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13, 2002
yˆ = y + gσ y
0.5772
g = 2 loge ν T + (8.36)
2 loge ν T
ν=
∫0
f 2S(f )df
(Hz) (8.34)
∞
∫0
S(f )df
ν ≈ f o for a narrow-band process (Hz)
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CEE490b Feb. 13, 2002
Point Structures
A point structure is one where the size of the structure is much less than the
wavelength of the turbulence, i.e. A << λ (f ) .
FD (t ) =
1
2
1
[
ρCD AV 2 (t ) = ρCD A V + v (t )
2
2
] (9.1)
1 2
FD (t ) = ρCD AV + ρCD AVv (t ) (9.2, 9.3)
2
The drag force as a function of time is equal to the mean drag force plus a
fluctuating component. This is a linearization of the general non-linear
equation describing the load due to turbulent wind.
2
4F D
SF = 2
Sv ( f ) (9.5)
V
Large Structures
Real structures have characteristic lengths of the same order of that of the
turbulence, so this approximation will be overly conservative. The instantaneous
wind induced pressures are not fully correlated over the frontal area of the body, so
and “Aerodynamic Admittance” is introduced which takes this lack of spatial
correlation into account.
2 2
4F D fL
SF = χ S v (f ) (9.7)
V V
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CEE490b Feb. 13, 2002
2 2
A A A A
χ → 1 as
→ 0 and χ → 0 as
→∞
λf λf λf λf
The peak response is related to the mean response via the gust effect factor:
yˆ = C g y
σ
yˆ = y + gσ y = y 1 + g y
y
σy
so, C g = 1 + g
y
The NBCC has a procedure for evaluating C g with the following assumptions:
Page 3 of 5
CEE490b Feb. 13, 2002
A pressure is applied to the exterior surface of the structure which is of the form:
[
P = qC g (C eC p )front − (C eC p ) back ]
where: P = the pressure
1 2
q = ρV ref = the mean reference velocity pressure
2
C g the gust effect coefficient
C e the exposure factor
C p the Aerodynamic Pressure Coefficient
C g = 1+ g p (σ uU
)
and
(σ u ) = K
Ce
B +
SF
β
(6)
K SF
σy =U B +
Ce β
y&& = (2πf ) 2 y
and since σ y2 = σ yB
2 2
+ σ yR , then, by analogy, σ y&2& = σ y&2&B + σ y&2&R
∞
1
K 2 ∫0
σ y&2&B = (2πf ) 4 SF (f )df
1 π
σ y&2&R = 2
(2πfo ) 4 f o S F (f ) and σ y&2&B << σ y&2&R
K 4D
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CEE490b Feb. 13, 2002
σ y&& ≅ (2πfo ) 2 σ yR
K sF
≅ (2πfo ) 2 y
Ce β
aˆ ≅ g pσ y&&
K sF
≅ (2πf o ) 2 g p y
Ce β
ˆ
and y= y
Cg
so:
yˆ K sF
y&ˆ& = aˆ = (2πf o ) 2 g p (8)
Cg Ce β
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