Apostila Modelagem

Lqwurgxêær ã Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd
M1 Ndudp Ilokr h U1 F1 Dophlgd
Surjudpd gh Grxwrudgr hp Prghodjhp Frpsxwdflrqdo

Oderudwöulr Qdflrqdo gh Frpsxwdêær Flhqwðfd 2 PFW
Qlyhodphqwr 5336
5
Ndudp Ilokr/ M1
Lqwurgxêær ã Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd 2 M1 Ndudp Ilokr/
U1 F1 Dophlgd1 ^Shwuösrolv/ UM1` = ^v1q1`/53361
:3 s1> 5; fp1
Qrwdv gh Dxod 0 Fxuvr gh Qlyhodphqwr gr Surjudpd gh
Grxwrudgr hp Prghodjhp Frpsxwdflrqdo gr Oderudwöulr
Qdflrqdo gh Frpsxwdêær Flhqwðfd1
41 Prghorv pdwhpäwlfrv1 51 Dophlgd/ Uhjlqd Fìold1 61
Oderudwöulr Qdflrqdo gh Frpsxwdêær Flhqwðfd 2 PFW1 71
Wðwxor
FGG 54 hg1 8441;

FGX = 84319:
6
Lqwurgxêær ã Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd
M1 Ndudp Ilokr
G1Vf1 Hqjhqkduld Phfåqlfd
U1 F1 Dophlgd
G1Vf1 Hqjhqkduld Qxfohdu
7
Suhiäflr
Hvwdv euhyhv qrwdv ghvwlqdp0vh d gdu vxsruwh pðqlpr sdud r fxuvr gh

Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd plqlvwudgr qr Qlyhodphqwr dr Grxwrudgr hp Pr0
ghodjhp Frpsxwdflrqdo gr OQFF/ txh whp frpr phwd suhsdudu rv doxqrv
sdud rv dvshfwrv gh prghodjhp= hvtxhpdv/ hwdsdv/ remhwlyrv/ ihuudphqwdo/ vlv0
whpdv hwf1/ frp r remhwlyr ýowlpr d derugdjhp gh fduäwhu iðvlfr0pdwhpäwlfr0
frpsxwdflrqdo/ txh vh dsolfd d glyhuvrv fdpsrv gd flíqfld h gd whfqrorjld/
frpr dv hqjhqkduldv/ d elrphfåqlfd/ d pdwhpäwlfd dsolfdgd hwf1
R fxuvr ì lqwurgxwöulr h qær whp d suhwhqvær gh freulu dv glyhuvdv äuhdv
rqgh vxdv lgìldv vh dsolfduldp1 Doìp glvvr/ r ghvhqyroylphqwr grv sulqfð0
slrv gh frqvhuydêær h dv sursulhgdghv iðvlfdv/ dtxl lqwurgx}lgrv frp edvh qdv
flíqfldv phfåqlfdv/ srghp vhu h{whqglgrv sdud rxwudv äuhdv gr frqkhflphqwr
frpr loxvwudprv vxflqwdphqwh qhvwdv qrwdv1
Hvwh wh{wr whp deudqjíqfld phqru gr txh r pdwhuldo h{srvwr gxudqwh r
fxuvr/ txh frpsohwduä hvwdv qrwdv1
Dvvlp/ orqjh/ pxlwr orqjh gh hvwduhp frpsohwdv/ whqwdp/ hvwdv qrwdv/
lqwurgx}lu remhwlydphqwh dojxqv dvshfwrv gh orvrd h ihuudphqwdo sdud pr0
ghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd/ glvwlqjÿlqgr/ sulqflsdophqwh/ ghqwur gdv hwdsdv gd pr0
ghodjhp/ r prghor iðvlfr gr prghor pdwhpäwlfr txh r uhsuhvhqwd/ whqwdqgr
hvwdehohfhu rv vljqlfdgrv iðvlfrv gdv hqwlgdghv pdwhpäwlfdv/ vhp d suhrfx0
sdêær gh whrul}du vreuh r frqfhlwr gh prghodjhp1
Frpr qær irl ihlwr qhqkxp wlsr gh uhylvær gr wh{wr/ pxlwdv lpshuihlêøhv
ghyh kdyhu1 H sru hodv shglprv ghvfxosdv1
Mrvì Ndudp Ilokr h Uhjlqd F1 Dophlgd

Shwuösrolv/ mdqhlur gh 53361
Ðqglfh
4 Lqwurgxêær :
414 Txdqwlgdghv Iðvlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;
415 R DEF gd Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43
416 Sulqfðslrv Eävlfrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44
417 Phwrgrorjldv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46
5 Ixqgdphqwrv 4<
514 Dojxpdv Ghqlêøhv Suholplqduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53
515 Qrêøhv gh Fäofxor Whqvruldo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58
51514 Yhwruhv hp vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv ruwrj0
rqdlv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58
51515 Whqvru 0 Xpd wudqvirupdêær olqhdu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59
51516 Fdpsr hvfdodu h judglhqwh gh xpd ixqêær hvfdodu 1 1 1 5;
51517 Fdpsr yhwruldo h judglhqwh gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo 1 1 1 5<
51518 Wudêr gh xp whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65
51519 Glyhujíqfld gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo h glyhujíqfld gh xp
fdpsr whqvruldo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
5151: Urwdflrqdo gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67
5151; Whruhpdv Lqwhjudlv= Juhhq/ Jdxvv h Vwrnhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68
6 Ohlv gh Frqvhuydêær 74
614 Htxdêær gd Frqwlqxlgdgh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 75
615 Ixqêær gh Fruuhqwh gh Iox{r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 79
616 Flqhpäwlfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7:
617 Htxdêær gr Prphqwxp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 84
618 Htxdêær gd Hqhujld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 88
61814 Wd{d gh wudedokr uhdol}dgr vreuh xpd sduwðfxod 1 1 1 1 8:
61815 Wd{d gh fdoru wudqvihulgr qxpd sduwðfxod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8<
8
9 ÐQGLFH
7 Htxdêøhv Frqvwlwxwlydv 96
Fdsðwxor 4
Lqwurgxêær
D prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd frphêd frp d revhuydêær h ghvfulêær suhflvd gh

frlvdv h hyhqwrv/ whqgr frpr phwd lqihulu/ d sduwlu gdv revhuydêøhv/ ohlv txh
h{suhvvhp gd irupd pdlv vlpsohv h pdlv jhudo +h wdpeìp gd irupd pdlv
hfrq÷plfd, r ihq÷phqr gr pxqgr iðvlfr1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ ghvfulêær hp whuprv
devroxwrv ì lpsrvvðyho h r txh vh srgh id}hu gh phokru ì frpsdudu xpd frlvd
frp rxwud/ lghqwlfdqgr d vlplodulgdgh hqwuh hodv1 Dvvlp/ r surfhvvr ghv0
fulwlyr ghyh vhu vxeglylglgr hp whuprv pdlv vlpsohv1 Xp remhwr rx hyhqwr
ì ghvfulwr hp whuprv gh sursulhgdghv eävlfdv frpr frpsulphqwr/ pdvvd/
fru/ irupd/ yhorflgdgh h whpsr1 Qhqkxpd ghodv srgh vhu ghqlgd hp whu0
prv devroxwrv pdv srghp vhu uhihulgdv hp uhodêær d xp frqmxqwr gh rxwudv
frqkhflgdv1 Srgh0vh/ sru h{hpsor/ gl}hu txh d fru gh xp remhwr ì yhugh h
vxd irupd ì hviìulfd1 Wdo uhihuíqfld srgh vhu pdlv rx phqrv suhflvd h qdgd
pdlv ì/ hvvhqfldophqwh/ txh xpd qrwd gh vlplodulgdghv hqwuh xpd frlvd h xp
frqmxqwr frqkhflgr1 Vh xpd sursulhgdgh ì ghqlgd dshqdv hp whuprv gh
xpd rshudêær gh frpsdudêær/ hvwdehohfh0vh xp surfhglphqwr sdud lghqwl0
fdu txdqgr gxdv dprvwudv vær ljxdlv rx glihuhqwhv1 Txdqgr vh frpsdudp
grlv remhwrv/ sru h{hpsor/ srgh0vh yhulfdu txh hohv wíp rx qær d phvpd
irupd/ rx d phvpd fru1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ qær id} vhqwlgr gl}hu txh xp remhwr
yhugh ì pdlru rx phqru txh xp eudqfr1 Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ irupd h fru vær
ýwhlv sdud ghvfuhyhu frlvdv pdv qær gær txdotxhu lqirupdêær qxpd dqäolvh
txdqwlwdwlyd/ txh sru vxd yh} wudwd gh uhodêøhv gh pdjqlwxgh ^4`1
:
; FDSÐWXOR 41 LQWURGXÊÆR
414 Txdqwlgdghv Iðvlfdv

Qær ì dflghqwh txh d olqjxdjhp pdwhpäwlfd vhmd d dsursuldgd sdud h{suhvvdu
dv ohlv uhvxowdqwhv gdv revhuydêøhv1 Lvwr vh ghyh dr idwr gh txh hodv vhjxhp
gh uhvwulêøhv txh vh frorfdp qrv wlsrv shuplwlgrv gh sursulhgdghv iðvlfdv txh
dsduhfhp qd dqäolvh txdqwlwdwlyd1 Wdlv wlsrv shuplwlgrv gh sursulhgdghv vær
ghqrplqdgrv txdqwlgdghv iðvlfdv1
Dv txdqwlgdghv iðvlfdv srghp vhu gh grlv wlsrv= eävlfdv h ghulydgdv1 Dv
sursulhgdghv eävlfdv/ txh srghp vhu lqwhludphqwh ghqlgdv hp whuprv iðvlfrv/
irupdp xp frqmxqwr eävlfr frpsohwr sdud xp vlvwhpd lolplwdgr gh txdq0
wlgdghv ghulydgdv txh srghp vhu lqwurgx}lgdv txdqgr qhfhvväulr1 Dvvlp/
dv txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv h ghulydgdv mxqwdv suryíp xpd edvh udflrqdo sdud
ghvfuhyhu h dqdolvdu r pxqgr iðvlfr hp whuprv txdqwlwdwlyrv1
Xpd txdqwlgdgh eävlfd ì ghqlgd hvshflfdqgr0vh gxdv rshudêøhv iðvlfdv=
rshudêær gh frpsdudêær sdud ghwhuplqdu txdqgr gxdv dprvwudv h

gh xpd sursulhgdgh vær ljxdlv + ' , rx glihuhqwhv + 9' ,>
rshudêær gh dglêær txh ghqh r vljqlfdgr gd vrpd ' n gh
gxdv dprvwudv h gh xpd sursulhgdgh1
Wdlv rshudêøhv vær ghqlgdv vreuh sursulhgdghv gr phvpr wlsr h uhvxowdp

wdpeìp hp sursulhgdghv gr phvpr wlsr1 Sru rxwur odgr/ sursulhgdghv gh
wlsrv glihuhqwhv qær srghp vhu frpsdudgdv h vrpdgdv srlv qær h{lvwh qhqkxp
surfhglphqwr sdud id}í0or1 Wrgdv dv txdqwlgdghv iðvlfdv vær sursulhgdghv gh
frlvdv rx hyhqwrv iðvlfrv h/ sruwdqwr/ dv rshudêøhv gh frpsdudêær h dglêær
hqyroyhp pdqlsxodêøhv gh remhwrv rx hyhqwrv txh srvvxhp d sursulhgdgh
frqvlghudgd1 Doìp glvvr/ phvpr vhqgr rshudêøhv iðvlfdv/ hodv rehghfhp ãv
phvpdv uhjudv gdv fruuhvsrqghqwhv rshudêøhv pdwhpäwlfdv sdud qýphurv
sxurv1 Lvwr vljqlfd txh dv txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv vær sursulhgdghv sdud dv
txdlv rv vhjxlqwhv frqfhlwrv vær ghqlgrv hp whuprv gh rshudêøhv iðvlfdv=
ljxdogdgh/ dglêær/ vxewudêær/ pxowlsolfdêær sru xp qýphur sxur h glylvær
sru xp qýphur sxur1 Xpd txdqwlgdgh eävlfd srgh vhu phglgd hp whu0
prv gh xpd xqlgdgh duelwuduldphqwh hvfroklgd sdud r vhx suösulr wlsr h xp
ydoru qxpìulfr1 Dvvlp/ frqvhjxh0vh qær vrphqwh fdswxudu d vhphokdqêd hq0
wuh frlvdv h hyhqwrv frpr wdpeìp h{suhvvdu wdo vlplodulgdgh qxpd olqjxdjhp
pdwhpäwlfd1
Txdqgr xpd txdqwlgdgh ì ghulydgd frpr r surgxwr gh txdlvtxhu srwíq0
fldv grv ydoruhv qxpìulfrv gh txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv +lvwr ì/ sru xpd h{suhvvær
4141 TXDQWLGDGHV IÐVLFDV <
uhodflrqdqgr txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv, hod ì ghqrplqdgd txdqwlgdgh ghulydgd gh

sulphlur wlsr h qær qhfhvvduldphqwh whp uhsuhvhqwdêær iðvlfd1 Vh xpd fhuwd
txdqwlgdgh eävlfd hvwä uhodflrqdgd xqlfdphqwh d dojxpd rxwud +rx rxwudv,
txdqwlgdgh+v, eävlfd+v, dwudyìv gh dojxpd ohl xqlyhuvdo srgh0vh xvdu wdo ohl
sdud uhghqlu d txdqwlgdgh uhvxowdqwh frpr txdqwlgdgh ghulydgd/ ghqrp0
lqdgd gh vhjxqgd rughp1 Wrgdv dv txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv txh vær wudqviru0
pdgdv hp txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv ghvwh prgr uhwíp vxdv lghqwlgdghv iðvlfdv
ruljlqdlv1 D glphqvær gh txdotxhu txdqwlgdgh iðvlfd/ eävlfd rx ghulydgd/ ì
xpd iöupxod txh ghqh frpr r ydoru qxpìulfr gd txdqwlgdgh pxgd txdqgr
d xqlgdgh eävlfd ì dowhudgd1 D glphqvær gh xpd txdqwlgdgh qær suryí/ sru
vl vö/ txdotxhu lqirupdêær vreuh vxd qdwxuh}d lqwuðqvhfd1
Qd dqäolvh txdqwlwdwlyd gh xp hyhqwr iðvlfr/ surfxud0vh hvwdehohfhu uh0
odêøhv pdwhpäwlfdv hqwuh rv ydoruhv qxpìulfrv gdv txdqwlgdghv iðvlfdv txh
ghvfuhyhp r hyhqwr1 Wdlv uhodêøhv vær ghqrplqdgdv htxdêøhv iðvlfdv1 Wrgd
htxdêær vlfdphqwh fruuhwd/ lvwr ì wrgd htxdêær txh h{suhvvd xpd uhodêær
iðvlfd vljqlfdqwh hqwuh ydoruhv qxpìulfrv gh txdqwlgdghv iðvlfdv/ ghyh vhu gl0
phqvlrqdophqwh krprjíqhd1 Xpd lpsruwdqwh frqvhtxíqfld gd krprjhqhl0
gdgh glphqvlrqdo ì txh d irupd gd htxdêær iðvlfd ì lqghshqghqwh gr vlvwhpd
gh xqlgdghv xvdgr1
Xp vlvwhpd gh xqlgdghv ì ghqlgr sru=
41 xp frqmxqwr frpsohwr gh txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv frp dv ghqlêøhv gdv

rshudêøhv gh frpsdudêær h dglêær>
51 d edvh gh xqlgdghv>
61 wrgdv dv txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv uhohydqwhv/ h{suhvvdv hp whuprv gh vxdv

htxdêøhv gh ghqlêær +h{1 ' _%*_|, 0 sulphlur wlsr 0 rx dv irupdv
gdv ohlv iðvlfdv txh ghqhp vxdv xqlgdghv +h{1 8 ' 6@ ghqh d iruêd
qr vlvwhpd VL, 0 vhjxqgr wlsr1
Frpr phqflrqdgr dqwhulruphqwh/ r frqmxqwr gh txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv ì

lolplwdgr h/ sruwdqwr/ qrydv srghp vhu lqwurgx}lgdv ã phglgd txh vh }huhp
qhfhvväuldv1
Vlvwhpdv gh xqlgdghv vær glwrv gr phvpr wlsr vh hohv glihuhp vrphqwh
qd pdjqlwxgh gd edvh gh xqlgdghv1 Qr vlvwhpd VL +V|vwëph Lqwhuqdwlrqdo,
h{lvwhp vhwh txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv frqiruph wdehod 4 d vhjxlu1 Qd wdehod 5
dsuhvhqwdp0vh dojxpdv txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv xvdqgr r vlvwhpd VL1
43 FDSÐWXOR 41 LQWURGXÊÆR
Txdqwlgdgh qrph VL vðperor VL

frpsulphqwr/ O phwur p
whpsr/ w vhjxqgr v
pdvvd/ P txlorjudpd nj
whpshudwxud/ W nhoylq N
fruuhqwh/ L dpshuh D
qýphur gh sduwðfxodv hohphqwduhv proh pro
lqwhqvlgdgh oxplqrvd fdqghod fg
Wdehod 4= Txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv +frqmxqwr frpsohwr, 0 VL
Txdqwlgdgh Ghqlêær Glphqvær Vðperor Qrph

htxdêær2ohl glphqvlrqdo
U 2
äuhd ' _%_+ O p2 0
U
yroxph T ' _%_+_5 O p 0
iuhtxíqfld s ' * w3 v3 khuw} +K},
yhorflgdgh ' _%*_| Ow3 p v3 0
dfhohudêær @ ' _2 %*_|2 Ow 3 2
p v32 0
pdvvd hvshfðfd 4 ' *T PO3 nj p3 0
iruêd 8 ' @ POw32 nj p v32 qhzwrq +Q,
whqvær2suhvvær R ' 8* PO w 3 3 2 Q p32 @ nj p3 v32 sdvfdo +Sd,
U
wudedokr2hqhujld ` ' 8 _% PO2 w32 Q p@ nj p2 v32 mrxoh +M,
wrutxh A ' 8U PO2 w32 Q p@ nj p2 v32 0
srwíqfld _`*_| PO2 w3 M v3 @ nj p2 v3 zdww +Z,
U
fdujd ' ' U_| Lw Dv frxorpe +F,
Wdehod 5= Txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv +frqmxqwr lqfrpsohwr, 0 VL
415 R DEF gd Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd

Frqiruph uhihuíqfld ^5`/ rv lqjuhglhqwhv eävlfrv txh ghyhp shuphdu d prgh0
odjhp pdwhpäwlfd srghp vhu uhvxplgrv hp wuív sdodyudv +ghqrplqdêær DEF
hp lqjoív,=
4161 SULQFÐSLRV EÄVLFRV 44
D : DVVXPH
E : ERUURZ
F : FULWLFL]H
R D uhihuh0vh dr idwr gh txh/ qr vhqwlgr pdlv uhdolvwd/ r prghor pdwhpäwlfr
ì r uhvxowdgr gdv vxsrvlêøhv ihlwdv srlv ududphqwh hodv qær vær qhfhvväuldv
srlv r txh vh glvsøh qrupdophqwh qær ì vxflhqwh1 D sduwlu gdv vxsrvlêøhv/
d pdwhpäwlfd shuplwh ghgx}lu r judx gh fruuhvsrqgíqfld hqwuh r prghor h
r ihq÷phqr uhdo h hvwh judx ghwhuplqduä r ydoru gr prghor1 Vh r prghor
wlyhu srxfr ydoru vljqlfd txh dv vxsrvlêøhv ghyhp vhu prglfdgdv/ qær lp0
solfdqgr/ reuljdwruldphqwh/ xpd prglfdêær gd pdwhpäwlfd gr prghor1 R
E gl} uhvshlwr dr frqkhflphqwr suìylr uhodflrqdgr dr ihq÷phqr uhdo txh vh
ghvhmd prghodu1 Ì wrgd d edjdjhp gh frqkhflphqwr dgtxlulgr uhodflrqdgd
dr ihq÷phqr txh vh ghvhmd fdswxudu h txh srgh frqgx}lu d qrydv vxsrvlêøhv1
Hqwud dð d lpsruwåqfld gr F/ srlv ghyh0vh hvwdu suhsdudgr qær vö sdud fulwlfdu
dv suösuldv vxsrvlêøhv ihlwdv frpr wdpeìp dtxhodv h{lvwhqwhv qd olwhudwxud1
Dvvlp/ d prghodjhp srgh vhu ylvwd frpr xp surfhvvr lwhudwlyr/ dowdphqwh
glqåplfr/ hp txh d fuðwlfd lqwhuihuh qd exvfd gh xp prghor pdlv uhdolvwd/
prglfdqgr dv vxsrvlêøhv h r txh vh wrpd gh frqkhflphqwr dqwhulru1 Dr
DEF mxqwd0vh wdpeìp xp rxwur frpsrqhqwh gd glqåplfd= r G gh ghfdl0
phqwr +GHFD\,/ hqwuh rxwudv frlvdv1
D vhjxlu gduhprv xp sdqrudpd jhudo vreuh rv sulqfðslrv eävlfrv h phwrgror0
jldv gd prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd1
416 Sulqfðslrv Eävlfrv

Frphêduhprv sru ghqlu h ghsrlv wudêdu xp fdplqkr sdud rqgh hyroxlx r
whupr prghor qrv whpsrv dwxdlv/ lqvhulgr qd flíqfld frqwhpsruåqhd1
Prghor whp vxd hwlprorjld oljdgd d prgxv +phglgd/ txdqwlgdgh, ^43`/ gh
rqgh yíp prglfdwxv +phglgr/ prglfdgr, h prglr +phglu/ uhjxodu/ fdghq0
fldu,1 Lpsolfd qær vö phglu pdv wdpeìp pxgdu d hvfdod gh uhsuhvhqwdêær1
Dvvlp/ srgh0vh frqfhehu xpd exvfd gh xpd hvfdod glihuhqwh gh shqvdu/ hq0
whqghu rx shufhehu dojr1
Vhp whrul}du vreuh r frqfhlwr gh prghodu rx gh prghodjhp h exvfdqgr
remhwlylgdgh qr vhx hqwhqglphqwr/ prghodjhp iðvlfd +phfåqlfd/ hoìwulfd hwf1,
vhuä/ hqwær/ r dwr gh uhsuhvhqwdu frp dujxphqwdêær iðvlfd r ihq÷phqr txh
vh shufhehx1 Sru vxd yh}/ prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd vhuä uhsuhvhqwdu frp du0
jxphqwrv pdwhpäwlfrv r txh vh shufhehx gd iðvlfd gh dojxp ihq÷phqr1 Rx
vhmd/ vhuä d suäwlfd gh uhsuhvhqwdu rx ghvfuhyhu pdwhpdwlfdphqwh +prghor

pdwhpäwlfr,/ txdotxhu vlvwhpd gh htxdêøhv txh/ vre fhuwdv frqglêøhv h sdud
fhuwd qdolgdgh/ iruqhfh xpd uhsuhvhqwdêær rx ghvfulêær dghtxdgd/ suhwhqgh0
vh/ gh xp vlvwhpd iðvlfr1 Frqvhtxhqwhphqwh/ xp prghor qær vh id} lvrodgd0
phqwh1
Pxlwr hperud vh xvh r whupr cprghor* sdud uìsolfd gh remhwrv/ yhp
vhqgr dsolfdgr wdpeìp sdud pdsdv/ iöupxodv/ dojrulwprv pdwhpäwlfrv hwf1
Srghprv shujxqwdu= frp r txh frqwulexl xpd uìsolfd gh xp fduur/ sru h{0
hpsor/ sdud lqihulu0vh dojr vreuh vhx ixqflrqdphqwr rx ghvhqyroylphqwrB
Qær pxlwr/ rx qdgd1 Dtxl glvwlqjxlprv d prghodjhp h r prghor iðvlfr/
pdwhpäwlfr/ flhqwðfr1
Rud/ hqwær/ hvwdprv lqwhuhvvdgrv hp txh d prghodjhp h vhx prghor uh0
vxowdqwh vluydp sdud lqihuluprv vreuh dojr1 Wdo lqihuíqfld srgh vhu hp whuprv
gh hqwhqghu dojr sulprugldophqwh h txdqgr exvfdprv hqwhqghu dojr txhuh0
prv xwlol}ä0or/ gdu frqvhtxíqfld d hoh1 Txhuhprv prghodu sdud hqghqghu dv
cfrlvdv*/ rv ihq÷phqrv/ rx ehp sdud jhudu uhvxowdgrv txh qrv gljdp dojxpd
frlvd1 Hvvd cdojxpd frlvd* vh qrv dsuhvhqwd frpr xpd txhvwær/ xp sureohpd1
Hqwær/ dr prghodu txhuhprv olgdu frp txhvwøhv/ frp sureohpdv1 Dvvlp/ fl0
hqwlfdphqwh olgdprv frp sureohpdv frp/ hvvhqfldophqwh/ grlv remhwlyrv=
+l, hqwhqghu rv ihq÷phqrv>
+ll, uhvroyhu vlwxdêøhv1
Hp +l, hvwdprv dgplwlqgr xpd revhuydêær ihlwd h txh jrvwduðdprv gh
hqwhqghu frpr r ihq÷phqr revhuydgr vh ih}1 Rx vhmd/ txhuhprv hvwxgdu
fdxvd1 Hp whuprv gh prghodjhp txhuhprv frqvwuxlu xp fdplqkr +prghor,
sdud fkhjdu dwì r ihq÷phqr1 Hp +ll,/ xpd yh} revhuydgr rx hqwhqglgr xp
ihq÷phqr/ hvwdprv lqwhuhvvdgrv hp hvwxgdu vxdv frqvhtxíqfldv h suhgl}hu
frpsruwdphqwrv1
Hvwh ì/ edvlfdphqwh/ r mrjr txh mrjd d flíqfld h d lqyhvwljdêær flhqwðfd1
Rv ihq÷phqrv srghp vhu rv pdlv jhudlv srvvðyhlv ghvgh ihq÷phqrv sxudphqwh
qdwxudlv frpr xpd shgud txh urod rx whpshvwdghv/ sdvvdqgr sru phfdqlvprv
surmhwdgrv shor krphp dwì ihq÷phqrv frqfhlwxdlv1 Hvvhqfldophqwh/ hqwær/
txhuhprv frp d prghodjhp derugdu vlwxdêøhv txh/ frpxphqwh/ fkdpduhprv
sureohpdv1
Uhvroyhu sureohpdv hqyroyh qrupdophqwh kdelolgdghv frpr lpdjlqdêær h
frqkhflphqwr1 Hperud h{hufhqgr d fuldwlylgdgh/ hp jhudo/ dwì fhuwr srqwr
gh qrvvdv ylgdv hvwxgdprv r txh mä ì gr frqkhflphqwr gd kxpdqlgdgh/ txh
doìp gh srghu vhu wudqvplwlgr dwudyìv gr grpðqlr gh wìfqlfdv/ kä qhfhvvlgdgh
gh vh vdehu r txh mä ì frqkhflgr sdud hqiuhqwdu qryrv sureohpdv h/ dð/ xvdu
4171 PHWRGRORJLDV 46
d lpdjlqdêær h d fdsdflgdgh fuldwlyd sdud id}hu xvr gr frqkhflphqwr h jhudu

qryrv frqkhflphqwrv1
Txdqgr revhuydprv xp ihq÷phqr h suhwhqghprv derugä0or whqwdprv xpd
devwudêær ghoh1 Rx vhmd txhuhprv dvvrfldu ihqrphqrorjldv rx uhodêøhv gh
fhuwdv fdudfwhuðvwlfdv1 Lvvr/ reyldphqwh/ ghshqghuä wdqwr gd qrvvd fdsdflgdgh
gh shufhehu txdqwr gr dfýpxor gh frqkhflphqwr1 Dvvlp xp sulphlur prghor
txh whqwdprv sdud xp ihq÷phqr srgh qær h{suhvvdu dghtxdgdphqwh r txh
revhuydprv1
Gd phvpd irupd txdqgr whqwdprv uhsuhvhqwdu pdwhpdwlfdphqwh d de0
vwudêær iðvlfd ihlwd/ r frqmxqwr gh htxdêøhv rx h{suhvvøhv pdwhpäwlfdv sulphlud0
phqwh shqvdgr srgh qær vhu dghtxdgr dr sureohpd uhdo gh lqwhuhvvh/ qhfhv0
vlwdqgr vhu fruuljlgr rx sru frpsohphqwdêær rx sru vlpsolfdêær1
Gh xpd irupd vxflqwd srghprv gl}hu txh prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd ì r
surfhglphqwr flhqwðfr gh uhsuhvhqwdu pdwhpdwlfdphqwh ihq÷phqrv rx sure0
ohpdv/ dgylqgrv gdv glyhuvdv äuhdv/ hp irupxoêøhv pdwhpäwlfdv dghtxdgdv/
txh vhmdp wudwäyhlv h txh iruqhêdp lgìldv/ uhvsrvwdv h lqirupdêøhv vreuh r
ihq÷phqr uhdo revhuydgr1
417 Phwrgrorjldv
Gr lwhp dqwhulru srghprv shufhehu txh d prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd vh id}
dwudyìv gh xp surfhvvr1
Sdud h{hufhu dv kdelolgdghv sdud irupxodu rx prghodu pdwhpdwlfdphqwh
xp sureohpd ì lpsruwdqwh hvtxhpdwl}du dojxpd phwrgrorjld gh prghodjhp1
Srghprv wudêdu xp hvtxhpd vlpsohv/ pdv eävlfr/ surfhvvxdo sdud d prgh0
odjhp/ frpr qd Iljxud 4141
Hvwh ì xp hvtxhpd frqfhqvxdo hp txh sdud d hwdsd gh clghqwlfdêær* frpr
hp ^44` dojxqv dxwruhv ghqrplqdp cuhfrqkhflphqwr*/ ^46`1 Sdud cprghor*
ghqrplqdp irupxodêær1
+l, D hwdsd gh lghqwlfdêær ì dtxhod hp txh vh lghqwlfd txh h{lvwh xp
sureohpd>
+ll, xpd yh} lghqwlfdgr r sureohpd/ ì ihlwd xpd irupxodêær pdwhpäwlfd
txh r uhsuhvhqwh>
+lll, ghsrlv gh whu vlgr ihlwd xpd uhsuhvhqwdêær pdwhpäwlfd/ rewìp0vh xpd
vroxêær sdud d irupxodêær1
Qrwh txh srghprv ghwdokdu xp srxfr pdlv r hvtxhpd dqwhulru1
Iljxud 414= Hvtxhpd eävlfr gh prghodjhp1
Qd Iljxud 415 r vhqwlgr gh lghqwlfdêær mä ì xp srxfr glihuhqwh gr dqwh0

ulru h suhihulprv fkdpä0or gh revhuydêær1 Qd yhugdgh ì d revhuydêær vhqvruldo
txh whprv/ d revhuydêær gh txh kä dojr1
Qd hwdsd fkdpdgd prghor iðvlfr vhuä rqgh shufhehprv r revhuydgr/ xv0
dqgr qrvvd vhqvlelolgdgh lqwhohfwxdo/ frp rv frqkhflphqwrv mä dfxpxodgrv
h djuhjdqgr gdgrv gr txh revhuydprv sdud txh srvvdprv id}hu xp prghor
ihqrphqroöjlfr/ iðvlfr1
Qd hwdsd gr prghor pdwhpäwlfr/ dð vlp/ uhsuhvhqwdprv r prghor iðvlfr
pdwhpdwlfdphqwh sdud srvwhulru rewhqêær gh vroxêær1
Fodur ì txh hvvdv hwdsdv lqwhudjhp hqwuh vl sdud dmxvwhv gh prghodjhp=
frpr srghuðdprv wruqdu r prghor iðvlfr pdlv dghtxdgr/ uhsuhvhqwdqgr dr
pä{lpr r txh vh revhuyrx qr sodqr uhdoB Vhuä txh qær irudp frqvlghudgrv
gdgrv txh vhuær lpsrvvðyhlv gh vhuhp phglgrv h txh ghyhp vhu ghvfrqvlg0
hudgrvB Dvvlp/ wdpeìp/ vhuä txh r prghor pdwhpäwlfr qær hvwduä vlpsohv
ghpdlv sdud uhsuhvhqwdu r prghor iðvlfr rx qær hvwä frpsoh{r ghpdlv txh
vhmd lqwudwäyhoB Vhuä txh r vlvwhpd pdwhpäwlfr whuä vroxêærB Txh pìwrgr
gh vroxêær vhuä pdlv dghtxdgrB H{lvwluä xp pìwrgr dqdoðwlfr txh vroxflrqh
d irupxodêær pdwhpäwlfdB Rx whprv xpd jhrphwuld pxlwr frpsolfdgd rx
xp vlvwhpd gh htxdêøhv gh dowr judx gh qær olqhdulgdgh txh vö xp pìwrgr
qxpìulfr vroxflrqhB
Hvvdv vær dojxpdv gdv txhvwøhv txh shuphldp d prghodjhp1
Dojxqv ðwhqv srghp vhu vhohflrqdgrv sdud qrv jxldu qd prghodjhp=
0 r txh srgh vhu phglgr rx rewlgr frpr gdgr qr sureohpd>

4171 PHWRGRORJLDV 48
Iljxud 415= Xp vhjxqgr hvtxhpd gh prghodjhp1
0 txdlv rv remhwlyrv hp derugdu r sureohpd>
0 txdlv dv uhvwulêøhv h{lvwhqwhv>
0 derugdu r sureohpd vhuä gh xwlolgdghB Txdo+lv,B
0 Vhuä pdlv dghtxdgr sdud hqwhqghu dojxp frpsruwdphqwr hvshfðfr rx

lqlfldo htxlydohqgr d derugdu xp sureohpd pdlv vlpsohvB
0 Vhuä txh r prghor sursrvwr frqvhjxh uhsurgx}lu xp pdlv vlpsohv txh vhmd
sduwh gr sureohpd gh lqwhuhvvhB +frqvlvwíqfld,
0 R txh vh ghvhmd rewhu dr derugdu r sureohpd h vroxflrqä0orB
0 Txdo vhuä r hviruêr h txdlv rv pìwrgrv gh vroxêær txh vhuær dghtxdgrvB
0 R prghor iðvlfr uhsuhvhqwd r uhdo revhuydgr rx uhsuhvhqwd rxwur glihuhqwhB
0 R prghor pdwhpäwlfr sursrvwr whp vroxêærB
0 H{lvwh hvwdelolgdgh txh srgh vhu jdudqwlgdB
0 Txdo r sureohpd hvwdflrqäulr uhodflrqdgrB

0 H{lvwh xp surfhglphqwr qxpìulfr sdud rewhu vroxêærB
0 Srgh0vh phokrudu r pìwrgr gh vroxêærB
0 Vhuä phokru ghvhqyroyhu xp phwrgr qryrB
0 H{lvwh xp sureohpd vlplodu frp vroxêær frqkhflgd sdud frpsdudêøhvB
0 Dwì txh srqwr frqvhjxh0vh id}hu xpd dqäolvh pdwhpäwlfdB
0 Dwì txh srqwr frqvhjxh0vh id}hu xpd dqäolvh qxpìulfdB
0 Txh klsöwhvhv srghp0vh wludu rx dglflrqdu txh ohyduær d xp hqwhqglphqwr

gh xp dvshfwr hvshfðfrB
0 D vroxêær pdqwìp dv uhvwulêøhvB
0 D vroxêær pdqwìp rv lqyduldqwhvB
Pxlwrv rxwurv ðwhqv srghp vhu frqvlghudgrv1

R hvtxhpd gd Iljxud 416/ frp edvh hp ^45`/ ghwdokd xp srxfr pdlv r
hvtxhpd gd Iljxud 4151
Qd sulphlud hwdsd whprv dlqgd d idvh gd revhuydêær vhqvruldo1 Qd idvh gh

shufhsêær rx devwudêær id}hprv xp prghor ihqrphqroöjlfr gh dfrugr frp
r txh frqkhfhprv gdv äuhdv iðvlfdv/ txh h{soltxh d revhuydêær vhqvruldo1 Ì r
prghor iðvlfr1 Qd suö{lpd hwdsd frqvwuxðprv r prghor pdwhpäwlfr1 Dqwhv
gh sduwlu sdud d idvh gh vroxêær/ surfhghprv xpd dqäolvh pdlv surixqgd gr
prghor pdwhpäwlfr sdud ghflglu vh ydoh d shqd frqwlqxdu frp r prghor=
vh vh wudwd gh xp prghor olqhdu rx qær/ vh hoh whp vroxêær h txh fodvvh gh
pìwrgr vhuä xvdgd1 Qhvvdv fodvvhv hvwdprv frqvlghudqgr vroxêøhv dqdoðwlfdv
rx qxpìulfdv1 Srxfrv vær rv prghorv txh srvvxhp vroxêøhv dqdoðwlfdv1 Qd
suö{lpd idvh/ phwrgrorjld gh vroxêær/ hvfrokhprv txh wlsr gh pìwrgr srghuä
vhu r pdlv dghtxdgr sdud uhvroyhu r prghor pdwhpäwlfr1 Sru h{hpsor/ txh
pìwrgr qxpìulfr xwlol}du/ vh gluhwr/ lwhudwlyr/ txh wlsr gh frqyhujíqfld vhuä
srvvðyho rewhu hwf1 Rewlgrv rv uhvxowdgrv/ frp fhuwh}d vhuær dqdolvdgrv sdud
vdehuprv vh uhdophqwh ghprv xpd vroxêær vdwlvidwöuld dr txh revhuydprv qd
sulphlud hwdsd ghvvh surfhvvr1
Reyldphqwh txh qær shqvdprv wær olqhdu dvvlp/ pdv frp fhuwh}d hp
fdgd hwdsd rv dvshfwrv suhgrplqdqwhv vær rv txh ghvwdfdprv dflpd1 Fodur
4171 PHWRGRORJLDV 4:
Iljxud 416= Xp hvtxhpd sdud prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd 2 frpsxwdflrqdo1
ì/ wdpeìp/ txh id}hprv uhwur0dolphqwdêær d sduwlu gh fdgd hwdsd/ fruuljlqgr

srvvðyhlv rplvvøhv txh sxghprv whu frphwlgr hp rxwudv1
<<( grv prghorv pdwhpäwlfrv h{suhvvdp=
0 uhodêøhv dojìeulfdv hqwuh dv yduläyhlv>
0 wd{dv gh yduldêær gh yduläyhlv hp uhodêær d rxwudv>
0 vrpdv rx lqwhjudlv gh ixqêøhv sdud dfkdu ydoruhv dfxpxodwlyrv gh yduläyhlv

rx txdqwlgdghv hp uhodêær d rxwudv1
Gh pdqhlud jhudo srghp vhu txdolwdwlyrv rx txdqwlwdwlyrv1

Qrv prghorv txdolwdwlyrv d shujxqwd frprB h dv uhodêøhv gh shuwlqíqfld
vær gh lqwhuhvvh1 Whruld gh frqmxqwrv qær uhgxwðyhlv d qýphurv vær/ dtxl/ xpd
gdv edvhv/ sru h{hpsor1
Qrv prghorv txdqwlwdwlyrv d shujxqwd txdqwrB ì d gh lqwhuhvvh1 Vlv0
whpdv qxpìulfrv vær vxdv edvhv1
Doìp glvvr/ srghprv wdpeìp fodvvlfdu rv prghorv hp frqwðqxrv/ dtxh0
ohv edvhdgrv qxpd hvwuxwxud uhdo rx frpsoh{d gh uhsuhvhqwdêær qxpìulfd/ h
glvfuhwrv/ txh vh edvhldp qxpd hvwuxwxud gh lqwhlurv1
4; FDSÐWXOR 41 LQWURGXÊÆR
Fdsðwxor 5
Ixqgdphqwrv
Ghvgh d pdlv whqud lgdgh dsuhqghprv txh d pdwìuld vh dsuhvhqwd qd qdwxuh}d

vre wuív irupdv glvwlqwdv= vöolgd/ oðtxlgd h jdvrvd1 D sursulhgdgh txh ghqh
rv xlgrv/ jdvhv h oðtxlgrv/ ì d idflolgdgh frp d txdo hohv vh ghirupdp1 Xp
shgdêr gh pdwhuldo vöolgr whp xpd irupd ghqlgd txh srgh vh dowhudu dshqdv
txdqgr kä xpd pxgdqêd qdv frqglêøhv h{whuqdv1 Xpd sruêær xlgd/ sru
rxwur odgr/ qær whp sru vl vö xpd irupd suhihuhqfldo h hohphqwrv glihuhqwhv
srghp vhu uhduudqmdgrv olyuhphqwh vhp dihwdu sursulhgdghv pdfurvföslfdv gd
sruêær xlgd1 Dvvlp/ xp xlgr vh ghirupd frqwlqxdphqwh txdqgr vxephwlgr
d xpd whqvær gh flvdokdphqwr/ sru phqru txh hod vhmd1 Xp oðtxlgr srvvxl
xpd vxshuiðflh olyuh sruìp xp jäv suhhqfkh wrgr r uhflslhqwh txh r frqwìp
h qær srvvxl vxshuiðflh olyuh1
Hvwdv ghqlêøhv vær edvwdqwh jhqìulfdv pdv/ dshvdu gh srghuhp vhu hv0
shflfdgdv pdlv suhflvdphqwh/ dojxqv pdwhuldlv wíp frpsruwdphqwrv gxdlv1
Qhvwh vhqwlgr/ d glvwlqêær hqwuh vöolgrv h xlgrv qær ì uhvwulwd srlv pxlwrv
pdwhuldlv srghp vh frpsruwdu vre dojxqv dvshfwrv frpr xp vöolgr h vre
rxwurv frpr xp xlgr1 D h{solfdêær sdud lvwr hvwä qd hvwuxwxud prohfxodu/
txh ì frqvwlwxðgd sru sduwðfxodv dw÷plfdv h vxe0dw÷plfdv/ h qd qdwxuh}d gdv
iruêdv hqwuh dv proìfxodv gr pdwhuldo1 Dv proìfxodv gh xp jäv/ sru h{hpsor/
hvwær vhsdudgdv sru uhjløhv gh yäfxrv frp glphqvøhv olqhduhv vxshulruhv ãv
glphqvøhv gdv suösuldv proìfxodv1 Qxp oðtxlgr/ fxmdv proìfxodv hvwær ehp
pdlv suö{lpdv/ d pdvvd gr pdwhuldo hvwä frqfhqwudgd qr qýfohr grv äwrprv
txh frpsøhp vxdv proìfxodv h hvwä orqjh gh hvwdu glvwulexðgd xqliruphqwh
dr orqjr gr yroxph rfxsdgr shor oðtxlgr1 Xp vöolgr wdpeìp hvwä hp jhudo
pxlwr orqjh gh vhu krprjíqhr gr srqwr gh ylvwd plfurvföslfr1 Dshvdu glvwr/
txdqgr vh hvwä suhrfxsdgr frp r frpsruwdphqwr gd pdwìuld qxpd hvfdod
4<
53 FDSÐWXOR 51 IXQGDPHQWRV
pxlwr pdlru gr txh d glvwåqfld hqwuh proìfxodv/ hvfdod pdfurvföslfd/ d hv0

wuxwxud dw÷plfd qær suhflvd vhu frqvlghudgd1 Qhvwh fdvr/ dydold0vh r frpsru0
wdphqwr pdfurvföslfr gr pdwhuldo frpr vh hoh irvvh shuihlwdphqwh frqwðqxr
hp vxd hvwuxwxud/ dgrwdqgr0vh d ghqrplqdgd klsöwhvh gr frqwðqxr1 Ghq0
wur ghvwd klsöwhvh srgh0vh wudwdu xp yroxph lqqlwhvlpdo gh pdwhuldo/ fxmd
wrwdolgdgh irupd r frusr/ frpr gh idwr xpd sduwðfxod pdwhuldo ^6`1
Gr srqwr gh ylvwd pdfurvföslfr/ sdud vh hvwxgdu rv ihq÷phqrv gh px0
gdqêd qd pdwìuld txh rfruuhp qxp sureohpd iðvlfr ì qhfhvväulr dgrwdu xp
vlvwhpd gh dqäolvh txh srgh vhu gh grlv wlsrv= odjudqjldqr h hxohuldqr1 D
hvfrokd ghyh vhu edvhdgd hp txdo ghohv iruqhfh uhvsrvwdv pdlv gluhwdv dr
sureohpd iðvlfr hp txhvwær ^7`1
R pìwrgr odjudqjldqr gh dqäolvh ghvfuhyh r frpsruwdphqwr gh sduwðfx0
odv glvfuhwdv/ rx gh pdvvdv srqwxdlv/ txdqgr hodv vh pryhp qr hvsdêr/ lvwr
ì/ vhjxlqgr d sduwðfxod ã phglgd txh hod vh pryh qr hvsdêr1 Wdo ghvfulêær ì
ghqrplqdgd ghvfulêær pdwhuldo1 Dv ohlv ixqgdphqwdlv/ frpr sru h{hpsor
d vhjxqgd Ohl gh Qhzwrq/ vh dsolfdp gluhwdphqwh ãv pdvvdv glvfuhwdv/ wlslfd0
phqwh txdqgr vh frqvlghud xp sureohpd gh vöolgrv1 Lvwr srutxh d ghvfulêær
Odjudqjldqd ghvfuhyh d klvwöuld gh xpd gdgd sduwðfxod1 Qr fdvr gh xlgrv/
frqvlghuh d frpsoh{lgdgh sdud ghvfuhyhu r frpsruwdphqwr gh xpd sduwðfxod
gh xp xlgr ã phglgd txh hod xl dwudyìv gh xpd uhjlær qr hvsdêr1 Qær
vö ì gliðflo vhjxl0od frpr wdpeìp vxd irupd qær srgh vhu ghwhuplqdgd srlv
hod srgh yduldu frqwlqxdphqwh1 Qhvwh fdvr/ ì pdlv ydqwdmrvr ghvfuhyhu r txh
dfrqwhfh qxp srqwr {r rx qxpd uhjlær {d gr hvsdêr1 Hvwd ì d edvh gd
dqäolvh hxohuldqd/ txh shuplwh revhuydu ihq÷phqrv hp srqwrv gh lqwhuhvvh
hp yh} gh whqwdu vhjxlu d sduwðfxod frpr qd dqäolvh odjudqjldqd1 D ghvfulêær
hxohuldqd ì wdpeìp ghqrplqdgd ghvfulêær hvsdfldo1
514 Dojxpdv Ghqlêøhv Suholplqduhv

R frqwhýgr ghvwd vhêær ì edvhdgr sulqflsdophqwh qdv uhihuíqfldv ^7/ ;`1
Frpr frqvhtÿíqfld gd vxsrvlêær gr frqwlqxxp/ dgplwh0vh txh fdgd sur0
sulhgdgh gd pdwìuld dsuhvhqwd xp ydoru ghqlgr hp fdgd srqwr gr hvsdêr/
lvwr ì/ dv sursulhgdghv vær frqvlghudgdv frpr ixqêøhv frqwðqxdv gh srvlêær
h whpsr1 Ghqh0vh frpr xp fdpsr hvfdodu xpd txdqwlgdgh iðvlfd fdudfwhu0
l}dgd sru lqwhqvlgdgh h ì uhsuhvhqwdgd sru xp qýphur1 Dvvlp/ xp fdpsr
hvfdodu ì r frqmxqwr Ei%c +c 5j rx/ vlpsohvphqwh/ E%c +c 5 gh hvfdoduhv txh
fruuhvsrqghp d fdgd srqwr i%c +c 5j gr hvsdêr1 Srgh0vh ghvfuhyhu/ sru h{0
5141 DOJXPDV GHILQLÊØHV SUHOLPLQDUHV 54
hpsor/ xp fdpsr wìuplfr hp whuprv gdv whpshudwxudv hp glyhuvrv srqwrv

gr fdpsr> xp fdpsr hoìwulfr sru srwhqfldlv srqwxdlv/ hwf/ vhqgr srvvðyho
+h suryäyho, txh yäulrv fdpsrv frh{lvwdp h lqwhudmdp qxpd gdgd uhjlær1
Hperud vhmd lpsruwdqwh suhgl}hu ihq÷phqrv uhvxowdqwhv gdv lqwhudêøhv/ ì
qhfhvväulr vhsdudu rv fdpsrv d p gh frpsuhhqghu vhxv uhvshfwlyrv frpsru0
wdphqwrv1
Xp fdpsr yhwruldo ì xpd txdqwlgdgh iðvlfd fdudfwhul}dgd sru lqwhqvlgdgh
h shorv frqfhlwrv gh gluhêær h vhqwlgr1 Pdwhpdwlfdphqwh ì uhsuhvhqwdgr jhr0
phwulfdphqwh sru xpd vhwd rx sru xp vhjphqwr gh uhwd rulhqwdgr1 Dqdorjd0
phqwh dr fdpsr hvfdodu/ xp fdpsr yhwruldo ì r frqmxqwr @Ei%c +c 5j gh
yhwruhv txh fruuhvsrqghp d fdgd srqwr i%c +c 5j gr hvsdêr1 Ilqdophqwh/ xp
whqvru ì xpd txdqwlgdgh iðvlfd fdudfwhul}dgd shor sulqfðslr gdv whqvøhv/ txh ì
pdwhpdwlfdphqwh uhsuhvhqwdgr sru xpd wudqvirupdêær olqhdu txh srgh0vh h{0
suhvvdu sru xpd pdwul}1 Dqdorjdphqwh drv fdpsrv dqwhulruhv/ Ei%c +c 5j
Xpd rxwud qrêær lpsruwdqwh ì d gh x{r h ghqvlgdgh gh x{r1 R x{r
x ì d wd{d gh wudqvihuíqfld gh dojxpd txdqwlgdgh1 Txdqgr hvwd txdqwlgdgh
iru h{suhvvd sru xqlgdgh gh äuhd gd vxshuiðflh 7/ ghqh0vh d ghqvlgdgh gh
x{r
7x
( *4 ?c
7 <f 77
rqgh ? ì r yhwru xqlwäulr qrupdo ã vxshuiðflh1 R x{r ghshqgh gr fdpsr
txh hvwä vhqgr frqvlghudgr1 Hoh ì fdudfwhul}dgr shodv olqkdv gh x{r frpxqv
drv fdpsrv frqvlghudgrv1 R x{r ì xpd txdqwlgdgh hvfdodu dr sdvvr txh d
ghqvlgdgh gh x{r ì xp yhwru1
Ì lpsruwdqwh wdpeìp glvwlqjxlu fxlgdgrvdphqwh hqwuh pdvvd h shvr1 R
shvr ì d iruêd gd judylgdgh txh dwxd vreuh xp frusr1 Rqgh qær h{lvwh
iruêd gh judylgdgh r frusr qær srvvxl shvr1 D pdvvd ì xpd txdqwlgdgh
gh pdwìuld1 Hod frqvlvwh hp xp fhuwr qýphur gh proìfxodv/ ghshqgh gd
hvwuxwxud prohfxodu h shupdqhfh lqdowhudgd sru lq xíqfldv h{whuqdv1
Hp 49;9/ Lvddf Qhzwrq uhodflrqrx d pdvvd/ d iruêd h r frpsulphqwr
dwudyìv gd ghqrplqdgd vhjxqgd ohl/ txh dupd vhu d iruêd dsolfdgd vreuh xp
frusr gh pdvvd frqvwdqwh sursruflrqdo dr surgxwr gd pdvvd shod dfhohudêær/
lvwr ì/
6 2 6@
D frqvwdqwh gh sursruflrqdolgdgh ì *}S / rqgh }S ì xpd frqvwdqwh fxmrv
ydoruhv ghshqghp vrphqwh gdv xqlgdghv hqyroylgdv h qær gd dfhohudêær gd
judylgdgh } hp xpd gdgd orfdolgdgh1 Dv iruêdv txh dwxdp hp xp phlr
srghp vhu gh vxshuiðflh h gh frusr1 Iruêdv gh vxshuiðflh lqfoxhp wrgdv dv

iruêdv djlqgr vreuh d shulihuld gh xp phlr dwudyìv gh frqwdwr gluhwr1 Iruêdv
ghvhqyroylgdv vhp frqwdwr iðvlfr h glvwulexðgdv vreuh r yroxph vær ghqrpl0
qdgdv iruêdv gh frusr1 Dv iruêdv judylwdflrqdo h pdjqìwlfd vær h{hpsorv gh
iruêd gh frusr1
Dv whqvøhv hp xp phlr uhvxowdp gdv iruêdv djlqgr hp dojxpd sduwh gr
phlr1 R frqfhlwr gh whqvær iruqhfh xpd pdqhlud frqyhqlhqwh gh ghvfuhyhu r
prgr shor txdo dv iruêdv djlqgr vreuh rv olplwhv gr phlr vær wudqvplwlgdv
dwudyìv gr phlr1 Xpd yh} txh iruêd h äuhd vær dpedv txdqwlgdghv yhwruldlv/ r
fdpsr gh whqvøhv qær vhuä xp fdpsr yhwruldo pdv vlp whqvruldo1 D ghvfulêær
gr fdpsr gh whqvøhv ì ghvhqyroylgd d sduwlu gd dqäolvh gd whqvær hp xp
srqwr1 Dvvlp/ sdud xp hohphqwr gh äuhd B +d pdjqlwxgh gh B ì d äuhd gr
hohphqwr h d gluhêær ì qrupdo ã vxshuiðflh,/ qxp ghwhuplqdgr srqwr/ vriuhqgr
d dêær gd iruêd B6 uhvxowd qd whqvær qhvwh srqwr ghqlgd frpr
B6
A *4
B<f B
D ghqlêær gh whqvær uhtxhu r fäofxor gd ud}ær hqwuh grlv yhwruhv/ r txh vhuä
ylvwr qr ghfruuhu ghvwh wh{wr1
Sdud ghwhuplqdu dv frpsrqhqwhv gd whqvær hp xp srqwr ydprv frq0
vlghudu xp hohphqwr fýelfr lqqlwhvlpdo frpr uhsuhvhqwdqgr xpd sduwðfxod
pdwhuldo/ rulhqwdgr frqiruph rv hl{rv fduwhvldqrv ruwrjrqdlv1 Sdud idflolwdu r
hqwhqglphqwr/ ì ydqwdmrvr xvdu xpd qrwdêær txh shuplwluä ghqlu rv sodqrv
qrv txdlv d whqvær hvwä djlqgr h d gluhêær qd txdo d whqvær hvwä dwxdqgr1
Xpd qrwdêær gh vxevfulwrv gxsorv iruqhfh xpd ghvfulêær frqyhqlhqwh1 Dvvlp/
A ghqrwd d whqvær dwxdqgr vreuh xp sodqr qd gluhêær / rqgh h srghp
uhsuhvhqwdu %c + rx 5 Xvdqgr hvwd qrwdêær/ dv frpsrqhqwhv vær ghqlgdv
frpr
B8
A ' *4 c
B= <f B=
rqgh B8% c B8+ c B85 vær dv frpsrqhqwhv gd iruêd B6 txh djhp vreuh dv frp0
srqhqwhv B% c B+ c B5 gd äuhd B1 D htxdêær dqwhulru uhsuhvhqwd/ hqwær/
qryh uhodêøhv hvfdoduhv/ mä txh rv vxevfulwrv h fdgd txdo srgh uhsuhvhqwdu
%c + rx 5 Sdud h{hpsolfdu/ A%+ ghqh d whqvær vreuh xp sodqr % qd gluhêær
+ Dvvlp/ d whqvær hp xp srqwr ì hvshflfdgd sru vxdv qryh frpsrqhqwhv
5 6
j%% %+ %5
A9
7 +% j++ +5 :
8c
5% 5+ j55
5141 DOJXPDV GHILQLÊØHV SUHOLPLQDUHV 56
Iljxud 514= Qrwdêær sdud d whqvær qxp srqwr1
rqgh j%% c j++ c j55 +rx j% c j+ c j 5 , ghqrwdp dv whqvøhv qrupdlv h %+ c +% c %5 c

5% c +5 c 5+ ghqrwdp dv whqvøhv flvdokdqwhv1 D qrwdêær sdud d ghvljqdêær
gdv whqvøhv ì prvwudgd qd Iljxud 514/ rqgh revhuydp0vh vhlv sodqrv +grlv
sodqrv %/ grlv sodqrv + h grlv sodqrv 5, vreuh rv txdlv dv whqvøhv srghp
dwxdu1 Sdud ghvljqdu r sodqr gh lqwhuhvvh/ srgh0vh xvdu whuprv frpr iurqwdo
h srvwhulru 0 vxshulru h lqihulru 0 hvtxhugr h gluhlwr/ rx qrphä0orv h ghqrwä0
orv frpr srvlwlyrv rx qhjdwlyrv gh dfrugr frp r vhqwlgr gr sodqr sdud irud
gd qrupdo d hvwh sodqr1 Id}0vh qhfhvväulr wdpeìp dgrwdu xpd frqyhqêær
gh vlqdlv sdud d whqvær1 Xpd frpsrqhqwh gh whqvær ì frqvlghudgd srvlwlyd
txdqgr vhx vhqwlgr h r sodqr vreuh r txdo dwxd vær dperv srvlwlyrv rx dperv
qhjdwlyrv1 Qd jxud dqwhulru/ wrgdv dv frpsrqhqwhv irudp wudêdgdv frpr
srvlwlydv1
Xpd sursulhgdgh/ xpd txdqwlgdgh revhuyäyho/ ghyh srvvxlu vhpsuh r
phvpr ydoru txdqgr iru revhuydgd vre dv phvpdv frqglêøhv/ lqghshqghq0
whphqwh gr prgr shor txdo wdlv frqglêøhv whqkdp vlgr dwlqjlgdv1 Frqvlghuh/
sru h{hpsor/ xp uhflslhqwh ihfkdgr frqwhqgr xp jäv1 D iruêd sru xqlgdgh
gh äuhd vreuh d sduhgh gr uhflslhqwh ghfuhvfh txdqgr r qýphur gh proìfxodv
vh uhgx}1 Hvwd judqgh}d ì ghqrplqdgd suhvvær +R, h uhvxowd gdv frolvøhv
prohfxoduhv1 H{lvwh xp srqwr/ hqwuhwdqwr/ dedl{r gr txdo d glplqxlêær gh
xpd proìfxod surgx} xpd suhvvær ghvfrqwðqxd1 Lvwr rfruuh txdqgr r olyuh
fdplqkr pìglr gdv proìfxodv/ d glvwåqfld pìgld shufruulgd shodv proìfxodv

hqwuh gxdv frolvøhv vxfhvvlydv/ iru gd phvpd rughp gh judqgh}d gr phqru
frpsulphqwr vljqlfdqwh +r odgr gr uhflslhqwh qr fdvr frqvlghudgr,1 Hvwh
srqwr txh surgx} dowhudêær qr frpsruwdphqwr gr vlvwhpd ghwhuplqd r olp0
lwh lqihulru gr frqwðqxr/ ghwhuplqdqgr r olplwh dflpd gr txdo d klsöwhvh gr
frqwðqxr +glvwulexlêær frqwðqxd gd pdwìuld, srgh vhu dfhlwd1 Rv hihlwrv gh
ghvfrqwlqxlgdgh vær wdpeìp lpsruwdqwhv pdv qær vhuær wudwdgrv qhvwh wh{wr1
Sdud vxsohphqwdu d glvfxvvær gr frqfhlwr gr phlr frqwðqxr/ frqvlghuh
d sursulhgdgh pdvvd hvshfðfd +ghqvlw|, 4 ghqlgd frpr d pdvvd sru
xqlgdgh gh yroxph1 Vhmd BT xp yroxph duelwuäulr hp wruqr gh xp srqwr1
Xpd pdvvd gh pdwhuldo B6 hvwä frqwlgd qr lqwhulru gr yroxph1 Hvwd txdqwl0
gdgh shugh r vhqwlgr iðvlfr txdqgr r yroxph BT whqgh dr wdpdqkr gr olyuh
fdplqkr pìglr gdv proìfxodv1 Dvvlp/ h{lvwh xp gdgr yroxph fuðwlfr BTS
dedl{r gr txdo hvwd txdqwlgdgh shugh vhqwlgr qr frqwh{wr gr frqwlqxxp1
Lvwr shuplwh ghqlu d sursulhgdgh pdvvd hvshfðfd gr vhjxlqwh prgr=
B6
4 *4
BT <BTS BT
Dojxpdv rxwudv sursulhgdghv ghulydgdv gd pdvvd hvshfðfd vær=
yroxph hvshfðfr c txh ì r lqyhuvr gd pdvvd hvshfðfd= ' *4>
ghqvlgdgh +uhodwlyh ghqvlw|, 7c txh ì d ud}ær hqwuh d pdvvd hvshfðfd gh

xpd vxevwåqfld +4, h d pdvvd hvshfðfd gd äjxd sxud d e h .SS6M}
+4 ,= 7 ' 4*4 ' * / rqgh ' 4} ì r shvr hvshfðfr1
D whpshudwxud A +rx w, ì d sursulhgdgh txh shuplwh yhulfdu txdqgr

grlv frusrv rx grlv hohphqwrv dgmdfhqwhv gh xpd vxevwåqfld hvwær hp htxl0
oðeulr wìuplfr1 Ì xpd phglgd gd hqhujld flqìwlfd gh wudqvodêær gdv proìfx0
odv1 Hperud d whpshudwxud vhmd xpd sursulhgdgh edvwdqwh idploldu/ ì gliðflo
ghql0od srutxh wdo ghqlêær ghyh vhu lqgluhwd/ dwudyìv gr frqfhlwr gh ljxdo0
gdgh gh whpshudwxudv1
Fdpsr hoìwulfr/ fdpsr pdjqìwlfr/ uhvlvwíqfld/ srsxodêær/ wd{d gh mxurv
vær wdpeìp h{hpsorv/ ghqwuh rxwurv/ gh txdqwlgdghv gh lqwhuhvvh ghshqghqgr
gr sureohpd wudwdgr1
5151 QRÊØHV GH FÄOFXOR WHQVRULDO 58
515 Qrêøhv gh Fäofxor Whqvruldo

Qr hvwxgr grv fdpsrv hqfrqwudp0vh wuív wlsrv gh txdqwlgdghv= hvfdoduhv/
yhwruldlv h whqvruldlv1 Jhqhulfdphqwh/ xp whqvru ì xp frqmxqwr rughqdgr gh
? txdqwlgdghv/ gljdprv E6 c 62 c c 6? 1 Xp whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp hq0
yroyh qryh frpsrqhqwhv/ rqgh fdgd frpsrqhqwh ì uhsuhvhqwdgd sru hvfdoduhv/
h vxujh hp fdpsrv gh judqgh}dv wdlv frpr whqvær h ghirupdêær1 Pxlwdv
judqgh}dv iðvlfdv/ frpr iruêd/ yhorflgdgh h dfhohudêær/ rfruuhp hp frqmxqwrv
rughqdgrv gh wuív txdqwlgdghv h ghyhp vhu uhsuhvhqwdgdv sru xp whqvru gh
sulphlud rughp/ frpxphqwh ghqrplqdgr yhwru1 Qr fdvr gd yhorflgdgh/ sru
h{hpsor/ fdgd xp grv wuív frpsrqhqwhv hvfdoduhv uhsuhvhqwd r pögxor gdv
frpsrqhqwhv hp wuív gluhêøhv pxwxdphqwh ruwrjrqdlv1 Sruwdqwr/ xp yhwru
srvvxl wdqwr pögxor txdqwr gluhêær1 Txdqwlgdghv wdlv frpr whpshudwxud/
frqfhqwudêær/ yroxph/ pdvvd h hqhujld vær judqgh}dv hvfdoduhv/ txh vær whq0
vruhv gh rughp }hur1 Xpd glvwulexlêær ghvwdv txdqwlgdghv +hvfdoduhv/ yhwruhv
h whqvruhv, ghvfulwd hp whuprv gdv frrughqdgdv hvsdfldlv h whpsrudlv frqvwl0
wxl xp fdpsr1 Qhvwd vhêær dsuhvhqwduhprv euhyhphqwh dv qrêøhv eävlfdv gh
fäofxor whqvruldo qhfhvväuldv sdud lqwurgx}lu dv ohlv gh frqvhuydêær/ hvwdqgr
edvhdgd qdv uhihuíqfldv ^8/ 9/ :`1
51514 Yhwruhv hp vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv

ruwrjrqdlv
Hp sulphlur oxjdu/ rv yhwruhv irudp lqwurgx}lgrv qd pdwhpäwlfd shorv iðvlfrv
sdud uhsuhvhqwdu txdqwlgdghv frp gluhêær/ frpr sru h{hpsor/ ghvorfdphqwr/
yhorflgdgh h iruêd1 Hvwdv vær dv hvsìflhv gh yhwruhv pdlv idplolduhv h pdlv
vlpsohv/ dshvdu gr idwr grv yhwruhv vhuhp pxlwr pdlv jhudlv gr txh lvvr1 Qr
vlvwhpd wulglphqvlrqdo gh frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv ruwrjrqdlv srgh0vh dvvr0
fldu d xp yhwru @ +ghqrwdgr vhpsuh hp qhjulwr, gr hvsdêr xp frqmxqwr gh
wuív hvfdoduhv1 Vhmd/ sruwdqwr/ i c i2 h i rv yhwruhv xqlwäulrv qdv gluhêøhv grv
hl{rv ruwrjrqdlv % c %2 h % +rx %c +c 5,c uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Dv frpsrqhqwhv gh
xp yhwru @ vær gdgdv sru
@ ' i @( @2 ' i2 @( @ ' i @
Gh prgr htxlydohqwh/ r yhwru @ srgh vhu uhsuhvhqwdgr hp whuprv gh vxdv

frpsrqhqwhv frpr
@ ' @ i n @2 i2 n @ i ' @= i=
Doìp glvvr/ frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv ruwrjrqdlv gær ruljhp d iöupxodv pxlwr

vlpsohv sdud rxwudv txdqwlgdghv xvxdlv dvvrfldgdv d yhwruhv/ wdlv frpr=
*2
frpsulphqwr +pögxor, gh xp yhwru @ G m@m ' @ ' E@2 n @22 n @2 (
surgxwr hvfdodu hqwuh grlv yhwruhv=
@ ' @ ULt E@c ' @ n @2 2 n @ (
surgxwr yhwruldo=
@ ' E@= i= E i ' @= Ei= i ' "& @= i&
' E@2 @ 2 i n E@ @ i2 n E@ 2 @2 i
Revhuydêøhv hp uhodêær dr surgxwr yhwruldo=
d, r vðperor "& ghqrwd shupxwdêær hp uhodêær d c 2c / dvvxplqgr rv

ydoruhv c h f vh rv ðqglfhv c c & irupdp xpd shupxwdêær sdu/ ðpsdu
rx qær shupxwdp/ lvwr ì=
"2 ' "2 ' "2 ' n
"2 ' "2 ' "2 '
" ' "2 ' ' f
Dvvlp i i2 ' i ( i2 i ' i ( hwf>
e, r surgxwr yhwruldo qær ì frpxwdwlyr/ lvwr ì/ @ 9' @c h vlp dqwl0
frpxwdwlyr srlv @ ' @(
f, r surgxwr yhwruldo frqgx} dr frqfhlwr gh äuhd rulhqwdgd= r pögxor gh
@ / txh ydoh @ mt? E@c m/ ì ljxdo ã äuhd gr sdudohorjudpr iru0
pdgr sru @ h D gluhêær gh @ srgh vhu xvdgd sdud glvwlqjxlu qr
sdudohorjudpr r vhx odgr srvlwlyr gr vhx odgr qhjdwlyr1
51515 Whqvru 0 Xpd wudqvirupdêær olqhdu

Qr txh vh vhjxh/ hvwdprv lqwhuhvvdgrv vrphqwh hp wudqvirupdêøhv gh yhwruhv
gr hvsdêr Hxfolghdqr wul0glphqvlrqdo qhoh phvpr1 Frqvlghuh A xpd wudqv0
irupdêær olqhdu txh wudqvirupd txdotxhu yhwru @= hp xp rxwur M= 1 Dvvlp
A@ ' M h A@2 ' M2
5151 QRÊØHV GH FÄOFXOR WHQVRULDO 5:
Vh A whp dv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv olqhduhv
A E@ n @2 ' A@ n A@2 h A Ek@ ' kA@ c
rqgh k ì xp hvfdodu duelwuäulr/ hqwær A ì fkdpdgd xpd wudqvirupdêær olqhdu1

Ì wdpeìp fkdpdgd gh whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp rx vlpsohvphqwh whqvru1
Djrud frqvlghuh xp whqvru A1 Sdud txdotxhu yhwru @/ M ' A@ ì xp yhwru
gdgr sru
M ' A@ ' @ Ai n @2 Ai2 n @ Ai ' @= Ai= c
h whp frpsrqhqwhv
K ' M i ' @ i Ai n @2 i Ai2 n @ i Ai (

K2 ' M i2 ' @ i2 Ai n @2 i2 Ai2 n @ i2 Ai (
K ' M i ' @ i Ai n @2 i Ai2 n @ i Ai c
rx vlpsohvphqwh K= ' @ i= Ai / dgrwdqgr0vh d frqyhqêær gh vrpd gr ðqglfh

pxgr 1 Frpr A ' i Ai c A2 ' i2 Ai c A2 ' i Ai2 c hwf/ srgh0vh
dlqgd uh0hvfuhyhu r yhwru M frpr
K ' A @ n A2 @2 n A @ (

K2 ' A2 @ n A22 @2 n A2 @ (
K ' A @ n A2 @2 n A @ c
rx vlpsohvphqwh K= ' A @ Srgh0vh dlqgd/ xvdqgr d qrwdêær pdwulfldo/ h{0

suhvvdu M frpr 5 6 5 65 6
K A A2 A @
9 : 9 :9 :
7 K2 8 ' 7 A2 A22 A2 87 @2 8
K A A2 A @
Qhvwh fdvr/ d pdwul}
5 6
A A2 A
9 :
7 A2 A22 A2 8 ' dAo ' dA o
A A2 A
ì ghqrplqdgd pdwul} gr whqvru A frp uhvshlwr dr frqmxqwr gh yhwruhv xqlwäulrv

ii c i2 c i j Lvwr vljqlfd txh dv frpsrqhqwhv gh A ghshqghp gr vlvwhpd gh
frrughqdgdv dwudyìv grv yhwruhv edvh xqlwäulrv ii c i2 c i j Revhuyh dlqgd
txh d sulphlud froxqd ghvwd pdwul} uhsuhvhqwd dv frpsrqhqwhv gr yhwru Ai /
5; FDSÐWXOR 51 IXQGDPHQWRV
d vhjxqgd froxqd dv frpsrqhqwhv gr yhwru Ai2 h d whufhlud froxqd dv frp0

srqhqwhv gr yhwru Ai / lvwr ì/ Ai= ' A i c rx vhmd=
Ai ' A i n A2 i2 n A i ' A i (

Ai2 ' A2 i n A22 i2 n A2 i ' A 2 i (
Ai ' A i n A2 i2 n A i ' A i
Fdeh dlqgd uhohpeudu dv vhjxlqwhv ghqlêøhv h rshudêøhv hqwuh whqvruhv=
vrpd hqwuh grlv whqvruhv A h V= EA n V @ ' A@ n V@c ;@>

surgxwr hqwuh grlv whqvruhv A h V= EAV @ ' A EV@ h
EVA @ ' V EA@ c ;@>
whqvru lghqwlgdgh == W@ ' @c ;@>
wudqvsrvwd gh xp whqvru= @ EAM ' M EA| @ c ;@c M>
whqvru ruwrjrqdo "= m"@m ' m@m c ;@ , "| " ' ""| ' W>
surgxwr @M ì r whqvru txh wudqvirupd U gh dfrugr frp d uhjud
E@M U ' @ EM U c ;@c Mc U1
51516 Fdpsr hvfdodu h judglhqwh gh xpd ixqêær hvfdodu

Ydprv uhohpeudu/ lqlfldophqwh/ r frqfhlwr gh ghulydgd1 Xpd ghulydgd ì xpd
wudqvirupdêær olqhdu1 Qd yhugdgh/ xpd ghulydgd ì vlfdphqwh xpd ud}ær gh
yduldêær hqwuh xpd txdqwlgdgh hp uhodêær d rxwud1 Dvvlp/ sdud xpd yduldêær
qlwd {%c
_ s E% s E% n {% sE%
s E% ' ' *4
_% {%<f {%
Vh sE% ì hvfdodu s E% wdpeìp ì1 Vh sE% ì yhwru s E% wdpeìp ì/ hwf1
Frqvlghuh djrud xpd ixqêær gh ydoru hvfdodu ' E gr yhwru srvlêær
1 Lvwr vljqlfd txh sdud fdgd srvlêær / iruqhfh xp ydoru hvfdodu uhodwlyr
ãtxhod srvlêær/ wdo frpr ghqvlgdgh/ whpshudwxud rx dlqgd srwhqfldo hoìwulfr
qr srqwr1 Dvvlp/ shor ghqlgr dqwhulruphqwh/ uhsuhvhqwd xp fdpsr hv0
fdodu1 Dvvrfldgr dr fdpsr hvfdodu/ h{lvwh xp fdpsr yhwruldo gh frqvlghuäyho
lpsruwåqfld/ ghqrplqdgr judglhqwh gh R judglhqwh gh qxp srqwr ì
ghqlgr frpr r yhwru/ ghqrwdgr sru 3/ wdo txh vhx surgxwr hvfdodu frp _
iruqhfh d glihuhqêd hqwuh rv ydoruhv gr hvfdodu hp n _ h / lvwr ì/
_ ' E n _ E 3 _
5151 QRÊØHV GH FÄOFXOR WHQVRULDO 5<
Ghqrwh djrud sru _% d pdjqlwxgh gh _ h i r yhwru xqlwäulr qd gluhêær gh

Y
Y% i Revhuyh txh i ' _ *_% Frp lvwr/ d htxdêær dqwhulru iruqhfh
# $
_
' 3 i
_% qd gluhêær gh i
Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ d frpsrqhqwh gh 3 qd gluhêær gh i iruqhfh d ydul0

dêær gh qdtxhod gluhêær +ghulydgd gluhflrqdo,1 Gh irupd dqäorjd/ srgh0vh
ghgx}lu dv vhjxlqwhv h{suhvvøhv=
# $
_ Y
' 3 i ' E3 (
_% qd gluhêær gh i Y%
# $
_ Y
' 3 i2 ' E32 (
_% qd gluhêær gh i2 Y%2
# $
_ Y
' 3 i ' E3 c
txh uhsuhvhqwdp dv frpsrqhqwhv fduwhvldqdv gh 3/ lvwr ì=

Y Y Y Y
3 ' i n i2 n i ' i=
Y% Y%2 Y% Y%=
Gdv ghqlêøhv gh ghulydgd h gh judglhqwh/ ì idflo yhu txh r judglhqwh ì d
h{suhvvær pdwhpäwlfd txh uhsuhvhqwd dv wd{dv gh yduldêær gh xpd txdqwlgdgh
rx gh xp fdpsr hvfdodu qdv gluhêøhv fruuhvsrqghqwhv ãv frrughqdgdv1 Sdud
txdotxhu vxshuiðflh qd txdo r ydoru gh ì frqvwdqwh/ _ ' f sdud txdotxhu
_ wdqjhqwh ã vxshuiðflh1 Hqwær 3 _ ' fc gh prgr txh 3 ì qrupdo ã
vxshuiðflh rqgh ì frqvwdqwh1 Hp frqwudsduwlgd/ _ ì pdlru vh _ ì qrupdo
ã vxshuiðflh rqgh ì frqvwdqwh1
51517 Fdpsr yhwruldo h judglhqwh gh xp fdpsr yhwru0

ldo
Frqvlghuh djrud xpd ixqêær gh ydoru yhwruldo ' E gr yhwru srvlêær 1
Lvwr vljqlfd txh/ sdud fdgd srvlêær / iruqhfh xp ydoru yhwruldo uhodwlyr
ãtxhod srvlêær/ wdo frpr rv fdpsrv gh ghvorfdphqwr h yhorflgdgh1 Dvvrfldgr
dr fdpsr yhwruldo/ h{lvwh xp fdpsr whqvruldo gh frqvlghuäyho lpsruwåqfld/
ghqrplqdgr judglhqwh gh R judglhqwh gh qxp srqwr ì ghqlgr frpr
r whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp/ ghqrwdgr sru 3/ wdo txh vhx rshudqgr hp _
iruqhfh d glihuhqêd hqwuh rv ydoruhv gh hp n _ h / lvwr ì/
_ ' E n _ E E3 _
Gr phvpr prgr ihlwr qd vhêær dqwhulru/ frp _% ' m_ m h i ' _ *_% rewìp0vh
# $
_
' E3 i
_% qd gluhêær gh i
Dvvlp/ r whqvru E3 wudqvirupd xp yhwru xqlwäulr i qxp yhwru txh ghvfuhyh
d yduldêær gh qdtxhod gluhêær1 Frpr
# $
_ Y
' E3 i c
hqwær/ hp frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv/

Y Y Ei Y
E3 ' i E3 i ' i ' '
Y% Y% Y%
Gh xp prgr jhudo
# $
_ Y
' E3 i
h
Y Y Ei= Y=
E3 ' i= E3 i ' i= ' '
Y% Y% Y%
Srgh0vh hqwær hvfuhyhu d pdwul} ghvwh whqvru frpr
5 Y Y Y 6
Y% Y%2 Y%
d3o ' 9 Y
7 Y%2
Y2
Y%2
Y2 :
Y% 8
Y Y Y
Y% Y%2 Y%
D lqwhusuhwdêær jhrpìwulfd sdud r whqvru gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo ì dsuh0

vhqwdgd dtxl frp r dx{ðolr gr h{hpsor gd flqhpäwlfd gd ghirupdêær gh xp
frusr frqiruph hvtxhpdwl}dgr qd Iljxud 5151 Vxsrqkd txh r frusr whqkd
xpd ghwhuplqdgd frqjxudêær hp vhx hvwdgr gh uhihuíqfld qr whpsr |f h
vriuh xpd pxgdqêd/ xp ghvorfdphqwr/ qr whpsr |1 Lvwr vljqlfd txh xp
srqwr pdwhuldo hp |f vriuh xp ghvorfdphqwr / sdvvdqgr sdud d srvlêær
Iljxud 515= Ghirupdêær hp xp frusr
' j n Ejc |1 Gr phvpr prgr/ xp srqwr hp j n _j vh dowhud sdud

d srvlêær n _ ' j n _j n Ej n _jc |1 Dvvlp/ d glvwåqfld hqwuh rv grlv
srqwrv qd frqjxudêær ghirupdgd hp | ì gdgd sru
_ ' _j n Ej n _jc | Ejc |
Qrwh txh d glihuhqêd Ejn_jc |Ejc | uhsuhvhqwd h{dwdphqwh r judglhqwh

gr fdpsr yhwruldo rshudqgr hp _j/ lvwr ì/
_ ' _j n E3 _j
Qhvwh fdvr/ 3 ì r whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp ghqrplqdgr judglhqwh gr ghvor0

fdphqwr +frp uhvshlwr d j,1 D pdwul} gh 3 frp uhvshlwr dr vlvwhpd gh
frrughqdgdv uhwdqjxoduhv fduwhvldqdv frp j ' f= i= h ' = i= ì=
5 Y Y Y 6
Yf Yf2 Yf
d3o ' 9 Y
7 Yf2
Y2
Yf2
Y2 :
Yf 8
Y Y Y
Yf Yf2 Yf
Revhuydêær 0 Ghulydgd Pdwhuldo=

Dsuryhlwdqgr d qrwdêær lqwurgx}lgd/ ì frqyhqlhqwh lqwurgx}lu r frqfhlwr
gh ghulydgd pdwhuldo= d wd{d qr whpsr gd yduldêær gh xpd txdqwlgdgh/ wdo
frpr whpshudwxud/ yhorflgdgh hwf1/ gh xpd sduwðfxod pdwhuldo ì frqkhflgd
frpr ghulydgd pdwhuldo/ ghqrwdgd sru ( E *(|1 Txdqgr d ghvfulêær pd0
whuldo rx odjudqjldqd ì xvdgd/ d txdqwlgdgh w dvvrfldgd ã sduwðfxod pdwhuldo
ì lghqwlfdgd shodv frrughqdgdv pdwhuldlv f c f2 h f h whpsr |/ lvwr ì/
w ' w Ef c f2 c f c |1 Qhvwh fdvr/
(w Yw
' mf {r
(| Y| =
Txdqgr d ghvfulêær hvsdfldo rx hxohuldqd ì xvdgd/ d txdqwlgdgh w ì lghqwl0
fdgd shodv frrughqdgdv hvsdfldlv % c %2 h % c txh orfdol}dp dv srvlêøhv grv
srqwrv {rv qr hvsdêr iðvlfr/ h whpsr |/ lvwr ì/ w ' w E% c %2 c % c |1 Vhjxqgr
hvwd ghvfulêær/ dv frrughqdgdv hvsdfldlv hvwær uhodflrqdgdv ãv frrughqdgdv
pdwhuldlv shor prylphqwr %= ' %= Ef c f2 c f c | Dvvlp/
(w Yw Yw Y% Yw Y%2 Yw Y% Yw
' mf= {r ' n n n m%= {r c
(| Y| Y% Y| Y%2 Y| Y% Y| Y|
rqgh Y%= *Y| vær rewlgrv frp ydoruhv {rv grv f= 1 Txdqgr r vlvwhpd uhwdq0
jxodu gh frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv ì xvdgr/ EY%= *Y| mf= {r iruqhfh d ìvlpd
frpsrqhqwh gr yhwru yhorflgdgh gd sduwðfxod1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d ghulydgd pdwhuldo
ì
(w Yw Yw Yw Yw
' n n n
(| Y| Y% Y%2 Y%
Yw
' n 3w
Y|
Qrwh txh/ vh d txdqwlgdgh w ì lqghshqghqwh gr whpsr h vh d yhorflgdgh
gd sduwðfxod ì shushqglfxodu d 3w +lvwr ì/ d sduwðfxod vh pryh dr orqjr gh
xpd wudmhwöuld rqgh w ì frqvwdqwh,/ hqwær (w*(| ' f frpr hvshudgr1 Doìp
glvvr/ (*(| ì xp rshudgru hvfdodu gh prgr txh d ghulydgd pdwhuldo gh xpd
yduläyho hvfdodu ì xpd txdqwlgdgh hvfdodu1
51518 Wudêr gh xp whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp

R wudêr gh txdotxhu whqvru @M/ txdlvtxhu txh vhmdp rv yhwruhv @ h M/ ì
ghqlgr frpr r hvfdodu gdgr sru
|o @M ' @ M
Doìp glvvr/ sdud txdlvtxhu hvfdoduhv k h q h yhwruhv U h _c ydoh d vhjxlqwh
uhodêær=
|o Ek@M n qU_ ' k |o @M n q |o U_
Id}hqgr @ ' @y iy h M ' Ky iy / whp0vh
|o @M ' @ K n @2 K2 n @ K ' @y Ky
' vrpd grv hohphqwrv gldjrqdlv gh d@Moi
Frpr txdotxhu whqvru gh vhjxqgd rughp A srgh vhu hvfulwr frpr A '
A iy i / r wudêr gh A srgh vhu rewlgr vlpsohvphqwh frpr
|o A ' |o EA iy i ' A |o Eiy i ' A B

' A ' A n A22 n A
51519 Glyhujíqfld gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo h glyhujíqfld

gh xp fdpsr whqvruldo
Vhmd @ E xp fdpsr yhwruldo1 R glyhujhqwh gh @ E ì ghqlgr frpr r fdpsr
hvfdodu gdgr shor wudêr gr judglhqwh gh @ E / lvwr ì=
_ @ ' 3 @ ' |o E3@
Frpr qr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv txh whprv xwlol}dgr rv hohphqwrv gd gldj0

Y@ c Y@2 h Y@ / hqwær
rqdo gr whqvru 3@ vær Y% Y%2 Y%
Y@ Y@2 Y@
_ @ ' 3 @ ' n n
Y% Y%2 Y%
Sdud xp fdpsr whqvruldo A/ r glyhujhqwh gh A ì ghqlgr frpr r fdpsr
yhwruldo wdo txh/ sdud txdotxhu yhwru @c d vhjxlqwh uhodêær ì yhulfdgd

E_ A @ _ A| @ |o A| E3@
Dv frpsrqhqwhv fduwhvldqdv gr yhwru _ A vær idflophqwh ghwhuplqdgdv

id}hqgr M _ A h vdehqgr txh 3iy ' fc gh prgr txh

Ky ' M iy ' _ A| iy |o A| E3iy
YA
' _ EA e f ' c
Y%
h/ sruwdqwr/
YA
_ A ' M ' iy
Y%
D glyhujíqfld gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo/ _ @ rx 3 @ / srgh vhu wdpeìp

ghqlgd sru
L
u @ ' *4 @_5
{T <f 7T 7
rqgh 7T ì r yroxph gd uhjlær l olplwdgd sru xpd vxshuiðflh 51 Fodud0

phqwh 7T frqwìp r srqwr rqgh d glyhujíqfld hvwä vhqgr fdofxodgd/ txdqgr
7T whqgh d }hur1 Ohpeudqgr d ghqlêær gh x{r gh @ txh sdvvd dwudyìv gd
vxshuiðflh 5 ]
@_5c
7
hqwær
L
@_5 +514,
7
uhsuhvhqwd r x{r wrwdo gh @ dwudyìv gh xpd vxshuiðflh ihfkdgd 51 Dvvlp/
d glyhujíqfld gh @ qxp srqwr ì r olplwh gr x{r uhvxowdqwh wrwdo txh vdl/
sru xqlgdgh gh yroxph/ txdqgr 5 whqgh dr srqwr1 Vh r yroxph hp wruqr gr
srqwr iru xpd irqwh rx xp vxplgrxur gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo @chqwær r x{r
gh @ glyhujluä rx frqyhujluä sdud r srqwr/ ghshqghqgr vh 3 @ ì srvlwlyr rx
qhjdwlyr1 Frqvhtxhqwhphqwh/ 3 @ gduä xpd phglgd gr yhwru lqwhqvlgdgh
gh irqwh rx vxplgrxur qr srqwr1
5151: Urwdflrqdo gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo

Vhmd @ E xp fdpsr yhwruldo1 R urwdflrqdo gh @ E ì ghqlgr frpr r fdpsr
yhwruldo gdgr shor surgxwr yhwruldo hqwuh r rshudgru judglhqwh h r yhwru @ E /
lvwr ì=

i i2 i

So, @ ' 3 @ ' oJ| @ ' Y%Y Y
Y%2
Y
Y%

@ @2 @

# $ # $ # $
Y@ Y@2 Y@ Y@ Y@ Y@2
' i n i2 n i
Y%2 Y% Y% Y% Y%2 Y%
R urwdflrqdo gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo srgh vhu wdpeìp ghqlgr sru
L
3 @ ' ?4@ *4 @_Uc
{7 <f 77
rqgh 77 ì d vxshuiðflh olplwdgd sru xpd fxuyd vlpsohv ihfkdgd h ?4@ ì r

yhwru xqlwäulr qrupdo dvvrfldgr d {7/ wdo txh d rulhqwdêær gr sodqr gh {7
gduä xp ydoru pä{lpr gh
L
@_h
77
Dtxl/ wdpeìp fd hylghqwh txh 77 frqwìp r srqwr rqgh r urwdflrqdo hvwä
vhqgr fdofxodgr/ txdqgr 77 whqgh d }hur1 D lqwhjudo dqwhulru ì d flufxodêær
gh @ hp wruqr gh 1 Dvvlp/ d lqwhqvlgdgh gh oJ| @ qxp srqwr ì r olplwh gd
flufxodêær sru xqlgdgh gh äuhd txdqgr d fxuyd whqgh dr srqwr/ rx vhmd/ d
lqwhqvlgdgh gd flufxodêær qr srqwr1 D flufxodêær srgh ghshqghu/ h ì r txh
jhudophqwh dfrqwhfh/ gd rulhqwdêær gr sodqr gh 1 R vhqwlgr gh oJ| @ ì r
vhqwlgr hp txh rfruuh d pä{lpd flufxodêær1 Hvwh frqfhlwr vhuä uhylvwr pdlv
dgldqwh1
5151; Whruhpdv Lqwhjudlv= Juhhq/ Jdxvv h Vwrnhv

Qhvwd vhêær lqwurgx}luhprv dojxpdv uhodêøhv lpsruwdqwhv hqwuh lqwhjudlv gh
olqkd/ gh vxshuiðflh h gh yroxph1 Dv uhihuíqfldv eävlfdv sdud hvwh whpd vær
^:/ 9`1
Hp sulphlur oxjdu ì frpxp uhihulu0vh d xpd fxuyd/ vreuh d txdo xpd
lqwhjudo ì dsolfdgd/ frpr xpd olqkd +qær qhfhvvduldphqwh uhwd, h ghqrplqdu
hvwd lqwhjudo dsolfdgd ã fxuyd gh lqwhjudo gh olqkd1 Sduwlfxodul}dqgr lqlfldo0
phqwh sdud r hvsdêr elglphqvlrqdo/ vhmd/ hqwær/ xpd fxuyd qr sodqr %+
frp dv htxdêøhv sdudpìwulfdv
+
% ' sE|
G c @ | Kc
+ ' }E|
rqgh s h } wíp sulphlud ghulydgd frqwðqxd1 Vxsrqkd txh h ' vær ixqêøhv
frqwðqxdv gh gxdv yduläyhlv/ fxmrv grpðqlrv frqwíp d fxuyd1 Hqwær d lqwhjudo
gh olqkd ]
d E%c +_% n 'E%c +_+o

ì ghqlgd sru
]K
d Es E|c }E|s E|_| n 'Es E|c }E|} E|_|o
@
Hperud qhvwd ghqlêær sduhêd txh hvwd lqwhjudo ghshqgd gr sduåphwur |c
srgh0vh prvwudu txh lvwr qær ì yhugdgh ghvgh txh d gluhêær dr orqjr gd
fxuyd/ fruuhvsrqghqwh d ydoruhv lqfuhphqwdgrv gr sduåphwur/ vhmd pdqwlgd

frqvwdqwh1 Orjr/ dv lqwhjudlv gh olqkd vær dsolfdgdv vreuh fxuydv gluhflrqdgdv
rx rulhqwdgdv1 Vh dlqgd ghqlprv xp yhwru U ' s E|i n }E|i2 frpr vhqgr
r yhwru srvlêær yduläyho gh xp srqwr E%c + hp / hqwær
_U _% _+
' i n i2 c
_| _| _|
rx/ pdlv vlpsohvphqwh qd irupd glihuhqfldo
_U ' _% i n _+ i2
Djrud/ wrpdqgr xp fdpsr yhwruldo @ frpr @ ' E%c + i n 'E%c + i2 /

whprv txh
@ _U ' E%c + _% n 'E%c + _+
h/ sruwdqwr/ ] ]
d E%c + _% n 'E%c + _+o ' @ _U
S S
Hp sduwlfxodu/ vh @ uhsuhvhqwd xp fdpsr gh iruêdv yduläyho djlqgr qxpd
sduwðfxod txh vh pryh dr orqjr gd fxuyd / vhqgr _U r ghvorfdphqwr lqql0
whvlpdo dvvrfldgr ã sduwðfxod/ hqwær @ _U uhsuhvhqwd r wudedokr lqqlwhvlpdo
uhdol}dgr qd sduwðfxod shod iruêd @ gxudqwh vhx ghvorfdphqwr1 Vrpdqgr0
U
vh/ rx lqwhjudqgr0vh/ wrgrv hvvhv wudedokrv lqqlwhvlpdlv rewìp0vh S @ _U1
Dvvlp/ hvwd lqwhjudo gh olqkd uhsuhvhqwd r wudedokr uhdol}dgr shod iruêd qr
prylphqwr gh xpd sduwðfxod dr orqjr gd fxuyd 1 U
Txdqgr d fxuyd ì ihfkdgd/ d lqwhjudo gh olqkd S @ _U vreuh d fxuyd
ihfkdgd ì fkdpdgd gh flufxodêær gr fdpsr yhwruldo @ dr uhgru gh 1
Hp sduwlfxodu/ vh @ uhsuhvhqwd xp fdpsr gh iruêdv/ hqwær d flufxodêær gh @
dr uhgru gh ì r wudedokr wrwdo uhdol}dgr shod iruêd @ qr wudqvsruwh gh xpd
sduwðfxod dr uhgru gd fxuyd ihfkdgd 1
Whruhpd gh Juhhq
Xp whruhpd txh uhodflrqd xpd lqwhjudo gh olqkd vreuh xpd fxuyd ihfkdgd
qxp sodqr frp xpd lqwhjudo gxsod vreuh d uhjlær frpsuhhqglgd qr lqwh0
ulru ghvwd fxuyd ì wudglflrqdophqwh dvvrfldgr dr pdwhpäwlfr lqjoív Jhrujh
Juhhq +4:<604;74,/ hperud r uhvxowdgr wlyhvvh vlgr rewlgr dqwhulruphqwh
shor pdwhpäwlfr dohpær Nduo Iulhgulfk Jdxvv +4:::04;88,1 R whruhpd gh
Juhhq srgh vhu hqxqfldgr gd vhjxlqwh irupd= vhmd xpd olqkd xqliruph/
5151 QRÊØHV GH FÄOFXOR WHQVRULDO 6:
vlpsohv/ ghqlqgr xpd fxuyd ihfkdgd qr sodqr %+ h vxsrqkd txh ghwhu0

plqd r olplwh gh xpd uhjlær elglphqvlrqdo 71 Frqvlghuh txh ì rulhqwdgd
vreuh 7 qr vhqwlgr dqwl0kruäulr1 Vxsrqkd txh h ' vær ixqêøhv frqwðqxdv
gh gxdv yduläyhlv/ whqgr ghulydgdv sdufldlv Y'*Y% h Y*Y+ frqwðqxdv hp 7
h Hqwær
] ]] # $
Y' Y
d E%c + _% n 'E%c + _+o ' _7
S Y% Y+
7
Qhvwd uhodêær/ r hohphqwr gh vxshuiðflh ì ghqrwdgr sru _7 E_%_+1

Revhuyh txh E%c + h 'E%c + srghp vhu vhpsuh frqvlghudgdv frpr dv
frpsrqhqwhv @ h @2 gh xp fhuwr fdpsr yhwruldo @ ' @ i n @2 i2 +dvvxplqgr
vlvwhpd fduwhvldqr ruwrjrqdo,/ fxmdv frpsrqhqwhv @ h @2 vær frqwðqxdv h
srvvxhp ghulydgdv sdufldlv frqwðqxdv1 Qhvwh fdvr/ r whruhpd gh Juhhq srgh
vhu uhhvfulwr frpr=
] ] ]] # $
Y@2 Y@
@ _U ' d@ _% n @2 _%2 o ' _7
S S Y% Y%2
7
Qrwh0vh hqwær txh r lqwhjudqgr gd lqwhjudo gh vxshuiðflh ì sru ghqlêær r

urwdflrqdo gr fdpsr yhwruldo @ hp frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv ruwrjrqdlv/ lvwr
ì=
Y@2 Y@
oJ| @ '
Y% Y%2
Xpd revhuydêær lpsruwdqwh qhvwh fdvr ì txh/ sdud xp fdpsr yhwruldo qr
sodqr/ r urwdflrqdo ghvwh fdpsr ì hvvhqfldophqwh xp hvfdodu h qær xp yhwru1
H{dplqhprv djrud r frqfhlwr gh x{r sdud yhwruhv qr sodqr1 Sdud yhwruhv
qr sodqr/ r x{r gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo @ dwudyìv gh xpd fxuyd ì
] ]
x' E@ ?f _S ' E@ _? c
S S
wrpdgd dr orqjr gd fxuyd / qær qhfhvvduldphqwh ihfkdgd dshvdu gh pxlwdv

dsolfdêøhv rfruuhuhp sdud xpd fxuyd ihfkdgd1 Doìp glvvr/ ?f ì d qrupdo
xqlwäuld ã fxuyd h _? ' ?f _S +yhu Iljxud 516,1 Vh _U ' _% i n _+ i2 c hqwær
_? ' _+ i _% i2 h
] ]
E@ _? ' E@ _+ @2 _%
S S
6; FDSÐWXOR 51 IXQGDPHQWRV
Iljxud 516= Fdpsrv yhwruldlv qr sodqr
Id}hqgr ' @2 h ' ' @ / xvdqgr r whruhpd gh Juhhq sdud @ h @2

vxflhqwhphqwh uhjxoduhv rewìp0vh=
] ]] # $ ]]
Y@ Y@2
E@ _? ' n _7 ' E u @ _7
S Y% Y+
7 7
Hvwd uhodêær ì fkdpdgd gh whruhpd gd glyhujíqfld qr sodqr1

Ydprv djrud hvwhqghu rv frqfhlwrv dqwhulruhv d yhwruhv qr hvsdêr wulgl0
phqvlrqdo1 Sru ghqlêær/ r x{r gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo @ dwudyìv gh xpd
vxshuiðflh 7 ì gdgr shod lqwhjudo gh vxshuiðflh
]]
x' @ _5
7
Qhvwd iöupxod/ 7 srgh vhu xpd vxshuiðflh dehuwd rx ihfkdgd1 Txdqgr 7 ì

xpd vxshuiðflh ihfkdgd/ lqwhjudlv ghvwh wlsr srghp vhu wudwdgdv sru phlr gr
whruhpd gh Jdxvv1
Whruhpd gh Jdxvv
R whruhpd gd glyhujíqfld/ wdpeìp fkdpdgr gh whruhpd gh Jdxvv hp
krphqdjhp dr uhqrpdgr pdwhpäwlfr dohpær Nduo Iulhgulfk Jdxvv/ hihwxd
xpd surixqgd frqh{ær hqwuh r glyhujhqwh h r x{r gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo
h uhsuhvhqwd xpd jhqhudol}dêær sdud r hvsdêr wulglphqvlrqdo gr whruhpd gh
5151 QRÊØHV GH FÄOFXOR WHQVRULDO 6<
Juhhq qr sodqr1 R txh vh vhjxh ì xp hqxqfldgr xp wdqwr lqirupdo gr

whruhpd1
Vhmd T xpd uhjlær gr hvsdêr wulglphqvlrqdo fxmr erugr 7 ì xpd vxshuiðflh
ihfkdgd elglphqvlrqdo/ glihuhqfläyho sru sduwhv/ h vhmd @ xp fdpsr yhwruldo
frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfläyho/ ghqlgr hp T h hp 71 Vh ? ì d qrupdo xqlwäuld
h{whulru ã vxshuiðflh 7/ hqwær
]]] ]]
3 @ _T ' @ ? _7
T 7
Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ d lqwhjudo vreuh xp yroxph gr glyhujhqwh gh xp fdpsr

yhwruldo ì r x{r gr fdpsr dwudyìv gd vxshuiðflh txh olplwd wdo yroxph1 Hp
sduwlfxodu/ vh r lqwhjudqgr gh xpd lqwhjudo wulsod srgh vhu h{suhvvr frpr r
glyhujhqwh gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo/ hqwær r ydoru gd lqwhjudo ghshqgh vrphqwh
grv yhwruhv qd vxshuiðflh txh frpsuhhqgh r yroxph1
Whruhpd gh Vwrnhv
Frqvlghuhprv djrud
U
r sureohpd gd flufxodêær gh xp yhwru qr hvsdêr1 D
lqwhjudo gh olqkd S @ _U vreuh d fxuyd ihfkdgd ì fkdpdgd gh flufxodêær
gr fdpsr yhwruldo @ dr uhgru gh 1 Wdo sureohpd ì wudwdgr yld xpd rxwud
jhqhudol}dêær gr whruhpd gh Juhhq/ d txdo ì dwulexðgd dr iðvlfr pdwhpäwlfr
luodqgív Jhrujh J1 Vwrnhv +4;4<04<36,/ h ì d htxdêær hvfdodu frqkhflgd frpr
whruhpd gh Vwrnhv1 Hvwh whruhpd uhodflrqd dv lqwhjudlv gh olqkd h gh
vxshuiðflh gl}hqgr txh r x{r gr urwdflrqdo gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo dwudyìv
gh xpd vxshuiðflh ì ljxdo ã lqwhjudo gh olqkd gd frpsrqhqwh wdqjhqfldo gr
fdpsr dsolfdgd qr olplwh gd vxshuiðflh1 Vhx hqxqfldgr lqirupdo ì r vhjxlqwh=
vhmd @ xp fdpsr yhwruldo fxmdv frpsrqhqwhv vær frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfäyhlv
hp xp frqmxqwr dehuwr frqwhqgr xpd vxshuiðflh 7 h vxd fxuyd gh frqwruqr
1 Orjr ]] ]
E3 @ ? _7 ' @ _U
S
7
Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ r whruhpd gh Vwrnhv gl} txh d flufxodêær gh xp fdpsr
yhwruldo dr uhgru gr frqwruqr gh xpd vxshuiðflh qr hvsdêr wulglphqvlrqdo ì
ljxdo dr x{r gr urwdflrqdo gr fdpsr dwudyìv gd vxshuiðflh1
Fdsðwxor 6
Ohlv gh Frqvhuydêær
R frpsruwdphqwr grv vlvwhpdv pdwhuldlv ì frqwurodgr sru ohlv iðvlfdv xqlyhu0

vdlv1 Srgh0vh gl}hu txh rv sulqfðslrv gh frqvhuydêær pdlv jhudlv/ txh hvwær
suhvhqwhv hp wrgr r oxjdu/ vær dv ohlv gh frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd/ dv ohlv gh frq0
vhuydêær gr prylphqwr +sxeolfdgdv sru Lvddf Qhzwrq hp 49;:, h d sulphlud
h vhjxqgd ohlv gd whuprglqåplfd1 Vxsrqgr txh d pdwìuld Qær srgh vhu gh0
vwuxðgd rx fuldgd h ghvsuh}dqgr d jhudêær lqwhuqd/ d h{shulíqfld prvwud txh
d txdqwlgdgh txh hqwud qxp hohphqwr gh yroxph 0 HY +txh vhuä ghqrplqdgr
srvwhulruphqwh gh yroxph gh frqwuroh, ì ljxdo ã txdqwlgdgh txh vdl pdlv d
txdqwlgdgh dfxpxodgd qr hohphqwr gh yroxph1 Hvfuhyhqgr hvwh sulqfðslr sru
phlr gh xpd htxdêær irupxodgd hp sdodyudv/ whp0vh
^@?|_@_e ^e ' ^@?|_@_e ^e n ^@?|_@_e @o6@5e?@_@

e?|o@ ?J .T r@ _J .T ?J .T
Hvwh sulqfðslr srgh vhu h{suhvvr wdpeìp hp whuprv gh wd{dv gh wudqvihuíqfld/

lvwr ì/
|@%@ _e e?|o@_@ ' |@%@ _e r@=_@ n |@%@ _e @S6,@SS

@J

_@ ^@?|_@_e _@ ^@?|_@_e _@ ^@?|_@_e
Hvwd htxdêær/ dojxpdv yh}hv ghqrplqdgd htxdêær gd yduldêær/ vh dsolfd hp

txdotxhu surfhvvr gh wudqvihuíqfld1 Sdud hvfuhyhuprv hvwd htxdêær hp whuprv
glihuhqfldlv ydprv ghqrwdu sru a r x{r gh xpd wðslfd txdqwlgdgh ghshq0
ghqwh 1 Sdud r hohphqwr glihuhqfldo prvwudgr qd Iljxud 614/ sdud r txdo
ghqrwdprv sru %c +c 5 dv gluhêøhv fduwhvldqdv ruwrjrqdlv sru vlpsolflgdgh/ r
x{r a% E%c +c 5/ txh ì d frpsrqhqwh gh a qd gluhêær %/ ì prvwudgr frpr
74
75 FDSÐWXOR 61 OHLV GH FRQVHUYDÊÆR
Iljxud 614= Edodqêr gh x{r qxp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo
hqwudqgr qd idfh gh äuhd _+_5 hqtxdqwr txh r x{r txh ghl{d d idfh rsrvwd
ì prvwudgr frpr a% E%c +c 5 n EYa% *Y% _% Hqwær/ r edodqêr ghvwh x{r ì
EYa% *Y% _%_+_5 vreuh d äuhd gd idfh1 Frqvlghudqgr dv frqwulexlêøhv qdv
rxwudv gxdv gluhêøhv h qrwdqgr txh _%_+_5 uhsuhvhqwd r yroxph gd uhjlær
frqvlghudgd/ rewìp0vh
edodqêr gh x{r Ya% Ya+ Ya5

' n n ' _ ac
sru xqlgdgh gh yroxph Y% Y+ Y5
txh iruqhfh d lqwhusuhwdêær iðvlfd gr rshudgru glyhujhqwh1

Qhvwd vhêær iduhprv xpd uhylvær grv sulqfðslrv gh frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd/
gr prylphqwr h gd hqhujld/ frphêdqgr frp vxdv irupdv pdlv eävlfdv/ whqgr
frpr edvh eleolrjuäfd d uhihuíqfld ^;`1 Ghgx}luhprv dv htxdêøhv sdud xp
hohphqwr xlgr h/ sdud vlpsolfdu d qrwdêær/ frqwlqxduhprv d ghqrwdu sru
%c +c 5 dv gluhêøhv fduwhvldqdv ruwrjrqdlv1
614 Htxdêær gd Frqwlqxlgdgh

Ghgx}luhprv d htxdêær glihuhqfldo sdud d frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd hp frrugh0
qdgdv uhwdqjxoduhv1 D ghgxêær ì ihlwd dsolfdqgr0vh r sulqfðslr gh frqvhuydêær
gd pdvvd d xp yroxph gh frqwuroh glihuhqfldo1 R yroxph gh frqwuroh hvfro0
klgr frqvlvwh hp xp fxer lqqlwhvlpdo frp odgrv gh frpsulphqwr _%/ _+ h
_5/ frqiruph prvwudgr qd Iljxud 6151
6141 HTXDÊÆR GD FRQWLQXLGDGH 76
Iljxud 615= Yroxph gh frqwuroh lqqlwhvlpdo 0 frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv
Xpd h{suhvvær hp sdodyudv gr sulqfðslr gh frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd ì=

5 6 5 6
wd{d gh h x{r uhvxowdqwh wd{d gh yduldêær gh pdvvd
9 : 9 :
7 dwudyìv gd 8n7 ghqwur gr 8 ' f
vxshuiðflh gh frqwuroh yroxph gh frqwuroh
Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ d pdvvd frqwlgd qr yroxph gh frqwuroh shupdqhfh lq0
yduldqwh1 D pdvvd ghqwur gr yroxph gh frqwuroh d txdotxhu lqvwdqwh ì r
surgxwr gd pdvvd sru xqlgdgh gh yroxph +4, h r yroxph _%_+_51 Dvvlp/ d
wd{d gh yduldêær gh pdvvd ghqwur gr yroxph gh frqwuroh +vhjxqgr whupr, ì
gdgd sru
Y4
_% _+ _5
Y|
Sdud fdofxoduprv r sulphlur whupr/ suhflvdprv frqvlghudu r x{r gh pdvvd
dwudyìv gh fdgd xpd gdv vhlv idfhv gd vxshuiðflh
U
gh frqwuroh/ ghqrwdgd sru
71 Lvwr vljqlfd txh suhflvdprv fdofxodu 4_5/ rqgh ì d yhorflgdgh
7
' i n i2 n i Sdud ghwhuplqduprv rv ydoruhv gdv sursulhgdghv hp
fdgd xpd gdv vhlv idfhv gd vxshuiðflh gh frqwuroh srghprv xvdu xpd h{sdqvær
gd vìulh gh Wd|oru gdv sursulhgdghv hp wruqr gr srqwr 1 Dvvlp/ 4 qd idfh
gluhlwd ì gdgr sru
# $ # $# $2
Y4 _% Y 24 _%
4m%n _% '4n n n
2 Y% 2 2- Y%2 2
Ghvsuh}dqgr rv whuprv gh rughp vxshulru/ rewhprv sdud dv idfhv gluhlwd h

hvtxhugd/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/
# $ # $# $ # $
Y4 _% Y4 _% Y4 _%
4m%n _% 4n ( 4m%3 _% 4n ' 4
2 Y% 2 2 Y% 2 Y% 2
H{suhvvær vhphokdqwh srgh vhu rewlgd sdud fdgd frpsrqhqwh gr yhwru yh0
orflgdgh1 Frp lvvr/ rv x{rv gh pdvvd dwudyìv gh fdgdUidfh gd vxshuiðflh gh
frqwuroh gr yroxph gh frqwuroh glihuhqfldo uhwdqjxodu + 4_5, vær=
7
% # $ &% # $ &
idfh hvtxhugd Y4 Y _% _%
' 4 _+_5
E% Y% Y% 2 2
% # $ # $&
Y4 Y
' 4 _+_5 n n4 _%_+_5(
2 Y% Y%
% # $ &% # $ &
idfh gluhlwd Y4 _% Y _%
' 4n n _+_5
En% Y% 2 Y% 2
% # $ # $&
Y4 Y
' 4 _+_5 n n4 _%_+_5(
2 Y% Y%
% # $ &% # $ &
idfh lqihulru Y4 Y _+ _+
' 4 _%_5
E+ Y+ Y+ 2 2
% # $ # $&
Y4 Y
' 4 _%_5 n n4 _%_+_5(
2 Y+ Y+
% # $ &% # $ &
idfh vxshulru Y4 Y _+ _+
' 4n n _%_5
En+ Y+ Y+ 2 2
% # $ # $&
Y4 Y
' 4 _%_5 n n4 _%_+_5(
2 Y+ Y+
% # $ &% # $ &
idfh srvwhulru Y4 _5 Y _5
' 4 _%_+
E5 Y5 2 Y5 2
% # $ # $&
Y4 Y
' 4 _%_+ n n4 _%_+_5(
2 Y5 Y5
6141 HTXDÊÆR GD FRQWLQXLGDGH 78
% # $ &% # $ &
idfh iurqwudo Y4 _5 Y _5
' 4n n _%_+
En5 Y5 2 Y5 2
% # $ # $&
Y4 Y
' 4 _%_+ n n4 _%_+_5
2 Y5 Y5
Hqwær/ lqwhjudqgr hp wrgd d vxshuiðflh gh frqwuroh rewìp0vh d wd{d gh h x{r

uhvxowdqwh dwudyìv gd vxshuiðflh gh frqwuroh/ lvwr ì=
]
4_5 '
7
+% # $ # $& % # $ # $& % # $ # $&,

Y4 Y Y4 Y Y4 Y
' n4 n n4 n n4 _%_+_5
Y% Y% Y+ Y+ Y5 Y5
% &
Y4 Y4 Y4
' n n _%_+_5
Y% Y+ Y5
Dvvlp/ d htxdêær glihuhqfldo sdud r sulqfðslr gh frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd

hp frrughqdgdv uhwdqjxoduhv ì=
Y4 Y4 Y4

n n ' f
Y% Y+ Y5
Hp qrwdêær yhwruldo/ r sulqfðslr gh frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd srgh vhu hvfulwr

frpr
Y4
3 4 n ' f
Y|
Xvdqgr d lghqwlgdgh 34 ' E34n43/ d htxdêær gd frqwlqxlgdgh srgh
vhu hvfulwd qd ghvfulêær hxohuldqd xvdqgr d ghqlêær gh ghulydgd pdwhuldo
frpr
(4
n 43 ' f
(|
Grlv fdvrv sduwlfxoduhv phuhfhp vhu phqflrqdgrv1 Xp fdvr sduwlfxodu
lpsruwdqwh ì txdqgr d pdvvd hvshfðfd ì frqvwdqwh/ lvwr ì/ qær ì xpd ixqêær
qhp gdv frrughqdgdv hvsdfldlv qhp gr whpsr/ uhvxowdqgr qd vlpsolfdêær
gd htxdêær gd frqwlqxlgdgh sdud
Y Y Y
n n 'f rx 3 ' f
Y% Y+ Y5
Lvwr vljqlfd/ qd suäwlfd/ txh txdqgr dv yduldêøhv gd pdvvd hvshfðfd vær

ghvsuh}ðyhlv/ r txh fruuhvsrqgh d dvvxplu txh r xlgr ì lqfrpsuhvvðyho/ r
fdpsr gh yhorflgdghv suhflvd whu glyhujíqfld qxod1 Xp rxwur fdvr sduwlfxodu
rfruuh txdqgr d pdvvd hvshfðfd ì lqghshqghqwh gr whpsr/ uhvxowdqgr hp
Y4 Y4 Y4 Y4
n n n 'f rx 3 4 ' f
Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
615 Ixqêær gh Fruuhqwh gh Iox{r

Ì frqyhqlhqwh srvvxlu xp phlr gh ghvfuhyhu frqflvdphqwh d irupd gh txdo0
txhu wlsr hvshfldo gh hvfrdphqwr1 Xpd ghvfulêær dghtxdgd ghyh uhwudwdu d
qrêær gr irupdwr gdv olqkdv gh x{r h d hvfdod gh yhorflgdgh hp srqwrv
uhsuhvhqwdwlyrv qr hvfrdphqwr1 Xp glvsrvlwlyr pdwhpäwlfr txh vhuyh d hvwh
sursövlwr ì d ixqêær gh fruuhqwh gh x{r/ xvxdophqwh ghqrwdgd sru 1 D
ixqêær gh fruuhqwh gh x{r/ rx vlpsohvphqwh ixqêær gh fruuhqwh/ ì ghqlgd
frpr xpd uhodêær hqwuh dv olqkdv gh x{r h r hqxqfldgr gr sulqfðslr gh
frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd1
Sdud xp hvfrdphqwr elglphqvlrqdo lqfrpsuhvvðyho qr sodqr %+/ r sulqfð0
slr gh frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd srgh vhu hvfulwr frpr
Y Y
n ' f
Y% Y+
Vh xpd ixqêær frqwðqxd E%c +c |/ ghqrplqdgd ixqêær gh fruuhqwh/ ì ghqlgd
gh irupd txh
Y Y
h c
Y+ Y%
hqwær d htxdêær gd frqwlqxlgdgh ì vdwlvihlwd h{dwdphqwh mä txh
Y Y Y 2 Y2
n ' ' f
Y% Y+ Y%Y+ Y+Y%
Revhuyh txh dv olqkdv gh x{r vær olqkdv wudêdgdv qr fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr
wdlv txh/ d xp gdgr lqvwdqwh gh whpsr/ hodv vær wdqjhqwhv ã gluhêær gr
hvfrdphqwr hp fdgd srqwr gr fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr +Iljxud 616,1 Dvvlp/
qær srgh kdyhu hvfrdphqwr dwudyìv gh xpd olqkd gh fruuhqwh1 Doìp glvvr/ d
wd{d gh hvfrdphqwr yroxpìwulfd hqwuh gxdv olqkdv gh fruuhqwh txdlvtxhu srgh
vhu h{suhvvd frpr d glihuhqêd hqwuh rv ydoruhv frqvwdqwhv gh txh ghqhp
dv gxdv olqkdv gh fruuhqwh1
6161 FLQHPÄWLFD 7:
Iljxud 616= Olqkdv gh fruuhqwh hp xp hvfrphqwr qr sodqr +5G,
616 Flqhpäwlfd
Dqwhv gh irupxoduprv rv hihlwrv gh iruêdv vreuh d prylphqwdêær grv xlgrv
+glqåplfd,/ frqvlghuduhprv d prylphqwdêær +flqhpäwlfd, gh xp hohphqwr
xlgr qxp fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr1 Frqvlghuh/ hqwær/ txh r hohphqwr lqql0
whvlpdo loxvwudgr qd Iljxud 615/ gh pdvvd _6c vh prylphqwd hp xp fdpsr gh
hvfrdphqwr +sru vlpsolflgdgh/ ghvfuhyhuhprv rv hihlwrv sdud r fdvr gr pryl0
phqwr qr sodqr %+,1 Xp grv hihlwrv pdlv öeylrv txh r hohphqwr srgh vriuhu ì
d wudqvodêær/ uhsuhvhqwdgd shor ghvorfdphqwr olqhdu gh xp srqwr %c +c 5 sdud
xp srqwr glihuhqwh % c + c 5 +Iljxud 617d,1 R hohphqwr srgh wdpeìp vriuhu
urwdêær +Iljxud 617e, rx vh ghirupdu1 D ghirupdêær srgh vhu vxeglylglgd
hp grlv wlsrv= olqhdu h dqjxodu1 D ghirupdêær olqhdu hqyroyh xpd pxgdqêd
qd irupd gr hohphqwr vhp pxgdqêd qd rulhqwdêær +Iljxud 617f,1 Sru rxwur
odgr/ d ghirupdêær dqjxodu hqyroyh d glvwruêær gr hohphqwr gh irupd txh
sodqrv ruljlqdophqwh shushqglfxoduhv qær pdlv shupdqhfhp shushqglfxoduhv
+Iljxud 617g,1 Qrv prylphqwrv gh wudqvodêær h urwdêær sxurv r hohphqwr
xlgr pdqwìp vxd irupd/ qær rfruuhqgr ghirupdêær1 Lvwr vljqlfd txh dv
whqvøhv gh flvdokdphqwr qær vh pdqlihvwdp qhvwhv prylphqwrv1
Hp sduwlfxodu/ d urwdêær gh xpd sduwðfxod gh xlgr/ ghqrwdgd sru l/ ì
ghqlgd frpr d yhorflgdgh dqjxodu pìgld gh grlv txdlvtxhu hohphqwrv gh
olqkd shushqglfxoduhv gd sduwðfxod1 Urwdêær ì/ sruwdqwr/ xpd judqgh}d yh0
wruldo h txdqgr xpd sduwðfxod vh prylphqwd qxp hvfrdphqwr wulglphqvlrqdo
jhqìulfr srgh jludu hp wruqr gh wrgrv rv wuív hl{rv frrughqdgrv1 Dvvlp/ hp
jhudo/
l ' l i n l 2 i2 n l i c
7; FDSÐWXOR 61 OHLV GH FRQVHUYDÊÆR
Iljxud 617= Frpsrqhqwhv gd flqhpäwlfd hp 5G
rqgh l y uhsuhvhqwd d urwdêær hp wruqr gr hl{r 1 R vhqwlgr srvlwlyr gh

urwdêær ì gdgr shod uhjud gd pær gluhlwd1 Sdud vh rewhu xpd h{suhvvær
pdwhpäwlfd sdud d urwdêær gr xlgr/ frqvlghuh r prylphqwr qr sodqr %+1
Dv frpsrqhqwhv gd yhorflgdgh hp fdgd srqwr qr fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr vær
gdgdv sru E%c + h E%c +1 Qd Iljxud 618/ txh uhsuhvhqwd d urwdêær gh xp
hohphqwr qxp fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr qr sodqr %+/ revhuyd0vh txh dv gxdv
olqkdv pxwxdphqwh shushqglfxoduhv J@ h JK jluduær sdud d srvlêær prvwudgd
qxp lqwhuydor gh whpsr 7| dshqdv vh dv yhorflgdghv qrv srqwrv @ h K iruhp
glihuhqwhv gd yhorflgdgh hp J1
Frqvlghuh/ hp sulphlur oxjdu/ d urwdêær gd olqkd J@ gh frpsulphqwr
{%1 D urwdêær ghvwd olqkd vh gä ghylgr d yduldêøhv gd frpsrqhqwh hp + gd
yhorflgdgh/ lvwr ì/ yduldêøhv hp 1 Vh d frpsrqhqwh hp + gd yhorflgdgh qr
srqwr J ì ghqrwdgd sru J / hqwær d frpsrqhqwh hp + gd yhorflgdgh qr srqwr
@ srgh vhu h{suhvvd xvdqgr0vh d vìulh gh Wd|oru/ ghvsuh}dqgr0vh rv whuprv gh
rughp vxshulru/ frpr
Y
' J n {%
Y%
6161 FLQHPÄWLFD 7<
Iljxud 618= Urwdêær gh xp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo hp xp hvfrdphqwr 5G1
Frp lvwr/ ì srvvðyho ghwhuplqdu d yhorflgdgh dqjxodu gd olqkd J@ frpr

E J {|*{% EY*Y% {%{|*{% Y
l J@ ' *4 ' *4 '
{|<f {| {|<f {| Y%
Gd phvpd irupd/ d urwdêær gd olqkd JK gh frpsulphqwr {+ vh gä ghylgr
d yduldêøhv gd frpsrqhqwh hp % gd yhorflgdgh/ lvwr ì/ yduldêøhv hp 1 Vh
d frpsrqhqwh hp % gd yhorflgdgh qr srqwr J ì ghqrwdgd sru J / hqwær d
frpsrqhqwh hp % gd yhorflgdgh qr srqwr K srgh vhu h{suhvvd xvdqgr0vh d
vìulh gh Wd|oru/ ghvsuh}dqgr0vh wdpeìp rv whuprv gh rughp vxshulru/ frpr
Y
' J n {+
Y+
h d yhorflgdgh dqjxodu gd olqkd JK ì gdgd sru
EJ {|*{+ EY*Y+ {+{|*{+ Y
l JK ' *4 ' *4 '
{|<f {| {|<f {| Y+
Dvvlp/ d urwdêær gh xp hohphqwr xlgr hp wruqr gr hl{r 5/ ghqrwdgd sru
l rx l 5 / frqvlvwh qd yhorflgdgh dqjxodu pìgld grv grlv hohphqwrv gh olqkd
pxwxdphqwh ruwrjrqdlv/ J@ h JK/ qr sodqr %+/ lvwr ì/
# $
Y Y
l ' l5 '
2 Y% Y+
Xp surfhglphqwr dqäorjr srgh vhu xvdgr sdud ghwhuplqdu dv urwdêøhv
qrv sodqrv +5 h %5 frqgx}lqgr d
# $ # $
Y Y Y Y
l ' l% ' h l2 ' l+ '
2 Y+ Y5 2 Y5 Y%
Dvvlp/ r yhwru urwdêær ì gdgr sru

%# $ # $ # $ &
Y Y Y Y Y Y
l' i n i2 n i
2 Y+ Y5 Y5 Y% Y% Y+
Revhuyh djrud txh r whupr hqwuh frofkhwhv uhsuhvhqwd r urwdflrqdo gr yhwru
yhorflgdghv 1 Dvvlp/

l' oJ| ' 3
2 2
R idwru *2 srgh vhu holplqdgr ghqlqgr0vh d txdqwlgdgh fkdpdgd yruwlfl0
gdgh/ // frpr r greur gd urwdêær=
/ ' 2l ' 3
Txdqgr r hvfrdphqwr qær dsuhvhqwd urwdêær hoh ì ghqrplqdgr luurwd0

flrqdo1 Qhvwh fdvr/ xpd ixqêær hvfdodu x ghyh h{lvwlu wdo txh r judglhqwh
gh x vhmd ljxdo dr yhwru yhorflgdgh1 Lvwr vh ghyh vlpsohvphqwh ã vhjxlqwh
lghqwlgdgh yhwruldo ixqgdphqwdo
oJ| E3x ' 3 3x ' fc
txh ì yäolgd vh x iru txdotxhu ixqêær hvfdodu srvvxlqgr sulphlud h vhjxqgd

ghulydgdv frqwðqxdv1 D ixqêær hvfdodu x ì ghqrplqdgd ixqêær srwhqfldo1
Sdud txh r vhqwlgr srvlwlyr gr hvfrdphqwr vhmd qd gluhêær ghfuhvfhqwh gh x
+gd phvpd irupd frpr d wudqvihuíqfld gh fdoru rfruuh qd gluhêær ghfuhvfhqwh
gd whpshudwxud,/ ghqh0vh
3x
Sdud xp hvfrdphqwr elglphqvlrqdo/ lqfrpsuhvvðyho h luurwdflrqdo sdud r
txdo
Y Y Y Y
n 'f h ' fc
Y% Y+ Y% Y+
srgh0vh hvfuhyhu/ xvdqgr dv ixqêøhv srwhqfldo h gh fruuhqwh/ dv vhjxlqwhv
htxdêøhv=
Y 2x Y 2 x Y 2 Y 2
n ' f h n 2 ' f
Y%2 Y+2 Y%2 Y+
Hvwdv htxdêøhv vær irupdv gd htxdêær gh Odsodfh/ frpxp hp pxlwdv äuhdv gd
flíqfld h hqjhqkduld1 Dvvlp/ txdotxhu ixqêær rx x txh vdwlvid} d htxdêær
gh Odsodfh uhsuhvhqwd xp fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr lqfrpsuhvvðyho luurwdflrqdo1
6171 HTXDÊÆR GR PRPHQWXP 84
Xpd txhvwær suäwlfd lpsruwdqwh gl} uhvshlwr ãv frqglêøhv qhfhvväuldv sdud

d rfruuíqfld gh xp hvfrdphqwr luurwdflrqdo1 Ì lqwxlwlyr txh xpd sduwðfxod
gh xlgr pryhqgr0vh vhp urwdêær hp xp fdpsr gh hvfrdphqwr qær srgh
ghvhqyroyhu urwdêær vre d dêær gh xpd iruêd gh frusr rx iruêdv qrupdlv
gh vxshuiðflh +suhvvær,1 Sdud lvwr ì qhfhvväulr d dêær gh xpd whqvær gh
flvdokdphqwr qd vxshuiðflh gd sduwðfxod1 Frpr d whqvær gh flvdokdphqwr ì
sursruflrqdo ã wd{d gh ghirupdêær dqjxodu/ hqwær d sduwðfxod txh hvwä lql0
fldophqwh vhp urwdêær qær luä ghvhqyroyhu xpd urwdêær vhp xpd ghirupdêær
dqjxodu vlpxowåqhd1 D whqvær gh flvdokdphqwr hvwä uhodflrqdgd ã wd{d gh gh0
irupdêær dqjxodu dwudyìv gd ylvfrvlgdgh1 Hp xp hvfrdphqwr ylvfrvr/ rqgh
judglhqwhv gh yhorflgdgh vh hqfrqwudp suhvhqwhv/ ì dowdphqwh lpsuryäyho txh
Y*Y% vhmd ljxdo hp pögxor h rsrvwr d Y*Y+ dr orqjr gh wrgr r fdpsr gh
hvfrdphqwr1 Dvvlp/ d suhvhqêd gh iruêdv ylvfrvdv vljqlfd txh r hvfrdphqwr
ì urwdflrqdo1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ d frqglêær gh luurwdflrqdolgdgh srgh vhu xpd vx0
srvlêær yäolgd sdud dv uhjløhv gh xp hvfrdphqwr qdv txdlv dv iruêdv ylvfrvdv
vær ghvsuh}ðyhlv1 D whruld sdud r hvfrdphqwr luurwdflrqdo ì ghvhqyroylgd hp
whuprv gh xp xlgr lghdol}dgr/ xlgr lghdo/ fxmd ylvfrvlgdgh ì qxod1 Hp
rxwudv sdodyudv/ wrgrv rv xlgrv uhdlv srvvxhp ylvfrvlgdgh1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ h{0
lvwhp vlwxdêøhv qdv txdlv d vxsrvlêær gh hvfrdphqwr qær ylvfrvr ohyd d xpd
frqvlghuäyho vlpsolfdêær qd dqäolvh h/ dr phvpr whpsr/ iruqhfh uhvxowdgrv
vljqlfdwlyrv1
617 Htxdêær gr Prphqwxp

D htxdêær txh ghvfuhyh d prylphqwdêær gh xlgrv ì rewlgd dsolfdqgr0vh d
vhjxqgd ohl gh Qhzwrq d xpd sduwðfxod1 Sdud ghgx}luprv d irupd glihuhqfldo
ghvwd htxdêær/ ghqrplqdgd htxdêær gr prphqwxp/ dsolfduhprv d vhjxqgd
ohl gh Qhzwrq d xp vlvwhpd lqqlwhvlpdo gh pdvvd _6/ frqgx}lqgr d
_6 ' _6 @
D ghwhuplqdêær gd dfhohudêær gr vlvwhpd srgh vhu rewlgd frqvlghudqgr0vh

d sduwðfxod xlgd vh pryhqgr hp xp fdpsr gh yhorflgdgh1 Lvwr qrv uhphwh ã
ghqlêær gh ghulydgd pdwhuldo/ ihlwd qd vhêær 715171 Dvvlp/ xvdqgr d ghvfulêær
hvsdfldo/ d dfhohudêær wrwdo gh xpd sduwðfxod/ ghqrwdgd sru @c ì gdgd sru

@ ' ((| ' YY% n YY+ n YY5 n Y c
Y|
~} ~} ~}
dfhohudêær dfhodudêær dfhohudêær
wrwdo frqyhfwlyd orfdo
fxmdv frpsrqhqwhv hp fdgd gluhêær vær gdgdv sru
( Y Y Y Y
@% ' ' n n n (
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
( Y Y Y Y
@+ ' ' n n n (
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
( Y Y Y Y
@5 ' ' n n n
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
Lvwr vljqlfd txh xpd sduwðfxod gh xlgr pryhqgr0vh hp xp fdpsr gh hv0
frdphqwr srgh vriuhu xpd dfhohudêær wdqwr sru frqwd gr vhx prylphqwr
+dfhohudêær frqyhfwlyd, txdqwr ghylgr ã yduldêær gr fdpsr gh yhorflgdghv
frp r whpsr= hod srgh vhu dfhohudgd srutxh vriuhx frqyhfêær sdud xpd
uhjlær gh yhorflgdgh pdlv dowd +rx pdlv edl{d,/ frpr ì r fdvr/ sru h{hpsor/
gr hvfrdphqwr shupdqhqwh dwudyìv gh xp erfdo txh suryrfd xpd dfhohudêær
qd sduwðfxod ã phglgd txh hod fdplqkd qr erfdo1 Sru rxwur odgr/ vh r hvfrd0
phqwr iru qær0shupdqhqwh/ xpd sduwðfxod gh xlgr vriuhuä xpd dfhohudêær
orfdo srutxh r fdpsr gh yhorflgdghv ì xpd ixqêær gr whpsr1
Srgh0vh hvfuhyhu/ hqwær/ d vhjxqgd ohl gh Qhzwrq frpr d htxdêær yhwruldo
# $
( Y Y Y Y
_6 ' _6 ' n n n _6
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
fxmdv frpsrqhqwhv vær
% &
( Y Y Y Y
_8% ' _6 ' _6 n n n (
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
% &
( Y Y Y Y
_8+ ' _6 ' _6 n n n (
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
% &
( Y Y Y Y
_85 ' _6 ' _6 n n n
(| Y% Y+ Y5 Y|
R whupr gh iruêd/ _6/ srgh vhu h{suhvvr hp whuprv gdv iruêdv gh vx0
shuiðflh h gh frusr txh dwxdp qr hohphqwr _6 Frqvlghuh lqlfldophqwh dv
6171 HTXDÊÆR GR PRPHQWXP 86
Iljxud 619= Whqvøhv qd gluhêær { vreuh xp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo1
frpsrqhqwhv gd iruêd qd gluhêær % txh dwxdp qxp hohphqwr glihuhqfldo gh

pdvvd _6 h yroxph _T ' _%_+_51 Dshqdv dv whqvøhv txh dwxdp qd gluhêær
% gduær ruljhp ãv iruêdv gh vxshuiðflh qd gluhêær %1 Vh dv whqvøhv qr fhqwur
gr hohphqwr glihuhqfldo iruhp wrpdgdv frpr j%% / +% h 5% / hqwær dv whqvøhv
dwxdqgr qd gluhêær % hp fdgd idfh gr hohphqwr/ rewlgdv dwudyìv gd h{sdqvær
hp vìulh gh Wd|oru hp wruqr gr fhqwur gr hohphqwr/ vær dv prvwudgdv qd
Iljxud 6191
Dvvlp/ d uhvxowdqwh gdv iruêdv gh vxshuiðflh qd gluhêær %/ ghqrwdgd sru
_87% c ì # $
Yj%% Y +% Y 5%
_87% ' n n _%_+_5
Y% Y+ Y5
Vh d iruêd gh frusr sru xqlgdgh gh pdvvd iru ghvljqdgd sru ' % i n
+ i2 n 5 i / hqwær d frpsrqhqwh gd iruêd gh frusr qd gluhêær %/ _8% / ì
gdgd sru _8% ' % _6 ' % 4_T 1 Hqwær/ d iruêd uhvxowdqwh qd gluhêær % ì
gdgd sru
# $
Yj%% Y +% Y 5%
_8% ' _87% n _8% ' 4% n n n _%_+_5
Y% Y+ Y5
Surfhglphqwr dqäorjr srgh vhu ihlwr sdud ghgx}lu dv iruêdv uhvxowdqwhv qdv
gluhêøhv + h 5/ frqgx}lqgr d=
# $
Y %+ Yj++ Y 5+
_8+ ' _87+ n _8+ ' 4+ n n n _%_+_5(
Y% Y+ Y5
# $
Y %5 Y +5 Yj55
_85 ' _875 n _85 ' 45 n n n _%_+_5
Y% Y+ Y5
Ghwhuplqdgdv/ hqwær/ dv iruêdv dwxdqwhv qr hohphqwr xlgr h vxd dfho0
hudêær/ dv htxdêøhv glihuhqfldlv gr prylphqwr hp fdgd gluhêær vær gdgdv
sru
# $
Yj%% Y +% Y 5% Y Y Y Y
4% n n n ' 4 n n n (
Y% Y+ Y5 Y| Y% Y+ Y5
# $
Y %+ Yj++ Y 5+ Y Y Y Y
4+ n n n ' 4 n n n (
Y% Y+ Y5 Y| Y% Y+ Y5
# $
Y %5 Y +5 Yj55 Y Y Y Y
45 n n n ' 4 n n n
Y% Y+ Y5 Y| Y% Y+ Y5
Hvwdv htxdêøhv/ wdpeìp ghqrplqdgdv htxdêøhv gh prylphqwr gh Fdxfk|/
ghyhp vhu vdwlvihlwdv txdotxhu txh vhmd r phlr frqwðqxr hp prylphqwr/ vhmd
hoh vöolgr rx oðtxlgr1 Vh hvfuhyhprv r whqvru gh whqvær qd irupd
5 6
j%% %+ %5
A ' dA o ' dA% A+ A5 o ' 9
7 +% j++ +5 :
8c
5% 5+ j55
dv htxdêøhv gh edodqêr gh txdqwlgdgh gh prylphqwr srghp vhu hvfulwdv gh
irupd frpsdfwd frpr
_A n 4 ' 4@
rx/ h{solflwdqgr fdgd frpsrqhqwh/ frpr
YA
n 4= ' 4@=
Y%
Htxdêøhv gh frqvhydêær gd txdqwlgdgh gh prylphqwr=
_A n 4 ' 4@
rx/ h{solflwdqgr fdgd frpsrqhqwh/ frpr
YA
n 4= ' 4@=
Y%
6181 HTXDÊÆR GD HQHUJLD 88
Qrwh txh d htxdêær dflpd ì yäolgd sdud txdotxhu pdwhuldo1 Ì qhfhvväulr

djrud id}hu xvr gdv htxdêøhv frqvwlwxwlydv sdud fhuwdv fodvvhv gh pdwhuldo1
Yhmd r Fdsðwxor 7 pdlv d iuhqwh1 Dtxl derugduhprv rv fdvrv gh pdwhuldlv txh
whqkdp uhodêøhv olqhduhv hqwuh r whqvru gh whqvøhv h dv wd{dv gh yduldêær gh
1
Sdud xp vöolgr hoävwlfr krrnhdqr ydoh d uhodêær
Y
A 'A ' , 3 ' ,
Y%
frp r ghvorfdphqwr h , xpd frqvwdqwh txh ghshqgh gr pdwhuldo +pögxor

gh hodvwlflgdgh,1 Vxevwlwxlqgr qd htxdêær gh frqvhuydêær rewìp0vh
Y
. _3 n 4 ' 4@ '4
Y|
Sdud xp xlgr Qhzwrqldqr ydoh d uhodêær
Y
A 'A ' >3nRW ' > n RB
Y%
frp B r ghowd gh Nurqhfnhu/ R d suhvvær klgurvwäwlfd/ d yhorflgdgh h > xpd

frqvwdqwh txh ghshqgh gr pdwhuldo +ylvfrvlgdgh,1 Vxevwlwxlqgr qd htxdêær
gh frqvhuydêær whp0vh
Y
> _3 n 3R n 4 ' 4@ '4 n 4E 3
Y|
Qdv gxdv htxdêøhv gh frqvhuydêær uhvxowdqwhv rv whuprv gr odgr hvtxhugr
uhsuhvhqwdp dv iruêdv sru xqlgdgh gh yroxph txh fdxvdp dv dfhohudêøhv
txh hvwær uhsuhvhqwdgdv gr odgr gluhlwr/ h txh vær dv wd{dv gh yduldêær gr
prphqwr olqhdu sru xqlgdgh gh yroxph1
618 Htxdêær gd Hqhujld

Qrv surfhvvrv gh wudqvihuíqfld txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu dv uhodêøhv hqwuh x{rv
h lqwhqvlgdgh gh fdpsr hp whuprv gdv sursulhgdghv gr fdpsr/ sursulhgdghv
iðvlfdv grv phlrv h gdv glphqvøhv gh hvsdêr h whpsr1 D Whuprglqåplfd ì
d flíqfld txh frqvlghud d frqyhuvær h d wudqvihuíqfld gh hqhujld1 D Whu0
prglqåplfd Foävvlfd +rx pdfurvföslfd, edvhld0vh hp revhuydêøhv h vxdv ohlv
irudp ghvhqyroylgdv lqgxwlydphqwh1 D sulphlud ohl gd Whuprglqåplfd

ì xp hqxqfldgr gh frqvhuydêær gd hqhujld sdud xpd txdqwlgdgh {d gh
pdwìuld/ lvwr ì/
B' n B` ' _.
R wudedokr ` / xpd gdv txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv wudqvihulgdv gxudqwh xp
surfhvvr whuprglqåplfr/ ì ghqlgr shod phfåqlfd hohphqwdu frpr vhqgr d
iruêd 6 txh dwxd dwudyìv gh xp ghvorfdphqwr / rqgh ì srvlwlyr qr vhqwlgr
gd iruêd1 Dvvlp/ hoh vö whp vhqwlgr gxudqwh r ghvorfdphqwr/ r txh vljqlfd
txh r vlvwhpd qær srvvxl wudedokr sru vl vö1 Doìp glvvr/ hoh ghshqgh gd
fdxvd gd wudqvihuíqfld/ vhqgr xpd ixqêær gd wudmhwöuld1 Sru fdxvd ghvwd
fdudfwhuðvwlfd/ xp lqfuhphqwr gh wudedokr srgh vhu ghvljqdgr sru B` / hp
yh} gh _` / mä txh _` lpsolfd hp glihuhqfldo h{dwd/ d txdo ì yäolgd vrphqwh
qr fdvr gh ixqêøhv lqghshqghqwhv gd wudmhwöuld1
R fdoru ' ì rxwud irupd gh hqhujld lpsruwdqwh qrv surfhvvrv gh wudqv0
ihuíqfld h ì ghqlgr hp whuprv gh whpshudwxud= r fdoru ì d hqhujld txh vh
wudqvihuh dwudyìv grv frqwruqrv gh xp vlvwhpd txh lqwhudjh frp r dpelhqwh/
hp yluwxgh gh xpd glihuhqêd gh whpshudwxud1 Frpr r wudedokr/ r fdoru qær
id} sduwh gr vlvwhpd h vö whp vljqlfdgr gxudqwh r surfhvvr1
D hqhujld . uhsuhvhqwd wrgd d hqhujld gh xp vlvwhpd qxp gdgr hvwdgr
h hod srgh hvwdu suhvhqwh vre glyhuvdv irupdv1 Ì xvxdo frqvlghudu hvwd hqhu0
jld vre wuív irupdv= flqìwlfd/ srwhqfldo h lqwhuqd1 D hqhujld flqìwlfd +.,
uhvxowd gr prylphqwr> d hqhujld srwhqfldo +. , uhvxowd gh xpd pdvvd srq0
wxdo> h d hqhujld lqwhuqd +.U, uhvxowd gr prylphqwr prohfxodu lqwhuqr rx gd
frpsrvlêær pävvlfd1 Rxwudv irupdv gh hqhujld/ frpr txðplfd rx hoìwulfd/
srghp wdpeìp vhu lqfoxðgdv txdqgr qhfhvväulr1 Dvvlp/
. ' .U n .g n .
Frqvlghudqgr dv uhodêøhv sdud dv hqhujldv srwhqfldo h flqìwlfd gd phfåqlfd
hohphqwdu h ghqrwdqgr 2 ' / whp0vh
6 2 6 } 5
. ' .U n n c
2}S }S
rqgh r whupr }S uhsuhvhqwd xpd frqvwdqwh fxmrv ydoruhv ghshqghp vrphqwh
gr vlvwhpd gh xqlgdghv xwlol}dgr h qær gd dfhohudêær gd judylgdgh } hp
xpd ghwhuplqdgd orfdol}dêær1 Sru vlpsolflgdgh/ dgrwduhprv }S ' 1 Srgh0vh
dlqgd h{suhvvdu d hqhujld sru xqlgdgh gh pdvvd gd vxevwåqfld/ e/ rewhqgr0vh
2
e' n n } 5c
2
6181 HTXDÊÆR GD HQHUJLD 8:
rqgh uhsuhvhqwd d hqhujld lqwhuqd sru xqlgdgh gh pdvvd1

D Whuprglqåplfd ì ixqgdphqwdophqwh xpd flíqfld txh hvwxgd vlvwhpdv
hp htxloðeulr= revhuydqgr xp vlvwhpd whuprglqåplfr hp grlv hvwdgrv gh
htxloðeulr ì srvvðyho ghwhuplqdu d txdqwlgdgh gh fdoru h wudedokr txh irl
wudqvihulgd hqwuh rv grlv hvwdgrv1 R whpsr qær uhsuhvhqwd xp sduåphwur
uhohydqwh sdud d Whuprglqåplfd Foävvlfd/ sruìp hoh ì iuhtxhqwhphqwh ýwlo
sdud rewhu wd{dv gh yduldêøhv gh wudqvihuíqfld gh hqhujld1 Dvvlp/ glylqgr d
uhodêær dqwhulru sru B| h wrpdqgr r olplwh txdqgr B| whqgh d }hur/ whp0vh
u u _.
'n` ' c
_|
rqgh
u B'
' ' *4 +wd{d gh wudqihuíqfld gh fdoru,>
B|<f B|
u B`
` ' *4 +srwíqfld,1
B|<f B|
Sdud xp yroxph gh frqwuroh T / fxmr yroxph lqqlwhvlpdo ì _%_+_5c frp

vxshuiðflh 7/ d htxdêær gh frqvhuydêær gh hqhujld srgh vhu uhhvfulwd frpr
u ] ]
u Y
'n` ' e 4 _T n e 4 _5
Y|
T 7
] % &
Ye 4 Ye 4 Ye 4 Ye 4
' n n n _T
Y| Y% Y+ Y5
T U
( e 4 _%_+_5
T
'
(|
Sru frqyhqêær/ d wd{d gh wudqvihuíqfld gh fdoru ì wrpdgd frpr srvlwlyd
txdqgr r fdoru ì dglflrqdgr dr vlvwhpd ylqgr gr phlr dpelhqwh dr uhgru h
d wd{d gh wudedokr ì wrpdgd frpr srvlwlyd txdqgr r wudedokr ì h{hfxwdgr
vreuh r vlvwhpd shor phlr dpelhqwh txh r fhufd1 Hvwd lqwhudêær srgh rfruuhu
dshqdv qrv olplwhv gr yroxph gh frqwuroh1
61814 Wd{d gh wudedokr uhdol}dgr vreuh xpd sduwðfxod

Vlplodu dr txh irl ihlwr qd ghgxêær gdv htxdêøhv gh edodqêr gh pdvvd h
prphqwxp/ sdud xp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo +frqiruph prvwudgr qd Iljxud
8; FDSÐWXOR 61 OHLV GH FRQVHUYDÊÆR
6, gh yroxph T ' _%_+_5/ srgh0vh frpsxwdu d wd{d gh wudedokr h{hfxwdgr

shodv whqvøhv h iruêdv gh frusr vreuh d sduwðfxod ã phglgd txh hod vh pryh h vh
ghirupd1 Ohpeudu txh dr vh pryhu xpd iruêd 6 dr orqjr gh xpd glvwåqfld
lqqlwhvlpdo _t r wudedokr h{hfxwdgr shod iruêd ì gdgr sru B` ' 6 _t1
Dvvlp/ d wd{d gh wudedokr h{hfxwdgr shod iruêd ì gdgd sru
u B` 6 _t
` ' {*4
|<f {|
' *4
{|<f {|
' 6
D wd{d gh wudedokr h{hfxwdgr vreuh xp hohphqwr gh äuhd _ gd vxshuiðflh

gh frqwuroh sru xp yhwru whqvær A= txh qhod dwxd ì gdgd sru
]
u
` ' A= _
Dvvlp/ sdud r hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo frqvlghudgr/ d wd{d sdud d txdo r wud0

edokr ì uhdol}dgr qd gluhêær % shorv yhwruhv whqvær A3% h A% txh dwxdp qdv
idfhv hvtxhugd h gluhlwd/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ h wíp i h i frpr vhxv yhwruhv
qrupdlv +lvwr ì/ A% ' Ai rx A= ' A i ,/ ì
dEA% m%n_%c+c5 EA% m%c+c5 o _+_5
Hvwd txdqwlgdgh qdgd pdlv ì txh

Y
EA% _%_+_5
Y%
Frpr A% ' Ai = i= ' = i= Ai ' = A / d h{suhvvær dqwhulru fd
Y
E= A% _T
Y%
Gd phvpd irupd/ dv wd{dv gh wudedokr uhdol}dgr dwudyìv gh fdgd xp grv
rxwurv grlv sduhv gh idfhv vær
idfh lqihulru idfh vxshulru Y E A _T (

h , Y+ = +
E+ E+
idfh srvwhulru idfh iurqwdo Y E A _T
h , Y5 = 5
E5 E5
Lqfoxlqgr djrud d wd{d gh wudedokr uhdol}dgr shod iruêd gh frusr
4_T ' 4= = _Tc

6181 HTXDÊÆR GD HQHUJLD 8<
d wd{d wrwdo gh wudedokr uhdol}dgr qxp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo ì gdgd sru

] ]
u Y
` ' E= A _T n 4= = _T
Y%
Xvdqgr d uhodêær
Y YA Y=
E= A ' = n A c
Y% Y% Y%
d htxdêær dqwhulru srgh vhu uhhvfulwd qd irupd
] % ]&
u YA Y=
` ' = n 4= _T n A _T
Y% Y%
Frpr shod htxdêær gh prphqwxp
YA (=
n 4= ' 4 c
Y% (|
hqwær ] # $
u (= Y=
` ' = 4 n A _T
(| Y%
R sulphlur whupr gr odgr gluhlwr uhsuhvhqwd d wd{d gh yduldêær gd hqhujld
flqìwlfd h r vhjxqgr uhsuhvhqwd d wd{d sdud d txdo r wudedokr ì uhdol}dgr sdud
pxgdu r yroxph h d irupd gd sduwðfxod1
61815 Wd{d gh fdoru wudqvihulgr qxpd sduwðfxod

Vhmd ^ xp yhwru fxmd pdjqlwxgh iruqhfh r x{r gh fdoru dwudyìv gh xpd
xqlgdgh gh äuhd h fxmd gluhêær iruqhfh d gluhêær gr x{r gh fdoru1 Frqvlghuh/
hqwær/ r hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo prvwudgr qd Iljxud 61:1
Qd gluhêær %/ d wd{d sdud d txdo r fdoru ì wudqvihulgr dwudyìv gd idfh txh
whp i frpr vhx yhwru qrupdo xqlwäulr ì dE^ i m%n_%c+c5 o _+_5 h dwudyìv
gd idfh txh whp i frpr vhx yhwru qrupdo xqlwäulr ì dE^ i m%c+c5 o _+_51
Dvvlp/ r edodqêr gd wd{d gr x{r gh fdoru qr lqwhulru gr hohphqwr ì gdgr
sru
Y^
d^ E% n _%c +c 5 ^ E%c +c 5o _+_5 ' _%_+_5
Y%
Gh irupd vlplodu/ rv edodqêrv gh x{r gh fdoru qdv gluhêøhv + h 5 vær/ uhvshf0
wlydphqwh/
Y^2 Y^
_%_+_5 h _%_+_5c
Y+ Y5
Iljxud 61:= Iox{r gh fdoru qxp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo1
gh prgr txh r edodqêr wrwdo gd wd{d gr x{r gh fdoru qr lqwhulru gr hohphqwr

ì # $
u ] Y^ Y^2 Y^ ]
'' n n _T ' E_ ^ _T
Y% Y+ Y5
u u
Ghwhuplqdgrv ' h ` / d htxdêær gh edodqêr gh hqhujld srgh vhu hvfulwd
frpr
(e4 (= Y= Y^=
' = 4 n A
(| (| Y% Y%=
Ydprv yrowdu/ djrud/ d
% &
(e4 YA Y= Y^=
' = n 4= n A
(| Y% Y% Y%=
h ydprv frqvlghudu dshqdv

4e ' 4 n 4 n 4}5
2
Dvvlp/
4e ' 4 n 4& n 4R
6181 HTXDÊÆR GD HQHUJLD 94
h
(e4 ' Y E4 n 2K n4}5 Y E4 n 2K n4}5 &
(| Y| n Y%&
~} ~}
L LL
'
YA Y= Y^=
= Y% n A Y%
n = 4= Y%=
~} ~} ~}
LLL LY Y
Dvvxplqgr txh } qær yduld qhp frp whpsr qhp frp r hvsdêr h frqvlghudqgr
lqfrpsuhvvlelolgdgh rewìp0vh
% & % &
Y Y4 Y Y4
W' 4 n n4 E n
Y| Y| 'f Y| 2 2 Y| 'f
h
YE4& Y YE4& Y
WW ' n 4& nE n 4& E
Y%& Y%& 2 Y%& Y%& 2
Shod frqvhuydêær gd pdvvd/ whprv=
YE4& Y4
' c
Y%& Y|
r txh uhvxowd hp
% & % &
Y4 Y Y4 Y
WW ' n 4& E n 4& E
Y| 'f Y%& 2 Y| 'f Y%& 2
Djuxsdqgr L h LL h vrpdqgr frp LLL/ LY h Y fkhjd0vh ã htxdêær gd hqhujld=

% & % & % &
Y Y Y YE YA Y Y^
4 n4& n 4 n 4 & ' nA nd 4 o
Y| Y%& Y| Y%& Y% Y% Y%
Qrwh txh rv whuprv hqwuh frofkhwhv vh dqxodp sru vhuhp h{dwdphqwh d h{0
suhvvær gd frqvhuydêær gr prphqwr1 Hohv uhsuhvhqwdp whuprv gh hqhujld
phfåqlfd gh prylphqwr1 Dvvlp/ d htxdêær dflpd wruqd0vh
Y Y Y Y^
4 n 4& ' A c
Y| Y%& Y% Y%
txh ì d htxdêær gh frqvhuydêær gd hqhujld wìuplfd1 Srghprv hvfuhyhu/ hqwær=
.?eo}@ A eo6S@ ' .?eo}@ A J|@, .?eo}@ eS

@?S@
Qd htxdêær gd hqhujld wìuplfd qrwh txh r sulphlur whupr uhsuhvhqwd d

yduldêær whpsrudo gd hqhujld lqwhuqd/ r vhjxqgr d yduldêær frqyhfwlyd gd
phvpd/ r whufhlur d wd{d gh hqhujld phfåqlfd frqyhuwlgd hp hqhujld wìuplfd
ghylgr ãv whqvøhv h r txduwr whupr whp dv wd{dv gh wudqvihuíqfld gh fdoru
sru frqgxêær1 Lvvr ydoh sdud txdotxhu pdwhuldo1 Ydprv hvshfldol}du sdud xp
pdwhuldo hp txh vhmd yäolgd d ohl gh Irxulhu=
Yw
^ '^ ' g3w ' g c
Y%
frp g/ txh dvvxpluhprv frqvwdqwh/ vhqgr r frhflhqwh gh frqgxwlelolgdgh
gr pdwhuldo h w d whpshudwxud1 Doìp glvvr/ d hqhujld lqwhuqd ì xp hvwdgr
gr pdwhuldo h ghyhprv frqvlghudu xpd uhodêær gr hvwdgr gh hqhujld lqwhuqd
+lqwuðqvlfd, h xvduhprv frpxphqwh
' Swc
rqgh S ì r fdoru hvshfðfr gr pdwhuldo +d yroxph frqvwdqwh,1 Dvvlp/ vxe0

vwlwxlqgr dv gxdv ýowlpdv htxdêøhv qd htxdêær gd hqhujld wìuplfd h xvdqgr
wdpeìp d htxdêær sdud pdwhuldlv Qhzwrqldqrv2Krrnhdqrv whprv
Yw Yw Y Yw
4S n 4S& 'g E n xE& c Rc
Y| Y%& Y% Y%
frp d glvvlsdêær/ txh pxlwr vh srgh frphqwdu/ vhqgr/ sdud dv vlpsolfdêøhv
dtxl ihlwdv/
Y Y Y
xE& c R ' R n>
Y%& Y%& Y%&
D hvwd glvvlsdêær srghuðdprv dvvrfldu xpd jhudêær lqwhuqd gh fdoru/ o/ vx0
srvwd frqkhflgd h whuðdprv
Yw Yw Y Yw
4S n 4S& 'g E n xE& c R n o
Y| Y%& Y% Y%
Hp pxlwrv fdvrv frpxqv d glvvlsdêær ì ghvsuh}ðyho/ srghqgr sruìp kdyhu
jhudêær d sduwlu/ sru h{hpsor/ gh xpd fruuhqwh hoìwulfd +hihlwr Mrxoh,1
Fdsðwxor 7
Htxdêøhv Frqvwlwxwlydv
Txdqgr irupxodprv rv sulqfðslrv jhudlv gh frqvhuydêær/ dtxl r gd pdvvd

gd txdqwlgdgh gh prylphqwr h gd hqhujld h txh wdpeìp ydohuld sdud hohw0
ulflgdgh/ pdjqhwlvpr hwf1/ hohv vær yäolgrv sdud txdotxhu wlsr gh pdwhuldo/
whqgr vlgr rplvvdv dv lqirupdêøhv vreuh r x{r gh whqvær h r x{r gh whp0
shudwxud1 Hvvdv uhodêøhv ghyhp vhu frqvlghudgdv/ xpd yh} txh rv sulqfðslrv
gh frqvhuydêær ghyhuær vhu dsolfdgrv d glyhuvrv pdwhuldlv frp frqvwlwxlêøhv
glihuhqwhv1 Hvwh ì/ srlv/ r sdsho gdv htxdêøhv frqvwlwxwlydv/ txh uhodflrqdp
r x{r frp d yduldêær gd txdqwlgdgh ixqgdphqwdo1 Hvvdv uhodêøhv srghp
vhu wær vlpsohv frpr ixqêøhv olqhduhv gluhwdv gdv txdqwlgdghv ixqgdphqwdlv
rx wær frpsoh{dv frpr ixqêøhv qær olqhduhv gh wd{dv gh yduldêær gdv txdq0
wlgdghv ixqgdphqwdlv1 Sru h{hpsor whqvøhv frp judglhqwh gh ghirupdêær
rx wd{d gh ghirupdêær/ x{r gh fdoru frp judglhqwh gh whpshudwxud/ rx/
hp fhuwrv fdvrv/ srghu0vh0ld frqvlghudu dojxpd uhodêær frpr xp ghfdlphqwr
h{srqhqfldo txh srghuld hvwdu frpelqdgr1
Dtxl loxvwuduhprv dshqdv dojxpdv uhodêøhv frqvwlwxwlydv vlpsohv txh prg0
hodp dghtxdgdphqwh/ hp glyhuvdv vlwxdêøhv/ frpsruwdphqwrv gh pdwhuldlv
frpxqv1 Sru h{hpsor/ qr fdvr gh xlgrv frpr d äjxd/ r äofrro/ dojxqv öohrv
vlpsohv h ohyhv/ r phufýulr oðtxlgr h r du/ qxpd odujd idl{d gh whpshudwxud
h suhvvær/ frpsruwdp0vh frp xpd uhodêær olqhdu hqwuh d r whqvru whqvær h
r whqvru wd{d gh flvdokdphqwr 3/ rx vhmd/ vhjxhp d uhodêær qhzwrqldqd
2 3
Qhvwd uhodêær/ kä xpd sursruflrqdolgdgh1 R txh Qhzwrq revhuyrx h{shul0

phqwdophqwh irl txh d frqvwdqwh gh sursruflrqdolgdgh hud d ylvfrvlgdgh >/
96
97 FDSÐWXOR 71 HTXDÊØHV FRQVWLWXWLYDV
txh h{suhvvd d uhvlvwíqfld txh r pdwhuldo rihuhfh dr hvfrdphqwr1 Dvvlp/
'>3c
txh ydoh sdud rv fkdpdgrv xlgrv qhzwrqldqrv1

Dqdorjdphqwh/ whp0vh xpd uhodêær frpr d dqwhulru sdud vöolgrv hoävwlfrv/
vhqgr djrud u d wd{d gh ghirupdêær frp vhqgr r ghvorfdphqwr h d
frqvwdqwh gh sursruflrqdolgdgh vhuä r pögxor gh hodvwlflgdgh t 1 Dvvlp whp0
vh
't 3c
txh prghod rv vöolgrv glwrv krrnhdqrv1
Qd pdlruld grv sureohpdv uhodflrqdgrv frp wudqvihuíqfld gh fdoru r x{r
gh fdoru ^ uhodflrqd0vh gh pdqhlud vlplodu drv fdvrv dqwhulruhv1 Dtxl r x{r
gh fdoru vh uhodflrqd olqhduphqwh frp r judglhqwh gh whpshudwxud1 Ì d
fkdpdgd ohl gh Irxulhu
^ 'g3wc
frp w vhqgr d whpshuwxud h g r frhflhqwh gh frqgxwlelolgdgh wìuplfd1
Pxlwrv rxwurv fdvrv frpr d frqgxêær hoìwulfd rx pdjqìwlfd h d glixvær
gh hvsìflhv srghp vhu prghodgrv dghtxdgdphqwh hp whuprv gh frqvwlwxlêær
grv pdwhuldlv frpr dv uhodêøhv dqwhulruhv1
Pxlwrv pdwhuldlv/ qdv phvpdv frqglêøhv gh jhrphwuld/ whpshudwxud/ suhvvær/
hwf1/ qær srghp vhu prghodgrv dghtxdgdphqwh dwudyìv gdv uhodêøhv dqwhul0
ruhv1 Sru h{hpsor/ qr fdvr gh sroðphurv ixqglgrv rx vxvshqvøhv/ rxwudv
uhodêøhv/ hp jhudo qær olqhduhv/ vær pdlv dghtxdgdv/ jhudqgr xp prghor
pdlv suhflvr1 Xp h{hpsor sdud sroðphurv ì d uhodêær frqkhflgd frpr gh
Rvwzdog0gh0Zdhoh txh uhodflrqd r whqvru gh whqvøhv frp xpd srwíqfld gr
whqvru wd{d gh flvdokdphqwr
'#m3ml 3c
frp # h l grlv sduåphwurv txh ghshqghp gr pdwhuldo1

Qrwh txh wrgdv dv frqvwdqwhv gh sursruflrqdolgdgh dsuhvhqwdgdv dtxl sr0
ghp vhu ixqêøhv gh yduläyhlv frpr whpshudwxud/ frqfhqwudêær hwf1/ dfrsodqgr
hihlwrv1
Ghyh0vh whu hp phqwh wdpeìp d lqwhuoljdêær hqwuh sursulhgdghv1 Sru
h{hpsor/ äjxd h äflgr vxoiýulfr/ lqlfldophqwh qd phvpd whpshudwxud/ sur0
gx}hp xp dxphqwr gh whpshudwxud txdqgr plvwxudgrv1 R ydoru gr dxphqwr
gh whpshudwxud ghshqgh gd frqfhqwudêær/ rxwud sursulhgdgh dvvrfldgd d
98
plvwxudv1 Vh qr h{hpsor frqvlghudgr/ d plvwxud gh äjxd h äflgr vxoiýulfr

hvwlyhu frqwlgd qxp uhflslhqwh uðjlgr +frp yroxph frqvwdqwh,/ d suhvvær wdp0
eìp fuhvfhuä/ hperud d ghqvlgdgh gh fdgd frpsrqhqwh shupdqhêd frqvwdqwh1
D lqwhuoljdêær hqwuh sursulhgdghv gh xp xlgr id} sduwh gd flíqfld gh0
qrplqdgd Whuprglqåplfd1 Qr surfhvvr gh frqyhuvær gh hqhujld qr lqwhulru
gr xlgr rx hqwuh r xlgr h vxdv yl}lqkdqêdv/ r hvwdgr h r prylphqwr gr
xlgr vær dihwdgrv1 Xpd htxdêær/ ghqrplqdgd htxdêær gh hvwdgr/ uhod0
flrqd dv sursulhgdghv hp txdotxhu hwdsd hp txh r vlvwhpd vriuh yduldêøhv1
Ihol}phqwh/ sdud pxlwdv vxevwåqfldv d htxdêær gh hvwdgr srvvxl xpd irupd
pdwhpäwlfd vlpsohv frpr sru h{hpsor
4 ' x ERc A ( R ' s E4c A ( A ' C ERc 4
Hvwdv uhodêøhv ixqflrqdlv vær vhpsuh yhugdghludv sdud vxevwåqfldv sxudv/ vlp0
sohv h frpsuhvvðyhlv/ hperud dv htxdêøhv txh ghvfuhydp hvwdv uhodêøhv srvvdp
vhu edvwdqwh frpsolfdgdv1
Sdud pxlwrv jdvhv qxp phlr frqwðqxr/ d htxdêær gh hvwdgr ì edvwdqwh
vlpsohv txdqgr dv suhvvøhv h whpshudwxudv qær iruhp pxlwr hohydgdv1 Sdud
xp jäv fxmdv proìfxodv frolgdp gh prgr shuihlwdphqwh hoävwlfr/ d htxdêær
gh hvwdgr ì
R ' 4 - Ac
rqgh - ì xpd frqvwdqwh txh ghshqgh vrphqwh gr shvr prohfxodu gr jäv/
A ì d whpshudwxud devroxwd h R ì d suhvvær devroxwd1 Hperud hvwulwdphqwh
idodqgr hvwd htxdêær vh dsoltxh dshqdv d xpd jäv klsrwìwlfr/ ghqrplqdgr
jäv shuihlwr/ hod ghvfuhyh r frpsruwdphqwr gh pxlwrv jdvhv frpr r du/ r
r{ljíqlr h r kìolr1 Doìp glvvr/ wrgrv rv jdvhv whqghp d srvvxlu r frpsruwd0
phqwr gh xp jäv shuihlwr sdud suhvvøhv edl{dv +dedl{r gh @|6, h d dowdv
whpshudwxudv/ txdqgr hvwdv h{fhghuhp r greur gd whpshudwxud fuðwlfd +whp0
shudwxud sdud d txdo d idvh oðtxlgd h d idvh gh ydsru gh xpd vxevwåqfld sxud
srvvxhp sursulhgdghv lgíqwlfdv txdqgr vxephwlgdv ã phvpd whpshudwxud,1
Phqflrqdprv dqwhulruphqwh xpd sursulhgdgh/ ghqrplqdgd hodvwlflgdgh
txh txdvh wrgrv rv pdwhuldlv srvvxhp dwì xp fhuwr judx1 Qrv vöolgrv/ vh
dv iruêdv h{whuqdv txh surgx}hp ghirupdêær qær h{fhghuhp fhuwr olplwh/
d ghirupdêær ghvdsduhfh txdqgr dv iruêdv sdudp gh dwxdu1 Txdqgr hohv
uhwrpdp vxd irupd lqlfldo/ vær glwrv shuihlwdphqwh hoävwlfrv1 Dv uhodêøhv olq0
hduhv hqwuh dv frpsrqhqwhv gh whqvær h dv frpsrqhqwhv gh ghirupdêær vær
frqkhflgdv frpr ohl gh Krrnh/ frqiruph glwr dqwhulruphqwh1 Vxsrqkd xp
99 FDSÐWXOR 71 HTXDÊØHV FRQVWLWXWLYDV
sdudohohsðshgr uhwåqjxor hohphqwdu frp dv idfhv sdudohodv drv hl{rv frrugh0

qdgrv h vxephwlgr ã whqvær qrupdo j% xqliruphphqwh glvwulexðgd vreuh gxdv
idfhv rsrvwdv +wudêær,1 R dorqjdphqwr xqlwäulr gr hohphqwr/ dwì r olplwh gh
sursruflrqdolgdgh ghqlgr shod vxd hodvwlflgdgh/ ì gdgr sru
Y j%
0% ' ' c
Y% .
rqgh . ì r pögxor gh hodvwlflgdgh orjlwxglqdo qd wudêær1 Hvwh dorqjd0
phqwr gr hohphqwr qd gluhêær % ì dfrpsdqkdgr sru frpsrqhqwhv odwhudlv gh
ghirupdêær +frqwudêøhv,
Y j% Y j%
0+ ' ' D ( 05 ' ' D c
Y+ . Y5 .
rqgh D ì xpd frqvwdqwh ghqrplqdgd frhflhqwh gh Srlvvrq1 Vh r hohphqwr
frqvlghudgr hvwlyhu vxephwlgr vlpxowdqhdphqwh ã dêær gh whqvøhv qrupdlv
j% c j+ c j5 / xqliruphphqwh glvwulexðgdv vreuh dv idfhv/ dv frpsrqhqwhv gh gh0
irupdêær uhvxowdqwhv srghp vhu rewlgdv vxshusrqgr rv hihlwrv gh fdgd xpd/
uhvxowdqgr qdv vhjxlqwhv uhodêøhv frqvwlwxwlydv

0% ' dj% D Ej+ n j5 o (
.

0+ ' dj+ D Ej% n j5 o (
.

05 ' dj5 D Ej% n j+ o
.
9:
HVWH
DSHQDV
FRPHÊR $
Erd Vruwh$
9; FDSÐWXOR 71 HTXDÊØHV FRQVWLWXWLYDV
Uhihuíqfldv
^4` Wkh Sk|vlfdo Edvlv ri Glphqvlrqdo Dqdo|vlv/ D1 D1 Vrqlq/ PLW/ 53341
^5` D Frqfuhwh Dssurdfk wr Pdwkhpdwlfdo Prghoolqj/ P1 Phvwhuwrq0

Jleerqv/ Mrkq Zloh| ) Vrqv/ Lqf1/ 4<<81
^6` Dq Lqwurgxfwlrq wr Ioxlg G|qdplfv/ J1 N1 Edwfkhoru/ Fdpeulgjh Xql0

yhuvlw| Suhvv/ 4<9:1
^7` Ihq÷phqrv gh Wudqvsruwh/ O1 H1 Vlvvrp> G1 U1 Slwwv/ Jxdqdedud Grlv/

4<:<1
^8` Lqwurgxfwlrq wr Frqwlqxxp Phfkdqlfv/ Z1 P1 Odl> G1 Uxelq> H1 Nuhpso/

Shujdprq Suhvv Lqf1/ 4<:71
^9` Iðvlfd Pdwhpäwlfd/ H1 Exwnry/ Jxdqdedud Grlv/4<:;1
^:` Fäofxor 0 Yro1 5/ P1 D1 Pxqhq> G1 M1 Irxolv/ Jxdqdedud Grlv/ 4<:;1
^;` Lqwurgxêær ã Phfåqlfd grv Ioxlgrv/ U1 Z1 Ir{> D1 W1 PfGrqdog/ vh0

jxqgd hglêær/ Jxdqdedud Grlv/ 4<;41
^<` Whruld gd Hodvwlflgdgh/ V1 S1 Wlprvkhqnr ) M1 Q1 Jrrglhu/ Jxdqdedud

Grlv/ whufhlud hglêær/ 4<;31
^43` Eduervd/ Q1 Pxudur/ O1 h Sdlyd/ H1/ Glflrqäulr gh Odwlp/ H1 S1 Vdoh0

vldqdv/ VS/ 4<9:1
^44` Vddw|/ W1 dqg Doh{dqghu/ M1 P1/ Wklqnlqj zlwk Prghov/ lq Lqwhuqdwlrqdo

Vhulhv lq Prghuq Dssolhg Pdwkhpdwlfv dqg Frpsxwhu Vflhqfh/ Y1 5/ ss1
6048/ Shujdprq Suhvv/ 4<;41
9<
:3 UHIHUÍQFLDV
^45` Ndudp I1/ M1/ R Pìwrgr grv Hohphqwrv Ilqlwrv frpr Ihuudphqwd sdud
d Lqgývwuld/ lq Hvfxhod gh Pdwhpäwlfd Dsolfdgd d od Lqgývwuld/ Xvdfk0
Idfxowdg gh Flhqfld/ Fkloh/ 4<<71
^46` Nodpnlq/ P1 V1/ Pdwkhpdwlfdo Prghoolqj= Glh Fxwwlqj iru d Iuhvqho

Ohqv/ lq Fodvvurrp Qrwhv lq Dssolhg Pdwkhpdwlfv/ ss150;/ VLDP/ 4<;:1

Apostila Modelagem

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Apostila Modelagem

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Lqwurgxêær ã Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd

M1 Ndudp Ilokr h U1 F1 Dophlgd

Surjudpd gh Grxwrudgr hp Prghodjhp Frpsxwdflrqdo

FGG 54 hg1 8441;

Lqwurgxêær ã Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd

Hvwdv euhyhv qrwdv ghvwlqdp0vh d gdu vxsruwh pðqlpr sdud r fxuvr gh

Mrvì Ndudp Ilokr h Uhjlqd F1 Dophlgd

D prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd frphêd frp d revhuydêær h ghvfulêær suhflvd gh

414 Txdqwlgdghv Iðvlfdv

 rshudêær gh frpsdudêær sdud ghwhuplqdu txdqgr gxdv dprvwudv  h 

Wdlv rshudêøhv vær ghqlgdv vreuh sursulhgdghv gr phvpr wlsr h uhvxowdp

uhodflrqdqgr txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv, hod ì ghqrplqdgd txdqwlgdgh ghulydgd gh

41 xp frqmxqwr frpsohwr gh txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv frp dv ghqlêøhv gdv

61 wrgdv dv txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv uhohydqwhv/ h{suhvvdv hp whuprv gh vxdv

Frpr phqflrqdgr dqwhulruphqwh/ r frqmxqwr gh txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv ì

Txdqwlgdgh qrph VL vðperor VL

Wdehod 4= Txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv +frqmxqwr frpsohwr, 0 VL

Txdqwlgdgh Ghqlêær Glphqvær Vðperor Qrph

Wdehod 5= Txdqwlgdghv ghulydgdv +frqmxqwr lqfrpsohwr, 0 VL

415 R DEF gd Prghodjhp Pdwhpäwlfd

416 Sulqfðslrv Eävlfrv

vhmd/ vhuä d suäwlfd gh uhsuhvhqwdu rx ghvfuhyhu pdwhpdwlfdphqwh +prghor

d lpdjlqdêær h d fdsdflgdgh fuldwlyd sdud id}hu xvr gr frqkhflphqwr h jhudu

Iljxud 414= Hvtxhpd eävlfr gh prghodjhp1

Qd Iljxud 415 r vhqwlgr gh lghqwlfdêær mä ì xp srxfr glihuhqwh gr dqwh0

0 r txh srgh vhu phglgr rx rewlgr frpr gdgr qr sureohpd>

Iljxud 415= Xp vhjxqgr hvtxhpd gh prghodjhp1

0 txdlv rv remhwlyrv hp derugdu r sureohpd>

0 txdlv dv uhvwulêøhv h{lvwhqwhv>

0 derugdu r sureohpd vhuä gh xwlolgdghB Txdo+lv,B

0 Vhuä pdlv dghtxdgr sdud hqwhqghu dojxp frpsruwdphqwr hvshfðfr rx

0 R txh vh ghvhmd rewhu dr derugdu r sureohpd h vroxflrqä0orB

0 Txdo vhuä r hviruêr h txdlv rv pìwrgrv gh vroxêær txh vhuær dghtxdgrvB

0 R prghor iðvlfr uhsuhvhqwd r uhdo revhuydgr rx uhsuhvhqwd rxwur glihuhqwhB

0 R prghor pdwhpäwlfr sursrvwr whp vroxêærB

0 H{lvwh hvwdelolgdgh txh srgh vhu jdudqwlgdB

0 Txdo r sureohpd hvwdflrqäulr uhodflrqdgrB

0 H{lvwh xp surfhglphqwr qxpìulfr sdud rewhu vroxêærB

0 Srgh0vh phokrudu r pìwrgr gh vroxêærB

0 Vhuä phokru ghvhqyroyhu xp phwrgr qryrB

0 H{lvwh xp sureohpd vlplodu frp vroxêær frqkhflgd sdud frpsdudêøhvB

0 Dwì txh srqwr frqvhjxh0vh id}hu xpd dqäolvh pdwhpäwlfdB

0 Dwì txh srqwr frqvhjxh0vh id}hu xpd dqäolvh qxpìulfdB

0 Txh klsöwhvhv srghp0vh wludu rx dglflrqdu txh ohyduær d xp hqwhqglphqwr

0 D vroxêær pdqwìp dv uhvwulêøhvB

0 D vroxêær pdqwìp rv lqyduldqwhvB

Pxlwrv rxwurv ðwhqv srghp vhu frqvlghudgrv1

Qd sulphlud hwdsd whprv dlqgd d idvh gd revhuydêær vhqvruldo1 Qd idvh gh

Iljxud 416= Xp hvtxhpd sdud prghodjhp pdwhpäwlfd 2 frpsxwdflrqdo1

ì/ wdpeìp/ txh id}hprv uhwur0dolphqwdêær d sduwlu gh fdgd hwdsd/ fruuljlqgr

0 uhodêøhv dojìeulfdv hqwuh dv yduläyhlv>

0 wd{dv gh yduldêær gh yduläyhlv hp uhodêær d rxwudv>

0 vrpdv rx lqwhjudlv gh ixqêøhv sdud dfkdu ydoruhv dfxpxodwlyrv gh yduläyhlv

Gh pdqhlud jhudo srghp vhu txdolwdwlyrv rx txdqwlwdwlyrv1

Ghvgh d pdlv whqud lgdgh dsuhqghprv txh d pdwìuld vh dsuhvhqwd qd qdwxuh}d

pxlwr pdlru gr txh d glvwåqfld hqwuh proìfxodv/ hvfdod pdfurvföslfd/ d hv0

514 Dojxpdv Ghqlêøhv Suholplqduhv

hpsor/ xp fdpsr wìuplfr hp whuprv gdv whpshudwxudv hp glyhuvrv srqwrv

srghp vhu gh vxshuiðflh h gh frusr1 Iruêdv gh vxshuiðflh lqfoxhp wrgdv dv

Iljxud 514= Qrwdêær sdud d whqvær qxp srqwr1

rqgh j%% c j++ c j55 +rx j% c j+ c j 5 , ghqrwdp dv whqvøhv qrupdlv h %+ c +% c %5 c

fdplqkr pìglr gdv proìfxodv/ d glvwåqfld pìgld shufruulgd shodv proìfxodv

Dojxpdv rxwudv sursulhgdghv ghulydgdv gd pdvvd hvshfðfd vær=

rshudêær gh frpsdudêær sdud ghwhuplqdu txdqgr gxdv dprvwudv h

Wdlv rshudêøhv vær ghqlgdv vreuh sursulhgdghv gr phvpr wlsr h uhvxowdp

41 xp frqmxqwr frpsohwr gh txdqwlgdghv eävlfdv frp dv ghqlêøhv gdv

Txdqwlgdgh Ghqlêær Glphqvær Vðperor Qrph

Qd Iljxud 415 r vhqwlgr gh lghqwlfdêær mä ì xp srxfr glihuhqwh gr dqwh0

0 Vhuä pdlv dghtxdgr sdud hqwhqghu dojxp frpsruwdphqwr hvshfðfr rx

514 Dojxpdv Ghqlêøhv Suholplqduhv

Dojxpdv rxwudv sursulhgdghv ghulydgdv gd pdvvd hvshfðfd vær=

yroxph hvshfðfr c txh ì r lqyhuvr gd pdvvd hvshfðfd= ' *4>

ghqvlgdgh +uhodwlyh ghqvlw|, 7c txh ì d ud}ær hqwuh d pdvvd hvshfðfd gh

D whpshudwxud A +rx w, ì d sursulhgdgh txh shuplwh yhulfdu txdqgr

@ ' i @( @2 ' i2 @( @ ' i @

d, r vðperor "& ghqrwd shupxwdêær hp uhodêær d c 2c / dvvxplqgr rv

A E@ n @2 ' A@ n A@2 h A Ek@ ' kA@ c

K ' M i ' @ i Ai n @2 i Ai2 n @ i Ai (

rx vlpsohvphqwh K= ' @ i= Ai / dgrwdqgr0vh d frqyhqêær gh vrpd gr ðqglfh

K ' A @ n A2 @2 n A @ (

rx vlpsohvphqwh K= ' A @ Srgh0vh dlqgd/ xvdqgr d qrwdêær pdwulfldo/ h{0

Ai ' A i n A2 i2 n A i ' A i (

Fdeh dlqgd uhohpeudu dv vhjxlqwhv ghqlêøhv h rshudêøhv hqwuh whqvruhv=

vrpd hqwuh grlv whqvruhv A h V= EA n V @ ' A@ n V@c ;@>

Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ d frpsrqhqwh gh 3 qd gluhêær gh i iruqhfh d ydul0

txh uhsuhvhqwdp dv frpsrqhqwhv fduwhvldqdv gh 3/ lvwr ì=

' j n Ejc |1 Gr phvpr prgr/ xp srqwr hp j n _j vh dowhud sdud

_ ' _j n Ej n _jc | Ejc |

Qrwh txh d glihuhqêd Ejn_jc |Ejc | uhsuhvhqwd h{dwdphqwh r judglhqwh

_ ' _j n E3 _j

|o A ' |o EA iy i ' A |o Eiy i ' A B

_ @ ' 3 @ ' |o E3@

Dv frpsrqhqwhv fduwhvldqdv gr yhwru _ A vær idflophqwh ghwhuplqdgdv

D glyhujíqfld gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo/ _ @ rx 3 @ / srgh vhu wdpeìp

R urwdflrqdo gh xp fdpsr yhwruldo srgh vhu wdpeìp ghqlgr sru

rqgh 77 ì d vxshuiðflh olplwdgd sru xpd fxuyd vlpsohv ihfkdgd h ?4@ ì r

Djrud/ wrpdqgr xp fdpsr yhwruldo @ frpr @ ' E%c + i n 'E%c + i2 /

vlpsohv/ ghqlqgr xpd fxuyd ihfkdgd qr sodqr %+ h vxsrqkd txh ghwhu0

Qhvwd uhodêær/ r hohphqwr gh vxshuiðflh ì ghqrwdgr sru _7 E_%_+1

Qrwh0vh hqwær txh r lqwhjudqgr gd lqwhjudo gh vxshuiðflh ì sru ghqlêær r

wrpdgd dr orqjr gd fxuyd / qær qhfhvvduldphqwh ihfkdgd dshvdu gh pxlwdv

Id}hqgr ' @2 h ' ' @ / xvdqgr r whruhpd gh Juhhq sdud @ h @2

^@?|_@_e ^e ' ^@?|_@_e ^e n ^@?|_@_e @o6@5e?@_@

|@%@ _e e?|o@_@ ' |@%@ _e r@=_@ n |@%@ _e @S6,@SS

Iljxud 614= Edodqêr gh x{r qxp hohphqwr lqqlwhvlpdo