ASSIGNMENT - 2

(1) First Order System:

Transfer Function = 3 / (2S+1)
Step Response –

Pole Zero Plot –

Inference: From the state response of the first order system it is clear that it reaches its
steady state value (i.e., 3) with a time constant of 2 sec. Since the order is 1, the step
response is not an oscillatory as no sine terms are associated with it. It decays at the rate of
e-0.5t to attain the steady state.
(2) Second Order System –
Generalised Form of Transfer Function: (1.75) / (S2+20(ζ)+1.75)
Case 1: ζ=0 || Transfer Function= (1.75) / (S2 + 1.75)
Step Response:

Pole Zero Plot:

Inference: Here the poles of the system are complex conjugates of each other. This
response is called as an undamped response as the damping factor (e-wt) is zero. It has an
oscillatory behaviour due to the presence of cosine term in the step response. These kinds
of systems are said to be marginally stable.
Case 2: 0< ζ <1 (ζ=0.03) || Transfer Function = (1.75) / (S2+0.6S+1.75)
State Response:

Pole Zero plot:

Inference: Even here the poles of the system are complex conjugates. But this response is
called as an under damped as the damping factor (e-jϬt where Ϭ=wnζ) is not equal to zero.
This system is said to be asymptotically stable as it becomes stable after certain oscillations
which occur due to the presence of sin term in its step response.
Case 3: ζ=1 || Transfer Function = (1.75) / (S2+2.645S+1.75)
State Response:

Pole Zero Plot:

Inference: Here the system has 2 poles which equal and real. Here the oscillations in the
step response are supressed by damping factor (e-wnt). So, the step response is similar to
that of the first order system. This response is said to be critically damped.
Case 4: ζ>1 (ζ=5) || Transfer Function= (1.75) / (S2+100+1.75)
Step Response:

Pole Zero Plot:

Inference: Here the system has 2 poles out of which one is closer to the origin and other
farther from it. The pole which is near to the imaginary axis dominates in decay of the
signal. Here the oscillations are supressed by damping factor (e-(Ϭ+wd)t). So, the step
response is similar to that of the first order system. This system is said to be over damped
system.