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1/16/2017

Introduction
BITS Pilani Pratik N Sheth
Pilani Campus Department of Chemical Engineering

Contents

• Introduction
• Heat Transfer and its mechanisms

• Text books and Reference books


• Course Plan
• Evaluation Scheme

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Introduction

• Heat Transfer
• Energy change which is solely responsible due to change in temperature
• Takes place between material bodies

• When two bodies are at different temperatures


• thermal energy transfers from the body which is at high temperature to the one at
lower temperature.
• The net flow is always in the direction of decrease in temperature.

• Study Aspects
• Not to find weather heat is transferred or not (covered in thermodynamics)
• The rate at which heat is transferred
• Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
• Heat Transfer Operations
• Unit operations whose prime motive is heat transfer
• Heat exchangers, evaporators, boiler, condenser etc.

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Basic Laws of Heat Transfer

• The Driving force for heat transfer is temperature


difference
• The resistance depends upon the mechanisms by which
heat may flow
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Combination of above all or any two

• The mechanism of heat transfer depends upon range of


temperature and physical system involved

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Conduction

• Conduction is the transfer of heat within


• an object or between two objects in physical contact without appreciable
displacement of object

• The material medium transporting heat remains at rest


• Heat flows through solids
• from the more energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to
interactions between the particles

• It is due to the mechanism of inter-molecular interactions


• In metals
• motion of free electrons
• In solids (poor conductor of electricity) & in liquids
• momentum transfer between adjacent vibrating molecules
• In gases
• Random motion of molecules
• Examples
• Heat flow through brick wall of a furnace
• Heat flow through metal wall of heat exchanger tubes
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Fourier’s Law of heat


conduction
• The heat flux is directly proportional to the temperature
gradient and opposite to it in sign.
• For 1D system
Q dT

A dx
Q dT
= −k
A dx
Q - Rate of heat flow in a direction normal to surface
A - Surface area
T - Temperature
k - Thermal Conductivity
x - Distance normal to the surface
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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1/16/2017

Convection

• Convection is the transfer of heat from one point to


another point within a fluid by the movement of
molecules
• Convective heat transfer can be classified
• Free or Natural convection
• Forced convection

• In free convection,
• the fluid motion is caused due to density difference produced by temperature
gradients
• The vessel containing liquid water are heated by means of a gas flame
• Water near the bottom surface gets heated, expands and rises as its density
decreases than that of remaining liquid
• Cold liquid of higher density takes its place and a circulating current is set up

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Convection

• In forced convection
• circulating currents are set up by external means
• such as pump, fan or blower, agitator that forces fluid to flow over surface

• The fluid velocity is exceedingly higher than that of free


convection
• Hence the heat transfer rate is more in case of forced
convection

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Convection

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Newton’s Law of Cooling

• At wall Q dT
• Stationary layer of film exists and heat is transferred by conduction = −k
A dx

Q
= h(Ts − T∞ )
A

h – heat transfer coefficient

Depends upon the fluid


properties such as
Viscosity
Density
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
&
Fluid Velocity Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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1/16/2017

Radiation

• Radiation
• is the term given to the transport of energy by electromagnetic waves
• does not require any intervening medium
• Heat can be transmitted across an absolute vacuum

• If the medium intervenes in radiative exchange,


• the intervening medium may
• partly absorb, partly reflect or partly transmit

• It is only the absorbed energy that appears as heat and


this transformation is quantitative.

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Stefan Boltzmann’s Law

• The energy emitted by an ideal thermal radiator or black


body is proportional to the fourth power to the absolute
temperature Q
= σT 4
A
where
σ − Stefan Boltzmann Constant
5.669 x 10-8W / m 2 K 4
• The net radiant exchange between two surfaces will be
proportional to the difference in absolute temperature of
the body of the fourth power
Q
A
= Fε FGσ T14 − T24 ( )
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Modes of Heat Transfer

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Thermal Conductivity

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Thermal Conductivity

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Thermal Conductivity

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Thermal Conductivity

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Thermal Conductivity

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Thermal Conductivity

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Comparison

• Thermal Conductivity varies by a factor of about 105 between gases and diamond
at room temperature
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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1/16/2017

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Text books and Reference


books
Text Books
1. Holman, J.P., Bhattacharyya, S. (2011), “Heat Transfer”, 10th Ed., Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
Reference Books
1. Sinnot, R.K. (2003), “Coulson & Richardson's CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
VOL 6”, 3rd Ed., Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
2. Mccabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Harriott, P. (2005), “Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering”, 7th Ed., McGraw Hill International Edition, Singapore.

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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Course Plan

Lecture Learning Text Book


No.
Topics to be covered
Objectives Chap./Sec
1 Basics of Heat Introduction to conductive, convective 1 (Sec. 1.1
Transfer and radiative heat transfer to 1.4) TB

2–6 1D steady state One dimensional steady state 2 (Sec. 2.1


conduction conduction for cartesian, radial and to 2.11) TB
spherical coordinate systems with
and without heat source, Critical
Thickness of Insulation, Fins,
Thermal contact resistance
7 – 10 1D unsteady state Lumped heat capacity system, 4 (Sec. 4.1-
conduction Transient heat flow in a semi-infinite 4.4) TB
solid, Convective boundary
conditions
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Course Plan
11 – 14 Principles of Energy equation of the boundary 5 (Sec. 5.5,
convection layer, Thermal boundary layer, 5.6, 5.8 to
Turbulent boundary layer heat 5.11) TB
transfer, Heat transfer in laminar &
turbulent flow in tube
15 – 17 Empirical Equations for empirical relations for 6 (Sec. 6.1
relations for pipe and tube flow; Equations for to 6.5) TB
forced convection flow across cylinders and spheres;
heat transfer Flow across tube banks; Liquid
metal heat transfer
18 – 20 Natural Theory and empirical relations for 7 (Sec. 7.1
convection free convection from different to 7.12) TB
geometric configurations such as
plates, inclined surface, cylinder,
sphere etc.; Combined free and
forced convection
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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1/16/2017

Course Plan
21 – Radiation heat Mechanism and properties of 8 (Sec. 8.1 –
24 transfer radiation; Shape factor; Back body 8.10) TB
and gray body radiation; Gas
radiation; Radiation shield; Radiation
network
25 – Condensation and Theory and empirical relations for film 9 (Sec. 9.1
28 boiling and dropwise condensation and to 9.7) TB
boiling phenomena; Heat pipe

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Course Plan
29 - 33 Heat exchangers Introduction and types of heat 10 (Sec.
exchangers, Concept of 10.1 to
overall heat transfer 10.6) TB;
coefficient; LMTD method,
effectiveness-NTU method
34-36 Design of Heat Construction details of shell Ch. 12
Exchangers and tube heat exchangers, (Sec 12.5
General design to 12.9.3)
considerations, Kern’s method RB 1
for heat exchanger design;
37 – 40 Evaporation Types of evaporators; 16 (RB 2)
Evaporator capacity and
economy; Single and multiple
effect evaporators
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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1/16/2017

Evaluation Scheme

EC Evaluation Weig- Date &


Duration Remarks
No. Component htage Time
1 Mid Semester Test 1½ hrs 100 CB+ OB
Tutorial Tests During Tutorial
10 to 15 Throughout
2 (n best out of 80 Class hours
mins Semester
n+1 conducted) (OB/CB)
Comprehensive
5 3 hrs 120 OB+CB
Exam

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Thanks

Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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