Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. The bottom of a rive has a 4 m high bump that approximates a Rankine half-body, as in
Figure. The pressure at point B on bottom is 130 kPa, and the river velocity is 2.5 m/s. Use
inviscid theory to estimate the water (a) velocity and (b) pressure at point A on the bump, which
is 2 m above point B. (sin2 𝜃𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃𝜃 = 1; 𝜌𝜌 = 998 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝛾 = 9790 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚3 )
Rankine half body equations:

Ψ = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 sin 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈

1 ∂Ψ 𝜕𝜕Ψ
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = ; 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = −
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕θ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑚𝑚(𝜋𝜋−𝜃𝜃)
𝑟𝑟 = (on surface)
𝑈𝑈 sin 𝜃𝜃

Bump downstream height = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

2. In the flow of air at 200C and 1 atm (𝜌𝜌 = 1.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 and 𝜇𝜇 = 1.8 × 10−5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) past a flat
plate in Figure, the wall shear is to be determined at position x by floating element (a small area
connected a strain-gage force measurement). At x=2m, the element indicates a shear stress of 2.1
Pa. Assuming turbulent flow from the leading edge, estimate (a) the stream velocity U, (b) the
boundary layer thickness 𝛿𝛿 at the element, and (c) the boundary layer velocity u, in m/s, at 5 mm
above the element (Hint: use log law for part c).

3. Consider steady flow of a Newtonian fluid of density ρ and viscosity μ at velocity U (at y = ∞)
past an infinite plane (y = 0) as shown in the Figure below. The flow is 2D, incompressible,
laminar, and gravity effects are negligible. The plate is porous and has constant suction v = -v0.
Assume that pressure is constant and v = -v0 everywhere in the flow. Simplify the continuity and
Navier Stokes equations and apply boundary conditions to find the velocity distribution u (y).
𝜕𝜕2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(Hint: for solving differential equation 𝑎𝑎 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑏 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 with constant coefficients a, b, and
c, assume that the solution is 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 and find 𝜆𝜆.)
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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4. Air (𝛾𝛾 = 12 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚3 ) flows past an object in a paper of 2 m diameter and exist as a free jet as
shown in Figure. The velocity and pressure upstream are uniform at 10 m/s and 50 N/m2,
respectively. At the pipe exit the velocity nonuniform as indicated. The shear stress along the
pipe wall is negligible. (a) Determine the head loss associated with entire flow across the object.
(b) Determine the force that air puts on the object. 1 2
Energy equation for non-uniform profile:
𝑝𝑝1 𝛼𝛼1 𝑉𝑉�12 𝑝𝑝2 𝛼𝛼2 𝑉𝑉�22
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿𝐿
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 4 m/s
2
2 𝑉𝑉 �⃑ ⋅ 𝑛𝑛�⃑�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛼𝛼𝑉𝑉 ∫ 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌�𝑉𝑉
=
2𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚̇
𝛼𝛼 = 1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
where 𝑉𝑉 is the average velocity.

5. Drag force (𝐷𝐷) is function of velocity (𝑈𝑈), density (𝜌𝜌),

diameter (𝑑𝑑) and viscosity (𝜇𝜇). (a) Calculate the PI
parameters. Experiments were conducted on a golf ball
and the results are plotted using the PI terms from (a)
below (Note that Π1 term contains drag force). A strong
wind can blow a golf ball off the tee by pivoting it about
point 1 as shown in Figure. (b) Determine the drag force
and (c) wind speed necessary to do this (Hint: you will
have to solve part c iteratively similar to a pipe flow
problem where you have to determine flow rate). (𝜌𝜌 = 0.00238 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 ; 𝜇𝜇 = 3.47 ×
10−7 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ⋅ 𝑠𝑠/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2 )

Π1

Π2
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 1

a) Velocity
𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃 = = 900
2
4
𝑎𝑎 = = 1.27
𝜋𝜋
𝑚𝑚(𝜋𝜋 − 𝜃𝜃) 𝑎𝑎(𝜋𝜋 − 𝜃𝜃) 𝜋𝜋 +1
𝑟𝑟 = = = 𝑎𝑎
𝑈𝑈 sin 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 2
1 ∂Ψ 1 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = = (𝑈𝑈 r cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑚𝑚) = 𝑈𝑈 cos 𝜃𝜃 +
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕θ 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
𝜕𝜕Ψ
𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = − = −𝑈𝑈 sin 𝜃𝜃
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑚𝑚2 2𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑈𝑈 2 𝑎𝑎2 2𝑈𝑈 2 𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉 2 = 𝑈𝑈 2 sin2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑈𝑈 2 cos2 𝜃𝜃 + + cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑈𝑈 2
+ + cos 𝜃𝜃
𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎2 2𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉 2 = 𝑈𝑈 2 �1 + + cos 𝜃𝜃�
𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑟

𝑎𝑎2 2𝑎𝑎 𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 2
= 𝑈𝑈 �1 + 2 2 + cos � = 1.405𝑈𝑈 2
𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎 /4 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋/2 2

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 1.185𝑈𝑈 = 1.185 × 2.5 = 2.96 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

+6
b) Bernoulli

𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵2

+ + 𝑧𝑧𝐴𝐴 = + + 𝑧𝑧𝐵𝐵
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔
𝛾𝛾
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 = 𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 + (𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴2 ) + 𝛾𝛾(𝑧𝑧𝐵𝐵 − 𝑧𝑧𝐴𝐴 )
2𝑔𝑔

130000 9790
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 = + (2.52 − 2.962 ) + 9790(−2) = 109200 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 +3
9790 2 × 9.81
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 2

a) Velocity

𝜌𝜌 2 0.027 𝜌𝜌𝑈𝑈 2 0.027 1.2𝑈𝑈 2

𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 = 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 𝑈𝑈 = 1� 2 �= � �
2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 7 1.2𝑈𝑈2 1/7 2
� 𝜇𝜇 � � �
1.8𝐸𝐸 − 5

0.027 1.2𝑈𝑈 2
2.1 = � � → 𝑈𝑈 = 34 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 +3
1.2𝑈𝑈(2) 1/7 2
� �
1.8𝐸𝐸 − 5

b) Local thickness

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 = = 4.54𝐸𝐸6
𝜇𝜇

0.16𝑥𝑥 0.16 × 2
𝛿𝛿 = = = 0.036 𝑚𝑚 = 36 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1/7
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 4.54𝐸𝐸6 +3

c) Using the log low

∗
𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 1/2 2.1 1/2
𝑢𝑢 = � � = � � = 1.32 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌 1.2

𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 1 𝑦𝑦𝑢𝑢∗
= = � � ln � � + 𝐵𝐵
𝑢𝑢∗ 1.32 𝑘𝑘 𝜈𝜈
𝑢𝑢 1 0.005 × 1.32
=� � ln � � + 5.0 → 𝑢𝑢 = 26.3 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
1.32 0.41 1.5𝐸𝐸 − 5 +4
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 3

Assumptions:

𝜕𝜕
(1) Steady: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0
𝜕𝜕
(2) 2D flow: 𝑤𝑤 = 0; 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0
(3) No gravity: g = 0
(4) Pressure constant: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0
(5) Vertical velocity constant everywhere: 𝑣𝑣 = −𝑣𝑣0 ; 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0

Continuity:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ + =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ 0(5) + 0(2) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 0 (6) +3
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Navier-Stokes in x direction:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢

𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 � = 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 − + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 2 + 2 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢
𝜌𝜌 �0(1) + 0(6) + (−𝑣𝑣0 ) (5) + 0(2)� = 0(3) − 0(4) + 𝜇𝜇 �0(6) + 2 + 0(2)�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦

𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜇𝜇 2
+ 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0 =0 +4
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Follow the hint to solve the O.D.E.:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 → = 𝜆𝜆𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 ; = 𝜆𝜆2 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2

Replace in the differential equation and find λ values:

𝜇𝜇𝜆𝜆2 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 + 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0 𝜆𝜆𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 = 0

Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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0 = 𝜆𝜆1
𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 (𝜇𝜇𝜆𝜆2 + 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0 𝜆𝜆) = 0 → 𝜇𝜇𝜆𝜆2 + 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0 𝜆𝜆 = 0 → 𝜆𝜆(𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 + 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0 ) = 0 → 𝜆𝜆 = � 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0
− = 𝜆𝜆2
𝜇𝜇

Therefore:

𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆2 𝑦𝑦

𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0
�− �𝑦𝑦
𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 (0)𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 𝜇𝜇

𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0
− 𝑦𝑦
𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 𝜇𝜇
+1

Boundary conditions:

𝑢𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 0 → 0 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2

𝑢𝑢 = 𝑈𝑈 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = ∞ → 𝑈𝑈 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 0

Find C1 and C2:

𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑈𝑈 ; 𝐶𝐶1 = −𝑈𝑈 +2

Replace and find final solution:

𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣0
− 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦
𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑈𝑈 − 𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 𝜇𝜇 = 𝑈𝑈 �1 − 𝑒𝑒 𝜇𝜇 �
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 4

a) Energy equation for non-uniform flow

𝑝𝑝1 𝛼𝛼1 𝑉𝑉�12 𝑝𝑝2 𝛼𝛼2 𝑉𝑉�22

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿𝐿
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔

Since 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧2 , 𝑝𝑝2 = 0 and 𝛼𝛼1 = 1

𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 𝛼𝛼2 𝑉𝑉�22

ℎ𝐿𝐿 = + − +4
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔

Where

𝑉𝑉 2 �⃑ 𝑉𝑉 2 �⃑ 1 3
𝛼𝛼2 𝑉𝑉�22 ∫ 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌�𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛�⃑�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∫𝐴𝐴 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌�𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛�⃑�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝑔 (𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴12 + 𝑉𝑉43 𝐴𝐴4 )
2
= = =
2𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚̇ (𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)4 + (𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)12 𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴12 + 𝑉𝑉4 𝐴𝐴4
3
𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉12 1 𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴12 + 𝑉𝑉43 𝐴𝐴4
ℎ𝐿𝐿 = + − � �
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔 𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴12 + 𝑉𝑉4 𝐴𝐴4

3 22 − 12 3 12
12 𝜋𝜋 � � + 4 𝜋𝜋 �
50 10 1 4 4�
ℎ𝐿𝐿 = + − � � = 2.58 𝑚𝑚 +2
12 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 22 − 12 12
12𝜋𝜋 � 4 � + 4𝜋𝜋 4

b) Momentum

−𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12

12
𝐴𝐴12 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉42 𝐴𝐴4 = 𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥

𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝜌𝜌(𝑉𝑉12

2
𝐴𝐴12 + 𝑉𝑉42 𝐴𝐴4 )

(2)2 (2)2 22 − 12 12
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = 50𝜋𝜋 + 1.23 × 102 𝜋𝜋 − 1.23 �122 𝜋𝜋 + 4𝜋𝜋 � = 110𝑁𝑁 +4
4 4 4 4
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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Solution 5

a) Pi terms

𝐷𝐷 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑈𝑈, 𝜌𝜌, 𝜇𝜇, 𝑑𝑑)

𝐷𝐷 =̇ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇 −2 , 𝑈𝑈 =̇ 𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 , 𝜌𝜌 =̇ 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−1 𝑇𝑇 −3 , 𝜇𝜇 =̇ 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−1 𝑇𝑇 −1 , 𝑑𝑑 =̇ 𝐿𝐿

𝑘𝑘 − 𝑟𝑟 = 5 − 3 = 2 +2

Repeating variables 𝑈𝑈, 𝜌𝜌, 𝑑𝑑

Π1 = 𝑈𝑈 𝑎𝑎 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 = (𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 )𝑎𝑎 (𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−1 𝑇𝑇 −3 )𝑏𝑏 (𝐿𝐿)𝑐𝑐 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇 −2 ) = 𝑀𝑀0 𝐿𝐿0 𝑇𝑇 0

𝐷𝐷
Π1 = = 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 +2
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑2

Π2 = 𝑈𝑈 𝑎𝑎 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐 𝜇𝜇 = (𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 )𝑎𝑎 (𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−1 𝑇𝑇 −3 )𝑏𝑏 (𝐿𝐿)𝑐𝑐 (𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−1 𝑇𝑇 −1 ) = 𝑀𝑀0 𝐿𝐿0 𝑇𝑇 0

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Π2 = = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 +2
𝜇𝜇

b) Moment about (1)

∑𝑀𝑀1 = 0 → 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝐷𝐷ℎ

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 0.0992 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 0.2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝐷𝐷 = = = 0.0242 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
ℎ 0.821 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
c) Drag calculation

𝐷𝐷 = 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑2

2 × 0.845 2
0.0242 = 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 (0.00238)𝑉𝑉 2 � �
12

502
𝑉𝑉 = � (1)
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 +1
Name: ------------------ Exam 3 Time: 90 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2018

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2(0.845)
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 0.00238𝑉𝑉 � 12 �
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = =
𝜇𝜇 3.47 × 10−7

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 966𝑉𝑉 (2) +1

From figure

𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 (𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) (3) +1

Iterating using equations (1), (2), and (3)

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 0.4 → 𝑉𝑉 = 35.4 → 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 3.42 × 104 → 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 0.47
𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 0.5 → 𝑉𝑉 = 31.7 → 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 3.06 × 104 → 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 0.5 +1
𝑠𝑠