TH 4120 PDF

IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL STABILIZED WITH
BAGASSE ASH
A
Dissertation
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering)
BY
ASHISH CHHACHfflA
(Roll No. 3130813)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. ANUPAM MITAL

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Kurukshetra
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA
Session 2013-2015
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work presented in this dissertation entitled "Improvement of
Clayey soil Stabilized with Bagasse Ash" submitted to National Institute of Technology
Kurukshetra in partial fijlfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master
of Technology in Civil Engineering (Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering), is an
authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from July 2014 to June
2015 under the supervision and guidance of Prof Anupam Mital, Civil Engineering
Department, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra.
The matter presented in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the award of
any other degree ofthis Institute or any other Institute. ^ .
Date: 3c^ Doy^ ^<^VS (Ashish Chhachhia)

Place: Kurukshetra Roll Number- 3130813
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge.
(Anupam Mital)
Professor
Date: ^ «> • o G. / S- Department of Civil Engineering
Place: Kurukshetra National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great privilege for me to express deep and sincere gratitude to my guide

Prof. Anupam Mital, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Kurukshetra (Haryana) for his generous help and consistent encouragement
at every stage during this work. His painstaking efforts in correcting the manuscript, and
giving invaluable time and suggestions for improvement are gratefully acknowledged,
I also express my deep sense of appreciation and sincere thanks to Prof. S K Madan,
Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
(Haryana), for extending necessary facilities throughout this study.
I also express my heartiest regards to the staff of Soil Mechanics Laboratory and my
classmates for their valuable assistance and help during the course of experimentation.
Sincere thanks are due to my family members and friends for inspiring me all the time
during the dissertation work.
Date: "3c 7)0^/^ ^'>ir

,A^(Ashish Chhachhia)
Place: Kurukshetra (3130813)

CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
L INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 VARIOUS METHODS OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT 2
1.3 NEED OF THE PRESENT STUDY 4
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 GENERAL 6
2.2 STABILIZATION USING ADDITIVES 7
2.3 STABILIZATION USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH 12
3. MATERIALS 16
3.1 GENERAL 16
3.2 CLAYEY SOIL 16
3.2.1 COMPOSITION OF CLAY PARTICLES 16
3.2.2 MAJOR LOCATIONS OF CLAY IN INDIA 17
3.2.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION 17
3.3 SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA) 18
4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME AND METHODOLOGY............... 21
4.1 GENERAL 21
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 21
4.3 METHODOLOGY 22
4.3.1 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST.. 22
4.3.1.1 Sample Preparation. 22
4.3.1.2 Procedure 23
4.3.1.3 Calculation 24
4.3.2 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST... 34
4.3.2.1 Historical Background of CBR 34
4.3.2.2 CBR Test Under Soaked Condition 34
4.3.2.3 Equipments 35
4.3.2.4 Preparation of Test Specimen 36
4.3.2.5 Observation and Recording 38
5. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION... 56
5.1 GENERAL 56
5.2 MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 56
5.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO 59
6. CONCLUSION 62
REFERENCES 63
IV
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE NO.
Table 1: Engineering Properties of soil .• o....o....,o.o..... 18
Table 2: Chemical Properties of Bagasse Ash ..............,ooo..o.,....o.....20
Table 3: Compositionof Sample for Standard Proctor Test..o..,,= 25
Table 4: Sample No.l (CS -100% + SCBA- 0%).. 26
Table 5: Sample No.2 (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%) ..................27
Table 6: Sample No.3 (CS - 92% + SCBA - 8%) ...........28
Table 7: Sample No.4(CS-88% + S C B A - 1 2 % ) 29
Table 8: Sample No.5(CS-84% +SCBA-16%) 30
Table 11: Sample No.8(CS-72% + S C B A - 2 8 % ) .......33
Table 12: Standard Loads for different Penetrations 36
Table 13: Composition of Sample for California Bearing Ratio Tests.... 39
Table 14: Sample No.9(CS-100% + S C B A - 0 % ) .40
Table 15: Sample No.lO (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%) ......42
Table 16: Sample No.l 1 ( C S - 9 2 % + S C B A - 8 % ) 44
Table 17: Sample N o . l 2 ( C S - 8 8 % + S C B A - 1 2 % ) ...........................46
Table 18: Sample N o . l 3 ( C S - 8 4 % + S C B A - 1 6 % ........48
Table 19: Sample N o . l 4 ( C S - 8 0 % + S C B A - 2 0 % ) ............................50
Table20: SampleNo.l5(CS-76% +SCBA-24%)....................................52
Table 21: Sample N o . l 6 ( C S - 7 2 % +SCBA-28%)....................................54
Table 22: OMC and MDD with Different Percentage of SCBA.......................58
Table 23 CBR Percentage with Different Percentage of SCBA........................ 60

LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO.
M. M ^ U M C M. • TTd ' J J M ^ M S O I ^ * • • • • • a a a « « « a « a * * « « « « • • • • • • ooaaa*«««**ooooaaoaa*«o*«a*ass«aoaooaao9aao«e •aooo««X7
S^ I ^ U l V Af • J ^ M ^ M i S i S C . / V 1 3 U ••••••oa«o*«aa**«*««a**oa«aa«*«a«ao*a«*««oBa*ooa*aa99oa»aoeao**aoooooaoooE>oi.7
Figure 3: Compaction Testing Arrangements.. ....o........23
Figure 4: Sample No.l (CS-100%, SCBA-0%) ....26
Figure 5: Sample No.2 (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%) 27
Figure 6: Sample No.3 (CS - 92% + SCBA - 8%) 28
Figure 7: Sample No.4 (CS - 88% + SCBA -12%) 29
Figure 8: Sample No.5 (CS - 84% + SCBA -16%) ........30
Figure9: SampleN0.6 (CS-80%, SCBA-20%) ...31
Figure 10: Sample No.7(CS-76% + S C B A - 2 4 % ) 32
Figure 11: Sample No.8(CS-72% + S C B A - 2 8 % ) .33
Figure 12: Sample No.9 (CS - 1 0 0 % + SCBA - 0%) ......41
Figure 13: Sample No.lO(CS-96% + S C B A - 4 % ) .....43
Figure 14: Sample No.l 1 ( C S - 9 2 % + S C B A - 8 % ) ......45
Figure 15: Sample N o . l 2 ( C S - 8 8 % + S C B A - 1 2 % ) 47
Figure 16: Sample N o . l 3 ( C S - 8 4 % + S C B A - 1 6 % ) . . . . ....49
Figure 17: SampleNo.l4(CS-80%+ SCBA-20%)....................................51
Figure 18: Sample N o . l 5 ( C S - 7 6 % +SCBA-24%).....................................53
Figure 19: Sample N o . l 6 ( C S - 7 2 % +SCBA-28%)................................„._55
VI
Figure 20: Optimum Moisture Content v/s Percentage of sugarcane bagasse
asn ,,„, <>...o.....,...............5 7
Figure 21: Maximum Dry Density v/s Percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash..........57
Figure 22: Dry Density v/s Water Content with different compositions of SCBA..58
Figure 23: CBR Percentage v/s Percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash .....59
Figure 24: Load v/s Penetration with Different Percentage of SCBA... .,..61
VII
ABSTRACT
Expansive soils cover a large part of country and does not have sufficient geotechnical
properties and resulting failure of structure occurs in the form of settlement, cracks etc.
Hence it is required to use potentially cost effective and locally available materials from
industrial and agricultural wastes as a stabilizer to improve the property of deficient soils
and also to minimize the cost of construction. Sugarcane bagasse is a solid waste material
which is generated as a byproduct from sugar mills. This waste when burnt results in
bagasse ash. It is a fibrous material with presence of silica (SiOa) and can be used to
improve the existing properties of clayey soil.
This study aims to investigate feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse ash to improve the
geotechnical properties of the soil. Clayey soil is used with different percentage of bagasse
ash i.e. (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and 28%). Different tests (Atterberg's limits.
Standard Proctor Test and CBR Test) have been performed to find out its effect on strength
parameters. Standard Proctor Test results indicate that the Optimum Moisture Content
increases v^th increase in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash and the Maximum Dry
Density decreases with increase in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash. California
Bearing Ratio results indicate that the CBR value is increases up to a replacement of 20%
of sugarcane bagasse ash. With further increase in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash,
the CBR value decreases. These results show that sugarcane bagasse ash can be used as a
stabilizer v^th its optimum percentage i.e.20%, to increase the CBR values of subgrade
soil.
Vlll
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1,1 GENERAL
Long term performance of pavement structures is significantly impacted by the

stability of the underlying soil. In situ subgrade soils often do not provide the support
required to achieve acceptable performances under traffic loading and environmental
demands. A major cost would be incurred by borrowing soil material which is
involved in hauling the material from the borrowing site to the construction site. This
cost, in terms of finance, resources and time could however be avoided by simply
improving the characteristics of the underlying soil.
The pavement design is based on the premise that specified levels of quality will be
achieved for each soil layer in the pavement system. As the quality of a soil layer is
increased, the ability of that layer to distribute the load over a greater area is also
increased. As in some cases, the properties of the soils in the immediate vicinity of the
construction work may not meet to the required specifications. Hence it is required to
improve the characteristics of the soil at the site.
Expansive soils cover a large part of country and do not have sufficient geotechnical
properties. Resulting failure of structure occurs in the form of settlement, cracks etc.
Hence it is required to use potentially cost effective and locally available materials
from industrial and agriculture waste as a stabilizer to improve the property of
deficient soils and also to minimize the cost of construction.
Soil improvement is a technique in which the existing properties of the soils are
improved by means of addition of cementing materials or chemicals. Improvement of
soils can be carried out by any of the stabilization methods i.e. mechanical
stabilization, cementing stabilization and chemical stabilization. Rearrangement of
soil particles by means of mechanical compaction is referred as 'Mechanical
Stabilization', Cementing material such as cement, lime, bitumen etc. is added to soil
is 'Cementing Stabilization' and use of chemicals in soils such as calcium chloride,
sodium chloride etc. in 'Chemical Stabilization'.
Developments in the country have awakened the sense of economical resources
management in the populace. Now the researchers have focused more on the use of
potentially cost effective and locally available materials from industrial and
agriculture waste so as to improve the properties of deficient soils.
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash is a solid waste material which is generated as a by-product

from sugar mills and alcohol factories. These industries produce large amount of
bagasse ash, Disposal of this sugarcane bagasse ash becomes a serious problem,
which also affects the envirormiental health. Bagasse is a cellular fibrous waste
product after the extraction of the sugar juice from the cane mills. For every ten tons
of sugarcane crushing, a sugar factory produces nearly three tons of wet bagasse
which is a by-product of sugarcane industry. When this bagasse is used as burner in
various industrial processes, the resulting ash is known as Bagasse Ash. Bagasse
shows the presence of amorphous silica, which is an indication of pozolonic
properties, responsible for holding the soil grains together for better strength. The
use of bagasse ash as stabilizing material for clayey soil is checked under various tests
such as Standard Proctor Test, California Bearing Ratio and Atterberg's limit etc.
1.2 VARIOUS METHODS OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT

1) Compaction
(a) Static compaction including compaction piles.
(b) Dynamic
i) Vibroflotation
ii) Heavy tamping by falling weight
iii) Explosions
2) Consolidation
a) Preloading
i) By surcharge (Embankment)
ii) By water
b) Drainage
i) Sand drains
ii) Sand wicks
iii) Rope drains
iv) Cardboard drains
v) Plastic drains
vi) Plastic geotextile drains
vii) Electro-osmosis
3) Grouting and Injection
a) Bentonite Grouting
b) Chemical Grouting
c) Lime slurry injection
d) Cement Grouting
4) Soil Stabilization
a) Remove and Replace
b) Mechanical Stabilization
c) Admixture Stabilization
i) Cement (Soil-Cement)
ii) Bitumen
iii) Resin
d) Lime piles
5) Soil Reinforcement
a) Granular pile
b) Stone Columns
c) Soil nailing
d) Root Piles micro piles
e) Reinforced Earth
i) Geofabrics
ii) Geogrids
iii) Geomembranes
iv) Geocomposites
The Physical properties of soils can often be economically improved by the use of
admixtures. The process of soil stabilization involves first mixing with the soil a
suitable additive, which change its properties and then compacting soil-admixture
suitably.
3
13 NEED OF THE PRESENT STUDY
The main requirement of soil stabilization is adequate strength which depends upon
the character of soil. In case of cohesive soils, the strength could be increased by
drying, making soil moisture resistant, altering the clay electrolyte concentration,
increasing cohesion with a cementing agent and adding frictional properties.
In the last few years, the civil engineering projects have been constructed around the
country involving urban as well as rural areas. Many times, the soils in natural states
do not present adequate geotechnical properties to be used for these civil engineering
projects. As the bagasse ash is an industrial waste from sugarcane mills, the optimum
usage of this material in soil stabilization will bring down the construction cost of
civil engineering projects. In our study an attempt is made for stabilizing clayey soil
with addition of bagasse ash. The geotechnical properties like California Bearing
Ratio, Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content are determined to
know the suitability of material.
A large number of sugar mills are scattered across various parts of India and all over
the world producing several million tons of bagasse ash which has no further use in
industry. Disposal of these wastes is a big problem as they occupy large area of
valuable land. Later, it has been observed that it has high potential in reforming soil.
Moreover it has least or no production cost.
Present thesis makes the use of bagasse ash with soil and fmds significant changes in
the soil properties.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The characteristics of soil can be improved from various ground improvement

techniques and one of the effective method is Soil Stabilization. The degree of
improvement in soil properties depends on various factors like degree of interaction
between sugarcane bagasse ash and the surrounding soil, embankment variation in
numbers and depth variation of embankment with footing.
In view of the above, the present thesis aims to study the effect of sugarcane bagasse
ash as a material in improving the characteristics of clayey soil.
4
The main objectives of the study are:
1. To use the sugarcane bagasse ash as a stabiUzing material and to solve the
problem of waste disposal.
2. To study the compaction characteristics of clayey soil treated with 0%,
4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and 28% of sugarcane bagasse ash.
3. To evaluate the strength characteristics of clayey soil for different
proportions of bagasse ash in replacement of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%,
20%, 24% and 28%.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
The stabilization of soils has been recognized before the Christian era began and
performed for millennia. Many ancient cultures including the Chinese, Romans and
Incas utilized various techniques to improve soil suitability some of which were so
effective that many of the buildings and roadways they constructed still exist and
some are still in use.
The Mesopotamians and Romans separately discovered that it was possible to

improve the ability of pathways to carry traffic by mixing the weak soils with a
stabilizing agent like pulverized limestone or calcium. This was the first chemical
stabilization of weak soils to improve their load carrying capacity.
Jiraip forward a few years to the war in Vietnam, the US military were looking for
methods for rapid stabilization of weak soils for support of its missions worldwide.
Over the past 60 years they had used cement and lime, these being the most effective
stabilizers for road and airfield applications. But efforts were being made to find a
stabilizer that could be used quickly without having to carry out extensive site tests
that would increase the strength of the prevalent soft clay type local soils rapidly to
support the landing and take-off of air traffic on their temporary airfields.
The beginning of modem soil stabilization started in the United States in 1920s, a
time in which regulations were being imposed on many businesses during the
expanding industrial era. Paper Mills that once discarded their by-products into their
neighborhood rivers had to discover a creative way of disposing of their highly toxic,
liquid waste. One solution was to promote the use of their waste as a dust palliative on
dirt roads. Surprisingly, some of the treated roads developed a hardened surface.
Other roads did not; it was only decades later after significant private and government
researches, and the development of better technology during the 1940s-1960s that the
reason for this change had begun to be understood as being caused by a chemical
reaction between the waste solution and the clay particles within the soil.
Efforts have been made to find an amalgam by adding various combinations of
different materials that could cope up with the varying levels of moisture and
prevailing air temperature. Out of these, significant advances have been made by
using industrial wastes like bagasse ash, granulated blast furnace slag, copper slag,
steel slag etc. for improving the soil properties in many investigative studies.
Listed below are some of the investigative studies and their outcomes.
2.2 STABILIZATION USING ADDITIVES

D, H. Gray, J. Schlocker [1] the composition and physical properties of three clay
soils were altered by introducing aluminum under an electro-chemical gradient in
order to evaluate the role of pH in controlling changes in soil composition and the
feasibility of pH buffering during electrochemical treatment. Both X-ray diffraction
and selective chemical extraction methods were used to determine the distribution and
mode of occurrence of aluminum in treated samples. Aluminvmi was detected in the
treated samples in both exchangeable form and as a hydroxyl-aluminum interlayer.
Aluminum oxide minerals such as gibbsite were not detected in any of the treated
samples. Mineralization by aluminum ions was speeded and intensified in bentonite
soils by buffering the catholyte with carbon dioxide. Plasticity of bentonite soil
samples from South Dakota was reduced markedly by electrochemical treatment,
whereas the plasticity of an illite soil from Illinois and an illite-montmorillonite soil
from Mississippi were relatively unaffected. Nearly all treated samples exhibited
some degree of electtochemical indurations or mineralization. Indurations were most
pronounced in bentonite soil samples v^th high water contents and alkaline pH largely
because of hydroxyl-aluminum interlayering in the clay. On the other hand
interlayering was negligible in illite soil samples with low pH; the main effect of
electrochemical treatment in this case was the addition of aluminum in exchange sites.
Dr. Suhail A. A Khattab, Khawla A.K. Al-Juari, Ibrahim M. A. AI-Kiki [2] this
research aims to study the effect of utilization of industrial waste/lime (by-product of
sugar factory) on some engineering properties of clayey soil selected from Mosul city.
These characteristics are unconfined compressive strength, permeability, soil-water
characteristics curve and durability. The tests were performed at different percentage
of lime (2, 4 and 6) % and industrial waste/lime (2, 4, 6 and 8%) by dry weight of
soil. Results showed a decrease in plasticity, swelling pressure and swelling potential
of treated soil. The soil became non-plastic at optimum lime, waste lime contents of 4
and 6% respectively. Unconfmed compressive strength increased with increasing of
curing time and stabilizer contents and reached a maximum value at optimum
stabilizer contents. The UCS of soil stabilized v^th industrial waste lime was more
than that stabilized by lime at different curing times. Durability tests showed that the
treated soil with lime was more durable then that treated with waste lime. The
permeability of treated soil was found to be more than that of natural soil. On the
other hand, the permeability of soil treated with waste lime at different curing time
and it reached a maximum value at 4.2% for the soil treated with waste lime and lime
respectively. The soil-water characteristics curve showed that the soil ability to hold
water increased with increasing lime and industrial waste contents.
Okagbe, C [3] the potential of wood ash to stabilize clay soil was evaluated. The
evaluation involved the determination of the geotechnical properties of clay soil in its
natural state and when mixed with varying proportion of wood ash. The parameter
tested included the particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg's limits,
compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio (CBR) and the compressive
strength. The CBR and strength tests were repeated after 28 days curing of the treated
samples. Results showed that the geotechnical parameters of clay soil improved
substantially by the addition of wood ash; plasticity was reduced by 35% and CBR
and strength increased by 23-50% and 49-67%, respectively, depending upon the
compactive energy used. The highest CBR and strength values were achieved at 10%
wood ash. Results also showed that curing improved the strength of the wood ash
treated clay. However, the strength gain was short lived as the strength quickly
decreased after 7-14 days of curing. These results imply that although wood ash
provide some of the beneficial effects of lime in soil stabilization, such as plasticity
and swell reduction, improved workability and strength increases, it is unlikely to be a
substitute for lime as strength gain is short lived.
Rajni S. Chandran, Padmakumar G.P [4] lime is an unparalleled aid in the

modification and stabilization of soil beneath road and similar construction projects.
Use of lime can substantially increase the stability, impermeability, and load bearing
capacity of the sub grade. Clayey soil can be stabilized by the addition of small
percentages, by weight of lime thereby enhancing main of the engineering properties
of the soil and thus produces an improved construction material. The strength
developed is obviously influenced by the quantity of cementations gel produced.
IT
consequently on the amount of lime consumed and curing period. Dry lime used for
stabilization cause dust allergy and is corrosive to human skin and so lime solution
was used in the study. The soil used in the study is clay from Thonnakal in
Trivandrum district, in which kaolinite mineral is predominant. The lime solution
with different concentrations were added to the soil samples for stabilization and
cured with water for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Results showed that optimum
concentration of lime solution that gives the highest soil strength is the optimum
concentration of lime solution for soil stabilization. From the test results, it was also
found that the imconfmed compressive strength increased up to a curing period of 28
days and thereafter there are no appreciable effects.
A. Seco, F. Ramirez, L. Miqueleiz, B. Garcia [5] expansive clay soils are

extensively distribute worldwide, and are a source of great damage to infrastructure
and buildings. These soils can cause heavy economic losses, besides being a source of
risk of the population. This article presents an experimental study in the stabilization
of an expansive soil, consisting of reduction of its swelling capacity and improvement
of its mechanical capacities by the aition of by products and waste material of
industrial origin. This achieves the double objective of reducing the problem of this
type of soil, and also of providing a use for the additives, thus eliminating the
economic and environmental cost involved in managing them. From the
expensiveness point of view, it was possible to reduce it to levels well below what
Spanish legislation contemplates for expansive soils. As for improved mechanical
capacities of the soil, all treatment tested offered improvements of between two to
four times the compressive strength of the imtreated soil. Of the waste materials, the
most notable is the behavior of Rice husk and fly ash highly effective in stabilizing
soil from the two aspects considered in this experiment.
Purbi Sen, Mukesh [6] a number of stabilization methods are being used to improve
soil properties since ancient times. In present study, effects of various locally
available stabilizing agents like Ordinary Portland Cement, Lime, and Fly eish have
been studied for strength improvement and plasticity behavior Specimens were
prepared by mixing with varying proportion of lime, cement and fly ash with clayey
soil separately. The Unconfined Compression Test (UCC) and Atterberg's limit of the
soil with different percentage of additives were determined separately after curing
specimens for 7 days. 7.5 to 8% of Portland cement gave UCC strength aroimd 28
kg/cm^, which is satisfactory for road use under Indian climate conditions. The 7 days
9
peak strength of soil lime specimens was found at 7.5 % lime content, although
addition of 6-12 % of lime was suitable. The 7 days strength of specimens mix with
fly ash was found significantly more than that of specimen without fly ash.
Syed Abolhassan Naeini, Bahman Naderinia [7] improvement and stabilization of
soils are widely used as an alternative to substitute the lacking of suitable material on
site. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability or to prevent erosion
and dust generation. The use of nontraditional chemical stabilizers in soil
improvement is growing each passing day. A new stabilizing agent was developed to
improve the mechanical performance and applicability of clayey soils. In this study a
laboratory experiment is conducted to evaluate the effects of plasticity index and
waterbome polymer on the Unconfmed Compression Strength (UCS) of clayey soils.
The laboratory test includes Sieve Analysis, Hydrometer, Atterberg's limits, Modified
Compaction and Unconfmed Compression Tests. Three clayey soils with different
plasticity indexes were mixed with various amounts of polymer (2, 3, 4 and 5%) and
compacted at the optimum water content and maximum dry density. The unstabilized
and stabilized samples were subjected to unconfined compression tests to determine
their strength at different curing times. The resuhs of the tests indicated that the
waterbome polymer significantly improved the strength behavior of unsaturated clay
soils. Also, an increase in plasticity index cause a reduction in imconfined
compression strength.
Olaniyan, O. S., Olaoye, R. A, Okeyinka, O. M. and Olaniyan, D. B. [8] soil

stabilization is the alteration of one or more soil properties, by mechanical or
chemical means, to create an improved soil material possessing the desired
engineering properties. There are three purposes of soil stabilization. These include
increasing strength of an existing soil to enhance its load bearing capacity,
permeability improvement and enhancement of soil resistance to the process of
weathering and traffic usage among others (ASTM, 1992). The mechanical and
physical techniques of soil stabilization are based on decreasing the void rate by
compacting or physically altering the grain size factions involving the adjustment of
the particle size composition of soil. The chemical technique is also a common soil
stabilization approach, since it produces a better quality soil with higher strength and
durability than the mechanical and physical techniques. The chemical techniques are
dependent on reaction between chemical additives and soil particles which then
produce a strong network that binds the soil grains. Mineral polymers are class of
10
amorphous to semi-crystalline materials formed at near ambient temperature.
Chemically, mineral polymers consist of cross-liked units of ALO4- and SIOA
tetrahedral, where charge balancing cations (Na+, k+, Li+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and H30+)
are provided by alkali metals (Davidovids, 1991; ASTM, 1992). Sodium hydroxide in
a solution is white, odorless, non-volatile solution. It doesn't bum but is highly
reactive. It reacts violently with water and numerous commonly encountered
materials, generating enough heat to ignite nearby combustible materials. Its principal
advantages are that it can easily react with water which results into a powerful
compaction aid giving a higher density for the same compactive effort. Sodium
hydroxide reacts very effectively with soil rich in aluminum (Alshaaer, 2000;
Olaniyan, 2008).
Mehdi Gharib [9] swelling soils account for large volume of the ground. These soils
are swelled due to moisture changes in different seasons of the year which leads to
damage and crack to structures built on these soils and considerable financial loss
would be incurred. Thus this phenomenon may be described as dangerous like other
natural disasters. Soil stabilization is good technique for reducing such loss.
Mechanical techniques such as concentration lead to improve soil characteristics.
However, authors have concluded that chemical stabilization of the soil is more
effective. In this paper, lime is used as a stabilizing chemical for swelling soils of
Golestan province. Four samples with plasticity index 20, 30, 35 and 40 were used in
experiment. Plasticity characteristics (including limits of smoothness, plasticity
concentration and plasticity index) of clay soils in the region regarding the above
mentioned samples are studied and compared using combination of various
percentage of lime.
Y.I Murthy [10] presented that the expansive soil can be stabilized by using the mill
waste. In this research, it has been seen that the physical and mechanical properties of
soil can be changed by using the mill waste as an addition to the expansive soil. It has
been seen that the bearing capacity of soil can be increased up to a certain amount of
mill waste added in the soil. According to the study it shows that permeability of soil
increases but the plasticity of soil decreases by increasing the amount of mill waste.
He concluded that the CBR value of black cotton soil mixed with 15% mill scale
increased three times that of plain black cotton soil. Permeability value of black
cotton soil increased manifolds by increasing the percentage of mill scale and the
11
plasticity of the black cotton soil decreased from 35.71% to 30.60% by adding 12% of
mill scale.
2.3 STABILIZATION USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH

M. Chittaranjan, M. Vijay, D. Keerthi [11] studied the 'Agriculture waste as soil
stabilizer'. This study presented the scope of agriculture waste like sugarcane bagasse
Ash, groundnut shell and rice husk in stabilization, to enhance the properties of soil.
The soil is treated with these agricultural wastes with the replacement of 0%, 3%, 9%,
12% and 15%. The result of CBR shows that the CBR value increases with the
percentage of waste.
K.S. Gandhi [12] expansive clay soils that change significantly in volume with
change in water content are the cause of distortions to structures that cost taxpayers
several billion dollars annually in India. This paper is based on some of the key
advances developed over the past 60 years in improving our imderstanding of the
nature and methods of modifying and stabilizing expansive clay soils. Hence to
improve the strength of expansive soil of Surat region, bagasse ash was used as
additive which increased the stability of soil and decreased the swelling of soil. As
bagasse ash is high in silica, calcium and other minerals, it provides the necessary
homogenous mass for performing the required test. Different tests are carried out with
varying percentage of bagasse ash to check the effect on swellmg pressure and basic
properties.
Alavez- Ramirez et al. [13] presented 'The use of sugarcane bagasse ash and lime to
improve the durability and mechanical properties of compacted soil blocks' This
study analyzes the use of lime and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) as chemical
stabilizers in compacted soil blocks. The blocks were tested for flexure and
compression in a dry and saturated state. The tests were performed at 7, 14 and 28
days of age in order to evaluate the effects of the addition of lime and SCBA on the
mechanical properties of the compacted soil blocks. The results indicate that blocks
manufactured with 10% of lime in combination with 10% of SCBA showed better
performance than those containing only lime. Nevertheless, the addition of lime
improved the strength of the blocks when compared with blocks fabricated with plain
soil. According to SEM and DRX analyses, considerable improvement of the matrix
was observed due to the formation of strong phases, such as CSH and CAH for the
mixtures with additives. It was also concluded that the combination of SCBA and
Uf
lime as a replacement for cement in the stabilization of compacted soil blocks seems
to be a promising alternative when considering issues of energy consumption and
pollution. They used the sugarcane bagasse ash and lime to improve the mechanical
properties and durability of bagasse ash. They concluded that with an addition of 10%
Lime and 10% Sugarcane Bagasse Ash significantly improves the mechanical
properties and durability of compacted soil blocks.
Kiran R. G. Kiran L [14] had studied 'The analysis of Strength Characteristics of

Black Cotton Soil Using Bagasse Ash and Additives as Stabilizer'. In this study the
black cotton soil is taken from Harihara, Devanagere district of Kamataka. Under this
study laboratory experiments are carried out for different percentages (4%, 8% and
12%) of bagasse ash and additive mix proportions. The strength parameters like CBR,
UCS are deterinined and it is observed that, the blend results of bagasse ash with
different percentage of cement for black cotton soil gave change in density, CBR and
UCS value. The density values got increased from 15.16 kN/m^ to 16.5kN/m^ for
addition of 8% bagasse ash with 8% cement, then CBR values got increased from
2.12 to 5.43 for addition of 4% bagasse ash with 8% cement and UCS values got
increased to 174.91 kN/m^ from 84.92 kN/m^ for addition of 8% bagasse ash with 8%
cement. The MDD value increases up to 8% replacement and CBR, UCS values also
increases maximum on optimum percentage i.e. 8%, beyond which it decreases.
Moses G., K. J. Osinubi [15] presented the 'Influence of Compactive Efforts on

Cement-Bagasse Ash Treatment on Expansive Black Cotton Soil'. The dark gray soil
used in the study was obtained along Gombe-Biu road in Yamatu Deba Local
Government area of Gombe state using the method of disturbed sampling. The index
properties were determined on the natural and treated soils with Stepped percentages
of cement (i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) which admixed with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and
8% of bagasse ash by dry weight of soil. For evaluating the strength of soil UCS,
CBR and SPT were carried out. Finally an optimal blend of 8% OPC/4% BA is
recommended for treatment of expansive black cotton soil for use as a sub-base
material.
K.S. Beena, G. Santosh [16] presented 'Studies on strength characteristics of soil,

mixed with bio-waste'. The study used the addition of sugarcane bagasse and coir pith
in laterite soil with varying percentage i.e. 0%, 2%, 4%, 10%. Coir pith is a bio waste
1^
from coir industry and sugarcane bagasse is another bio waste obtained after
extracting juice from sugar cane. So the present study is an investigation into the
effect of coir pith and sugarcane baggase on some geotechnical properties of red
earth. The investigation includes study on variation of properties such as OMC,
MDD, CBR values, Unconfmed Compressive Strength and permeability when these
materials are mixed with soil. Several conclusions are arrived at, on the basis of the
experiments conducted and it may be helpfiil for predicting the behavior of such soil
matrix. They concluded that OMC increased up to 4% replacement of sugarcane
bagasse and coir pith. The MDD decreased as sugarcane bagasse increased and with
replacement of 1% of coir pith the MDD slightly increased. The CBR values increases
with increase in sugarcane bagasse content till 2% and decreases thereafter, in case of
coir pith the CBR increases with 4% replacement and thereafter decreases.
Amit S. Kharade, Vishal V, Suryavanshi, Bhikaji S. Gujar and Rohankit R.

Deshmukh [17] presented the study of expansive soil stabilization using bagasse ash.
They studied the stabilization of black cotton soil using bagasse ash with replacement
of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%. MDD and OMC values are determined for above replacement
in soil and found that the MDD increased up to an optimum percentage i.e. 6 %,
beyond which the MDD decreased. The Optimum Water Content decreased with
increase in percentage of Sugarcane bagasse ash. CBR results also shows an increase
in CBR value up to 6 % replacement of Sugarcane bagasse ash and fijrther
replacement causes decrease in CBR value. UCS results show an increase in
compressive strength of soil with replacement of 6% SCBA. Further replacement
decreases the compressive strength. The study highlights significant increase in
properties of black cotton soil obtained at 6% replacement of bagasse ash without any
chemical or cementing material.
Prakash Chavan and Dr. M, S. Nagakumar [18] presented 'Study of soil

stabilization by using bagasse ash' In the study the soil sampling was done on
Kavadimatti village Bagalkote district as per IRC recommendations. This soil was
classified as CH as per Indian Standard Classification System (ISCS). Different
dosages of blast fiimace slag i.e. 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% were used to stabilize the
expansive soil. The performance of Bagasse Ash stabilized soil was evaluated using
physical and strength performance tests namely; plasticity index, specific gravity,
compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength
1/1
Test (UCS). These tests were conducted in order to evaluate the improvement in
strength characteristics of the sub grade soil. Hence, use of such advanced materials in
road construction can prove efficient in increasing the strength of soil which in turn
reduces the project cost. From the results, it was observed that the basic tests carried
out proved significant after the addition of Bagasse Ash. Furthermore, California
Bearing Ratio value improved from 1.16% to 6.8 %. And the unconfined compressive
strength of specimens increased from 93kN/m^ to 429 kN/m^.
Sadeeq, J. A., Ochepo, J., Salahudeen, A. B, and Tijjani, S. T. [19] presented

'Effect of Bagasse Ash on Lime Stabilized Lateritic Soil' This study was carried out
to evaluate the effect of bagasse ash on lime stabilized lateritic soils. Laboratory tests
were performed on the natural and lime/bagasse ash treated soil samples in
accordance with BS 1377 (1990) and BS 1924 (1990), respectively. Treated
specimens were prepared by mixing the soil with Ume and/or bagasse ash in
variations of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% by weight of the soil. The preliminary investigation
carried out on the natural lateritic soil found in Shika, Kaduna State, Nigeria shows
that it falls under Sih Clay material of Group A-6(9) using AASHTO classification
and inorganic clay material CL according to Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS). The natural soil has a liquid limit value of 36.32, a plastic limit of 21.30%
and a plasticity index value of 15.02 %. The maximum dry density (MDD) of the soil
was 1.69 kg/m^ and an Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) value of 16.8 %.
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 269, 404 and 591 kN/m^ at 7, 14
and 28 days curing periods, respectively, were recorded for the natural soil. Unsoaked
and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of 13 and 7%, respectively, were
recorded for the natural lateritic soil. Peak UCS and CBR values of 698 kN/m^ and
43% were recorded for soil treated with 8% lime, 6% bagasse ash. The peak CBR
value met the 20 - 30 % requirement for sub-base reported by Gidigasu and Dogbey
(1980) for materials compacted at optimum moisture content, while the peak UCS
value fell short of the 1710 kN/m^ unconfined compressive strength value specified
by Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) (1977) as a criterion for
adequate stabilization using Ordinary Portland cement.
1C
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS
3.1 GENERAL
In this study, clayey subgrade soil is used with sugarcane bagasse ash to improve the
CBR value of the clayey soil. Index properties of clayey subgrade soil are determined
as per relevant Indian Standard and classification of soil is done on the basis of
engineering properties of the soil.
3.2 CLAYEY SOIL
Clayey soil consists of microscopic and sub microscopic particles derived from the
chemical decompositions of rocks. It contains a large quantity of clay minerals. It can
be made plastic by adjusting the water content. It exhibits considerable strength when
dry. Clay is a fine grained and cohesive soil. The particle size is less than 0.002 mm.
Organic clay contains finely derived organic matter and is usually dark grey or black
in colour. It has a conspicuous odour. Organic clay is highly compressible.
In clayey soils the absorbed water and particle attraction act such that it deforms
plastically at varying water contents. This cohesive property is due to presence of clay
mineral in soils. Therefore the term cohesive soil is used synonymously for clayey
soils.
3.2.1 COMPOSITION OF CLAY PARTICLES
Clay minerals are complex aluminum silicates composed of two basic units:
(1) Silica tetrahedron
(2) Aluminum octahedron.
Clay has three important minerals, Kaolinite, lUite and Montmorillonite. Kaolinite
consists of repeating layers of elemental silica-gibbsite in a 1:1 lattice. Each layer is
about 7.2 A. The layers are hold together by hydrogen bonding. Kaolinite occurs as
platelets, each with a lateral dimensions of 1000 to 20000 A and a thickness of 100 to
1000 A. The surface area of the Kaolinite particles per unit mass is about 15 mVgm.
The surface area per unit mass is defined as specific surface.
Illite consists of a gibbsite sheet bonded of two silica sheets- one at the top and
another at the bottom. It is sometimes called clay mica. The illite layers are bonded by
16
potassium ions. lUite particles generally have lateral dimensions ranging from 1000-
5000 A and thickness from 50 to 500 A. The specific surface of the particles is about
80 mVgm.
3.2.2 MAJOR LOCATIONS OF CLAY IN INDIA
Along the coast of India there are many places with thick deposits of soft clay. Few
locations are as under:
In Kandla, there is 10 to 12 m thick of very soft clay underlying 2 to 4 m recent fill or

a desiccated crest. In Bombay around the Thana Creek, Bombay Port, New Bombay
City, Nhava Shova dock area, etc. there is extensive deposits of soft, highly plastic
marine clay, sometimes 15 to 20 m thick overlying hard rock. In Cochin, 10 to 20 m
thick layer of very soft clay imderlying 2 to 3 m of surface fill makes it difficult to
construct even a double story building without heavy settlement and in differential
settlement. It is estimated that under the weight of the recent fill the clay can settle
0.52 to 1.0 m over long years. In Haryana State, some of the clayey deposited areas
are of districts Ambala, Fatehabad, Hisar, Kaithal, Kamal, Kurukshetra, Panipat and
Sirsa. Whilst there are foundation problems in other parts of India, it is in these soft
clay areas that people have encountered practically all foundations failures and more
challenging problems. These areas offer great scope for ground improvement and soil
stabilization techniques.
3.2.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION
Nearly 100 kg of locally available clayey soil was collected from the fields of village
Dayalpur district Kurukshetra from the depth of 0.3 to 0.4 m below the groimd surface
by using technique of disturbed sampling and thoroughly hand sorted to eliminate the
vegetative matters and pebbles. Then the soil was sieved through 4.75 mm sieve to
remove the gravel fraction. Soil was oven dried for 24 hours before execution of
geotechnical tests. . The properties of soil are given in Table 1. I.S. Classification
indicating that it is a clayey soil of Medium Plasticity.
17
Table 1: Engineering Properties of soil
S.No Properties Typical Value
I I.S. Classification CI
2 Plastic Limit 22
3 Liquid Limit 47
4 Plasticity Index 25
5 MDD, gm/cc 1.7
6 OMC % 25.31
7 Specific Gravity, G 2.56
8 CBR 2.237
3.3 SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA)
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is the organic waste obtained from the burning of
bagasse in sugar producing factories. The by-product or residue of milling sugarcane
is bagasse (the fiber of the cane) in which the residual juice and the moisture from the
extraction process remain. The locally generated bagasse and those from sugar
factories present a problem of handling due to the huge bulk of material.
Bagasse is a residue obtained from the burning process in sugar producing factories.
Figure 1 shows the wet bagasse, which is the cellular fibrous waste product after the
extraction of the sugar juice from cane mills.
18 I
''«te«
Figure 1: Wet Bagasse

Bagasse is currently used as bio fuel in the manufacture of pulp and paper products
and in various industrial processes. For each ten tons of sugarcane crushed, a sugar
factory produces nearly three tons of wet bagasse which is a by-product of sugarcane
industi7. When this bagasse is burnt, the resultant ash is known as bagasse ash. shown
in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Bagasse Ash

Northern India is has maximum number of sugar factories. These factories face a
disposal problem of large quantity of bagasse. The effective utilization of these waste
products is a challenging task for a researcher through economical and environmental
impact. This material contains amorphous silica which is an indication of cementing
properties, which can develop good bonding between soil grains in case of weak soils.
The locally generated bagasse and those from sugar factories present a problem of
handling due to the bulk of the material. When left in the open, it ferments and
decays, thus necessitating the safe disposal of the pollutants. Also, when the pollutant
is inhaled in large dose it can cause a respiratory disease known as bagassiosis. The
treatment of soil with bagasse ash could be a safe way of reducing the menace.
The bagasse ash used in the study was collected from The Shahabad Co-operative
Sugar Mill Ltd. Shahabad Markanda of District Kurukshetra. On visual inspection the
bagasse ash appeared dark black colour and comes in fibrous form. The chemical
composition of bagasse ash is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Chemical Properties of Bagasse Ash
S.NO. Chemical Element % By Weight
1 Silica (SiOz) 62.43
2 Iron Oxide (FeiOs) 6.98
4 Loss on Ignition (LOI) 4.73
3 Aluminium Oxide (AI2O5) 4.38
5 Potassium Oxide (K2O) 3.53
6 Calcium Oxide (Cao) 2.51
7 Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 1.48
8 Manganese (Mn) 0.5
9 Zinc (Zn) 0.3
10 Copper (Cu) 0.1
(Soure: Fri'as and Concrete Research, 2005)

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME AND METHODOLOGY
4.1 GENERAL
It is most important part of the whole process. Different samples are prepared with
varying proportion of soil and bagasse ash. Efforts have been made to find out the
optimum value for the mixed samples by conducting a series of tests. The field tests
would be an ideal method for simulation of any experimental study. It has been
generally averted because it is expansive as well as time consuming. So as the
substitute, carefully conducted model tests can be employed advantageously in order
to obtain useful qualitative and sometimes quantitative results. With modem
technique measuring instruments and other facilities it is now possible to conduct a
testing in near field conditions. Moreover, the laboratory testing has the advantage of
better control over various parameters which may influence the problem under
consideration. For example, it is possible in a model to undertake parametric study by
keeping all other the variables as constant while the effect of one particular parameter
is being studied.
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Following are the tests which have been carried out in laboratory:
A. Characterisations Tests
i. Moisture Content Determination

2. Atterberg's Limits Determination
3. Specific Gravity Test by Pycnometer
B. Strength Tests
1. Standard Proctor Test

2. California Bearing Ratio Test
21
4.3 METHODOLOGY
4.3.1 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
This phase of study involved a detailed investigation of the compaction characteristics

of the parent soil and the blended sample containing different percentage of bagasse
ash, in order to obtain the optimum moisture contents and maximum dry densities.
The Standard Proctor Test was invented by R. R. Proctor (1933) for the construction
of earth fill dams in the state of California. The Standard Proctor Test apparatus
consists of the following.
1. Cylindrical metal mould, having an internal diameter of 100 mm, and internal
effective height and volume of 127.3 mm, 1000 ml respectively.
2. Removable base plate.
3. Collar 50 mm in effective height.
4. Rammer 2.6 kg in mass falling from an elevation of 310 mm.
This test confirms to IS: 2720 (Part 7)-1980,
4.3.1.1 Sample Preparation
For parent soil 3 kg of oven dried soil sample is taken on tray and thoroughly mixed
with water. For the blended mixtures the quantity of soil depends upon the ratio at
which it is desired to be mixed with other additives. The amount of water mixed at
first trial may vary according to the soil sample composition.
1) The stabilization of clayey soil with bagasse ash is carried out by blending the soil
with different percentage of bagasse ash (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and
28%).
2) The strength tests are carried out on each percentage of blends. By getting the
result of all these blends the comparison of the best suitable additive mix will be
carried out.
Jl
•.,- ijn :
Figure 3: Compaction Testing Arrangements
4.3.1.2 Procedure
The compaction testing arrangement is shown in Figure 3. The test consists in
compacting soil at a range of water contents in the mould, in three equal layers, each
layer being given 25 blows of the 2.6 kg rammer dropped from a height of 310 mm.
The dry density obtained in each test is determined by knowing the mass of the
compacted soil and its water content. About 3 kg of oven dried soil passing through
425 micron sieve is then taken and thoroughly mixed with water. The amount of
water to be added originally depends upon the probable optimum water content of the
soil. The empty mould attached with the base plate is weighted without collar. The
collar is then attached to the mould. The mixed and saturated soil is then placed in the
mould and compacted by giving 25 blows of rammer homogeneously distributed over
the surface, such that the compacted height of soil is about 1/3 the height of the
mould. The second and the third layers are similarly compacted, each layer being
given 25 blows. The last layer should not project extra than 6 mm into the collar. The
collar is separate and the top layer is trimmed off to make it level with the top of
23
mould. The bulk density and the corresponding dry density for the compacted soil can
be calculated.
4.3.1.3 Calculation
Bulk density of soil, y = MA^ gm/cc
Dry density of soil. Yd = — ^
Where, y = Bulk density of soil (gm/cc)
Yd = Dry density of soil (gm/cc)
M = mass of wet compacted mould
V = volume of the mould (1000 cc)
CO = moisture content present in soil
"24T
The Standard Proctor Tests were conducted on various compositions, which are given
below.
Table 3: Composition of Sample for Standard Proctor Test
Sample No 1 CS - 100 % (3000 gm) + SCBA - 0 %
Sample No 2 CS - 96 % (2880 gm) + SCBA - 4 % (120 gm)
Sample No 3 CS - 92% (2760 gm) + SCBA - 8 % (240 gm)
The various tables (Table 4 - Table 11) and Figures (Figure 4 - Figure 11) showing
experimental results for the above Standard Proctor Test are as under;
25
Table 4: Sample No.l (CS -100% + SCBA - 0%)
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30
Wt of Mould (gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
Wt of Soil + Mould (gm) 6090 6160 6290 6410 6470 6430
WtofSoil,W(gm) 1750 1820 1950 2080 2130 2090
Volume of Mould, V (cc) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Bulk Density (gm/cc)
1.75 1.82 1.95 2.08 2.13 2.09
Container No. 51 318 38 15 328 84
WtofCan(gni) 10.51 9.58 10.48 9.68 8.78 10.56
WtofWet soil + Can

(gm) 30.59 34.37 37.04 43.85 39.47 56.74
Wt of Dry soil + Can (gm) 28.08 30.8 32.72 37.56 33.27 46.5
Water Content (%) 14.285 16.823 19.424 22.560 25.316 28.491
Dry Density (gm/cc) 1.531 1.558 1.633 1.697 1.7 1.627
Figure 4: Sample No.l (CS-100%, SCBA-0%)
1^ T
Table 5: Sample No.2 (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%)
S.No 1 2 3 4 5
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27
Wt of Mould (gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
Wt of Soil+Mould (gm) 6150 6230 6360 6420 6390
WtofSoil,W(gm) 1810 1890 2020 2080 2050
Volume of Mould, V (cc) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1.81 1.89 2.02 2.08 2.05
Container No. 15 84 21 47 3
WtofCan(gm) 9.07 10.55 8.76 10.56 10.6
Wt of Wet soil + Can (gm) 32.14 32.99 37.79 53.6 54.68
Wt of Dry soil + Can (gm) 28.92 29.46 32.46 44.77 45.02
Water Content (%) 16.753 18.667 22.489 25.811 28.065
Dry Density (gm/cc) 1.550 1.592 1.649 1.653 1.6
Figure 5: Sample No.2 (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%)
ITT
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30
Wt of Mould (gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
Wt of Soil + Mould (gm) 5860 6060 6210 6340 6370 6330
WtofSoil,W(gm) 1520 1720 ^1870 2000 2030 1990

1.52 1.72 1.87 2.0 2.03 1.99
Container No. 47 51 84 15 47 307
WtofCan(gm) 10.55 10.56 10.55 9.7 10.53 8.74
Wt of Wet soil + Can (gm) 46.46 35.38 39.67 41.51 45.02 47.6
Water Content (%) 16.553 19.040 21.282 24.549 26.337 28.377
Dry Density (gm/cc) 1.304 1.444 1.541 1.605 1.606 1.550
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
I 1.45
1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2
10 15 20 25 30
Water Content %
liT
Table 7: Sample No.4 (CS - 88% + SCBA -12%)
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30
Wt of Mould (gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
WtofSoil +Mould (gm) 5940 6060 6180 6290 6350 6280
WtofSoil,W(gm) 1600 1720 1840 1950 2010 1940

1.6 1.72 1.84 1.95 2.01 1.94
Container No. 15 38 78 49 328 10
WtofCan(gm) 9.69 10.5 10.35 10.36 8.81 10.67
WtofWet soil + Can (gm) 27.52 37.5 34.88 35.94 52 42.51
Water Content (%) 17.225 18.473 21.016 23.634 26.805 29.115
Dry Density (gm/cc) 1.364 1.451 1.520 1.577 1.585 1.502
Figure 7: Sample No.4 (CS - 88% + SCBA -12%)
IsT
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30
Wt of Mould (gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
WtofSoil +Mould (gm) 5860 5940 6050 6160 6290 6240
WtofSoil,W(gm) 1520 1600 1710 1820 1950 1900

1.52 1.6 1.71 1.82 1.95 1.9
Container No. 307 51 318 3 87 84
WtofCan(gm) 8.75 10.56 9.6 10.48 10.55 10.54
Wt of Wet soil + Can (gm) 29.11 40.3 38.37 51.36 66.38 64.51
Water Content (%) 16.342 17.828 19.635 22.395 26.398 30.079
Dry Density (gm/cc) 1.306 1.357 1.429 1.486 1.542 1.460
Figure 8: Sample No.5 (CS - 84% + SCBA -16%)
loT
'• — —
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Wt of Mould
(gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
WtofSoil +
Mould (gm) 5810 5890 5960 6140 6230 6270 6240
Wt of Soil,
W(gm) 1470 1550 1620 1800 1890 1930 1900
Volume of
Mould, V (cc) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Bulk Density
(gm/cc)
Y = WA^ 1.47 1.55 1.62 1.8 1.89 1.93 1.9
Container No. 10 15 3 84 38 328 337
WtofCan(gm) 10.64 9.69 10.47 10.55 10.5 8.78 9.09

Wt of Wet soil +
Can(gm) 42.93 31.95 37.85 52.18 49.59 44.54 70.42
Wt of Dry soil +
Can(gm) 38.52 28.59 33.36 44.53 41.58 36.7 55.32
Water Content
(%) 15.817 17.777 19.615 22.513 25.772 28.080 32.662
Dry Density
(gm/cc) 1.262 1.316 1.354 1.469 1.502 1.506 1.432
10 15 20 25 30 35
Watr Content %
Figure 9: Sample No.6 (CS - 80%, SCBA - 20%)
• ••rpM
31
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Wt of Mould
(gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
WtofSoil +
Mould (gm) 5730 5820 5900 6030 6150 6200 6160
Wt of Soil,
W(gm) 1390 1480 1560 1690 1810 1860 1820
Volume of
Mould, V (cc) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Bulk Density
(gmw'cc)
Y = WA^ 1.39 1.48 1.56 1.69 1.81 1.86 1.82
Container No. 15 19 337 25 328 84 3
WtofCan(gm) 9.69 10.63 9.07 10.6 8.79 10.54 10.46

Wt of Wet soil +
Can (gm) 30.79 44.69 36.97 43.88 42.21 47.89 62.16
Wt of Dry soil +
Can(gm) 27.85 39.35 32.13 37.45 34.99 39.12 49.19
Water Content
(%) 16.189 18.593 20.988 23.947 27.557 30.685 33.488
Dry Density
(gm/cc) 1.196 1.247 1.289 1.363 1.418 1.423 1.363
1.5
1.45
| -
1)1.35
S 1.25
E 1.2
1.15
1.1
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Water Content %
32
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Water added (%) 15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Wt of Mould
(gm) 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340 4340
WtofSoil +
Mould (gm) 5660 5820 5910 6050 6120 6160 6120
WtofSoil,W
(gm) 1320 1480 1570 1710 1780 1820 1780
Volume of
Mould, V (cc) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Bulk Density
(gm/cm)
Y = w/v 1.32 1.48 1.57 1.71 1.78 1.82 1.78
Container No. 84 3 15 17 87 25 38
WtofCan(gm) 10.55 10.44 9.69 10.49 10.52 10.59 10.46

Wt of Wet soil +
Can(gm) 46.46 44.93 44.52 42.53 34.16 47.56 49.04
Wt of Dry soil +
Can(gm) 41.36 39.12 38.02 36.01 29.03 39.15 39.82
Water Content
(%) 16.553 20.258 22.943 25.548 27.714 29.446 31.403
Dry Density
(gm/cc) 1.1325 1.230 1.277 1.362 1.393 1.405 1.354
33
4.3.2 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR), expressed as the percentage of force per unit
area is required to penetrate a soil mass with a circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at
the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required for corresponding penetration in a standard
material. This is the most widely used method for the design of flexible pavements.
CBR=-I^i^xlOO
standard load
According to O Flaherty (1988), the CBR test is empirical test and depends upon the
condition of the soil at the time of testing. This requires that the soil must be tested in
a condition that is critical to the designer.
4.3.2.1 Historical Background of CBR
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was developed by the California Division of
Highways. The basic procedure of this test was developed by the Corps of Engineers
of the US Army. Certain modifications were made in the test procedure, now the
modified method is adopted by the Corps of Engineers and regarded as the standard
method of determining the CBR value. The Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 2720-
Partl6,1987) has also adopted the modified procedure.
The Corps of Engineers have developed design curves using CBR values for
determining the required thickness of flexible pavements for airports and taxiways.
However, the penetration test can also be performed on undisturbed samples. A field
CBR test is also available (IS: 2720-Part31, 1990) for finding the CBR of existing
subgrade (P. Purushothama Raj, 2008).
4.3.2.2 CBR Test under Soaked Condition
The soaked CBR values of soil stabilized with sugar cane bagasse ash with clayey soil
at different dosage level (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and 28%) are find out in
the study Results of the soaked CBR are shown in (Table 14 - Table 20) and (Figure
12-Figure 18).
According to IS:2720 (Part-16) the CBR value at 2.5 mm penetration will be greater
than that at 5.0 mm penetration and in such a case the former shall be taken as the
CBR value for design purpose. If the CBR value corresponding to the penetration of
34
5.0 mm exceeds than that for 2.5 mm, the test shall be repeated. If identical results
follow the CBR corresponding to 5.0 mm penetration shall be taken for design.
In this study, some of the soaked CBR values are greater at 5.0 mm penetration at the
CBR value corresponding to 2.5 mm. CBR test of greater value at 5.0 mm penetration
shall be repeated in the laboratory but due to time constraint in the dissertation work,
tests could not be repeated and as such higher CBR value corresponding to 5.0 mm
penetration is considered.
4.3.2.3 Equipments
1) Cylindrical mould with inside diameter 150 mm and height 175 mm, provided
with a detachable extension collar 50 mm height and a detachable perforated base
plate 10 mm thick.
2) Spacer Disc 148 mm in diameter and 47.7 mm in height along with handle.
3) Metal rammer: Weight 2.6 kg with a drop of 31 mm weight 4.89 kg a drop 450
mm.
4) Weights: One aimular metal weight and several slotted weights 2.5 kg each, 147
mm in diameter, with a central hole of 53 mm in diameter.
5) Loading Machine : With a capacity of at least 5000 kg and equipped with a
movable head or base that travels at a uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min. Complete
with load indicating device.
6) Metal penetration piston 50 mm diameter and minimum of 100 mm in length.
7) Two dial gauge with least count of 0.01 mm.
8) Sieves 4.75 mm and 20 mm IS sieves.
9) Miscellaneous apparatus such as mixing bowl, straight edge, scales soaking tank
or pan, drying oven, filter paper and containers.
The test may be performed on undisturbed specimens and on remolded specimens

which may be compacted either statically or dynamically. Table 12 gives the standard
loads adopted for different penetrations for the standard material with a CBR value of
100%.
35
Table 12: Standard Loads for different Penetrations
Penetration of Plunger (mm) Standard load (kg)
2.5 1370
5.0 2055
7.5 2630
10.0 3180
12.5 3600
4.3.2.4 Preparation of Test Specimen
1) Dynamic Compaction
Take the required amount of soil with required water and mix thoroughly. Fix the
extension collar and the base plate to the mould. Insert the spacer disc over the base
plate, place the filter paper on the top of spacer disc. Compact the mix soil in the
mould using Light compaction, compact the soil in 3 equal layers, each layer being
given 55 blows by the 2.6 kg rammer.
a) Remove the collar and trim off soil.
b) Turn the mould upside down and remove the base plate and the displacer disc.
c) Weight the mould with compacted soil and determine the bulk density and dry
density.
d) Put filter paper on the top of the compacted soil and clamp the perforated base
plate on to it.
2) Static Compaction
Calculate the weight of the wet soil at the required water content, to give the desired
density, when occupying the standard specimen volume in the mould from the
expression.
W = desired dry density x (1+ co) V
Where W = Weight of the wet soil
(0 = desire water content
-sc
V = volume of the specimen in the mould
a) Take the weight W of the mixed soil and place it in the mould.
b) Place a filter paper and the displacer disc on top of the soil.
c) Keep the mould assembly in static loading frame and compact by pressing the
displacer disc till the level of disc reaches the top of the mould.
d) Keep the load for some time and then release the load. Remove the displacer
disc. The test may be conducted for both soaked as well as imsoaked conditions.
e) The test may be conducted for both soaked as well as unsoaked conditions.
f) If the sample is to be soaked, in cases of compaction, put a filter paper on top of

the soil and place the adjustable stem and perforated plate on top of filter paper.
g) Put annular weights to produce a surcharge equal to weight of base material and
pavement expected in actual construction.
h) Immerse the mould assembly and weights in a tank of water and soak it for 96
hours. Remove the mould from tank.
i) Seat the penetration piston at the centre of the specimen with the smallest
possible load, but in no case in excess of 4 kg so that full contact of the piston of
the sample is established.
j) Set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the load on the piston so
that the penetration rate is about 1.25 mm/min.
k) Record the load readings at penetration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 4, 5 and 7
mm. Note the maximum load and corresponding maximum penetration.
1) Detach the mould from the load in equipment. Take about 20 to 50 g of soil
from the top 3 cm layer and determine the moisture content.
ITT
4.3.2.5 Observation and Recording
Optimum water content (%)
Weight of mould + compacted specimen (gm)
Weight of empty mould (gm)
Weight of compacted specimen (gm)
Volume of specimen (cc)
Bulk density (gm/cc)
Dry density (gm/cc)
Find and record the correct load reading corresponding to each penetration. The CBR
values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm. Generally the
CBR values at 2.5 mm will be greater that at 5.0 mm and in such a case the former
shall be taken as CBR for design purpose. If CBR for 5.0 mm exceeds that for 5.0
mm, the test should be repeated. If identical results follow, the CBR corresponding to
5.0 mm penetration should for taken for design.
38
The California Bearing Ratio Tests were conducted on various compositions, which
are given below.
Table 13: Composition of Sample for California Bearing Ratio Tests
Sample No 9 CS - 100 % (3825 gm) + SCBA - 0 %
Sample No 10 CS - 96 % (3570 gm) + SCBA - 4 % (150 gm)
The various tables (Table 14 - Table 21) and Figures (Figure 12 - Figure 19) showing
experimental results for the above California Bearing Ratio Tests are as under;
3Q
Table 14: Sample No.9 (CS -100%, SCBA - 0%)
Dry Density (gm/cc) 1.7
Compacting Moisture Content (%) 25.31
Proving ring calibration factor 6.57
S.No Penetration (mm) Proving Ring Dial Load on Plimger

Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 1 6.57
3 1 1 6.57
4 1.5 2 13.14
5 2 3 19.71
6 2.5 4 26.28
7 3 5 32.85
8 4 6 39.42
9 5 7 45.99
10 7 9 59.13
FROM LOAD V/s PENETRATION CURVE
Load carried by soil sample at 2.5 mm penetration 26.28 kg
45.99 kg
Load carried by soil sample at 5 mm penetration
CBR2.5 1.918%
CBR5.0 2.237%
Design value of CBR (Soaked) 2.237%
40
Figure 12: Sample No.9 (CS - 100%,'SCBA - 0%)
At \
Table 15: Sample No.lO (CS - 98%, SCBA - 4%)
S.No Penetration (mm) Proving Ring Dial Load on Plunger

Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 1 6.57
3 1 2 13.14
4 1.5 3 19.71
5 2 5 32.85
6 2.5 6 39.42
7 3 7 45.99
8 4 9 59.13
9 5 10 65.7
10 7 12 78.84
Load carried by soil sample at 5 mm penetration 65.7 kg
CBR2.5 2.877%
CBR5.0 3.197%
42
Penetration mm
Figure 13: Sample No.lO (CS - 96%, SCBA - 4%)
43
Table 16: Sample No.ll (CS - 92%, SCBA - 8%)
Provingringcalibration factor 6.57

Reading (kg)
I 0 0 0
2 0.5 2 13.14
3 1 3 19.71
4 1.5 5 32.85
5 2 7 45.99
6 2.5 9 59.13
7 3 10 65.7
8 4 12 78.84
9 5 14 91.98
10 7 16 105.12

CBR2.5 4.316%
CBR5.0 4.475%
44
•o
o
Penetration mm
Figure 14: Sample No.ll (CS - 92%, SCBA - 8%)
45 f
Table 17: Sample No.l2 (CS - 88%, SCBA -12%)


Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 2 13.14
3 1 5 32.85
4 1.5 7 45.99
5 2 9 59.13
6 2.5 11 72.27
7 3 13 85.41
8 4 15 98.55
9 5 18 118.26
10 7 19 124.83

CBR2.5 5.275%
CBR5.0 5.754%
leT
Figure 15: Sample No.l2 (CS - 88%, SCBA -12%)
47
Table 18: Sample No.l3 (CS - 84%, SCBA -16%)

Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 3 19.71
3 1 6 39.42
4 1.5 9 59.13
5 2 11 72.27
6 2.5 13 85.41
7 3 16 105.12
8 4 19 124.83
9 5 21 137.97
10 7 23 151.11

CBR2.5 6.234%
CBR5.0 6.713%
48
Figure 16: Sample No.l3 (CS - 84%, SCBA -16%)
491"
Table 19: Sample No.l4 (CS-80%, SCBA - 20%)

Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 4 26.28
3 1 7 45.99
4 1.5 10 65.7
5 2 14 91.98
6 2.5 17 111.69
7 3 20 131.4
8 4 24 157.68
9 5 27 177.39
10 7 29 190.53

Load carried by soil sample at 5.0 nmi penetration 177.39 kg
CBR2.5 8.152%
CBR50 8.632%
50
Figure 17: Sample No.l4 (CS - 80%, SCBA-20%)
511
Table 20: Sample No.l5 (CS - 76%, SCBA - 24%)

Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 2 13.14
3 1 5 32.85
4 1.5 8 52.56
5 2 12 78.84
6 2.5 15 98.55
7 3 17 111.69
8 4 20 131.4
9 5 23 151.11
10 7 24 157.68
FROM LOAD Vs. PENETRATION CURVE

Load carried by soil sample at 5.0 irmi penetration 151.11kg
CBR2.5 7.193%
CBR5.0 7.353%
52
Figure 18: Sample No.15 (CS - 76%, SCBA -24%)
53
Table 21: Sample No.16 (CS - 72%, SCBA - 28%)

S.No Penetration (mm) Proving Ring Dial Load on Plvmger

Reading (kg)
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 3 19.71
3 1 5 32.85
4 1.5 8 52.56
5 2 11 72.27
6 2.5 13 85.41
7 3 15 98.55
8 4 18 118.26
9 5 20 131.4
10 7 21 137.97

CBR2.5 6.234%
CBR50 6.394%
54
Penetration mm
IsT
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 GENERAL
The objective of the present study is to investigate the compaction characteristics and
strength characteristics of clayey soil treated with 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24%
and 28% of sugarcane bagasse ash. This has been done to make the soil suitable for
construction of structure on it or acting as suitable subgrade for construction of roads.
Firstly, a series of Standard Proctor Tests has been done to determine the optimirai
moisture content and maximum dry density of untreated clayey soil and the clayey
soil treated with 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and 28% of sugarcane bagasse ash.
Then, a series of Califomia Bearing Ratio tests has been conducted to determine the
CBR value of untreated clayey soil and the clayey soil treated with 4%, 8%, 12%,
16%, 20%, 24% and 28% of sugarcane bagasse ash. The results of these tests have
been analyzed under the following headings.
5.2 MOISTURE - DENSITY RELATIONSfflP
Standard Proctor Test has been conducted to determine optimum moisture content and
maximum dry density of soil stabilized with 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and
28% of sugarcane bagasse ash. Figure 20 and Figure 21 shows comparison of
optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for clayey soil stabilized with
0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and 28% of sugarcane bagasse ash.
For parent soil, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density have been
observed as 25.31% and 1.7 gm/cc respectively. Figure 22 and Table 22 shows the
results of Standard Proctor Test, which clearly shows that the soil stabilized with 4%
sugarcane bagasse ash the optimum moisture content increases up to a value of
25.81% and maximum dry density decreases up to 1.65 gm/cc. With increase in the
value of sugarcane bagasse ash from 4% to 8% it has been observed that optimum
moisture content increases up to 26.33% and maximum dry density decreases up to
1.60 gm/cc. With replacement of 12% sugarcane bagasse ash optimum moisture
56
content again increases and gets value of 26.8% as well as maximum dry density
decreases up to 1.58 gm/cc.
Figure 20: Optimum Moisture Content v/s Percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
12 16 20 24 28 32
SCBA%
Figure 21: Maximum Dry Density v/s Percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
"f
Table 22: OMC and MDD with Different Percentage of SCBA
S.NO. % SCBA OMC MDD
1 0 25.31 1.7
2 4 25.81 1.653
3 8 26.33 1.606
4 12 26.8 1.585
5 16 26.39 1.542
6 20 28.08 1.506
7 24 30.68 1.423
8 28 29.44 1.405
1.8
1.7
1.6
•0% SCBA
a 1.5 - C - 4 % SCBA
-!>>8%SCBA
c 1.4
01 - » ^ 12% SCBA
a
a 1.3 - « ^ 16% SCBA
•20% SCBA
1.2
•24% SCBA
1.1 •28%SCBA
10 IS 20 25 30 35
Water Content %
Figure 22: Dry Density v/s Water Content with different compositions of SCBA
58
With 4% more replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash it has been observed that
optimum moisture content again increases up to 26.39%, and maximum dry density
decreases up to 1.542 gm/cc. With replacement of 20% sugarcane bagasse ash
optimum moisture content increases up to 28.08% and maximum dry density
decreases up to 1.50 gm/cc. With replacement of 24% sugarcane bagasse ash
optimum moisture content again increases up to 30.68%) and maximum dry density
again decreases up to 1.42 gm/cc. But with further increase of sugarcane bagasse ash
in soil (28%)) optimum moisture content decreases and get a value of 29.44%o and
maximum dry density decreases in the same manner and get a least value of 1.45
gm/cc.
It has been observed that there is an increase in optimum moisture content up to 24%>
but after that it decreases on the other hand maximum dry density maximum dry
density decreases continuously with increase in the percentage of sugarcane bagasse
ash. The presence of sugarcane bagasse ash having a low specific gravity is the main
reason for reduction in density.
5.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
California Bearing Ratio test has been conducted to determine the CBR values of soil
stabilized with 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24% and 28% of sugarcane bagasse
ash. Figure 23 and Table 23 show the results of California Bearing Ratio Test.
o
u
32%
Figure 23: CBR Percentage v/s Percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
59
Table 23: CBR value with Different Percentage of SCBA
S.No. Percentage of SCBA CBR Percentage
1 0% 2.237
2 4% 3.197
3 8% 4.475
4 12% 5.754
5 16% 6.713
6 20% 8.632
7 24% 7.353
8 28% 6.394
For parent soil CBR value has been observed as 2.237% and with replacement of 4%
sugarcane bagasse ash it is 3.197%. With increase in the value of sugarcane bagasse
ash from 4% to 8% it has been observed that the CBR value increases up to
4.475%.With replacement of 12% sugarcane bagasse ash the CBR value increases up
to 5.754%. With 4% more replacement of bagasse ash it has been observed that CBR
value increases up to 6.713%. With further replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash i.e.
20% the CBR value increases and get a value of 8.632%. But with further increase in
percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash (24%) the CBR value decreases up to 7.353%
and with replacement of 28% sugarcane bagasse ash CBR value decreases up to
6.393%.
60
250
-0-4%SCBA
-s*;-8%SCBA
->«-12%SCBA
-W-16%SCBA
-O-20%SCBA
- ; •24%SCBA
•28%SCBA
•parent soil
2 3 4 5
Penetration mm
Figure 24: Load v/s Penetration with Different Percentage of SCBA
It is clear from the Figure: 23 that there is an increase in CBR value up to 20%
replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash, with further replacement the CBR value starts
decreasing and get a value 6.393% for 28% replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash.
61
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
The present experimental studies were carried out to find out the stabiUzation of
clayey soil by using sugarcane bagasse ash. The following conclusions have been
drawn based on the laboratory investigations carried out in this study.
1. Consumption of sugarcane bagasse ash in bulk quantity in construction of road

project can be made with reducing the accumulation hazard and envirormiental
pollution of this waste.
2. Maximum dry density of treated soil is decreased with the increasing percentage
of sugarcane bagasse ash and the optimum moisture content is increasing up to
an optimum value of sugarcane bagasse ash and then decreases.
3. It has been observed that the CBR value increased vwth increasing percentage of
sugarcane bagasse ash up to an optimum percentage i.e. 20%.
4. Use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a stabilizer for improving soil characteristics is
an economical and effective solution for the region having large number of
sugar mills and other related industries.
The proposed method of soil stabilization can be used mainly in the field of
stabilization and application for roads etc. The present method is more economical
and environmental friendly as well, and is an alternate to other expensive techniques.
.•/'^,:'*'^.^ ~N ,-^, -•.^
62
REFERENCES
[1] D. H. Gray, J. Schlocker (1969) "Electrochemical Alteration of Clayey Soil",

Clays and Clay Minerals, 1969, Vol. 17, pp. 309-322.
[2] Dr. Suhail A. A Khattab, Khawla A.K. Al-Juari, Ibrahim M. A. Al-Kiki (2006),
"Strength, Durability and Hydraulic Properties of Clayey Soil Stabilized With Lime
and Industrial Waste Lime", A L Rafdain Engineering Journal, ISSN: 18130526,
Vol. 16, Issue: 1, Page 102-116.
[3] Okagbe, Celestine (2007), "Stabilization of Clay using Woodash", Journal of

Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 19: 14-18.
[4] S.Chandran. Rajani, G. P. Padmakumar (2009), "Stabilization of Clayey Soil

Using Lime Solution" 10th National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT09).
[5] A. Seco, F. Ramirez, L. Miqueleiz, B. Garcia (2010), "Stabilization of Expansive

soils for use in Construction", Applied Clay Science 51 (2011) 348-352.
[6] Purbi Sen, Mukesh and Mahabir Dixit (2011), "Evaluation of strength
characteristics of clayey soil by adding soil stabilizing additives". International
Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 4,1060-1061.
[7] Syed Abolhassan Naeini, Bahman Naderinia (2012), "Unconfined Compressive

Strength of Clayey Soils Stabilized with Waterbrone Polymer", KSCE Journal of
Civil Engineering 16 (6): 943-949.
[8] Olaniyan, O. S., Olaoye, R. A, Okeyinka, O. M. and Olaniyan, D. B. (2012), "Soil

Stabilization Techniques using Sodium Hydroxide Additives", IJCEE-IJENS, Vol.11,
No.06.
[9] Mehdi Gharib, Hamidraza Saba (2012), "Experimental Investigation of Impact of

adding Lime on Atterberg's Limit in Golestan Province Soils", IRJABS, Vol.3 (4),
796-800.
63
[10] Y. L. Murthy (2012), "Stabilization of Expansive Soil using Mill Scale", IJEST,
ISSN: 0975-5462, Vol. 4, No.02.
[11] M. Chittaranjan, M. Vijay (2011), "Agriculture waste as soil stabilizers",

International Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No
06 SPL, pp. 50-51.
[12] K.S. Gandhi (2012), "Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Bagasse Ash", IJERT,
ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 1 (ISSUE 5)
[13] Alavez- Ramirez et al. (2012), " The use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Lime to
improve the Durability and Mechanical Properties of compacted soil blocks",
Construction and Building Materials 34,296-305.
[14] Kiran R. G. Kiran L (2013) "The analysis of Strength Characteristics of Black

Cotton Soil Using Bagasse Ash and Additives as Stabilizer", IJERT, ISSN: 2278-
0181, Vol. 2, Issue 7.
[15] Moses G. and Osinubi K. J. "Influence of Compactive Efforts on Cement-

Bagasse Ash Treatment of Expansive Black Cotton Soil" World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, 2013, pp. 1559 -1566.
[16] K.S. Beena, G. Santosh (2013) "Studies on strength characteristics of soil, mixed
with bio-waste". Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference 2013, Roorkee.
[17] Amit S. Kharade, Vishal V. Suryavanshi, Bhikaji S. Gujar, Rohankit R.

Deshmukh,(Mar-2014), "Waste Product Bagasse Ash From Sugar Industry can be
used as Stabilizing Material for Expansive Soils", IJRET, elSSN: 2319-1163|pISSN :
2321-7308, Volume: 03 (ISSUE 03).
[18] Prakash Chavan and Dr. M. S. Nagakumar, (Aug 2014), "Studies on Soil
Stabilization by using Bagasse Ash", IJSRET, ISSN: 2278-0882.
[19] Sadeeq, J. A., Ochepo, J., Salahudeen, A. B. and Tijjani, S. T. (2015), "Effect of
Bagasse Ash on Lime Stabilized Lateritic Soil", Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering,
Volume 9, No. 2.
[20] IS: 1498 (1970), "Indian Standard Methods of Test for Soils: Classification and
Identification of Soil for General Engineering Purposes", Bureau of Indian Standards.
64
[21] IS: 2720-Part7, (1974), "Indian Standard Methods of Test for Soils:
Determination of Moisture Content-Dry Density Relation using Light Compaction",
Bureau of Indian Standards.
[22] IS: 2720-Partl6, (1987), "Indian Standard Methods of Test for Soils: Laboratory
Determination of CBR", Bureau of Indian Standards.
; ' , .on...' K;-,

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1. Ashish Chhachhia, Anupam Mital (2015), "Improvement of Clayey Soil

Stabilized with Bagasse Ash", International Journal of Research Review in
Engineering Science and Technology, elSSN 2278-6643, Volume-4, Issue-1
2. Ashish Chhachhia, Anupam Mital (2015), "A Review on Improvement of Clayey
Soil Stabilized with Bagasse Ash", International Journal of Research Review in
Engineering Science and Technology, elSSN 2278-6643, Volume-4, Issue-1
3. Ashish Chhachhia, Anupam Mital (2015), "Effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on
the Properties of clayey soil". International Conference on Technological
Convergence or Information, Health, Food and Energy Security, TC-IFFES 2015,
ISBN: 978-93-85517-006 © CAAS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, CSRI-
CLRI.

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IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL STABILIZED WITH

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

(Roll No. 3130813)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. ANUPAM MITAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Date: 3c^ Doy^ ^<^VS (Ashish Chhachhia)

It is a great privilege for me to express deep and sincere gratitude to my guide

Date: "3c 7)0^/^ ^'>ir

Place: Kurukshetra (3130813)

Table 2: Chemical Properties of Bagasse Ash ..............,ooo..o.,....o.....20

Table 3: Compositionof Sample for Standard Proctor Test..o..,,= 25

Table 4: Sample No.l (CS -100% + SCBA- 0%).. 26

Table 5: Sample No.2 (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%) ..................27

Table 6: Sample No.3 (CS - 92% + SCBA - 8%) ...........28

Table 7: Sample No.4(CS-88% + S C B A - 1 2 % ) 29

Table 8: Sample No.5(CS-84% +SCBA-16%) 30

Table 9: Sample No.6(CS-80% +SCBA-20%) 31

Table 10: Sample No.7(CS-76% +SCBA-24%) 32

Table 11: Sample No.8(CS-72% + S C B A - 2 8 % ) .......33

Table 12: Standard Loads for different Penetrations 36

Table 13: Composition of Sample for California Bearing Ratio Tests.... 39

Table 14: Sample No.9(CS-100% + S C B A - 0 % ) .40

Table 15: Sample No.lO (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%) ......42

Table 16: Sample No.l 1 ( C S - 9 2 % + S C B A - 8 % ) 44

Table 17: Sample N o . l 2 ( C S - 8 8 % + S C B A - 1 2 % ) ...........................46

Table 18: Sample N o . l 3 ( C S - 8 4 % + S C B A - 1 6 % ........48

Table 19: Sample N o . l 4 ( C S - 8 0 % + S C B A - 2 0 % ) ............................50

Table20: SampleNo.l5(CS-76% +SCBA-24%)....................................52

Table 21: Sample N o . l 6 ( C S - 7 2 % +SCBA-28%)....................................54

Table 22: OMC and MDD with Different Percentage of SCBA.......................58

Table 23 CBR Percentage with Different Percentage of SCBA........................ 60

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Figure 3: Compaction Testing Arrangements.. ....o........23

Figure 4: Sample No.l (CS-100%, SCBA-0%) ....26

Figure 5: Sample No.2 (CS - 96% + SCBA - 4%) 27

Figure 6: Sample No.3 (CS - 92% + SCBA - 8%) 28

Figure 7: Sample No.4 (CS - 88% + SCBA -12%) 29

Figure 8: Sample No.5 (CS - 84% + SCBA -16%) ........30

Figure9: SampleN0.6 (CS-80%, SCBA-20%) ...31

Figure 10: Sample No.7(CS-76% + S C B A - 2 4 % ) 32

Figure 11: Sample No.8(CS-72% + S C B A - 2 8 % ) .33

Figure 12: Sample No.9 (CS - 1 0 0 % + SCBA - 0%) ......41

Figure 13: Sample No.lO(CS-96% + S C B A - 4 % ) .....43

Figure 14: Sample No.l 1 ( C S - 9 2 % + S C B A - 8 % ) ......45

Figure 15: Sample N o . l 2 ( C S - 8 8 % + S C B A - 1 2 % ) 47

Figure 16: Sample N o . l 3 ( C S - 8 4 % + S C B A - 1 6 % ) . . . . ....49

Figure 17: SampleNo.l4(CS-80%+ SCBA-20%)....................................51

Figure 18: Sample N o . l 5 ( C S - 7 6 % +SCBA-24%).....................................53

Figure 19: Sample N o . l 6 ( C S - 7 2 % +SCBA-28%)................................„._55

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Long term performance of pavement structures is significantly impacted by the

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash is a solid waste material which is generated as a by-product

1.2 VARIOUS METHODS OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT

(a) Static compaction including compaction piles.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The characteristics of soil can be improved from various ground improvement

The Mesopotamians and Romans separately discovered that it was possible to

2.2 STABILIZATION USING ADDITIVES

Rajni S. Chandran, Padmakumar G.P [4] lime is an unparalleled aid in the

A. Seco, F. Ramirez, L. Miqueleiz, B. Garcia [5] expansive clay soils are

Olaniyan, O. S., Olaoye, R. A, Okeyinka, O. M. and Olaniyan, D. B. [8] soil

2.3 STABILIZATION USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH

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