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11, 2002
x(t)
π/2
π/2
∞
x(t ) = ao + ∑ (ar cos rω 1t + br sin rω 1t ) (1)
r =1
where
2π ω 1
ω1 = ; since ω 1 = 2πf1 , then f1 = 1 =
T 2π T
T ≡ the period of x(t)
T /2
1
T −T∫/ 2
ao = x (t )dt , i.e the mean value (2a)
T /2
2
T −T∫/ 2
ar = x (t ) cos rω 1dt (2b)
T /2
2
T −T∫/ 2
br = x(t ) sin rω 1dt (2c)
The mean square value of x(t) can also be expressed in terms of the coefficients
ao , ar and br , squaring and averaging by the period T.
T /2
1
∫
2 2
σ = x (t ) =
x x 2 (t )dt (3)
T −T / 2
T /2 2
1 ∞ ∞
2
x
2
σ = x (t ) = ∫
T −T / 2
a o + ∑ a r cos rω 1t + ∑ br sin rω 1t dt (4)
r =1 r =1
Page 1 of 3
CEE490b Feb. 11, 2002
All terms involving a product of sin and cosine terms will be zero and the only ones
left will be those containing ao2 and the terms involving either the product of cosines
or sines, i.e. (ak cos kω 1t )(al cos lω 1t ) or (bk sin kω 1t )(bl sin lω 1t ) and only when k= l .
So the mean square value of x(t) becomes:
1 2 ∞
2T 2 T
σ x2 = x 2 (t ) =
T
a o T + ∑ a r + br
r =1 2 2
(5)
1 ∞
= ao2 + ∑ (ar2 + br2 )
2 r =1
Therefore:
∞
x (t ) = ∑c e
r = −∞
r
irω1t
(see Eq. 8.23) (7)
where:
T /2
1
T −T∫/ 2
cr = x (t )e − irω1t dt (8)
T /2 2
1 ∞ irω t
∫ ∑ c r e 1 dt
2
x (t ) = (9)
T −T / 2 −∞
T /2
1 ∞ ∞
x (t ) = ∑
2
∑ ∫c n c m e inω1t e imω1t dt
T n = −∞ m = −∞ −T / 2
(10)
∞
= ∑ cr
2
−∞
2
where c r = c r c r* , the modulus of c r , and c r* is the complex conjugate of c r
Page 2 of 3
CEE490b Feb. 11, 2002
T → very large
2π
ω = → very small
T
= ∆ω
1 ∆ω
so =
T 2π
∞ T /2
∆ω
x (t ) = ∑ ∫ x(t )e −ir∆ωt dt e ir∆ωt (11)
− ∞ 2π −T / 2
144424443
Cr
∞ dω iωt
∫ 2π ∫
− iω t
x (t ) = x ( t )e dt e (12)
− ∞
∞
1
∫ A(ω )e
iω t
x (t ) = dω (13)
2π −∞
where
∫ x(t )e
− iω t
A(ω ) = dt (14)
−∞
Recall that we have introduced R(τ ) and G(τ ) as a Fourier Transform Pair and
R(τ ) and S(f ) as a Cosine Transform Pair
Page 3 of 3