Concentration Reading1 Reading2 Reading3

2 PPM 25 15 19
4PPM 45 35 37
6PPM 56 64 61
8PPM 76 80 82
10PPM 97 99 98
UNKNOWN 55 42 44

120

100
Galvanometer reading

80

60
Column D
40 Linear (Column D)

20

0
2 PPM 4PPM 6PPM 8PPM 10PPM
Concentration of Quinine Sulphate ( In PPM)
Experiment NO: 8 Aim:Estimation of potassiun by flame photometry

Concentration reading1 Reading2 Reading3

2PPM 0 0 0
4PPM 4 3 3
6PPM 10 12 13
8PPM 22 24 22
10PPM 41 40 38
15PPM 98 106 99

120

100 99

80
Galvanometer reading

60 Column D
Linear (Column D)

40 38

20 22
13

0 0 3
Concentration of Potassium ( in PPM)
2PPM 4PPM 6PPM 8PPM 10PPM 15PPM
 Experiment No: 2 Aim: To determine molarity of given Hcl sample by using pH metric titrations.

Observation Table
Sr.NO. cum. Vol pH DV DpH/DV D 2pH/DV2
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 1 Reading 2
1 0 0.67 0.49 0.5 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04
2 0.5 0.7 0.51 0.5 0.08 0.06 -0.04 -4.4409E-16
3 1 0.74 0.54 0.5 0.06 0.06 0.24 0
4 1.5 0.77 0.57 0.5 0.18 0.06 -0.2 0.04
5 2 0.86 0.6 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.12 -0.04
6 2.5 0.9 0.64 0.5 0.14 0.06 -0.12 0.08
7 3 0.97 0.67 0.5 0.08 0.1 0.2 -0.04
8 3.5 1.01 0.72 0.5 0.18 0.08 0.12 0.08
9 4 1.1 0.76 0.5 0.24 0.12 0.24 0
10 4.5 1.22 0.82 0.5 0.36 0.12 0.16 0
11 5 1.4 0.88 0.5 0.44 0.12 1.12 0.12
12 5.5 1.62 0.94 0.5 1 0.18 8.96 0.08
13 6 2.12 1.03 0.5 5.48 0.22 -5.88 0
14 6.5 4.86 1.14 0.5 2.54 0.22 13.08 0.12
15 7 6.13 1.25 0.5 9.08 0.28 -13.48 0.52
16 7.5 10.67 1.39 0.5 2.34 0.54 -1.52 0.52
17 8 11.84 1.66 0.5 1.58 0.8 -1.24 8
18 8.5 12.63 2.06 0.5 0.96 4.8 -0.68 -3.72
19 9 13.11 4.46 0.5 0.62 2.94 -0.44 10.4
20 9.5 13.42 5.93 0.5 0.4 8.14 -0.32 -9.6
21 10 13.62 10 0.5 0.24 3.34 0.16 -3.6
22 10.5 13.74 11.67 0.5 0.32 1.54 -0.24 -0.88
23 11 13.9 12.44 0.5 0.2 1.1 -56.4 -0.96
24 11.5 14 12.99 0.5 -28 0.62 56 -0.44
25 12 13.3 0.5 0 0.4 0 -0.4
26 12.5 13.5 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.28
27 13 13.6 0.5 0 0.34 0 -0.24
28 13.5 13.77 0.5 0 0.22 0 0.04
29 14 13.88 0.5 0 0.24 0 -56.48
30 14.5 14 0.5 0 -28 0 56
 Graph of Volume of NaOH vs pH
reading 2
16
14
12
10
8 Column D
pH

6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 12 13 1 4

volume of NaOH added (in ml)

80
60
40
20
2pH/v2 0
-20 Column I

-40
-60
-80
Volume of NaOH added ( in ml)

9
8
7
6
5
Column G
pH 4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Volume of NaOH added (in ml)
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Volume of NaOH added (in ml)
ric titrations.
Sr.NO.Cum. Vol. pH DV DpH/DV D 2pH/DV2
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 1Reading 2 Reading 1 Reading 2
1 0 2.11 2.19 0.5 0.44 0.04 0.24 0.44
2 0.5 2.33 2.21 0.5 0.56 0.26 -0.84 0.08
3 1 2.61 2.34 0.5 0.14 0.3 0.24 0.08
4 1.5 2.68 2.49 0.5 0.26 0.34 0.08 -0.24
5 2 2.81 2.66 0.5 0.3 0.22 -0.4 0.08
6 2.5 2.96 2.77 0.5 0.1 0.26 0.6 0
7 3 3.01 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.26 -0.24 0.48
8 3.5 3.21 3.03 0.5 0.28 0.5 0.04 -0.56
9 4 3.35 3.28 0.5 0.3 0.22 -0.08 0
10 4.5 3.5 3.39 0.5 0.26 0.22 -0.2 0.08
11 5 3.63 3.5 0.5 0.16 0.26 0.68 0.16
12 5.5 3.71 3.63 0.5 0.5 0.34 -0.24 0.24
13 6 3.96 3.8 0.5 0.38 0.46 0.24 0.12
14 6.5 4.15 4.03 0.5 0.5 0.52 0.4 -0.68
15 7 4.4 4.29 0.5 0.7 0.18 0.56 1.36
16 7.5 4.75 4.38 0.5 0.98 0.86 0.92 0.2
17 8 5.24 4.81 0.5 1.44 0.96 7.12 1.16
18 8.5 5.96 5.29 0.5 5 1.54 -4.12 6.72
19 9 8.46 6.06 0.5 2.94 4.9 -4.6 -4.44
20 9.5 9.93 8.51 0.5 0.64 2.68 0.4 -3.12
21 10 10.25 9.85 0.5 0.84 1.12 -0.48 -0.88
22 10.5 10.67 10.41 0.5 0.6 0.68 -0.52 -0.28
23 11 10.97 10.75 0.5 0.34 0.54 -0.12 -0.32
24 11.5 11.14 11.02 0.5 0.28 0.38 -0.2 -0.08
25 12 11.28 11.21 0.5 0.18 0.34 0.04 -0.48
26 12.5 11.37 11.38 0.5 0.2 0.1 -46.28 -45.92
27 13 11.47 11.43 0.5 -22.94 -22.86 45.88 45.72
 Reading 1 vol of NaOH vs pH
14
12
10
8
6 Column D
pH

4
2
0
0 5 3 5 6 5 9 .5 12
1. 4. 7. 10

volume of NaOH added ( in ml )

Volume Of NaOH added Vs pH/V

6

4
pH/V

3
Column G
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
volume of NaOH added ( in ml)

60

40

20
²pH/V²

0
0 5 3 5 6 5 9 .5 12 Column I
1. 4. 7. 10
-20

-40

-60
Volume of NaOH added ( in ml)
Experiment No.04 Aim : to determine Strength of given Hydrochloric Acid using
Conductometric Titrations.
Observations
Sr.No Cumulative volume Conductance
1 0 19.9 19.8
2 0.5 19.8 19.74
3 1 19.4 19.63
4 1.5 18.9 19.52
5 2 18.4 19.1
6 2.5 17.96 18.56
7 3 17.46 18.05
8 3.5 17 17.54
9 4 16.55 17.15
10 4.5 16.11 16.74
11 5 15.67 16.24
12 5.5 15.45 15.76
13 6 15.23 15.4
14 6.5 14.78 15
15 7 14.37 14.5
16 7.5 13.96 14.12
17 8 13.58 13.74
18 8.5 13.44 13.48
19 9 13.53 13.54
20 9.5 13.6 13.63
21 10 13.7 13.7
22 10.5 13.82 13.8
23 11 14 13.95
24 11.5 14.18 14.14
25 12 14.33 14.3
26 12.5 14.52 14.5
27 13 14.67 14.63
28 13.5 14.85 14.82
29 14 15.1 15
30 14.5 15.26 15.2
31 15 15.44 15.4
 Reading1
25

20
Specifc Conductance ( ms)

15

10 Column C

0
0
1.
5 3
4.
5 6
7.
5 9 .5 12 .5 15
10 13

Volume of NaOH added (in ml)

 Observation
Sr.No Cumulative Volume Conductance
Reading1 Reading2
1 0 9.8 7.55
2 0.2 8.17 6.1
3 0.4 7 4.78
4 0.6 5.77 3.73
5 0.8 4.54 3.18
6 1 3.72 3.58
7 1.2 3.74 3.96
8 1.4 3.86 4.31
9 1.6 4.08 4.63
10 1.8 4.32 4.84
11 2 4.63 5.16
12 2.2 4.86 5.47
13 2.4 5.16 5.8
14 2.6 5.45 6.08
15 2.8 5.88 6.31
16 3 6.13 6.66
17 3.2 6.34 6.96
18 3.4 6.63 7.16
19 3.6 6.93 7.53
20 3.8 7.25 7.74
21 4 7.48 7.95
22 4.2 7.74 8.29
23 4.4 7.95 8.55
24 4.6 8.23 8.82
25 4.8 8.81 9.15
26 5 9.1 9.84
27 5.2 9.55 10.61
28 5.4 10.06 11.52
29 5.6 10.79 11.9
30 5.8 11.68 12.74
31 6 12.26 13.48
32 6.2 13.06 14.16
33 6.4 13.86 14.87
34 6.6 14.68 15.6
35 6.8 15.23 16.24
36 7 16 17
37 7.2 16.57 17.64
38 7.4 17.14 18.5
39 7.6 17.94 19.21
40 7.8 18.66 19.96
41 8 19.3 18.04
42 8.2 20 18.8
 43 8.4 18.8 19.3
44 8.6 19.47 20
45 8.8 20.3 20.6
46 9 21.5 21.3
47 9.2 22.4 21.8
48 9.4 22.9 22.2
49 9.6 23.6 22.8
50 9.8 24.2 23.6
51 10 24.6 24.2
52 10.2 25.3 24.9
53 10.4 25.8 25.4
54 10.6 26.3 26.1
55 10.8 26.8 26.7
56 11 27.4 27.1
57 11.2 28.1 27.6
58 11.4 28.6 28
59 11.6 28.9 28.4

Volume Of NaOH vs Conductance

35

30

25
Conductance (ms)

20

15

10

0
0 6 2 8 4 3 .6 .2 .8 .4 6 .6 .2 .8 .4 9 6 2 8 4
0. 1. 1. 2. 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 . 1 0 . 10 . 1 1 .
Volume of NaOH added ( in ml )
Experiment No.06 Aim: To determine Formal Redox Potential of Ferrous
using Potentiometric Titrations.

Sr.No. Cum. Vol. E DE DV DE/DV D²E/DV²

1 0 50 40 0.5 80 -92
2 0.5 90 17 0.5 34 -28
3 1 107 10 0.5 20 -8
4 1.5 117 8 0.5 16 0
5 2 125 8 0.5 16 -12
6 2.5 133 5 0.5 10 4
7 3 138 6 0.5 12 -4
8 3.5 144 5 0.5 10 -4
9 4 149 4 0.5 8 0
10 4.5 153 4 0.5 8 0
11 5 157 4 0.5 8 0
12 5.5 161 4 0.5 8 0
13 6 165 4 0.5 8 -4
14 6.5 169 3 0.5 6 4
15 7 172 4 0.5 8 0
16 7.5 176 4 0.5 8 0
17 8 180 4 0.5 8 -4
18 8.5 184 3 0.5 6 8
19 9 187 5 0.5 10 0
20 9.5 192 5 0.5 10 4
21 10 197 6 0.5 12 4
22 10.5 203 7 0.5 14 12
23 11 210 10 0.5 20 16
24 11.5 220 14 0.5 28 116
25 12 234 43 0.5 86 1320
26 12.5 277 373 0.5 746 -1416
27 13 650 19 0.5 38 -36
28 13.5 669 10 0.5 20 -32
29 14 679 2 0.5 4 32
30 14.5 681 10 0.5 20 -24
31 15 691 4 0.5 8 -4
32 15.5 695 3 0.5 6 0
33 16 698 3 0.5 6 0
34 16.5 701 3 0.5 6 -4
35 17 704 2 0.5 4 0
36 17.5 706 2 0.5 4 -8
37 18 708 -708 0.5 0
 Volume of KMnO4 added Vs E
800
700
600
500
400
Column C
E
300
200
100
0
0 5 3 5 6 9
.5 12 3.5 15 6.5
5
1. 4. 10 7.
1 1
Volume Of KMnO4 added ( in ml )

Volume of KMno4 added vs E/V

800
700
600
500
400
E/V300 Column F
200
100
0
0 5 3 5 6 5 9 .5 12 3.5 15 6.5
1. 4. 7. 10 1 1
Volume Of KMnO4 added ( in ml

Volume Of KmnO4 added vs ²E/V²

1500

1000

500

0
²E/V²
-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
Volume Of KMnO4 added ( in ml
-1000

-1500

-2000
Volume Of KMnO4 added ( in ml
Exp. No. 07 Aim: Estimation Of Quinine Sulphate By Fluorometry.

Observation Table
Sr.No Concentration Galvanometer Reading
1 2PPM 21 18
2 4PPM 35 42
3 6PPM 58 65
4 8PPM 81 81
5 10PPM 100 100
6 Unknown 71 70

120

100
Galvanometer Reading

80

60
Column D
40 Linear (Column D)

20

0
2PPM 4PPM 6PPM 8PPM 10PPM
Concentration of Quinine Sulphate ( in PPM )