sampling. Controlled variables?

How do you execute random sampling?

Observing patterns by ecological

Set up grid using tape measure, use Abiotic factors, light, temp, soil,
random numbers to generate points water, humidity, o2 concentration,
to place quadrate to collect data pH, aspect slope angle
How do you measure abundance, density? How do you execute systematic sampling?

Line transect, tape measure laid along

Density = presence of
several zones to be looked at and quadrate
organisms per quadrate
are used to record data at regular intervals
What do you use a pitfall trap for? How do you measure frequency?

Percentage of quadrate
To collect invertebrates
squares containing organisms
 What do you use a pooter for? What do you use a sweep net for?

To collect invertebrates in a container To collect invertebrates in long grass

 To collect organisms from leaf litter To collect organisms from water
What do you use a tullgren funnel for? What do you use a Bearman funnel for?
 and dependent variables?
success of brine shrimp. Independent
The effect of temp of hatching
Independent: temp Dependent:
number of shrimps hatched
sampling. Possible evaluation issues?
Observing patterns by ecological
constant changing of abiotic conditions,
movement of organism, sampling taken
within small amount of time, limitations of
only one study, consideration for safety of
organisms, disruption of normal habitat,
ethics of measuring wild organisms
 brine shrimp eggs to hatch? of brine shrimp. Controlled variables?
Optimal temperature for The effect of temp of hatching success

Controlled variables: light intensity,

28 degrees, most eggs should hatch
pH, salt content, presence of chlorine
between 25 to 30 degrees in this practical
from tap water, oxygen concentration
 brine shrimp. Possible evaluation issues?
What stat test used for correlation?
The effect of temp of hatching success of

ethics of hatching shrimp under

different conditions, using animals in
experiments, may be a difference in
Spearmans rank light at each sample, fluctuating temps,
not accurate salt measurements, may
not have counted exactly 40 eggs,
may miss seeing some baby shrimp
 Student t test mann whitney - u test
What stat test used to compare means? What stat test used to compare medians?
student t test and spearmans rank mann whitney u test
In what stat tests do you reject null In what stat tests do you reject
hypothesis if the calculated value null hypothesis if the calculated
is more than the critical value? value is less than the critical value?
 in your table, (columns x rows)-2 95% confidence, 0.05 significance level
What level of confidence do you
How do you calculate degrees of freedom? ALWAYS refer to when drawing
conclusions from investigations?
 PCR, equipment needed? outcome of this practical?
DNA amplification using DNA gel electrophoresis,

DNA will be separated out through the

agar gel, with the heaviest (biggest) DNA
Thermocycler, DNA sample, taq strands near the wells and the lightest
polymerase, nucleotides, primers (smallest) will be at the opposite end. The
DNA restriction ladder can be used as a
“ruler” to measure the size of the fragments
what order of the temperatures? Equipment needed?
DNA amplification using PCR, DNA gel electrophoresis.

selected restriction enzymes, agar gel, gel

tank, electrical supply, micropipettes, DNA
94, 54, 72
sample, loading dye, UV light, camera,
buffer solution, DNA restriction ladder
 Independent and dependent variables? happened at diff temperatures?
Effects of different antibiotics on bacteria. DNA amplification using PCR, what

94= denature, break hydrogen bonds,

makes DNA single stranded, 54 =
Independent= antibiotic Dependent bonds form between primers and
= diameter of zone of inhibition template strands 72= optimum of
taq polymerase, bases placed in
position, extending strand from primer
 bacterial species, temp, ruler
amount of antibiotic, disc sir,
concentration of antibiotic,
Effects of different antibiotics on
bacteria. Controlled variables?
48 hours, 30 degrees, upside down
Effects of different antibiotics on
bacteria. Incubation time and temp?
uptake. Controlled variables?
Measuring the rate of oxygen
no of organisms, temp,
time, amount of soda lime
bacteria. Possible evaluation issues?
Effects of different antibiotics on
Ensuring the discs are evenly placed
on the petri dish, having good
aseptic technique to prevent plate
contamination, age of antibiotic, if out of
date likely to be less effective, repeats,
accuracy of incubation time and temp
 uptake. Equipment needed?
Simple respirometer. Adv and d.adv?
Measuring the rate of oxygen

d.adv: does not allow you to reset,

control tube needed alongside, no
Respirometer, soda lime,
scale so measurements are likely to
coloured liquid, organisms, cotton
be less accurate, adv: very simple to
wool, stop clock, marker pen
set up, minimal number of connections
makes a good seal easier to obtain
 breathing rate. Equipment needed?
U tube respirometer. Adv and d.Adv?
Effects of exercise on tidal volume and

d.adv: tendency for connections to leak

in elderly models (making the equipment
spirometer, kymograph, disinfectant, useless) expensive, adv: does not need
eye protection, soda lime to have an additional control as a second
tube balances out the effects of the
changes in temp and atmospheric pressure
 Define the vital capacity? Define the tidal volume?

The tidal volume is the volume

Vital capacity is the maximum volume
of air breathed in and out in one
of air that can be breathed in or out
breath at rest. The tidal volume for
of the lungs in one forced breath
most adults is only about 0.5 dm3.
 Define minute ventilation? Define breathing rate?

Minute ventilation is the volume of air

breathed into (and out of) the lungs in
Breathing rate is the number
one minute. Minute ventilation = tidal
of breaths taken per minute.
volume x rate of breathing (measured
in number of breaths per minute).
Independent and dependent variables? what does it prevent?
Investigating habituation to a stimulus. What is residual air, and

Some air always remains in the

lungs as residual air and cannot be
Independent: number of pokes breathed out. Residual air prevents
Dependent: retraction time the walls of the bronchioles and
alveoli from sticking together. Any air
breathed in mixes with residual air.
stimulus. Equipment needed? stimulus. Controlled variables?
Investigating habituation to a Investigating habituation to a

1 giant african land snail, 1 replication using snails of

dampened cotton wool bud, approximately same size and age,
clean firm surface, stop watch equal handling history, drying out

stimulus. Possible evaluation issues?
Investigating habituation to a
Snails already handled before the
experiment may not react in the same
way, determining when a snail has fully
re emerged can be hard, lack of moisture
may encourage snails to stay longer in their
shell, measuring eye stalk length instead
does the snail take less time to re-emerge?
happens with repeated stimulation? why
Investigating habituation to a stimulus. what
repeated stimulation = calcium channels,
pre synaptic membrane less responsive,
less calcium into pre synaptic neurone,
less neurotransmitter, action potential less
likely, fewer action potentials produced in
post synaptic motor neurone, less respons