AUTHOR'S PROOF!

JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat and Mass Transfer

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-02537-2
1
3 ORIGINAL
2

4
5 Investigation on behavior of diesel engine performance, emission,
6 and combustion characteristics using nano-additive in neat biodiesel
Q1 7 Yuvarajan Devarajan 1 & Dinesh Babu Munuswamy 2 & Arulprakashajothi Mahalingam 3
8
9 Received: 4 April 2018 / Accepted: 27 November 2018
10 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

11 Abstract

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12 This work investigates the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of neat palm stearin biodiesel (PSBD) fuelled

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13 diesel engine with silver oxide as a additive in various mass fractions (5 and 10 ppm) and various particle size (10 and 20 nm)
14 particles and the results compared with conventional diesel. Experiments were conducted in a natural aspirated, single-cylinder

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15 diesel engine at a constant speed and compression ratio of 1500 rpm and 18:1 respectively. Silver oxide (AgO) nano particles

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16 were added with neat biodiesel using ultrasonicator. The experimental investigation on diesel engine reveals that the addition of
17 silver oxide nano-additives to PSBD resulted in enhancement in ignition characteristics because of enhanced surface area to
18 volume ratio. Further, the addition of AgO nano-additive to PSBD resulted in enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
19 with a reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The experimental results also show that the AgO nanoparticles at
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20 20 nm particle size and 10 ppm concentartion promote an improved level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), smoke
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21 emissions and nitrogen (NOx) emission than neat biodiesel. Further, The AgO nano-additive inclusion at different 10 ppm
22 significantly reduces the peak pressure and increases the net Heat Release rate values and its corresponding CA. An inclusion
23 of 20 nm nano-additive at 10 ppm concentartion in PSBD reduces the In Cylinder Pressure and increases the Net Heat Release
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24 Rate values by 2.2 and 4.7% respectively than PSBD.

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25
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26 1 Introduction petroleum fuels [1]. Biodiesel is produced from different raw 36

materials and processes as a result of which there is a minor 37
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27 Availability of petroleum products and the crude oil is expected deviation in its properties. Lubricating properties of biodiesel is 38
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28 to become expensive and limited in the future. The massive superior to diesel [2]. Biodiesel consists of long- chain fatty acid 39
29 increase in the number of vehicles has started dictating the fuel alkyl esters and is made from renewable vegetable oils, recycled 40
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30 demand irrespective of improvement in the fuel economy of the cooking oils or animal fats. Biodiesel can be used in modern 41
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31 engine. Hence, Diesel and gasoline fuels may become expensive diesel engines with minor or no modifications. Biodiesel emits 42
32 and limited. Among the various alternative sources, biodiesel lower carbon-monoxide, hydrocarbon and particulate matters but 43
33 derived from vegetable oils is the most promising alternative fuel higher NOx emissions when compared with petroleum diesel. 44
34 to diesel due to its limited need for modification. Biodiesel is Many techniques are followed to reduce NOx emissions from 45
35 biodegradable, cleaner burning renewable alternative to biodiesel [3–8]. The concept of adding nano-additive to liquid 46
fuels in order to reduce NOx emission and to increase in perfor- 47
mance characteristics in the compression-ignition engine is an 48
* Yuvarajan Devarajan
evolving area of research. The addition of nano-additives in liq- 49
dyuvarajan2@gmail.com uid fuels acts as a catalyst to promote the combustion and result 50
in complete burning of fuels [9]. Many Studies [10–12] have 51
1 shown that by adding nano-additive to biodiesel results in a 52
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of
Technology and Science, Madanapalle, India reduction in heat flux, thermal loading and metal temperature 53
2 of the combustion chamber’s components. Nano-additive alters 54
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Panimalar Engineering
College, Chennai, India the chemical composition of fuel, which has an encouraging 55
3 impact on emission characteristics. Further, the higher surface 56
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, area of the nano-additive can promote the combustion process 57
Chennai, India even at a low mass fraction (10 ppm). 58
AUTHOR'S PROOF!
JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

59 There are few works carried out the studies on engine char- Table 1 Properties of silver oxide nano particles t1:1
60 acteristics by adding the nanoparticles into fuel [13–16]. Item Nano-additive sample t1:2
61 Devarajan et al. [13, 14] used the silver oxide nanoparticle
62 as an additive for neat biodiesel and noticed the significant Parameters AgO t1:3
63 reduction on NOx emission characteristics. Yuvarajan and Chemical name Sliver oxide t1:4
64 Ramanan [15] used magnetite ferrofluid with biodiesels to Molecular weight 27.24 g/mol t1:5
65 study the engine emission behaviour and found a drastic re- Average particle size 10–20 nm t1:6
66 duction in emissions. Few researchers dispersed the metal Form Powder t1:7
67 oxide nano-additive into biofuel to inspect the engine emis- Color Pure white t1:8
68 sions [16, 17]. Pandian et al. [18] studied the engine charac-
69 teristics by dosing metal oxides such as titanium oxide into
70 biodiesel in various mass fractions and they found substantial the nano-additive is less than the injector nozzle diameter and 108
71 enhancement in engine performance in the form of thermal hence it will not provide any objection in the fuel flow. Palm- 109
72 efficiency and drop in pollutants like HC, CO and NOx. stearin oil is chemically transesterified for its suitability in an 110
111

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73 Yuvarajan et al. [19] recorded the enhancement in ignition unmodified engine. The obtained SEM image is shown in
74 level of biodiesel fuel engine using nanoparticle (additive). Figs. 1 and 2. 112

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75 Venkata Ramanan et al. [20] stated that the nanoparticle has

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76 a capability to reduce the delay period and progress the emis-
77 sion in the biodiesel-fueled engine since the nano-additives 2.2 Base fuel preparation 113

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78 has the perspective to accumulate the energy, which can lead
79 to high reactivity. Wu et al. [21] examined the effect of nano- PSBD (Palm stearin Biodiesel) is prepared by batch 114
80 particles (carbon-coated aluminium) in biodiesel and found transesterification process in a 600 ml glass vessel reactor 115
81
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enhancement in efficiency and a drop in emissions (HC, CO equipped with a magnetic stirrer, resistance heater & “K” type 116
82 thermocouple. A molar ratio of 5:1(methanol to raw oil) and 117
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and smoke). The additions of nano-additives oxide into bio-
83 diesel assist the engine combustion and performance aspects catalysts of 0.3% (wt/wt to mustard oil) was used in the 118
84 in an encouraging manner [22, 23]. transesterification process adopting standard procedure. A 119
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85 It is very clear from the available literature that the com- 500 g sample of palm stearin oil is heated in the reactor till its 120
86 bustion behaviour of fuels with the presence of nano-sized temperature attained 60 °C. A measured quantity of solution 121
87 energetic material as an additive is an interesting concept to containing KOH catalyst, dissolved in methanol, was then added 122
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88 improve the performance and to reduce the emissions level of and mixed at a constant stirring speed of 340 rpm for 45 min. 123
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89 existing diesel engines. However, many researchers in the This ensured uniform reactivity of solution and accelerated the 124
90 domain of alternative fuels have attempted the use of nano reaction rate. The mixture was then allowed to cool in the vessel, 125
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91 additive [13–23]. However, no specific effort has been carried yielding two distinct layers of ester and glycerol. Ester was then 126
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92 out in the previous studies to view the effect of nano-additive separated and washed thrice with water and dried for further 127
93
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concentration, and its particle size on combustion, perfor-

94 mance and emissions pattern of a neat biodiesel-fueled diesel
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95 engine. Hence, the present study aims to analyze the perfor-

96 mance, emission, and combustion characteristics of PSBD,
97 various mass fractions of AgO 20 nm (5 ppm and 10 ppm)
98 included PSBD, the various particle size of AgO nano-
99 additive (10 and 20 nm) and the results are compared with
100 neat diesel.

101 2 Materials and methods

102 2.1 Materials

103 Silver oxide nano-additive is procured with a purity of 98.4%.

104 Specification of the silver oxide nano-additive is detailed in
105 Table 1. Silver oxide nano-additive is characterized by means
106 of X-ray diffraction method. The crystalline structure of nano-
107 additive is found to be a mixture of Anatase/Rutile. The size of Fig. 1 SEM image of AgO nano-particle at 10 nm size
AUTHOR'S PROOF! JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

2.4 Experimental setup 144

A four-stroke, single-cylinder, vertical, air-cooled diesel- 145

engine is used for the experimental analysis. The experi- 146
mental setup (schematic layout) used in this study is pre- 147
sented in Fig. 3. The specification of the engine is listed 148
in Table 3. A single rotor eddy current dynamometer hav- 149
ing a power, torque and a speed of 800 kW, 10,000 Nm 150
and 11,000 rpm is used in the work. The load on the 151
engine is varied by changing the current which induced 152
a magnetic resistance on the motion of the shaft. The 153
layout of the engine setup is shown in Fig. 4.1 and its 154
photographic view is shown in Fig. 4.2. The fuel tank is 155
connected to graduated burette to gauge the quantity of 156

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fuel consumed per unit time and is measured using burette 157
stopwatch arrangements. An orifice meter with U-tube 158

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manometer (diameter = 13.4 mm, Cd=0.6) is provided at 159

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the suction line of an air tank for measuring air consump- 160
tion. K type thermocouple is used to measure the different 161

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temperature on the test bed for analysis with a range of 0– 162
Fig. 2 SEM image of AgO nano-particle at 20 nm size
1500 °C and has a resolution of ±2 °C. An AVL make 163
D DiGas 444 model exhaust gas analyzer is used for analyz- 164
ing the exhaust emissions from the engine. Power supply 165
128 166
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analysis. The ester thus obtained, following conventional proce- required for the analyzer is the range of 110–220 V and
129 dure was PSBD. 25 W. The time required for the analyzer to warm up is 167
between 6 and 8 min. The response time for the analyzer 168
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is T95≤15 s. The engine exhaust pipe is linked to the gas 169

130 2.3 Modified fuel preparation analyzer having a maximum response time of 8 s for 170
monitoring the engine emissions. The exhaust gas temper- 171
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131 To incorporate the nano-additive with base fuel, the two-step ature was measured using the K-type thermocouple made 172
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132 method was followed in this study. The predetermined mass of chrome-alumel with the digital-indicating unit. HC and 173
133 fraction (5 and 10 ppm) and particle size (10 and 20 nm,) of NOx are measured in ppm while CO emissions are mea- 174
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134 nano additive was dispersed in PSBD using ultrasonicator sured in % by volume. The measured emission is then 175
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135 (R-4C model; Remi Laboratory instruments, India) and converted to g/kWh. The bosch smoke-meter was used 176
136 named as PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 177
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to measure the smoke emission (Bosch Smoke unit). A

137 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), complete technical specification of gas analyzer is dem- 178
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138 PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) respectively. In order to confirm onstrated in Table 4. 179
139 the absence of nanoparticle agglomeration in the sample fuel, AVL combustion analyzer is used to analyze the combus- 180
140 some quantity of sample fuel was allowed to examine the tion characteristics of the engine. AVL 619 Indimeter of soft- 181
141 optical property using UV-visible absorption spectrometer ware version 2.2 is used in the study. The volt, frequency and 182
142 (Systronics, Ahmedabad, India). The properties are tested power supply required for the analyzer are in the range of 85– 183
143 fuels are listed in Table 2. 265 V, 50–60 Hz and 60 VA, respectively. The measuring 184

t2:1 Table 2 Properties of tested fuels

t2:2 Properties PSBD PSBD* 10 nm PSBD* 10 nm PSBD* 20 nm PSBD* 20 nm Diesel Method

AgO (5 ppm) AgO (10 ppm) AgO (5 ppm) AgO (10 ppm)

t2:3 Density @ 15 °C (gm/cc) 0.844 0.834 0.819 0.804 0.797 0.8200 ASTM D4052
t2:4 Kinematic Viscosity 4.28 4.12 3.98 3.86 3.71 2.4 ASTM D445
@40 °C (mm2/s)
t2:5 Calorific Value (kJ/kg) 37,510 37,854 38,012 38,352 38,542 42,412 ASTM D240
t2:6 Flash point (°C) 140 138 136 134 132 50 ASTM D976
AUTHOR'S PROOF!
JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

PSBD PSBD*10 nm AgO (5 ppm)

PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) PSBD*20 nm AgO (10 ppm)
DIESEL PSBD*20 nm AgO(5 ppm)

Brake Thermal Efficiency (%)

30

25

20

15

10

5
1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 3 Schematic of test engine Brake power (kW)

Fig. 4 Effect of nano-additives on Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake

power for tested fuels

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185 range of the analyzer is 0–250 bar. Sensitivity, linearity and

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186 lifetime of the analyzer is 16.04pc/bar, <± 0.3% and 109 load 3 Results and discussion 204
187 cycles respectively. Crank angle is inferred using TDC encod-

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188 er. The operating and storage temperatures of the analyzer 3.1 Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) 205
189

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were in the range of 50–150 °C. 442 mm × 58 mm ×
190 370 mm is the dimension of the analyzer. The weight of the BTE of PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm 206
191 analyzer is 8 kg without any accessories. Both the pressure AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*10 nm 207
192 transducer and the TDC encoder were linked to a computer for
D AgO (10 ppm) and diesel are presented in Fig. 4. The BTE for 208
193 monitoring and recording the combustion parameters through biofuels is lower than diesel at all conditions. This is due to the 209
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194 the AVL 617 indimeter software version V2.00. The pressure lower calorific value of biofuels compared with diesel, which 210
195 in the cylinder is measured by the piezoelectric transducer results in an additional consumption of fuel to maintain con- 211
196 which is mounted in the cylinder head. The signal from the 212
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stant power output [24]. BTE for nano-additive incorporated

197 transducer is sent to the amplifier. ADC is used to convert an biodiesel is higher than neat biodiesel (PSBD). The nano- 213
198 analogue signal received from TDC encoder to digital im- additive in base fuel enhance the fuel atomization during com- 214
199
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pulses at fixed crank angles. The received digital signal is bustion and improve the BTE [13, 14]. In addition, BTE for 215
200 stored in the computer and processed to pressure-crank angle PSBD*AgO (10 ppm) is considerably higher than PSBD* 216
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201 diagram. Estimation of uncertainty of some important param- AgO (5 ppm) at all conditions. The catalytic activity of 217
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202 eters from known measured values is evaluated with respect to nano-additives enhances the heat transfer with an increase in 218
203 square root method and the same has been shown in Table 5. AgO nanoparticle content (5 to 10 ppm) which results in im- 219
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proved combustion and higher BTE [13, 16]. This result 220
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t3:1 Table 3 Specification of experimental setup matches the many kinds of literature [13–17] that reported 221
222
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higher BTE of a diesel engine fueled with BD and nano-

t3:2 Make Kirloskar additive mixture. BTE for PSBD* 20 nm AgO is higher than 223
PSBD* 10 nm AgO at both 5 and 10 ppm. This is due to the 224
t3:3 Stroke 4
increase in the calorific value of the fuel. The calorific value of 225
t3:4 Cylinder Single
base fuel increases with increases in nano additive size. BTE 226
t3:5 Rated power 4.4 kW
at peak conditions for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), 227
t3:6 Rated speed 1500 rpm
PSBD* 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (5 ppm), 228
t3:7 Bore diameter (D) 87.5 mm
PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are 26.6, 27.2, 27.5, 229
t3:8 Stroke (L) 110 mm
28.2, 28.6, and 29.8% respectively. 230
t3:9 Compression ratio 17.5;1
t3:10 Injection timing 17°bTDC
t3:11 Injection pressure 200 bar 3.2 Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) 231
t3:12 Fuel pump plunger diameter 8 mm
t3:13 Number of injector nozzle 4 BSFC of PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm 232
t3:14 Diameter of injector nozzle 0.32 mm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*10 nm 233
t3:15 Cooling Air-cooled AgO (10 ppm) and diesel are presented in Fig. 5. BSFC for 234
t3:16 Position Vertical biofuels is higher than diesel at all conditions. This is due to 235
the lower calorific value of biofuels compared with diesel, 236
 AUTHOR'S PROOF! JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

Q2 t4:1 Table 4 Specifications of exhaust

t4:2 gas analyzer Make AVL, Digas 444
t4:3 Measuring parameter CO, HC, CO2, O2, NOX, λ, AFR, CO, HC, CO2-NDIR method
t4:4 Measuring method NOX, O2 – Electrochemical method
t4:5 Repeatability Less than ±2%
t4:6 Measuring range and resolution CO – 0 to 9.95% and 0.01%
HC – 0 to 9999 ppm and 1% t4:7
CO2−0 to 20% and 0.1% t4:8
O2−0 to 25% and 0.01% t4:9
λ – 0 to 2 and 0.001% t4:10
AFR – 0 to 99 and 0.1 t4:11
t4:12 Response time Within 10 s
t4:13 Warming up time About 2–8 min
t4:14 Sample collecting quantity 4–6 L/ min
t4:15 Power AC 110 V only or AC 220 * 10%, 60 Hz

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t4:16 Power consumption About 50 W

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t4:17 Basic accessories Probe, probe hose, spare fuse, leak test cap, operation manual, power cord

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t4:18 Options RS 232, communication cable, printer

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237 which results in an additional consumption of fuel to maintain 3.3 Brake specific carbon monoxide emissions 258
238 constant power output [25]. BSFC for nano-additive added
239 D
biodiesel is lower than neat biodiesel (PSBD). The nano- BSCO of PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm 259
240 additive in base fuel enhances the fuel atomization during AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*10 nm 260
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241 combustion and reduces the BSFC [13]. BSFC for PSBD* AgO (10 ppm) and diesel are presented in Fig. 6. BSCO for 261
242 AgO (10 ppm) is lower than PSBD* AgO (5 ppm) at all biofuels is lower than diesel at all conditions. This is attributed 262
243 263
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conditions. Higher concentrations of nano-additive increase to higher oxygen content in biodiesel which improves the
244 the contact between the fuel and oxidizer owing to its high combustion rate and lowers CO emissions [26, 27]. BSCO 264
245 surface area to volume ratio. Further, the heat transfer rate for base fuel is further reduced with incorporating the nano- 265
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246 increases with increase in nano-additive concentrations, which additives. Nano-additive improves the combustion rate by in- 266
247 in turn lowers BSFC [14, 16]. This result matches the many creasing the heat transfer rate of fuel during combustion owing 267
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248 kinds of literature [11, 14, 15, 18] that reported lower BSFC of to its catalytic activity and reduces the CO emissions [18, 19]. 268
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249 a diesel engine fueled with BD and nano-additive mixture. BSCO for PSBD* AgO (10 ppm) is considerably lower than 269
250 BSFC for PSBD* 20 nm AgO is lower than PSBD* 10 nm PSBD* AgO (5 ppm) at all conditions. Higher concentrations 270
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251 AgO at both 5 and 10 ppm. This is due to the increase in the of nano-additive from 5 to 10 ppm increases the contact be- 271
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252 calorific value of the fuel. The calorific value of base fuel tween the fuel and oxidizer and improves the combustion rate. 272
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253 increases with increases in nano additive size and lowers Further, the heat transfer rate increases with increase in nano- 273
254 BSFC. BSFC at peak conditions for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm additive concentrations, which in turn lowers BSCO [13]. 274
255 AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm This result matches the many kinds of literature [16, 18, 21] 275
256 AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are that reported lower BSCO of a diesel engine fueled with BD 276
257 10.1, 9.8, 9.6, 9.3, 9.1 and 8.2 g/kW-hr respectively. and nano-additive mixture. BSCO for base fuel is further 277

t5:1 Table 5 Range and accuracy

t5:2 details of exhaust gas analyzer Pollutant Range Accuracy Uncertainty (%)

t5:3 CO 0–15.0 vol.% ±0.01 vol.% ±1.1

t5:4 HC 0–30,000 ppm vol. ±1 ppm vol. ±1
t5:5 NOx 0–5000 ppm vol. ±1 ppm vol. ±1.3
t5:6 Smoke meter 0–100% ± 0. 1% ±1.2
t5:7 BTE – ±0.4 ±0.04
t5:8 BSFC – ±0.02 kg/kW-hr ±1.1
t5:9 Pressure 0–500 bar ±1 bar ±1.5
t5:10 Crank angle encoder – ±0.1° ±0.02
AUTHOR'S PROOF!
JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

PSBD PSBD*10 nm AgO (5 ppm) PSBD PSBD*10 nm AgO(5 ppm)

PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm) PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) PSBD*20 nm AgO(5 ppm)
DIESEL PSBD*20 nm AgO (10 ppm) DIESEL PSBD*20 nm AgO (10 ppm)

Brake Specific HC Emission (g/KWh)

Brake Specific Fuel Consumpon

16 0.4

14
0.3
(gm/kW-hr)

12
0.2
10

0.1
8 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 Brake power(kW)
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 7 Effect of nano-additive on HC emissions with Brake power for

Fig. 5 Effect of nano-additive on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with tested fuels
Brake power for tested fuels

additive (5 to 10 ppm) increase the contact between the fuel 299

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278 reduced with an increase in nano-additive size from 10 to
and oxidizer and lower HC emissions [27, 28, 33, 36, 38]. 300Q3

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279 20 nm. This is due to the combined effect of higher calorific
These obtained observation matches with different kinds of 301
280 value and lower viscosity of PSBD* 20 nm AgO than PSBD*

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literature [13, 15, 18] reporting lower BSHC of a diesel engine 302
281 10 nm AgO. Atomization process for PSBD* 20 nm AgO is
fueled with BD and nano-additive mixture. BSHC for PSBD* 303

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282 comparatively better than PSBD* 10 nm AgO leading to prop-
20 nm AgO is lower than PSBD* 10 nm AgO at both 5 and 304
283 er mixing of fuel and lower CO emissions. BSCO at peak
10 ppm concentration. Lower viscosity and higher calorific 305
284 conditions for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*
value of PSBD* 20 nm AgO promotes the combustion by 306
285 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* D aiding satisfactory air supply and appropriate fuel-air mixing 307
286 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are 3.1, 2.8, 2.1, 1.8, 1.4 and
resulting in lower HC than PSBD* 10 nm AgO. BSHC at 308
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287 3.6 g/kW-hr respectively.
peak conditions for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), 309
PSBD* 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (5 ppm), 310
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288 3.4 Brake specific unburned hydrocarbon emissions PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are 0.36, 0.33, 0.29, 311
0.27, 0.24 and 0.39 g/kW-hr respectively. 312
289 BSHC of PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm
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290 AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*10 nm

291 3.5 Brake specific oxides of nitrogen emissions 313
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AgO (10 ppm) and diesel are presented in Fig. 7. BSHC for
292 biofuels is lower than diesel at all conditions owing to its
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293 overindulgence oxygen availability [28, 29]. BSHC is reduced Figure 8 represents the BSNO X emissions of PSBD, 314
294 315
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by adding nano-additive to the base fuel. Nano-additive in fuel PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm),
295 improves the rate of combustion by providing additional ox- PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) 316
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296 ygen molecules leading to a reduction in the HC emission and diesel. BSNOX emissions for biodiesel and nano-additive 317
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297 [14]. BSHC for PSBD* AgO (10 ppm) is inferior to PSBD* blends are higher than diesel. This is owing to its higher oxy- 318
298 AgO (5 ppm) at all conditions. Higher concentrations of nano- gen content which improves the combustion rate, combustion 319

PSBD PSBD*10 nm AgO (5 ppm)

PSBD PSBD*10 nm AgO (5 ppm)
PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm)
Brake Specific CO Emission (g/KWh)

PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm)

Brake Specific NOx Emission (g/KWh)

DIESEL PSBD*20 nm AgO (10 ppm)

DIESEL PSBD*20 nm AgO(10 ppm)
4
14

3 12

10
2
8
1
6

0 4
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Brake power(kW) Brake power (kW)

Fig. 6 Effect of nano-additive on CO emissions with Brake power for Fig. 8 Effect of nano-additive on NOX emissions with Brake power for
tested fuels tested fuels
AUTHOR'S PROOF! JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

320 temperature and results in higher NOX emission [29, 30]. engine fueled with nano-additive and biodiesel mixture. 357
321 However, by appending nano-additive to base fuel reduces Smoke emissions for PSBD* 20 nm AgO is considerably 358
322 the NOX emission. Nano-additive present in fuel increase lower than PSBD* 10 nm AgO at both 5 and 10 ppm of 359
323 the effective surface area of fuel with air and results in im- nano-additives. Lower viscosity and higher calorific value of 360
324 proved combustion and lower NOX emissions. BSNOX for PSBD* 20 nm AgO promote the combustion by aiding satis- 361
325 PSBD* AgO (10 ppm) is considerably lower than PSBD* factory air supply and appropriate fuel-air mixing resulting in 362
326 AgO (5 ppm) at all conditions. Higher concentrations of lower smoke emissions than PSBD* 10 nm AgO. Smoke 363
327 nano-additive reduce the combustion duration thereby reduc- emissions at full load for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO 364
328 ing the combustion temperature [13, 14, 17]. This result (5 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO 365
329 matches the many kinds of literature [16–19] that reported (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are 1.31, 366
330 lower BSNOX of a diesel engine fueled with BD and nano- 1.12, 0.95, 0.88, 0.72 and 1.41% respectively. 367
331 additive mixture. BSNOX for base fuel is further reduced with
332 an increase in nano-additive size from 10 to 20 nm for differ- 3.7 In-cylinder pressure variation 368
333 ent concentrations. PSBD* 20 nm AgO enhances the heat

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334 transfer rate and reduces the temperature and reduce the The occurrence of peak pressure in a CI engine depends on the 369
335 NOX emissions than PSBD* 10 nm AgO. BSNOX at full load 370

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combustion rate, a factor which is influenced by the amount of
336 for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO fuel burnt in the premixed combustion phase. The variation of 371

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337 (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO pressure with crank angle at full-load conditions of PSBD, 372
338 (10 ppm), and diesel are 13.3, 12.9, 12.5, 12.1, 11.8 and PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), 373

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339 10.5 g/kW-hr respectively. PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) 374
and diesel are presented in Fig. 10. The diesel engine produces 375
D similar in-cylinder pressure pattern for all test fuels. The peak 376
340 3.6 Smoke opacity pressure for biofuels and nano-additive is higher than diesel. 377
378
TE
The viscosity of biofuels and nano-additive is higher than
341 Smoke emissions of PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), diesel and hence the ignition delay is prolonged causing more 379
342 PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), fuel consumption, inconsistent combustion, and higher peak 380
EC

343 PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) and diesel are presented in pressure [14]. The other reason for higher peak pressure for 381
344 Fig. 9. Smoke emissions for biofuels are lower than diesel at biofuels and nano-additive is due to its lower calorific value. 382
345 all condition owing to its higher cetane index which promotes Fuel with lower calorific value requires more quantity of fuel 383
R

346 the combustion rate and results in lower smoke emission [29]. during combustion [13, 14]. Peak pressure for PSBD* AgO 384
R

347 Smoke emissions are further reduced by adding nano-additive (10 ppm) is inferior to PSBD* AgO (5 ppm) at peak load. The 385
348 to the PSBD. Nano-additive in fuel exhibits a high catalytic 386
O

thermal conductivity of fuel mixture is increased with increase

349 activity owing to its high surface-area-to-volume ratio leading in nano additive to PSBD [13, 14]. Due to higher thermal 387
C

350 to a reduction in the smoke emission [13, 14]. BSHC for conductivity, the combustion is initiated early causing lower 388
351 389
N

PSBD* AgO (10 ppm) is inferior to PSBD* AgO (5 ppm) at ignition delay and peak pressure. Peak pressure for base fuel is
352 all conditions. Higher concentrations of nano-additive (5 to further reduced with an increase in nano-additive size from 10 390
U

353 10 ppm) has resulted in shortened ignition delay, better evap- to 20 nm for different concentrations. The combustion starts 391
354 oration and better ignition characteristics [18, 19]. These ob-
355 tained observation matches with different kinds of literature
356 [13, 14, 19, 20, 31] reporting the similar findings in diesel

PSBD PSBD*10 nm AgO (5 ppm)

PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm)
DIESEL PSBD*20 nm AgO (10 ppm)
1.4
1.2
Smoke opacity (%)

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 9 Effect of nano-additive on smoke opacity with Brake power for

tested fuels Fig. 10 Variation of In-cylinder pressure for tested fuels
 AUTHOR'S PROOF!
JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

392 early for PSBD* 20 nm AgO with an increase in the size of dP

dθ change of pressure 0CA 429
428
393 nano-additive [17, 19]. This is due to their improved ignition h heat transfer coefficient of gas 430
431
394 quality and higher thermal conductivity of PSBD* 20 nm Ag Area through which heat transfer occurs from the gas to 432
433
395 AgO [20]. This result matches the many kinds of literature the combustion chamber wall 434
396 [13, 17, 21] that reported similar pressure variation of a diesel Tg exhaust gas temperature 435
436
397 engine fueled with BD and nanoparticle mixture. Peak pres- Tw wall temperature 437
438
398 sure at full load for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), 439
The maximum heat release rate for biofuel and nano- 440
399 PSBD* 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (5 ppm),
additive is lower than diesel. The possible reason for lower 441
400 PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are 64.6, 60.2, 57.4,
heat release rate is due to its lower calorific value. Fuel with 442
401 52.6, 48.8 and 47.1 bar respectively.
lower calorific value produces a lesser quantity of heat during 443
combustion [21]. Heat release rate for PSBD* AgO (10 ppm) 444
402 3.8 Heat release rate is inferior to PSBD* AgO (5 ppm) at peak load. This is due to 445
the higher surface area to volume ratio of PSBD* AgO 446
403 Heat release rate is used to identify the start of combustion, the (10 ppm) which results in improved combustion, reduced de- 447

F
404 mass of fuel burnt and the difference in combustion rate of lay period and higher heat release rate [13, 14]. HRR for 448

O
405 fuel. Variations of heat release rate with crank angle at full- PSBD* 20 nm AgO is higher than PSBD* 10 nm AgO at both 449
406 load conditions of PSBD, PSBD*20 nm AgO (5 ppm), ppm. The HRR rises for PSBD with an increase in the content 450

O
407 PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (5 ppm), of nano-additive size. This is due to their improved ignition 451

PR
408 PSBD*10 nm AgO (10 ppm) and diesel are presented in quality and higher thermal conductivity and higher calorific 452
409 Fig. 11. To analyze the combustion phenomena, the heat re- value of PSBD* 20 nm AgO. The higher thermal conductivity 453
410 lease rate of combustion of air and fuel mixture needs to be of PSBD* 20 nm AgO accelerates the combustion and re- 454
411 established using Eq. 1. The pressure data is obtained from the
D leases the maximum heat HRR than PSBD* 10 nm AgO 455
412 correlations between the cylinder pressure data at correspond- [14, 18]. HRR at full load for PSBD, PSBD* 10 nm AgO 456
TE
413 ing crank angles. (5 ppm), PSBD* 10 nm AgO (10 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO 457
(5 ppm), PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm), and diesel are 48.1, 458
dQht γ dv 1 dP
dt
¼ P þV þ hAg T g −T w ð1Þ 52.2, 55.9, 58.4, 61.1 and 64.4 J/m3 respectively. 459
EC

dθ γ−1 dθ γ−1 dθ dθ

415
414
R

Q4 416 Where 4 Conclusion 460

R

dQht 0
419
418 dθ Heat release rate per CA
The performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of 461
O

420
421 휸 specific heat ratio of fuel and air
423
422 dv
change of volume per 0CA PSBD, various mass fractions of AgO 20 nm (5 and 10 ppm) 462
C

dθ
424
425 P pressure included PSBD, the various particle size of AgO nano- 463
464
N

426
427 v volume additive (10 and 20 nm) are detailed in the present study,
and the results are compared with neat diesel. The study con- 465
U

clusions are as follows: 466

& The physicochemical properties of test fuels are at par 467

with EN 14214 standards and these fuels can be used in 468
existing diesel engine without any modification. 469
& The BTE and BSFC of PSBD are 2.3% lower and 4.4% 470
higher than diesel respectively. The AgO nano-additive 471
inclusion at different ppm improves the BTE and BSFC 472
by 1.1 and 1.8% respectively when compared to PSBD at 473
full load condition. PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm) fuel 474
exhibits 2.4 and 2.7% improvement in terms of BTE and 475
BSFC respectively when compared to PSBD at peak load 476
condition. 477
& The PSBD releases 11.5% higher NOx emission compared 478
to diesel at peak load condition and AgO nano-additive 479
inclusion at different ppm promotes 11.5% lower NOx 480
Fig. 11 Variation of heat release rate for tested fuels compared to PSBD. PSBD* 20 nm AgO (10 ppm) fuel 481
AUTHOR'S PROOF! JrnlID 231_ArtID 2537_Proof# 1 - 01/12/2018

Heat Mass Transfer

482 exhibits 14.4% lower NOx compared to PSDB. The PSBD Heat Mass Transf 53(5):1797–1804. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 533
s00231-016-1939-6 534
483 promotes lower smoke opacity compared to diesel. This
7. Senthil R, Silambarasan R, Pranesh G (2016) Exhaust emissions 535
484 magnitude is further reduced with nano-additive included reduction from diesel engine using combined Annona–Eucalyptus 536
485 PSBD at different ppm and particle size. oil blends and antioxidant additive. Heat Mass Transf 53(3):1105– 537
486 & The Overall HC and CO emissions are 13.3 and 10.9% 1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1882-6 538
487 lower for PSBD compared to diesel. AgO nano-additive 8. Chakraborty A, Roy S, Banerjee R (2018) Characterization of 539
performance-emission indices of a diesel engine using ANFIS op- 540
488 added fuel further reduces the HC and CO emissions by erating in dual-fuel mode with LPG. Heat Mass Transf 54(9):2725– 541
489 8.8 and 11.9% respectively compared to PSBD. The nano- 2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2312-8 542
490 particle inclusion in water emulsified SB further reduces 9. Srinivasa Rao M, Anand RB (2016) Performance and emission 543
491 the HC and CO emissions. characteristics improvement studies on a biodiesel fuelled DICI 544
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F
496 and increases the net Heat Release rate values and its cor-
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497 responding CA. An inclusion of 20 nm nano-additive in

O
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