2 2 0 𝜆2 3 0 𝜆2 𝑛

𝑛 𝜆1 𝑛 0 −1
En (1): 𝐴 =𝑃[ 𝑛] 𝑃
0 𝜆2

1 1 1𝑛 0 1 1 −1
𝐴𝑛 = [ ][ ][ ] … … … . . (1)
2 −1 0 4𝑛 2 −1

1 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1
[ ] = [ ]= [ ]
2 −1 1(−1) − 2(1) −2 1 −3 −2 1
1 1 1
= [ ]
3 2 −1

En (1)
1 1 1𝑛 0 1 1 1
𝐴𝑛 = [ ][ ][ ]
2 −1 0 4𝑛 2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 ∙ 4𝑛 1 − 4𝑛
=[ ][ 𝑛 ] = [ ]
2 −1 2 ∙ 4 −4𝑛 3 3 2 − 2 ∙ 4𝑛 2 + 4𝑛

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎:
1 1 + 2 ∙ 4𝑛 1 − 4𝑛
𝐴𝑛 = 3 [ ]
2 − 2 ∙ 4𝑛 2 + 4𝑛