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BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CITY OF MALOLOS, BULACAN

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

(GROUP 6)

Submitted by:
BSCE 5C
Bucud, Tricia Anne L.
Dela Cruz, Arvin D.G.
Gonzales, Almira E.
Pangilinan, Michael D.
Pascual, Cindy Mae
Sumook, Mc Clyde

Submitted to:

Engr. Jennie Roque


DEFINITION OF RISK REDUCTION

RISK - the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health effects if exposed to
a hazard.
HAZARD - a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons.
TYPES OF HAZARDS:
 NATURAL HAZARDS - Natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, volcanoes and
tsunami have threatened people, society, the natural environment, and the built
environment, particularly more vulnerable people, throughout history, and in some cases,
on a day-to-day basis. According to the Red Cross, each year 130,000 people are killed,
90,000 are injured and 140 million are affected by unique events known as natural
disasters.
 ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS - Hazards due to human behaviour and activity.
 TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS - Hazards due to technology, and therefore a sub-class
of anthropogenic hazards.
 SOCIOLOGICAL HAZARDS - Hazards due to sociological causes, also a sub-class of
anthropogenic hazards.
 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS – Hazards resulting from human activities or natural
processes, that may impact the health of exposed subjects, including pollutants such as
heavy metals, pesticides, biological contaminants, toxic waste, industrial and home
chemicals.
RISK - the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health effects if exposed to
a hazard.
RISK REDUCTION - is defined as taking steps to reduce adverse effects that are within the
control of the management.
WAYS TO REDUCE POTENTIAL DAMAGES DUE TO EARTHQUAKE:
• Development of possible warning indicators.
• Land-use regulations.
• Building regulations.
• Relocation of communities.
• Public awareness and education programs.
SEVEN STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY:
STEP 1: SECURE your space by identifying hazards and securing moveable items.
STEP 2: PLAN to be safe by creating a disaster plan and deciding how you will communicate in
an emergency.
STEP 3: ORGANIZE disaster supplies in convenient locations.
STEP 4: MINIMIZE financial hardship by organizing important documents, strengthening your
property, and considering insurance.
STEP 5: DROP, COVER, and HOLD ON when the earth shakes.
STEP 6: IMPROVE safety after earthquakes by evacuating if necessary, helping the injured, and
preventing further injuries or damage.
STEP 7: RECONNECT and RESTORE daily life by reconnecting with others, repairing damage,
and rebuilding community.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

 a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims
to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and
cyclones, through an ethic of prevention.
 is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse
and reduce the causal factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening
vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and
improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events are all examples of disaster
risk reduction.

"The more governments, UN agencies, organizations, businesses and civil society understand risk
and vulnerability, the better equipped they will be to mitigate disasters when they strike and save
more lives"
-- Ban Ki-moo

Disaster risk reduction includes disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation and
disaster preparedness, but DRR is also part of sustainable development.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
An organization and management of resources and responsibilities that deals with
the humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular to preparedness, response and recovery
in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society, which involve


widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts that exceed the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disaster Management is how
we deal with the human material, economic or environmental impact of the said disaster, it is
the process of how we “prepare for, respond to and learn from the effects of major failures.

 TYPES OF DISASTER
Natural Disasters are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either
by rapid or slow onset events that have immediate impacts on human health and
secondary impacts causing further death and suffering. This disasters can be:

 Geophysical (ex. earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity)


 Hydrological (ex. avalanches and floods)
 Climatological (ex. extreme temperatures, drought and wildfires)
 Meteorological (ex. cyclones and storms/waves surges)
 Biological (ex. disease, epidemics and insects/ animal plagues)

Manmade Disasters are events that are caused by humans which occur in or
close to human settlements often caused as a results of environmental or technological
emergencies. This can include:
 Environmental degradation
 Pollution
 Accidents (ex. industrial, technological and transport usually involving the
production, use or transport of hazardous materials)
Complex emergencies- is a combination of both natural and manmade causes
which involves a breakdown of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations,
including conflict situations and war. This can include:
 Food and security
 Epidemics
 armed conflicts
 displaced population

Pandemic emergencies is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread


across a large regions, which can occur to the human population or animal population
and may affect health, disrupts services leading to economic and social cause.
Pandemic emergencies may occur as a consequence of natural or manmade disasters.
This have included the following epidemics:

 Zika
 Avian flu
 Cholera
 Dengue Fever
 Malaria
 Yellow Fever

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Disaster preparedness refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of
disasters. That is, to predict and, where possible, prevent disasters, mitigate their impact on
vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences.

A comprehensive disaster preparedness strategy would therefore include the following


elements:

1. Hazard, risk and vulnerability assessments


2. Response mechanisms and strategies
3. Preparedness plans
4. Coordination
5. Information management
6. Early warning systems
7. Resource mobilization
8. Public education, training, amp; Drills and simulations
9. Community-Based disaster preparedness

DISASTER MITIGATION

Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of
hazards through proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster occurs.

 Types of disaster mitigation

Disaster mitigation measures may be structural (e.g. flood dikes) or non-


structural (e.g. land use zoning). Mitigation activities should incorporate the
measurement and assessment of the evolving risk environment. Activities may include
the creation of comprehensive, pro-active tools that help decide where to focus funding
and efforts in risk reduction.
Other examples of mitigation measures include:

 Hazard mapping
 Adoption and enforcement of land use and zoning practices
 Implementing and enforcing building codes
 Flood plain mapping
 Reinforced tornado safe rooms
 Burying of electrical cables to prevent ice build-up
 Raising of homes in flood-prone areas
 Disaster mitigation public awareness programs
 Insurance programs
DISCUSSION ON ACCEPTABLE RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
- describes the likelihood of an event whose probability of occurrence is small, whose
consequences are so slight, or whose benefits are so great, that individuals or groups in
society after considering views of social, political and economic cost-benefit analysis, are
willing to take or be subjected to the risk that the event might occur
-its concept evolved partly from the realization that absolute safety is an unachievable
goal
Example of Acceptable Risks (In general)
 A jet engine has a historical failure rate of 0.4 per million departures. Regulators and
customers generally view this as an acceptable level of risk.
 X-rays can cause mutations in our DNA and, therefore, might lead to cancer later in
life. X-rays will increase the risk of cancer by 0.6 to 1.8 percent. In other words, the
risks are minimal compared to the benefits of medical imaging and can be deemed
acceptable.
Example of Acceptable Risk (Considering earthquake)
 If a seismologist had been assessing the hazard in a part of Baguio in 1989, he would
have concluded that the probability of a damaging earthquake was extremely low. And he
would have been right. Unfortunately, that very small probability came up next year.
Seismic hazard assessment helps the engineer stack the odds in his favour. To be 99.9%
safe you would have to design every building against improbably large earthquakes
occurring unexpectedly close to your site almost irrespective of whether you were in a
high activity zone or not. And you would still have to worry about that 50-ton meteorite
scoring a direct hit.
Additional Factors Concerning Risk Acceptability
 Local cultures
 Time-dependent (in that what is acceptable today may not be acceptable tomorrow, next
year or the next decade)
Some Standards to Balance Risks
 For structures containing toxic materials, provide small probability that structure will be
damaged in the release of it
 Limit the chance of total collapse as a result of ground motions
 Minimize the risk that claddings, ceilings, or mechanical or electrical systems will fall on
building occupants
Importance of considering Acceptable Risks
 To reduce construction cost  To be practical
SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS

Seismic hazard analysis involves the quantitative estimation of ground shaking hazards at
a particular area. Seismic hazards can be analyzed deterministically as and when a particular
earthquake scenario is assumed, or probabilistically, in which uncertainties in earthquake size,
location, and time of occurrence are explicitly considered (Kramer, 1996). A critical part of seismic
hazard analysis is the determination of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and response acceleration
(spectral acceleration) for an area/site. Spectral acceleration (Sa) is preferred for the design of civil
engineering structures. It is an accepted trend in engineering practice to develop design response
spectrum for different types of foundation materials such as rock, hard soil and weak soils.
Analysis of lineaments and faults helps in understanding the regional seismotectonic activity of
the area.

Design Response Spectrum - Response spectrum is an important tool in the seismic analysis and
design of structures. It describes the maximum response of damped single degree of freedom
system to a particular input motion at different natural periods.
-Response spectrum method of analysis is advantageous as it
considers the frequency effects and provides a single suitable horizontal force for the design of
structure.

Spectral Acceleration - is approximately what is experienced by a building, as modeled by a


particle on a massless vertical rod having the same natural period of vibration as the building.
The goal of Seismic Hazard Analysis (SHA) is to state the probability that something of
concern will occur given one or more earthquakes. More specifically, SHA states the probability
that an Intensity Measure Type (IMT) will exceed some Intensity Measure Level (IML).

Basic Model Components

1. Earthquake Rupture Forecast (ERF)


This gives all possible Earthquake Ruptures and their associated probabilities of
occurrence in a region and over some time span. In seismic hazard analysis, an ERF is
given as a list of Probabilistic Earthquake Sources and includes information on its
region of applicability.

2. Intensity Measure Relationship (IMR)


This gives the conditional probability that an IMT will exceed an IML at a Site,
given the occurrence of a specified Earthquake Rupture.

PURPOSE OF SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS


to provide parameters for estimating seismic risk
to safeguard against major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or
maintain function
can also be used to prepare macro or micro zoning maps of an area by estimating the strong-
motion parameters for a closely spaced grid of sites. Two basic methodologies used for the
purpose are the “deterministic” and the “probabilistic” seismic hazard analysis (PSHA)
approaches.
 Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA)
•Identification of earthquake sources.
•Selection of a source-to-site distance for each source zone.
•Selection of the controlling earthquake (earthquake that is expected to produce
the strongest level of shaking).
• Hazard of the site is formally defined in terms of the ground motion produced by
the controlling earthquake.

 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)


• Identification and parameterization of the seismic sources (source zones,
earthquake sources or seismic zones) that may affect the site of interest.
• Specify temporal and magnitude distributions of seismicity for each source.
• Calculation of ground motion prediction equations and their uncertainty.
• Calculate the probability that the ground motion parameter of interest will be
exceeded at the specified site during the specified time interval.
References:

Hazard and Risk (Rep.). (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2019, from Health and Safety Authority
website: https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/

P. (2017, September 11). Disaster Management (Rep.). Retrieved February 10, 2019, from
Physiopedia website:
https://www.physiopedia.com/index.php?title=Disaster_Management&oldid=178699

Aguirre, M., Christian, E., Kadihasanoglu, A., & Franklin, J. (2017). Disaster Preparedness
(Rep.). Retrieved February 10, 2019, from PrepareCenter.org website:
https://www.preparecenter.org/topics/disaster-preparedness
Spacey, J. (2017, August 11). 4 Examples of Acceptable Risk (Rep.). Retrieved February 10,
2019, from Simplicable website: https://simplicable.com/new/acceptable-risk

Seismic Hazard Analysis (Rep.). (2011, August 25). Retrieved February 10, 2019, from Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore website:
http://civil.iisc.ernet.in/~microzonation/index_files/page0006.html
Kijko, Andrzej & Smit, Ansie. (2014). [PRESENTATION] Seismic Hazard Analysis.

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