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of EM waves
Maxwell Equations in General Form
Poynting vector
Intensity of EM wave
=0
Christian Huygens
1629-1695
Huygen’s Principle
For plane waves entering a single slit, the waves emerging from the slit start spreading out,
diffracting
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
For waves entering two slits, the emerging waves interfere and form an interference
(diffraction) pattern
Maxima-bright fringes:
d sin m for m 0,1, 2,
2 1 1.5
m 2 bright fringe at: sin 1 m 1 dark fringe at: sin
d d
When the interference is possible
Two sources can produce an interference that is stable over
time, if their light has a phase relationship that does not
change with time: E(t)=E0cos(wt+f).
d sin=m =>
=0.5mm sin(0.059o)
= 5.15 x 10-7m=515nm ~ green
Intensity in Double-Slit Interference
E1 E0 sin wt and E2 E0 sin wt f E
2
2 d E1
I 4 I 0 cos2 12 f f sin
2 d
Maxima when: 12 f m for m 0,1, 2, f 2m sin
d sin m for m 0,1, 2, (maxima)
Minima when: 12 f m 12 d sin m 12 for m 0,1, 2, (minima)
I avg 2 I 0
Example
A double slit experiment has a screen 120cm away from the slits, which are 0.25cm
apart. The slits are illuminated with coherent 600nm light. At what distance above the
central maximum is the average intensity on the screen 75% of the maximum?
Michelson’s
Mach-Zehnder’s
Ring
Temporal coherence
White light
LED
SLED
LD
Gas laser D
He-Ne
Measuring the distance with Michelson’s interferometer
Optical coherence tomography
Diffraction
Huygen’s Principle
All points in a wavefront serve as point
sources of spherical secondary waves.
Christian Huygens
1629-1695
Huygen’s Principle
For plane waves entering a single slit, the waves emerging from the slit start spreading out,
diffracting
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
For waves entering two slits, the emerging waves interfere and form an interference
(diffraction) pattern
a
sin a sin (first minimum)
2 2
For second minimum, divide slit into 4 zones of equal widths a/4
(separation between pairs of rays). Destructive interference occurs
when the path length difference for each pair is /2.
a
sin a sin 2 (second minimum)
4 2
Dividing the slit into increasingly larger even numbers of zones, we
can find higher order minima:
Light
Central
maximum
Light
Bright
spot
Single Slit Diffraction
I I m (36-5)
(1)
1 a
where f sin (36-6)
(2)
2
In Eq. 1 , minima occur when:
m , for m 1, 2,3
If we put this into Eq. 2 we find:
a
m sin , for m 1, 2,3
or a sin m , for m 1, 2,3
(minima-dark fringes)
Diffraction of a laser through a slit
(example)
1.2 cm
Light from a helium-neon laser ( = 633 nm) passes through a narrow slit and is
seen on a screen 2.0 m behind the slit. The first minimum of the diffraction pattern is
observed to be located 1.2 cm from the central maximum.
How wide is the slit?
y1 (0.012 m)
1 0.0060 rad
L (2.00 m)
(6.33 107 m) 4
a 1.06 10 m 0.106 mm
sin 1 1 (6.00 10 rad)
3
Width of a Single-Slit
Diffraction Pattern
-y1 0 y1 y2 y3
w
p L
yp ; p 1, 2,3, (positions of dark fringes)
a
2 L
w (width of diffraction peak from min to min)
a
1m
1000m
10 m
1m
You are doing 137 mph on I-10 and you pass a little old lady doing 55mph when a cop,
Located 1km away fires his radar gun, which has a 10 cm opening. Can he tell you from
the L.O.L. if the gun Is X-band? What about Laser?
X-band: =10cm
Laser-band: =1mm
A device with N slits (rulings) can be used to manipulate light, such as separate
different wavelengths of light that are contained in a single beam. How does a
diffraction grating affect monochromatic light?
When light passes through a circular aperture instead of a vertical slit, the
diffraction pattern is modified by the 2D geometry. The minima occur at about
1.22/D instead of /a. Otherwise the behavior is the same, including the spread of
the diffraction pattern with decreasing aperture.
The Rayleigh Criterion
The Rayleigh Resolution Criterion Example: The Hubble Space Telescope has a
says that the minimum separation to mirror diameter of 4 m, leading to excellent
separate two objects is to have the resolution of close-lying objects. For light with
diffraction peak of one at the diffraction wavelength of 500 nm, the angular resolution
minimum of the other, i.e., D 1.22 of the Hubble is D = 1.53 x 10-7 radians.
/D.
Example
Formula: R
Dx = RD = R(1.22/D) D
D = R(1.22/Dx) Dx
= (200x103m)(1.22x500x10–9m)/(10X10–3m)
= 12.2m
Holography
Brief history of holography
• Conventional:
– 2-d version of a 3-d scene
– Photograph lacks depth perception or parallax
– Film sensitive only to radiant energy
– Phase relation (i.e. interference) are lost
Conventional photography
Light
Photographic film:
The intensity is
Object recorded
Reflected
wave
Conventional photography
Light
Conventional vs. Holographic picture
• Hologram:
– Freezes the intricate wavefront of light that carries all
the visual information of the scene
– To view a hologram, the wavefront is reconstructed
– View what we would have seen if present at the
original scene through the window defined by the
hologram
– Provides depth perception and parallax
Conventional vs. Holographic picture
– Converts phase information into amplitude information
(in-phase - maximum amplitude, out-of-phase – minimum
amplitude)
– Interfere wavefront of light from a scene with a reference
wave
– The hologram is a complex interference pattern of
microscopically spaced fringes
How hologram is made?
Photographic film.
Interference of reference and
reflected waves is recorded
Reference wave
How hologram is made ?
• Film is developed,
• Hologram illuminated at same angle as
reference beam during original exposure
to reveal holographic image,
Types of holograms
• Double-slit diffraction:
sin
2
I I m cos
2
(double slit)