Gramática esencial

Para explicaciones gramaticales detalladas, Grammar Workshop, Student’s Book 114–133.

Tiempos verbales
TIEMPO o FORMA USOS
ESTRUCTURA Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Present I/You/We/They work. I/You/We/They do not (don’t) Do I/you/we/they • datos y estados
simple He/She/It works. work. work? • hábitos y acciones que se repiten
He/She/It does not (doesn’t) Does he/she/it work? • verbos de estado
work.
Present I am (’m) working. I am (’m) not working. Am I working? • acciones que están sucediendo ahora
continuous He/She/It is (’s) He/She/It is (’s) not working. Is he/she/it working? • situaciones temporales
working. • con valor de futuro, para planes y
You/We/They are (’re) not Are you/we/they
actividades organizadas
You/We/They are (’re) working. working?
working.
Present I/You/We/They have I/You/We/They have not Have I/you/we/they • situaciones actuales que comenzaron
perfect (’ve) worked. (haven’t) worked. worked? en el pasado
simple He/She/It has (’s) He/She/It has not (hasn’t) Has he/she/it • experiencias pasadas, sin especificar
worked. worked. worked? cuándo se produjeron
Present I/You/We/They have I/You/We/They have not Have I/you/we/they • acciones repetidas que afectan al
perfect (’ve) been working. (haven’t) been working. been working? presente
continuous He/She/It has (’s) He/She/It has not (hasn’t) Has he/she/it been • acción repetida reciente que influye
been working. been working. working? en el presente
• explicación de una acción o un hecho
del pasado
Past simple I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They did Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ • acciones acabadas o hechos del
They worked. not (didn’t) work. they work? pasado
• hechos que se repitieron en el
pasado
• estados del pasado
Past I/He/She/It was I/He/She/It was not (wasn’t) Was I/he/she/it • acciones que se estaban dando en un
continuous working. working. working? momento concreto del pasado
You/We/They were You/We/They were not Were you/we/they • acciones pasadas interrumpidas por
working. (weren’t) working. working? otros hechos del pasado
Past perfect I/You/He/She/It/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They had Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ • estados o acciones anteriores a otros
simple We/They had (’d) not (hadn’t) worked. they worked? hechos del pasado
worked.
used to I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They did Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ • hábitos o situaciones del pasado que
They used to work. not (didn’t) use to work. they use to work? ya no son ciertas en la actualidad
would para I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They would Would I/you/he/she/it/ • situaciones o hábitos del pasado que
hábitos del They would (’d) not (wouldn’t) work. we/they work? ya no son ciertos en la actualidad
pasado work.
will con valor I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • predicciones u opiniones sobre el
de futuro They will (’ll) work. not (won’t) work. they work? futuro
• decisiones espontáneas
be going to I am (’m) going to I am (’m) not going to Am I going to work? • predicciones basadas en evidencias
con valor de work. work. Is he/she/it going to • planes e intenciones
futuro He/She/It is (’s) going He/She/It is (’s) not going to work?
to work. work. Are you/we/they
You/We/They are (’re) You/We/They are (’re) not going to work?
going to work. going to work.
Future I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • acciones futuras que se darán en un
continuous They will (’ll) be not (won’t) be working. they be working? periodo de tiempo
working. • acciones de futuro ya planificadas
Future I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will Will I/you/he/she/it/ • hechos o acciones que se habrán
perfect They will (’ll) have not (won’t) have been we/they have been completado en un momento concreto
simple been working. working. working?

Gramática esencial 119

 Para órdenes o instrucciones indirectas no se utiliza say, sino
Proposiciones de relativo tell + objeto (+ not) + to + infinitivo.
PRONOMBRE RELATIVO USOS ‘Be quiet!’ ➞ The teacher told us to be quiet.
which / that referencia a objetos
who / that referencia a personas Estilo indirecto: verbos introductorios
whose expresión de posesión VERBO ESTILO INDIRECTO
ADVERBIO RELATIVO USOS declare suggest verbo + proposición encabezada por
when referencia temporal explain insist that
where referencia espacial say recommend He declared that he loved her.
invite order verbo + objeto + to + infinitivo
PROPOSICIÓN DE FORMA USOS tell He told her to sit down.
RELATIVO agree offer verbo + to + infinitivo
Proposición She’s the girl información esencial promise She offered to pay for the
especificativa who helped sobre el sustantivo al tickets.
me. que sigue apologize (for) verbo + forma en -ing
Proposición The girl, who información adicional, suggest She apologized for being late.
explicativa was very no esencial, sobre el
clever, helped sustantivo al que sigue Preguntas indirectas 
me.
En la forma interrogativa del estilo indirecto, el orden es
Omitir el pronombre relativo  diferente al de las preguntas directas. También cambia
el tiempo verbal, como en la forma afirmativa del estilo
El pronombre relativo se puede omitir si no constituye el indirecto.
sujeto de la proposición de relativo especificativa. Verbo + sujeto (pregunta directa).
That’s the DVD (that / which) Soledad bought. ‘How tall are you?’ he asked.
He’s the man (that / who) I was telling you about. Sujeto + verbo (pregunta indirecta).
A menudo se omiten los relativos who, which y that en la He asked me how tall I was.
forma oral. Whose nunca se puede omitir.
Verbos modales
Estilo indirecto: tiempos verbales
VERBO MODAL USOS
ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO (o estructura relacionada)
Present simple Past simple can / can’t • describir capacidad
He said, ‘I watch TV.’ He said he watched TV. could / couldn’t
Present continuous Past continuous be able to / not be able to
He said, ‘I am watching TV.’ He said he was watching TV. must • expresar certeza
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple may / may not (NO mayn’t) • expresar posibilidad
He said, ‘I have watched TV.’ He said he had watched TV. could / couldn’t
Past simple Past perfect might / mightn’t
He said, ‘I watched TV.’ He said he had watched TV. can’t • expresar imposibilidad
will would have to / don’t have to • expresar obligación
He said, ‘I will watch TV.’ He said he would watch TV. need to / needn’t
can could must (NO mustn’t)
He said, ‘I can watch TV.’ He said he could watch TV. should / shouldn’t • dar consejo
must have to ought to / oughtn’t to • hacer recomendaciones
He said, ‘I must watch TV.’ He said he had to watch TV. mustn’t • expresar prohibición
VERBO MODAL USOS
say y tell COMPUESTO
must have + participio pasado expresar certeza en el pasado
Los verbos say y tell, que introducen el estilo indirecto, tienen
can’t have + participio pasado expresar imposibilidad en el
el mismo significado, pero se utilizan de forma diferente.
pasado
– say (+ that) + estilo indirecto. may / might have + participio expresar posibilidad en el
– tell + objeto indirecto (+ that) + estilo indirecto. pasado pasado
The policeman said (that) they arrested the burglar. could have + participio pasado sugerir una acción pasada
The policeman told me that they had arrested the burglar. alternativa
should have + participio criticar una acción pasada
pasado

120 Gramática esencial 

La voz pasiva Infinitivo y forma en -ing
TIEMPO VERBAL VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA VERBO USOS
Present simple open is opened admit finish solo con la forma en -ing
Present continuous is opening is being opened avoid imagine
Present perfect has opened has been opened can’t stand mention
can’t imagine miss
Past simple opened was opened
consider practise
Past continuous was opening was being
don’t mind report
opened
enjoy suggest
Past perfect had opened had been opened
afford hope solo con to + infinitivo
will will open will be opened
agree learn
be going to is going to open is going to be arrange manage
opened ask pretend
attempt promise
Voz activa ➞ voz pasiva choose seem
decide want
Al pasar una frase de la voz activa a la voz pasiva, el objeto se expect
convierte en sujeto de la nueva oración.
begin love con el infinitivo o con la forma
Activa: The driver opened the door. like prefer en -ing
sujeto verbo objeto hate start

La forma en -ing en función de sustantivo 

sujeto verbo (by + agente) La forma en -ing puede hacer la función de sustantivo, a
menudo como sujeto de la frase.
Pasiva: The door was opened (by the driver).
Living in a capital city can be very expensive.
Uso de la voz pasiva
Oraciones condicionales
La voz pasiva enfatiza la acción (= verbo) por encima de quien
FORMA USOS
la realiza (= agente).
De primer grado hechos posible o probables en
if / unless + present simple, el futuro
El causativo will + infinitivo
El causativo se utiliza para describir acciones que alguien o O
algo lleva a cabo por nosotros. will + infinitivo if / unless +
present simple
He had his shoes cleaned. (= Él no limpió los zapatos.) De segundo grado situaciones hipotéticas ahora o
if + past simple, would + en el futuro
El causativo se construye con have / get + objeto + participio infinitivo
pasado. O
Have y get pueden aparecer en cualquier tiempo verbal, pero would +infinitivo if + past
get suele utilizarse en frases menos formales. Igual que en simple
la voz pasiva, by + agente se puede omitir si no se especifica De tercer grado hechos hipotéticos del pasado
quién o qué realiza la acción. if + past perfect, would have
+ participio pasado
OR
would have + participio
pasado if + past perfect

Gramática esencial 121

 Phrasal Verbs (verbos con partícula)
PHRASAL VERB PRONUNCIACIÓN DEFINICIÓN
ask out /ˌɑːsk ˈaʊt/ pedirle una cita a alguien
break into /ˌbreɪk ˈɪntə/ entrar en un lugar por la fuerza

break up with /ˌbreɪk ˈʌp wɪð/ romper con alguien

bring in /ˌbrɪŋ ˈɪn/ introducir una nueva ley, etc.

bring up /ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp/ criar y preocuparse por un niño o una niña

bump into /ˌbʌmp ˈɪntə/ encontrarse con alguien por casualidad

call round /ˌkɔːl ˈraʊnd/ visitar a alguien en su casa
carry out /ˌkæri ˈaʊt/ realizar una tarea, un estudio, etc.

catch on /ˌkætʃ ˈɒn/ hacerse popular o ponerse de moda

chop up /ˌtʃɒp ˈʌp/ cortar en trocitos, picar

come across /ˈkʌm əkrɒs/ encontrar algo por casualidad

come along / go along /ˌkʌm əˈlɒŋ/ /ˌɡəʊ əˈlɒŋ/ acompañar a alguien

come round / over /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ /ˈəʊvə(r)/ visitar a alguien en un lugar

come together (as a group) /ˌkʌm təˈɡeðə(r)/ juntarse con otra gente para crear un grupo unido

cover up /ˌkʌvər ˈʌp/ cubrir errores o acciones ilegales de otras personas

cut out /ˌkʌt ˈaʊt/ dejar de comer, utilizar o hacer algo

dish up /ˌdɪʃ ˈʌp/ emplatar comida

dress up /ˌdres ˈʌp/ ponerse ropa elegante o especial

drop off /ˌdrɒp ˈɒf/ dejar a alguien en algún sitio

eat out /ˌiːt ˈaʊt/ comer fuera (en un restaurante, en una cafetería, etc.)

end up /ˌend ˈʌp/ encontrarse a sí mismo en un lugar, una situación, etc.

feel like /ˈfiːl ˌlaɪk/ apetecer tomar o hacer algo

find out /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ descubrir, obtener información preguntando, leyendo, etc.

get on /ˌɡet ˈɒn/ subir a un autobús, tren, etc.

get on (well) with /ˌɡet ˌɒn (ˈwel) wɪð/ llevarse bien con alguien

get over /ˌɡet ˈəʊvə(r)/ superar una situación o un hecho del pasado

give back /ˌɡɪv ˈbæk/ devolver algo a su dueño o dueña

give up /ˌɡɪv ˈʌp/ ceder, ofrecer algo nuestro a otra persona

go ahead /ˌɡəʊ əˈhed/ seguir, avanzar en algo

go away /ˌɡəʊ əˈwei/ marcharse (de casa) durante un tiempo

go back /ˌɡəʊ ˈbæk/ volver, regresar a un lugar

go off /ˌɡəʊ ˈɒf/ estropearse (la comida)

go on /ˌɡəʊ ˈɒn/ seguir, continuar haciendo algo

go out /ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt/ salir de casa

go out with /ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt wɪð/ salir con alguien como pareja

go through /ˌɡəʊ ˈθruː/ experimentar algo

go with /ˈɡəʊ wɪð/ combinar con algo

go without /ˌɡəʊ wɪˈðaʊt/ pasar sin algo, no tener algo

hand out /ˌhænd ˈaʊt/ dar, entregar algo a alguien

122 Phrasal verbs 

PHRASAL VERB PRONUNCIACIÓN DEFINICIÓN
have round /ˌhæv ˈraʊnd/ invitar a alguien a nuestra casa

hear of /ˈhɪər ɒv/ descubrir algo porque alguien nos lo ha contado

join in /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ participar en una actividad junto a otras personas

kick off /ˌkɪk ˈɒf/ empezar (una reunión, un acto, etc.)

let on /ˌlet ˈɒn/ contarle un secreto a alguien

listen out for /ˌlɪsn ˈaʊt fɔː(r)/ estar preparado para oír / escuchar algo

look after (yourself) /ˌlʊk ˈɑːftə(r)/ cuidar de algo, alguien, etc.

look for /ˈlʊk fɔː(r)/ buscar

look into /ˌlʊk ˈɪntə/ analizar algo

meet up with /ˌmiːt ˈʌp wɪð/ reunirse con alguien

own up to /ˌəʊn ˈʌp tə/ reconocer nuestra responsabilidad en algo

pack out (the streets / square) /ˌpæk ˈaʊt/ llenar de gente (las calles / una plaza)

pick at /pɪk æt/ picar, comer en pequeñas cantidades

pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ coger y levantar algo o a alguien

pig out /ˌpɪɡ ˈaʊt/ atiborrarse de comida

pull on /ˌpʊl ˈɒn/ ponerse (unas botas, unos pantalones, etc.)

pull over /ˌpʊl ˈəʊvə(r)/ hacerse a un lado de la carretera con el coche

put on (a show) /ˌpʊt ˈɒn/ actuar ante los demás

put up /ˌpʊt ˈʌp/ colocar algo donde se vea

put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/ soportar, aceptar algo o a alguien sin protestar

rip off /ˌrɪp ˈɒf/ estafar a alguien

run over /ˌrʌn ˈəʊvə(r)/ atropellar a alguien con el coche

see through /ˌsiː ˈθruː/ no abandonar una tarea, etc. hasta completarla

set off (fireworks) /ˌset ˈɒf/ preparar fuegos artificiales para que exploten

set up /ˌset ˈʌp/ tender una trampa a alguien para hacerle parecer culpable

sniff around /ˌsnɪf əˈraʊnd/ husmear, tratar de obtener información sobre algo o alguien

square up /ˌskweər ˈʌp/ prepararse para enfrentarse a alguien

stamp out /ˌstæmp ˈaʊt/ eliminar algo

stand up for /ˌstænd ˈʌp fɔː(r)/ apoyar o defender a alguien

stand up to /ˌstænd ˈʌp tə/ hacer frente a una mala situación, no aceptarla sin protestar

stay in /ˌsteɪ ˈɪn/ quedarse en casa, no salir

swallow up /ˌswɒləʊ ˈʌp/ absorber, utilizar algo hasta agotarlo

take (time) off /ˌteɪk ˈɒf/ tomarse tiempo libre en la escuela o el trabajo

take out /ˌteɪk ˈaʊt/ sacar dinero, etc. de una cuenta, etc.

tell off /ˌtel ˈɒf/ reñir a alguien por hacer algo mal

touch on /ˈtʌtʃ ɒn/ tocar un tema sin entrar en detalles

turn up /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ llegar a un lugar, aparecer

warm up /ˌwɔːm ˈʌp/ recalentar una comida

whip up /ˌwɪp ˈʌp/ preparar rápidamente una comida

wrap up /ˌræp ˈʌp/ envolverse en ropa de abrigo

Phrasal verbs 123

 Verbos irregulares
INFINITIVO PAST SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO
be /biː/ was / were /wɒz/, /wɜː(r)/ been /biːn/
bear /beə(r)/ bore /bɔː/ borne /bɔːn/
beat /biːt/ beat /biːt/ beaten /ˈbiːtən/
become /bɪˈkʌm/ became /bɪˈkeɪm/ become /bɪˈkʌm/
begin /bɪˈgɪn/ began /bɪˈgæn/ begun /bɪˈgʌn/
bend /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/
bet /bet/ bet /bet/ bet /bet/
bite /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /ˈbɪtn/
bleed /bliːd/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/
blow /bləʊ/ blew /bluː/ blown /bləʊn/
break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ broken /ˈbrəʊkn/
bring /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/
burn /bɜːn/ burned, burnt /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/ burned, burnt /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/
catch /kætʃ/ caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/
choose /tʃuːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /ˈtʃəʊzn/
come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/
cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/
cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/
dig /dɪg/ dug /dʌg/ dug /dʌg/
do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/
draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/
dream /driːm/ dreamed, dreamt /driːmd/, /dremt/ dreamed, dreamt /driːmd/, /dremt/
drink /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/
drive /draɪv/ drove /drəʊv/ driven /ˈdrɪvən/
eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/ eaten /ˈiːtən/
fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/
feed /fiːd/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/
feel /fiːl/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/
fight /faɪt/ fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/
find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/
fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/
forbid /fəˈbɪd/ forbade /fəˈbeɪd/ forbidden /fəˈbɪdn/
forget /fəˈget/ forgot /fəˈgɒt/ forgotten /fəˈgɒtn/
forgive /fəˈgɪv/ forgave /fəˈgeɪv/ forgiven /fəˈgɪvn/
freeze /friːz/ froze /frəʊz/ frozen /ˈfrəʊzən/
get /get/ got /gɒt/ got /gɒt/
give /gɪv/ gave /geɪv/ given /ˈgɪvn/
go /gəʊ/ went /went/ been / gone /biːn/, /gɒn/
grow /grəʊ/ grew /gruː/ grown /grəʊn/
hang /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/
hear /hɪə(r)/ heard /hɜːd/ heard /hɜːd/
hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/
hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/
hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/
keep /kiːp/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/
know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/
lead /liːd/ led /led/ led /led/
learn /lɜːn/ learned, learnt /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/ learned, learnt /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/
leave /liːv/ left /left/ left /left/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/
lie /laɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lain /leɪn/
light /laɪt/ lit /lɪt/ lit /lɪt/

126 Verbos irregulares

INFINITIVO PAST SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO
lose /luːz/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/
make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
mean /miːn/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/
meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
pay /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/
put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/
read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/
ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪdn/
ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
rise /raɪz/ rose /rəʊz/ risen /ˈrɪzn/
run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/
say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/
see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/
sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
shake /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /ʃeɪkn/
shine /ʃaɪn/ shone /ʃɒn/ shone /ʃɒn/
shoot /ʃuːt/ shot /ʃɒt/ shot /ʃɒt/
show /ʃəʊ/ showed /ʃəʊd/ shown /ʃəʊn/
shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/
sing /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/
sink /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/
sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/
sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
smell /smel/ smelled, smelt /smeld/, /smelt/ smelled, smelt /smeld/, /smelt/
speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkn/
spell /spel/ spelled, spelt /speld/, /spelt/ spelled, spelt /speld/, /spelt/
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
spill /spɪl/ spilt /spɪlt/ spilt /spɪlt/
spin /spɪn/ spun /spʌn/ spun /spʌn/
split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/
spoil /spɔɪl/ spoiled, spoilt /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/ spoiled, spoilt /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/
spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
spring /sprɪŋ/ sprang /spræŋ/ sprung /sprʌŋ/
stand /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/
steal /stiːl/ stole /stəʊl/ stolen /stəʊlən/
stick /stɪk/ stuck /stʌk/ stuck /stʌk/
sting /stɪŋ/ stung /stʌŋ/ stung /stʌŋ/
sweep /swiːp/ swept /swept/ swept /swept/
swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/
swing /swɪŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/
take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkn/
teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/
tear /teə(r)/ tore /tɔː/ torn /tɔːn/
tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
think /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/
throw /θrəʊ/ threw /θruː/ thrown /θrəʊn/
understand /ʌndəˈstænd/ understood /ʌndəˈstʊd/ understood /ʌndəˈstʊd/
wake /weɪk/ woke /wəʊk/ woken /wəʊkn/
wear /weə(r)/ wore /wɔː(r)/ worn /wɔːn/
win /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ written /ˈrɪtn/

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