CHAPTER II

EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA
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Education is one of the important tasks undertaken by the present

modem Governments. In 1921, the department of education came under

the control of Indian Minister. Between 1921-1940, there was rapid

expansion of educational institutions and enrolment of students. Primary

education was made compulsory.

The goals, procedures and machinery together constitute educational

administration. Hence, in the words of Kandel, “Fundamentally the

purpose of educational administration is to bring pupils and teachers

together under such conditions as well as successfully promote the end of

education.”1

Today the term educational administration is comprehensively used.

Educational administration is also linked with planning, organizing,

directing, co-ordinating and controlling the objectives concerned with

education. In the words of Mochiman Arthur, “Administration is

essentially, a service activity and agency through which the fundamental

objectives of the educational process may be fully and efficiently

realized.”2

The primary and secondary educational institutions are also

managed by the Panchayat Raj Institutions in Andhra Pradesh. As per the

recommendations of the Hunter Commission of 1882 the Secondary

School Education was transferred to Local bodies. The Municipalities and

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District Local Boards came into existence in the field of primary and

secondary education.

Educational administration means the organisation structure for the

administration of educational institutions. It is also connected with

synonymous words like supervision, direction, guidance, coordination and

control. The educational administration is also connected with personnel

administration, institutional administration and financial administration.3

Educational Administration in India

In India there are basically four types of institutions to look after the

development of primary and secondary education. They are: (1) Central

Government, (2) State Government, (3) Local Bodies/Institutions, and (4)

Private Institutions.

Ministry of Human Resource Development

After Independence in 1947, a full-fledged Ministry of Education

was established. The Centre gave funds to the States specially for

expansion and development of primary education and adult education. The

Central Government educational activities expanded and the Central

Ministry of Education was reorganized from time to time. It helped the

States by giving funds, technical advice, and by co-ordinating the activities

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of various states. It also constituted various advisory councils for giving

advice to the states on several matters.

Today the Central Ministry of Education is closely connected with

the Ministry of Human Resource Development. It is under the control of a

Cabinet Minister. It was created by the Congress Government in 1985. The

Department of Education, which is under the overall control of Human

Resource Development of Union Ministry is entrusted with the greater

responsibility of school education.

The Minister of Human Resource Development

The Minister of Human Resource Development is appointed by the

President of India on the advice of the Prime Minister. He is of cabinet

rank. He is assisted by a Minister of State and a Deputy Minister. The main

functions of the Minister for Human Resource Development are framing

the educational policies, and executing the policies and ensuring uniformity

in the method of education in various states. The Ministry also allocates

available funds to different states for the development of education.

Secretary: Ministry of Human Resource Management

The Secretary is the administrative head of the department. He

supervises and controls the department. All files are routed through him

only. In the administration, he is assisted by two Joint Secretaries, and

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three educational advisers. Their main duty is to tender advice on

educational matters to the Minister through the Secretary. These advisers

are assisted by Deputy Secretaries, Assistant Secretaries and Under­

secretaries, holding charge of education. Three other Directors also assist

him in the administration. The work of the Ministry is allotted to

administrative officers.

Subordinate Officers

They are responsible for the implementation of educational policies

as well as execution of the decisions of the Government. The Ministry of

Human Resource Development presently is concerned with about fifty

subjects related to education.

The following are some of the most important subjects:4

1. School Education
2. Higher Education
3. Technical and Professional Education
4. Physical Education
5. Youth Welfare
6. Educational Research
7. Languages
8. Co-operation with UNESCO
9. Exchange Programme, and
10. Cultural Affairs.
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Important Advisory Bodies

There are some other important bodies (Advisory Councils and

Statutory Organizations) of the Central Government to discharge its

functions and responsibilities in the field of education. They are:

1. Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE)

2. Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), and
3. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE)

This Board was established in 1920. The main function of the Board

was to give advice to the provincial governments. Unfortunately this Board

was abolished in 1923. Basing on the recommendations of the Hartog

Committee (1928) again the Board came into existence in 1935. Keeping in

view the development of education in India, Central Government should

play an important role in the educational restructuring. In this way this

Board also played an important role in the educational system.

Composition of the Board

The Board consists of the following functionaries and is headed by

the Ministry of Human Resource Development.

Chairman : Minister of Human Resource Development

Members of the Board:

1. Minister of state of Human Resource Development

2. Deputy Minister of Human Resource Development

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3. Education Ministers of all States

4. One Representative of each Union Territory

5. Two Rajya Sabha Members

6. Four Lok Sabha Members

7. Two Members of Inter-University Board

8. Two Members of All India council of Technical Education

(AICTE)

9. One Member from Indian Council of Technical Education (ICTE)

10. One Member from Medical Council of India (MCI)

11. Sixteen Ex-Officio Members

12. Sixteen Academicians (Nominated by the Government of India) and

13. Member-Secretary (Educational Adviser) Government of India

Tenure : 3 Years (Except for Ex-Officio Members)

Educational Secretary of the Government of India prepares the

agenda with the help of Member Secretary.

Functions

The most important functions of the Central Advisory Board of

Education are:

1. To give advice on any educational matter which was referred to

the Board by the Government of India or State Government.

2. Getting any information and giving report on the effective

functioning of education in India, and

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3. Examining the information received by the Board and evaluating

the information in an appropriate manner and giving

recommendations to the Government of India or State

Government.

However, the recommendations made by the Board are only

advisory and not binding on the Central Government.

Central Board of Secondary Education

This board has been playing an important role towards improvement

of educational standards, particularly in Secondary education, by changing

the syllabus and text books from time to time to meet the changing needs

of the society and thereby of the students. This Board is also concerned

with better methods of teaching and evaluation. Some of the important

activities of the Board are, bringing changes in the examination system and

conducting Orientation Courses to the teachers for the enrichment of their

knowledge.

Another important function of the Board is to conduct different

types of examinations at National level relating to Secondary School level,

All India Higher Examinations, Higher Secondary Technical

Examinations, Matriculation Examinations, etc.

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National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

The NCERT came into existence in 1961. The composition of the

Council is as follows:

Chairman : The Minister for Human Resource Development

Other Members:

1. Four Vice-Chancellors of different Universities (one from each

zone) nominated by the Government of India (One Representative

of each State and Union Territory)

2. All States and Union Territory Education Ministers (or his

representatives) in case of Delhi the Chief Executive Councillor.

3. Two Ex-officio Members - Chairman, UGC; Secretary, Ministry of

Human Resource Development, and

4. Twelve Members nominated by the Government of India. Among

them not less than four members must be school teachers.

Organisation:

There is a Director and Joint Director of the Council. These are

assisted by some other personnel to look after the day-to-day

administration of the council.

Functions of the Council

The most important functions performed by the Council are:

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1. Formulation and implementation of Policies and Programmes

relating to the School Administration.

2. Conducting the Research work, Pilot projects, Training programmes

and Extension activities.

3. Maintaining the relationship between Ministry of Human Resource

Development Department and the State Education Departments, and

4. Publishing Text books, Periodicals and some other Educational

Literature for the benefit of the students.

Educational Administration in Andhra Pradesh

One of the most important duties of the state is to promote education

in the state. Education should help the growth of the society and individual

in accordance with National objectives and aspirations.

Education is an instrument of strengthening the Socialistic,

Democratic, and Secular State. Educational system promotes the

responsibility of the citizens and also inculcates moral and spiritual values

in the society.

There has been a tremendous development of education in the state.

Therefore, a number of educational institutions have come up. Hence, there

is every need for an effective functioning of educational administration in

the state.
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Administration of Primary and Secondary School Education

The Government of Andhra Pradesh is responsible for the

administration of Primary and Secondary School Education. At present the

subject of education has been basically divided into three departments and

is under the control of three Ministers, viz., Ministry for Elementary

Education, Ministry for Higher Education and Ministry for Technical

Education. Minister for Higher Education and Minister for Technical

Education are of Cabinet rank. Ministry for Elementary education is under

the charge of a State Minister. The collegiate education is under the control

of Minister for Higher Education. Technical Education is given to Minister

for Technical Education.

All these Ministers are elected persons through people’s mandate.

They are answerable and accountable to the State Legislature. They are

responsible for making the educational Policies and Programmes and also

for their implementation. The Minister discharges his duties through the

department. The education department is organized at two levels viz.,

Secretariat and Directorate.

Secretariat

The Secretary for School Education is the head of the

administration. The Secretary is under the control of Minister of Education.

The Secretary is assisted by two Joint Secretaries, one Deputy Secretary,

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five Assistant Secretaries and some other personnel. Generally, the

Secretary for Education belongs to Indian Administrative Service. The

Education Secretariat is mainly responsible for three types of functions,

viz., Policy formulation, Supervision and Coordination among different

departments.

The important work of the Department of Education is to assist the

government in making the Policies and Plans relating to education,

providing secretarial assistance to the Minister for Education in introducing

new educational bills, providing subsequent information to the Minister,

preparation of rules and regulations from time to time. The Education

Secretariat plays an important role in making the budget. In this

connection, there is a relationship between Department of Finance and

Department of Education in finalizing the proposals of the budgets. The

Educational Secretariat is also responsible for dealing with the Government

of India and some other agencies like the University Grants Commission.

In addition to the budget control, Secretariat exercises controls through

Personnel management also.

Directorate

The Directorate of School Education is responsible for the effective

implementation of the policies of the government. In 1955 the Directorate

of Public Instruction was divided into two namely, Directorate of School

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Education and Directorate of Higher Education. This setup was needed on

account of fixation of Priorities between these two.5

After a few years, the government again clubbed these two officers

because of the failure of the earlier arrangement.6

At that time, the two-year Intermediate Course was introduced. In

this connection, the post of Educational Adviser was created in the

Secretariat. The Educational Adviser normally belongs to I.A.S. cadre. He

is an Ex-officio Director of Higher Education-cum-Education Secretary to

the Government of Andhra Pradesh.7

As Education Adviser, he performs all the functions in connection

with higher education. As Education Secretary he has to look after the

educational matters. This type of system also came to an end in 1973-74

when the Government of Andhra Pradesh abolished the Post of Educational

Adviser.

In 1975, the Government of Andhra Pradesh created two types of

Directorates, one for Higher Education the another for School Education.

The bifurcation had to be effected on account of growth of Primary,

Secondary and Higher Education.8

At present the administration of Primary and Secondary School

Education is given to the Directorate of School Education. The Director

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of Secondary Education is a promotee from within the department and is

designated as Director. If the incumbent is an IAS Officer he is called

Commissioner of School Education. The Director of School Education is

assisted by two Joint Directors. One Joint Director is to look after primary

education and the other Joint Director is meant for Vocational Education.

These two Joint Directors are assisted by Deputy Directors and Assistant

Directors. The Director of School Education is also assisted by Directors of

Andhra Pradesh Primary Education Programme (APPEP), State Institute of

Education and Training (SIET) and Public libraries.

The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

at the state level is directly controlled by the Director of School Education.

The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) is

headed by an officer of the rank of Director of School Education. At

National level there is a National Council of Educational Research and

Training (NCERT). These two are most helpful in the promotion of School

Education in a big way.

The Director of School Education is an Ex-officio Commissioner.

He has to conduct all the examinations of Primary and Secondary

Education. Therefore, he is assisted by some other officers in conducting

the government examinations in a smooth manner. The officers are:

1. Deputy Commissioner for Government Examinations.

2. Secretary to the Commissioner for Government Examinations.

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3. Joint Secretary to the Commissioner for Government Examinations.

4. Additional Joint Secretary to the Commissioner for Government

examinations, and

5. Assistant Commissioner for Government Examinations.

Powers and Functions of Director of School Education

In the hierarchy of Educational Administration in Andhra Pradesh,

the Director of School Education plays a very important role. The power

and functions are as follows:

1. As a Director of School Education he has to advice the government

in Policy making relating to School Education.

2. In implementation of the educational policies he has to give

important and necessary instructions to the subordinate officers in

the hierarchy.

3. As the Chief Executive for administration of Schools, he controls

the department and gives guidance and advice to the District

Educational Officers in respect of educational matters.

4. The Director is to conduct the inquires and dispose of appeals which

are submitted to him.

5. The Director is empowered to inspect the offices of the District

Educational Officers (DEOs) and also review the inspection reports

received from the district and from other officers.

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6. He has to organize regular meetings with the District Educational

Officers to achieve the objectives of the department and to secure

the coordination among the District Educational Officers in the

state.

7. He is responsible to act as a liaison officer in bringing about

coordination among the agencies like National Council of

Educational Research and Training (NCERT), State Council for

Education Research and Training (SCERT), Scouts and Guides,

NCC (National Cadet Corps), Sports and games in the state.

8. The Director is also responsible for preparing and submitting budget

estimates and revising the budget estimates relating to school

education.

9. He is authorized to plan and sanction the new schools and upgrade

the existing schools from time to time.

10. He releases grants and other payments to the educational

institutions.

11. He has to see that text books and other books are distributed to the

educational institutions in time, and

12. He has to see that the spending agencies are utilizing funds

according to the rules and regulations.

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Regional Level

In Andhra Pradesh, at the regional level there is a Regional Director

who is assisted by a number of subordinate officers. From 1956 to 1981,

there were six regional Deputy Directors of six regions in the state viz.,

Kakinada, Guntur, Cuddapah, Anantapur, Warangal and Hyderabad. After

1981, the Government of Andhra Pradesh established regional officers of

Joint Directors of School Education. At present five Regional Joint

Directors have been appointed in the seven zones in the state of Andhra

Pradesh as shown in the Table 2.1,

TABLE 2.1

SI. Office Zone No. Headquarters

No.
1 Regional Joint Director I & II Kakinada
2 Regional Joint Director III Guntur
3 Regional Joint Director IV Cuddapah
4 Regional Joint Director V Warangal
5 Regional Joint Director VI & VII Hyderabad

Source : Office of the Regional Joint Director, Cuddapah.

District Level

In every district there is one District Educational Officer (DEO). He

is appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. He has overall control

on educational institutions in the district. The District Educational Officer

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is supported by Deputy Educational Officer, Zilla Parishad Educational

Officer at the district level. These officers are assisted by some other

officers like Inspector of Schools and Deputy Inspector of Schools. They

are in charge of Schools in Urban areas. At the Mandal level, Mandal

Educational Officers are there to look after the educational matters. At the

district level there is another institution namely District Institution for

Education and Training (DIET). The main function of District Institution

for Education and Training is to impart training to the school teachers.

Functions of District Educational Officer

The District Educational Officer has to perform certain functions

relating to education. Briefly they are:

1. Academic functions

2. Administrative functions

3. Planning and Organisation functions

4. Preparation of the budget for the District

5. Dealing with the financial matters

6. Conducting the Public examinations at the district level

7. Distribution of Printed text books, note books to all educational

institutions in the district

8. Granting recognition to schools, giving permission for upgradation

of schools, enhancement of the student strength of different classes.

9. Inspection of Schools
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10. Disciplinary actions against schools which violate the rules and

regulations.

11. Disciplinary actions can be initiated against the teachers who are

irregular and violate the rules.

12. In addition to the above, he also plays an important role in the

transfer of teachers from one place to another place.

13. He prepares the seniority list and recommends the promotion of the

teachers according to the rules, and

14. He is a Member in the District Selection Committee (DSC) in the

recruitment process of teachers at district level.

An Overview

Education is the reflecting mirror of the culture of any Nation.

Education enriches life, promotes creative thinking and the resultant

activities of the human beings. Education has a great social responsibility

to fulfil. Education is closely related to the individual and the government.

The good life of human beings in the society is possible only through good

education. Therefore, education is a purposeful and an organized activity.

Education should be given prime priority to promote the National

priorities. In a large democratic country like India the success of

democracy depends upon the rate of literacy. Keeping this in mind the

makers of our Constitution provided for free and compulsory education up

to the age of 14 years. In the Indian Constitution the subject of education

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was shifted from State list to Concurrent list in order to promote better

education by the Central and State Governments. The administration of

education at National level and State level, District level, Municipality

level, Mandal level and Village level is also linked in order to make both

governments responsible partners to improve primary and secondary

education. Apart from that the Local Self-Government bodies like

Panchayat Raj and Municipalities are also establishing and developing the

Primary and Secondary School Institutions in their respective areas.

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REFERENCES

1. Kandel, I.C., Studies in Comparative Education, George Hurry,

London, 1933, p.211.

2. Mochiman Arthur, B., School Administration, Hughton Miffin

Company, Boston, 1951, p.l.

3. Lulia, B.P., and Murthy, S.K., Essential of Educational

Administration, Mohindra Capital Publishers, Chandighar, p.3.

4. Bhatnagar, R.P., and Vidya Agarwal, Educational Administration,

Planning and Supervision, Anupama Publishers, New Delhi, 1986,
pp. 114-115.

5. Government of Andhra Pradesh, G.O.Ms.No. 1771, GAD (SPLA),

dated 3-6-1966.

6. Government of Andhra Pradesh, G.O.Ms.No. 860, GAD, dated::

4.10.1967.

7. Government of Andhra Pradesh, G.O.Ms.No. 2554, GAD (SPL),

dated 21.9.1971.

8. Dharmi. P.Sinha, Centre for Education Policy and Management:

Descriptive Cum Study of Education System in Andhra Pradesh,
Administrative State College of India, Hyderabad: 1976, p.10.