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JOURNAL
SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
International Journal
The journal publishes scientific information and articles which present new
and unpublished results from research in the spheres of the mathematical,
physical, chemical, natural, humanitarian, social, medical, Earth, forest and
agricultural sciences.
Every article is to be read by two independent anonymous reviewers. After their
acceptance and after the author presents a bank statement for the paid publishing fee, the article
is published in the refereed JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH, which is
an academic journal licensed in EBSCO , USA.
Editors
Aneliya Karagyozyan– Bulgaria
Prof. Dr. Anton Antonov – Bulgaria
Dek: TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data reveal our Ocean Planet, mission for NASA.
Ecology
Biology
1. Introduction
In the process of developing of optical and opto-electronic equipment for
the need of the space physics and distance research methods of particular
concern is the atmosphere transparency that influences the visibility distance of
distant objects and also influences the flight control of flying machine [1, 5, 6,
7].
By dissemination through the atmosphere the stream radiation is
weakened as at the expense of molecular dispersion [2] and by its absorption of
the different components of the atmosphere [3]. Because the stream weakens
selectively then the atmosphere transparency can be determined for
monochrome radiation [4].
𝑛 𝑘
(1) 𝜏𝛼 (𝜆) = ∏ 𝜏𝑝𝑖 (𝜆) ∏ 𝜏𝑛𝑖 (𝜆) = 𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆)𝜏𝑝2(𝜆)𝜏𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 𝜏𝑛 (𝜆)𝐶𝑂2 𝜏𝑛 (𝜆)𝑂3
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
where 𝜏𝑝1(𝜆) and 𝜏𝑝2 (𝜆) coefficients for skipping through the
atmosphere of monochrome radiation
stream by taking into account the
weakening at the expense of the molecular
dispersion (𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆)) and aerosol dispersion
𝜏𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 𝜏𝑛 (𝜆)𝐶𝑂2 (𝜏𝑝2 (𝜆)).
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑛 (𝜆)𝑂3 coefficients for skipping through the
atmosphere of monochrome stream by
taking into account the weakening only at
the expense of the water vapours, carbon
gas and ozone absorption.
where
After solving formulas (2) and (3) it can be noted that visible part of the
molecular dispersion spectrum is sufficiently high and that significantly
influences on the reduction of the transparency due to which need to be
considered by calculation the flight control of the flying machines.
The skipping coefficient 𝜏𝑝2 (𝜆) that gives an account of loses of the
aerosol dispersion can be calculated by a formula similar to (2):
6 JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 11, 2017
(4) 𝜏𝑝2(𝜆) = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑝2 (𝜆)𝐿 .
For the calculation of the coefficient value 𝛼𝑝2 (𝜆) is required some
knowledge of the quantity, size and composition of the substance aerosol
particles, which cause scattering of the radiation. This creates great difficulties
and practically precludes the implementation of an analytical method for
determining the skipping coefficient 𝜏𝑝2 (𝜆).
The most accessible method for determining the skipping coefficient
𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) = 𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆)𝜏𝑝2(𝜆) by taking into account of summarized radiation
weakening at the expense of the molecular dispersion and aerosol dispersion is
based on the data of metrological distance visibility Lvisibility.
Between 𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) and metrological distance visibility Lvisibility exists
particular relationship related to the infrared part of optical spectrum. The
coefficient values of 𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) depending on Lvisibility are brought on fig. 1. The
presented graphics are created when the distance Lˈ between the object and
receiver is 2 km.
where
𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) skipping coefficients of the atmosphere of
monochrome radiation stream through
atmosphere layer with thickness L, km;
𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆) skipping coefficients of monochrome
radiation stream through an atmosphere per
unit thickness;
ˈ
𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) taken out of the graphic reference value of
the skipping coefficient of monochrome
radiation stream.
By using the formula can be determined the atmosphere skipping
monochrome radiation stream with wavelength λ = 1,25 mkm by metrological
distance visibility Lvisibility = 10,2 km when the distance between the transmitter
and receiver L=5,5 km.
For the achieving of wave λ = 1,25 mkm by Lvisibility = 10,2 km with the
help of fig. 1. is determined 𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) = 0,6. After that by using the Buger’s law is
determined the skipping coefficient 𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆) at L = 1 km:
1 1
𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆) = 𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆 = 1,25𝑚𝑘𝑚)1,85 = 0,61,85 .
As far as
1 𝐿
𝜏𝑝 (𝜆) = [𝜏𝑝1 (𝜆)]𝐿 = [𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆)2 ]1,85 ,
For the skipping coefficient value of the atmosphere over radiation stream
influence the quantity water vapours on the way of radiation spreading. If in real
conditions the thickness of water vapours w differs from wˈ = 17 mm by which
the graphic on figure 1 is built, then this difference by means of special
multiplier is taken into account
References:
[1]. Getzov P., Space, Ecology, Security, New Bulgarian University, 2002, pp.
211.
[2]. Getzov P., G. Mardirossian, Z. Hubenova, Zh. Zhekov, B. Tsekova, F.
Filipov, S. Stoyanov, I. Hristov. Influence of molecular scattering of light
on light protective characteristics of optical devices. Proceedings of “Naval
scientific forum”, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, 2003, pp. 91-
94.
[3]. Getzov P., D. Kamenov, G. Mardirossian, S. Stoyanov, Zh. Zhekov.
Assessing the impact of anthropological changes of nitrogen, carbon and
chlorine constituting the on distribution of ozone in the atmosphere and
temperature, Proceedings of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen,
“Natural Science 2003”, Shumen, 2003 pp. 165-168.
[4]. Mardirossian G., Aerospace methods in ecology and environmental studies.
Academic publisher “Marin Drinov”, 2003, pp. 201.
[5]. Manev A., K. Palazov, S. Raykov, V. Ivanov. Combined satellite
monitoring of the temperature anomaly in August 1998, Proceedings of the
9th international conference. Basic problems of solar-terrestrial effects, 21-
22 November 2002, Sofia, pp.153-156.
[6]. Palazov K., S. Spasov, S. Raykov, A. Marinov, B. Benev, A. Manev, P.
Petkov. Data processing for orientation in a satellite experiment UFSIPS,
project INTERBOL. Proceeding of international conference “Stara Gazora
- 2003”, 2003.
[7]. Stoyanov S., G. Mardirossian, Zh. Zhekov, I. Hristov. Entrance impacts
over opto-electronic device for measurement of angular coordinates of
distant objects. Proceedings of “Naval scientific forum” Nikola Vaptsarov
Naval Academy, Varna, 2001, pp.224-228.
Abstract: Sustainable development of the society and our everyday life increasingly
needs copper. To meet this demand impoverished ores, low-grade concentrates and
technogenic waste have to be processed. For these raw materials the classical route ''mineral
processing - pyrometallurgy'' is inapplicable and / or unprofitable. Leaching followed by
recovery from the obtained solutions is increasing being applied worldwide. Ammonia
leaching is progressively finding its use, especially when ores are carbonaceous and / or
oxidized. The paper presents development of ammonia leaching and its nowadays application
for copper recovery, including leaching technological conditions, leaching kinetics and
means for copper recovery from pregnant leach solutions with an emphasis on solvent
extraction and the latest development in the area.
1. Introduction
Hydrometallurgy is a technology for "wet" extraction and recovery of
valuable metal components from solid materials. Due to its flexibility (ability to
be applied to different relatively small and with changing composition material
streams, usability at low metal contents in complex mineralogy) hydrometallurgy
takes a wide share of the extractive metallurgy. In addition, basic chemicals
needed in hydrometallurgical leaching and extraction from pregnant leach
solutions (PLSs) are produced in large tonnages at low prices, and suitable
materials for the needed equipment construction, have been developed at
reasonable prices. Furthermore, the problems with air pollution by smelters can
be avoided.
Generally, different solutions are used in hydrometallurgy (solutions of
acids, salts and alkaline reagents - alone, in mixtures, or aided by oxidizing or
reducing reagents). Among them, ammonia-based leaching solutions have found
work may be classified as "neutral", since being applied to oxide ores it does not
need oxidizing reagent.
Another example of "neutral" leaching is the dissolution of oxide copper
ore containing mainly malachite [9]. More than 98% of copper has been
effectively recovered at optimum leaching conditions for 120 min by leaching
with ammonia/ammonium carbonate solution (5 M NH4OH+0.3 M (NH4)2CO3)
at solid / liquid ratio = 1:10 g/mL, 25 oC, stirring with 300 rpm. During the
leaching copper dissolves in the form of Cu(NH3)42+ complex ion, whereas
gangue minerals do not react with ammonia.
The proposed electrokinetic processes for copper leaching could be also
6. Conclusion
Ammonia leaching of low grade copper-bearing ores, concentrates and
technogenic waste is becoming more important with the ores impoverishment,
requirements to deal with the technogenic waste and the increasing need of
metals.
The advantags of ammonia leaching over acidic leaching can be
summarized as follows:
Leaching in the alkaline solution enables the use of ores with high
carbonation, which cannot be used in acidic leaching due to high
consumption of acid.
Selective capacity for ores bearing iron and manganese in high amounts,
since these metals do not dissolve and do not form complexes in this
medium. The high solubility of iron and manganese in acidic media leads to
high consumption of reagents and a non-economic leaching process. In
addition, jarosite may be formed which could reduce the heap permeability in
heap leaching.
Significant decrease, even practically elimination of problems associated
with equipment corrosion.
Problems, associated with formation of non-filterable precipitates during pH
adjustment at acid leaching factory are avoided.
Ammonia leaching is generally more appropriate for heap leaching of low-
grade ores and reservoir leaching of high grade ores, although this choice
also depends on the grade and the amount deposited, partially due to the
following:
- In ammonia leaching calcium carbonate is not dissolved, like it is the
case in acidic leaching, thus preventing additional use of acid and gypsum
precipitation, the latter eventually leading to reduction in the heap permeability.
- Ammonia does not react with different soluble ferrosilicates and / or
alumosilicates, thus formation of secondary compounds that could decrease the
heap permeability is avoided.
- Problems associated with heap washing, neutralization and long-term
monitoring to prevent acid runoff are minimized. Additionally, the residual
ammonia in the soil can act as fertilizer for growing plants.
Ammonia high evaporation ability posing more handling difficulties
during transportation and use and still lower capacity of market-available
reagents to extract copper from ammonia medium, compared to acidic one, can
be pointed as the major disadvantages of this leaching medium.
The above-presented and discussed examples of application of different
ammonia-based leaching solutions to various raw materials, under different
7. References:
[1]. Habashi F., Principles of Extractive Metallurgy, vol. 1, New York, Gordon
and Breach Science Publishers, 1983.
[2]. Paynter J. C. A review of copper hydrometallurgy. J. of the South African
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1973, November, 158-170.
[3]. Rao K. S., Ray H. S. A new look at characterization and oxidative ammonia
leaching behaviour of multimetal sulfides. Minerals Engineering, 1998, vol.
11, No. 11, 1011-1024.
[4]. Radmehr V., Javad Koleini S. M., Khalesi M. R, Mohammadi, M. R. T.J.
Ammonia Leaching: A New Approach of Copper Industry in
Hydrometallurgical Processes. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D, 2014, vol. 94, No 2,
95–104.
[5]. Fonseca A. G., Aqueous ammonia oxidative leach and recovery of metal
values, US Patent 3,967,957, July 6, 1976.
[6]. Chmielewski T., Wodka J., Iwachow Ł. Ammonia pressure leaching for Lubin
shale middlings. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2009, vol.
43, 5–20.
[7]. Satchell Jr., Ammonia leaching, US patent 4,165,264, Aug. 21, 1979.
[8]. Liu W., Tang M.-t., Tang C.-b., He J., Yang S.-h.,Yang J.-g. Dissolution
kinetics of low grade complex copper ore in ammonia-ammonium chloride
solution. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2010, vol. 20, 910-917.
[9]. Bingöl D., Canbazoğlu M., Aydoğan S. Dissolution kinetics of malachite in
ammonia/ammonium carbonate leaching. Hydrometallurgy, 2005, vol. 76
55–62.
[10]. Sabba N., Akretche D. E. Selective leaching of a copper ore by an
electromembrane process using ammonia solutions. Minerals Engineering,
2006, vol. 19, 123–129.
[11]. Jana R. K., Premchand B. D. P. Ammoniacal leaching of roast reduced deep-
sea manganese nodules. Hydrometallurgy, 1999, vol. 53, 45–56.
[12]. Mishra D., Srivastava R. R., Sahu K. K., Singh T. B., Jana R. K. Leaching of
roast-reduced manganese nodules in NH3–(NH4)2CO3 medium.
Hydrometallurgy, 2011, vol.109, 215–220.
ABSTRACT:
In this paper a summarized simulation and providing security communication in the local
area network of academic department using an enhanced distance vector routing protocol -
EIGRP is made. Most of the professional system administrators and IT specialists have to use
and apply static and dynamic methods of information routing. Thereby, each network system
administrators, security professionals and network architects can use the free of charge
software network program Cisco Packet Tracer in order to design and simulate various types
of computer networks.
KEY WORDS: Cisco, Computer and network administrators, Dynamic routing, EIGRP,
Information, IPv4, LAN, Protocols, Routing, Security, Switch, Router.
1. Introduction
Securing the transmitted routing information in the local area network of
academic departments is very important task and aim for each network system
2. Related work
In [1] the EIGRP as fast routing protocol based on distance vectors by is
analyzed. In [2] performance Evaluation of secured versus non-secured EIGRP
routing protocol by Al-Saud, K. A., Tahir, H. M., El-Zoghabi, A. A., and Saleh,
M. is made. In [3] analysis of RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP configuration on router using
cisco packet tracer by Archana, C. is made. In [10] introduction to enhanced IGRP
(EIGRP) by Farinachi, D is illustrated. In [47] simulation based performance
analyses on RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF Using OPNET is comparative analyzed. In
[46] performance analysis of dynamic routing protocol EIGRP and OSPF in IPv4
and IPv6 network by Chandra Wijaya is illustrated. In [40] dynamic routing
protocol implementation decision between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP based on
technical background using OPNET modeler by Thorenoor, S. G. is made. In [48]
performance analysis of RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF using OPNET by Xu, Don, and
Ljiljana Trajkovic is made. The other citations in this paper are based on specific
performance analyses, IP configuration and network solutions.
3. Experiment
The experiment in specialized computer network laboratory in the Faculty
of technical sciences is made. The used free of charge software program called
“Cisco Packet Tracer” version 6.2.0.0052 which is owned by Cisco Systems, Inc.
The host has used server operating system - Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise
x64. Initially was necessary to be enumerated the network devices and hosts. The
simulated local area network using Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP) has consisted of the following items [30, 31, 32, 33]:
4. Results
In the command line interface of each router the network administrators
must enter the command “router eigrp 9999”. The number 9999 means that is the
number selected autonomous system [9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 35]. After applying other
specific network commands in the command line interface of each host, then all
routers are able automatically to discoverer each other although there is additional
subnetting in the whole local area network of the academic departments [5, 6, 7,
8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17].
One of the most important features of this routing protocol is related to the
fact that EIGRP can be configured to transmit routing information with
authentication process between its neighbor’s routers. Other very important
feature is the encryption of the transmitted routing information [28, 30, 31, 36,
38]. Most of the network system administrators, security professionals and
network architects must know that process of the authentication does not encrypt
the whole routing table of each router [20, 24, 26, 27, 29].
The successful executed command ping from host called “PC2 G” to host
called “Smartphone CCT” with IPv4 address 1.1.1.10/24 on fig. 3 is shown.
5. Conclusion
Thanks to the achieved results of the conducted research experiment in this
paper each network system administrators, security professionals and network
architects can obtain detailed statistical information for the transmitted routing
information among all hosts and network devices in the simulated local area
network of academic departments using an enhanced distance vector routing
protocol - EIGRP. On the other hand program is a powerful tool for designing and
simulating small and large computer networks with different routing protocols.
References:
[1]. Albrightson, R., J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, and Joanne Boyle. "EIGRP--A
fast routing protocol based on distance vectors" Interop 94, 1994.
[2]. Al-Saud, Khalid Abu, et al. "Performance Evaluation of Secured versus Non-
Secured EIGRP Routing Protocol" Security and Management. 2008.
[3]. Archana, C. "Analysis of RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP Configuration on router
Using CISCO Packet tracer", International Journal of Engineering Science
and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 4 (2015).
[4]. Banttari, Daryl. "Daryl’s TCP/IP Primer-Addressing and Subnetting on the
Near Side of the’Net." Online at http://www. tcpipprimer. com (2001).
ABSTRACT:
In this paper a summarized simulation and providing security communication in the
local area network of academic department using a link-state routing protocol - OSPF is
made. Most of the professional system administrators and IT specialists have to use and apply
static and dynamic methods of information routing. Thereby, each network system
administrators, security professionals and network architects can use the free of charge
software network program Cisco Packet Tracer in order to design and simulate various types
of computer networks.
1. Introduction
Securing the transmitted routing information in the local area network of
academic departments is very important task and aim for each network system
administrators, security professionals and network architects. Building and
maintaining a specific local area network (LAN) of academic departments has to
be simulated using the specialized software program called “Cisco Packet
Tracer”. This program consists of many network tools that can simulate the
transmitting network process of secured routing information between the hosts
Fig.1. Common logical scheme of the whole computer network of the academic
departments
Fig.3 Successful executed command ping from host called “Laptop12” to host
called “Tablet PC CCT” with IPv4 address 1.1.1.8/24
5. Conclusion
Thanks to the achieved results of the conducted research experiment in
this paper each network system administrators, security professionals, network
architects and IT experts can obtain detailed statistical information for the
transmitted routing information among all hosts and network devices in the
simulated local area network of academic departments using a link-state routing
protocol - OSPF. On the other hand the program called cisco packet tracer is a
powerful tool for designing and simulating small and large computer networks
with different routing protocols.
References:
[1]. Albrightson, R., J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, and Joanne Boyle. "EIGRP--A
fast routing protocol based on distance vectors" Interop 94, 1994.
[2]. Al-Saud, Khalid Abu, et al. "Performance Evaluation of Secured versus
Non-Secured EIGRP Routing Protocol" Security and Management. 2008.
Ralitsa Nikolova
SOFIA UNIVERSITY “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI”
E-mail: ralitzanik@gmail.com
Abstract: The promotion of decentralized systems for renewable energy is one of the key
moments in the proposals for a new EC energy policy. In the recent years, despite the
encouragement by the law, their development has been restricted which has required rethinking
both the existing incentives and overcoming some barriers. This article identifies these barriers
existing before the development of the decentralized renewable energy production in Bulgaria
and provides recommendations on how these could be overcome based on the good practice of
the other countries.
Data show that the plants with installed capacity up to 5 kWp and those from
5-30 kWp, which can be installed on roofs of buildings in an urban area, have
negligible share. Therefore, it can be assumed that this is the share of the solar
technologies used for the needs of households and companies, which can help
achieving the EU objectives for greater decentralization of the power system. For
larger buildings, larger photovoltaic facilities with a maximum capacity of 200
Kwp could be installed, however this study shall focus on energy facilities up to
30 KW.
Investment intentions for the construction of The provision does not apply to the
energy facilities for electricity production construction of energy facilities for
from renewable sources are preceded by an electricity production from renewable
assessment of the available and estimated sources with a total installed capacity up to
potential of the respective energy resource. 30 kW, including on roofs and facades of
buildings and on real estates within urban
areas;
Installing new capacities shall follow the 10- There are no limits to the annual capacity of
year plan for network development of the accessing power plants with a total installed
system operator, determinable annually. capacity up to 30 kW or less, which are
planned to be built on roofs and facades and
on properties in urban areas;
There is no deadline for issuing a statement A statement for accession shall be issued
within 30 days upon receiving the request. A
pre-accession contract shall not be
concluded. Upon request for a contract for
accession, the distribution company shall
provide a draft contract within 30 days.
The accession of the new power facility The accession point for the power plant up to
shall be within the borders of the property or 30 kW shall be within the building where it
in close proximity, and the costs shall be shall be installed, as long as its capacity does
covered by the owner of that facility. not exceed that of the building, which should
not require additional expense.
The distribution system From the interviews with the Insufficient control on the
operator may reasonably experts and the stakeholders, implementation of the
refuse to add the site to the it can be concluded that there requirements of the
network within the requested are many cases in which the secondary legislative and
deadline and to propose a distribution companies have regulatory frameworks and a
new date for negotiations. unreasonably refused lack of sanctions for non-
accession to small compliance.
photovoltaic power plants
(there are examples of
rejected projects with a
capacity of 4 kW/p). In such
cases, after appealing before
EWRC, the accession
procedures have been
resumed but in most cases
the delays of about 12
months caused to the project
activities have made it
impossible for the realization
of the planned investments
due to changes in the pricing
components of the
installations.
For sites for renewable In this case, the provision, Restricting the
energy production to be prevents the development of decentralization of electricity
joined to the distribution hybrid systems that can production facilities.
network, no "island mode„ is operate without being
allowed. connected to the distribution
network.
This solution has been used in many EU countries. According to the experts,
the small decentralized systems are sufficiently advanced both technologically
and in terms of safety, and it is high time for them to be regarded as an inherent
part of the indoor electricity systems of the urban, industrial and agricultural
buildings and facilities. Currently, their status is almost equivalent to the major
electricity facilities and this significantly impedes their further distribution.
Conclusion:
The restrictions on the decentralized systems for production of renewable
energy in Bulgaria have been mainly identified in the secondary legislative
framework, creating administrative risk for the development of this type of
systems. This can be overcome both by changing the secondary legislative
requirements and adapting them to those of the primary legislation and through
further facilitation of the administrative regimes.
The construction of small power capacity facilities can be offset largely by
the transition from licensing to registration regime for their legalization. Such a
positive example has already been used in Germany where the construction of
such facilities requires only submitting a notification to the specialized state
institution, and the distribution companies are obliged within one month to
provide a signed contract thereto.
[1]. European Comission, Proposal for a Directive on the promotion of the use
of energy from renewable sources, November, 2016.
[2]. Operational data for the electrical balance, Electricity System Operator
[3]. Law on Spatial Planning (LSP), Art. 147, p.14
[4]. Regulation 6 "To add electrical energy producers to the electric power
transmission and distribution networks", Energy and Water Regulation
Commission
[5]. Mediterranean energy regulators, Study to evaluate net-metering systems in
mediterranean country, June 2014.
Andrey Bogdanov
Abstract: The shortest path problem is one of the fundamental network flow problems.
A large number of problems from diverse areas such as routing in telecommunication
networks are an intrinsic part of this problem. The report examines different algorithms to
solve this major problem for logistics.
I. Introduction
There is wide variety of problems that go under the name „Shortest Path
Problems“. In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding
a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the
weights of its constituent edges is minimized.
The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on a
road map (the graph's vertices correspond to intersections and the edges
correspond to road segments, each weighted by the length of its road segment)
may be modeled by a special case of the shortest path problem in graphs.
Furthermore, the shortest path formulation can also serve as a submodel in
larger, more complex models, such as, for example, in determining an optimal or
near-optimal integer solution to the set covering formulation of the capacitated
vehicle routing problem [2].
II. Exposition
A linear programming problem formulation for shortest path problem is
given in the following, which represents the shortest path problem as a
minimum cost network flow problem in which one unit of flow is sent from the
source s to the t. Thus, all vertices except s and t are transshipment vertices with
one unit of flow entering and leaving. The variable xij denotes the flow on arc (i,
j), and the cost of sending one unit flow on arc (i, j) is given by cij.
x
( sj )A
sj 1 (2)
x
( ij )A
ij x
( ij )A
ij 0
(3)
j V /(ij )
x
( ij )A
ij 1 (4)
To formulate this shortest path problem, the following three questions must
be answered [8].
- What are the decisions to be made? For this problem, we need Excel to
find out if an arc is on the shortest path or not (Yes=1, No=0). For example, if
SB is part of the shortest path, cell F5 equals 1. If not, cell F5 equals 0.
- What are the constraints of these decisions? The Net Flow (Flow Out -
Flow In) of each node should be equal to Supply/Demand. Node S should only
have one outgoing arc (Net Flow = 1). Node T should only have one ingoing arc
(Net Flow = -1). All other nodes should have one outgoing arc and one ingoing
arc if the node is on the shortest path (Net Flow = 0) or no flow (Net Flow = 0).
- What is the overall measure of performance for these decisions? The
overall measure of performance is the total distance of the shortest path, so the
objective is to minimize this quantity.
Explanation: The SUMIF functions calculate the Net Flow of each node.
For node S, the SUMIF function sums the values in the Go column with an "S"
in the From column. As a result, only cell F4, F5 or F6 can be 1 (one outgoing
III. References:
[1]. Ahuja R. K., Mehlhorn, Orlin J. B. Faster algorithms for the shortest path
problem. Journal of ACM, 37:213–223, 1990.
[2]. Cherkassky B. V.; Goldberg, Andrew V.; Shortest paths algorithms: theory
and experimental evaluation. Mathematical Programming. 73: 2000.
[3]. Dijkstra E. A note on two problems in connection with graphs. Numerische
Mathematik, 1:269–271, 1959
[4]. Hoffman K. L., Padberg M. Solving airline crew scheduling problems by
branch-and-cut. Management Science, 39:657–682, 2003.
[5]. Pape U. Implementation and effciency of algorithms for the shortest route
problem. Mathematical Programming, 7:212–222, 2004.
[6]. Shimbel, A. Structure in communication nets. Proceedings of the
Symposium on Information Networks. New York, NY: 2003
[7]. Zwick, Uri All pairs shortest paths using bridging sets and rectangular
matrix multiplication, Journal of the ACM, 49: 2002.
[8]. http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/shortest-path-problem.html
Abstract: The destruction of the ozone layer, it is an extremely serious problem for
mankind. Therefore, a number of international agreements were adopted to reduce the
production and use of particularly aggressive halocarbons and finding replacement by other
substances. The article describes the trend of consumption of ozone-depleting substances in
Kazakhstan over the past fifteen years.
Introduction
The ozone layer in the stratosphere is an essential component of the Earth's
atmosphere. It protects human, fauna and flora from damaging by the shortwave
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone is destroyed by reactions with certain ozone-
depleting substances (ODS) under the influence of UV radiation. ompounds that
cause significant ozone depletion include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon
tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) and methyl bromide. They are used as
solvents, refrigerants, blowing agents, degreasing agents, aerosol propellants,
fire extinguishers (halons) and agricultural pesticides (methyl bromide). The
degree of impact of ODS on the ozone layer depends on its chemical
characteristics [1].
Ozone absorbs a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun,
thus protecting all life on Earth and simultaneously heating the respective layers
of the stratosphere, that are the parts of the atmosphere. Halocarbons
destruction of atmospheric ozone, therefore, leads to a cooling effect on the
atmosphere. However, halocarbons have their own absorption bands in the
infrared spectrum and therefore, are greenhouse gases. Most halocarbons have a
twofold impact on the atmosphere: destroying the ozone layer, cool it, but
Methodology
The object of study is the consumption of ozone-depleting substances in
Kazakhstan over the last decade. For the main research methods are selected
physical-statistical, comparative - analytical, mathematical treatment of
empirical data.
In the capacity of the initial data were used the materials of statistical
collections ARKS "Environmental protection and sustainable development of
Kazakhstan" [4].
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
120
100
80
60
40
20
600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
Conclusion
The result of the researches revealed the consumption of ozone-depleting
substances on the territory of Kazakhstan.
In 2015, the volume of consumption of ozone-depleting substances in the
Republic amounted to 13.5 tonnes of ODS. Since 2000, there has been a
significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances. If in
2000 were consumed 597.9 tonnes of ODS , then in 2015 the volume of
consumed ODS was reduced to 44.3 times.
References
[1]. United Nations European Economic Commission "Environmental
performance and based on their evaluation reports" Eastern Europe,
Caucasus and Central Asia, New York and Geneva, 2007
[2]. Tiedtke M.A comprehensive mass Них Scheme for cumulus parametrization
on large scale models. M. Wea. Rev. 117, 1, 1989, pp. 779-800.
Abstract: Situation analysis is made before the current study. Staging is described and
target of the research problem is determined. Common structure and principles for designing
and implementing integrated management systems (IMS) are given. Information base of
integrated systems for sustainable development (SD) and environmental protection (EP) in
manufacturing plants is briefly described. Two main groups of IMS elements are differentiated
- basic and upgrading. Models of IMS are graphically represented. Modeling of production
systems for achieving sustainable success (SS) by applying the principles of sustainable
development (SD) is presented. Information flows for appro-placement and logistics processes
are formed. Indexes and indicators for evaluation of activities for achieving sustainable success
are defined. Scientific applied results are synthesized. Findings and conclusions are made.
1. Introduction
Integrated systems (IS) are an excellent management tool for any organization.
Customer and assistants satisfaction increases with them as define clear
organization objectives. This leads to increased opportunities for access to
national and international markets. Therefore, they are widely disseminated.
Perhaps this trend will continue and integrated management systems (IMS) will
replace all single systems where is possible. [1, 2]
Establishment of an IMS from existing systems is more difficult than planning
it from scratch. The general development rule is: as bigger organization is, the
less organizational processes have to be included to reduce its complexity. It is
important to integrate these processes which have the greatest strategic
importance to the organization. In order to be effective an IMS should be carefully
Fig. № 1: Basic elements and types structural schemes of IMS for SD and environmental
protection
Fig. 2. Production system (organization) model for achieving sustainable success by IMS
sustainable development
References
[1]. Weiß, P., Bentlage, J. Environmental Management Systems and
Certification. The Baltic University Press, BeraCon
Unternehmensentwicklung, Cologne, Germany, ISBN 91-975526-3-1, 2006
[2]. CONSEJO - Consultant on development and implementation of
management systems ISO. Briefing Notes for ISO standarts. © 2015
Consejo.bg., last review on August 26, 2015 by http://www.consejo.bg
[3]. Krachunov, Hr. Sustainable development of production systems. Kolor
Print, Varna, ISBN 978-954-760-222-9, 2010.
[4]. ISO. ISO 9004:2009 – Managing for the sustained success of an organization
– A quality management approach (IDT). © ISO, 2010.
[5]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. ISO 9001 certification. Last review on August
26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-9001-
536.htm
[6]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. ISO 14001 certification. Last review on August
26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-
14001-540.htm
[7]. Dogy Ltd. BS OHSAS 18001. Last review on August 26, 2015 by
http://www.gbotev.com/main/pages/System/systems_18001.htm
[8]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. OHSAS 18001:2007 /OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS/. Last review on
August 26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-
certification/ohsas-18001-544.htm
[9]. ISO. ISO 45001 - Briefing Notes. © ISO, 2015
[10]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. Certificates SA 8000/BSCI, SA 8000:1997 -
Requirements for Corporate Social Responsibility. Last review on August
26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/sa-8000-
bsci-568.htm
ABSTRACT: The article discusses the results of a study of 94 patients (72 male and 22
female) suffering from Ca hepatis. The connection between the condition and the blood group
affiliation according to the ABO systems and the Rhesus factor is traced. A comparison with
the control group of healthy Bulgarian population reveals a significant increase (р<0,01) in
the number of patients with blood type A, and a smaller increase in AB blood type. A decrease
in the number of patients is seen in the other groups, especially group 0 (р<0,01). The studies
show that male patients predominate (3,23 times more than the female)), which supports the
findings of previous documented research. In the Rh system the values are almost equal to
those of the control group. We assume that belonging to blood type A might be one of the risk
factors in the development of Ca hepatis.
KEY WORDS: blood type systems ABO and Rhesus factor, Ca hepatis
Among the causes for an onset of a disease are not only the environmental
factors and the way of life, but also the hereditary features of the organism. In
order to get a better understanding of the impact of these factors a study was
undertaken of the relation between blood type and the appearance of Ca hepatis
in patients. On the basis of previously researched socially-significant diseases it
was assumed that patients' blood type affiliation to AB0 system can turn out to
be, probably indirectly, one of the risk factors for the outbreak and development
of the disease. The conducted studies confirmed a higher disease incidence in
patients with blood type A as compared with the control group of healthy
people.
Table 1. Frequency of the blood types from systems AB0 and Rhesus factor in
patients with Ca hepatis and the control group (%)
Blood types O A B AB Rh+ Rh-
AB0 system
The results of the study of patients' blood type show the following
distribution of blood types in terms of their frequency of occurrence: blood type
0 - 9,57%, blood type A - 69,15%, blood type B - 12,76%, and blood type AB -
8,52%. The figures for the control group are: blood type 0 - 31,67%, type А -
43,70%, type В - 17,04%, and type АВ - 7,59%. Data comparison reveals
distinctive and significant increase (р<0,01) in the figures for type A (by 25,45%
to 69,15%), and a small increase in the figures for type AB (by 0,93%). In the
other blood types there is a significant (р<0,01) decrease in type 0 (by 22,10% to
9,57%), and less significant decrease in type B (by 4,28%) – table1 and figure 1.
Figure 1. Frequency of the blood types from system AB0 in patients with Ca
hepatis and the control group (%)
This system does not display any significant differences between the
figures for the control group of healthy people (Rh+ - 84,81%) and (Rh– -
15,19%), and the patients with Ca hepatis - (Rh+ - 85,11%) and (Rh– - 14,89%).
The difference in Rh+ and Rh– is 0,30% (р>0,1) – table 1 and figure 2.
% 90 85,11 84,81
80
70
60
50 Patients with Ca
40 hepatis
30 Control group
20 14,89 15,19
10
0
Rh+ Rh-
Figure 2. Frequency of the blood types from system Rhesus factor in patients
with Ca hepatis and the control group (%)
Conclusions:
1. There is a significant increase in the number of patients with blood type
А (р<0,01) suffering from Ca hepatis, in comparison with the control group of
healthy people.
2. It is assumed that having blood type A is one of the risk factors for Ca
hepatis, which also creates a predisposition for developing the disease as a result
of other risk factors.
References:
[1]. Todorov, V. Promene antropolośkih karakteristika u toku starenija,
Disertacija doktora nauka, Beograd, 1998-1999, 72-77.
[2]. Cancer – February 2006 – World Health Organization, Retrieved 2007-05-
24.
[3]. Hadzhiminev, V. Liver carcinoma. 2016. Ars Medica, Medical Faculty,
Varna.
[4]. Dimitrova, N., M. Vukov, M. Valeriev. Cancer morbidity in Bulgaria.
National Hospital of Oncology, 2013, vol. ХХII, 60.
[5]. Kumar, V., N. Fausto, A. Abbas (editors). Robbins&Cotran Pathologic
Basis of Disease (9th edition), Saunders, 2003, 914-917.
The present study is conducted with the financial help of Project № РД-08-
125/06.02.2017, fund “Scientific studies” of Konstantin Preslavsky University of
Shumen.
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