Application of Distributed Generation on Reliability

Improvement
Case study (Nazareth)
MICHAEL YIMER

ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this paper is to study the reliability due to the employment of distributed generations (DG) integrated to distribution
system. The system under this study is from NAZRETH substation Feeder-1 that is a part of EEP’s distribution system. The distance of
distribution line and location of load that are parameter of Feeder-1 is simulated using digital simulation and electrical network calculation
program (Dig SILENT) and ETAP.to analyze the impact of reliability with the installation of DG into the distribution system specifically
Feeder-1. SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ASUI ENS(MWh) AENS and EIC are assessed as index of reliability by comparing them between the
base case (no DG) and the case that DG connected to the distribution system by assuming different scenarios. The results can be summarized
by focusing on location of DG, the capacity of DG and the distance of load which are factors able to impact the reliability of the system.

Keywords: Reliability; Distributed Generation; Interruption Cost; Distribution System; SAIFI; SAIDI; CAIDI; ASAI; ASUI; ENS(MWh);
AENS; EIC.

I. INTRODUCTION into a distribution networks and investigates the optimal

Distributed Generation is power generation technology that is
close to the point of use, as opposed to the centralized
production of energy. The scale of the generated power is
significantly lower, as the generator is usually designed to
service a home, a building, a manufacturing plant or
commercial facility or a small community [4]. DG can be
installed at utility or at customer sites. Distributed generation
technologies include conventional and non-conventional
energy solutions such as diesel engine driven generators,
wind turbines, fuel cells and micro turbines. Installing
distributed generation (DG) and reclosing devices in electric
systems are two very effective solutions to improve power
quality and reliability indices. DG reduces losses, improves
voltage profile, reduce severity of voltage sag near the DG
and reliability indices and for reducing the operating and
backup interruption cost and or peak shaving can be use from
DG installation [3]. Installing DGs is one of the best solutions
to reduce transient outage time. By decreasing the probability
of fault occurrence and decreasing loss due to long
distribution lines. In [1], the DG location is optimized to
improve reliability indices in radial distribution networks.
Results show that via installing DG, reliability indices are
remarkably improved. In [2] the Impacts of connecting DG
locations and sizes of DGs using a simple numerical method
was discussed. In [5], a reliability model is presented to
determine distributed generation equivalence to a distribution
facility in an attempt to improve the distribution system
reliability while meeting increasing customer load
requirements using General Reliability’s DISREL program to
determining DG equivalence.in [6] a distflow technique was
used to determine total active and reactive power losses to
determine the optimum location for placement of DG. In this
paper, we have tried to improve reliability indices of a typical
radial configuration feeder of Nazareth substation feeder-1 to
achieve this goal, we have best optimized location of DG by
performing load flow analysis and choosing a location with
power loss and voltage violation. The paper mainly focuses
on analyzing and evaluating the reliability in order to improve
the reliability of power system by evaluating the following
reliability indices SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ASUI ENS
(MWh) AENS EIC. Dig SILENT power factory and ETAP is
employed to simulate and analyze when distributed
generation (DG) is connected to 15kV distribution system.

1
 II. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY
INDICES CAIDI 
UN i i i

 N I i 0

Because of customer satisfaction, the utility of individual

customers to get the best service with the least amount of 5. Average Service Availability Index (ASAI): This
power failure is important. The majority of customer index represents the fraction of time (Often in
reliability problem is caused by distribution system. Utilities percentage) that a customer has power provided during
often monitor the reliability of customers by using a one year or the defined reporting period.
reliability index. Therefore, calculating the reliability index is
ASAI 
 i
N i  8760   i U i N i
interesting for their customers. The use of index to indicate
the average number of times of the power failure and power
 I
N i  8760
outage per year per one customer makes it possible to
compare between different systems and can also be targeted 6. Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI): This
[1]. index is the complementary value to the average
service availability index (ASAI).
III. THE MOST COMMON CUSTOMER
RELIABILITY INDICES ARE: ASUI  1  ASAI 
UN i i i

1. System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(SAIFI): It is the average frequency of sustained
interruptions per customer over a predefined area. It is
the total number of customers interruptions divided by
the total number of customers served.
 N  8760
I i
Where
λ is the failure rate at load point i,
Ni is the number of customers found at load point i
No is total number of customer interruptions
Ui is the annual outage time at load point i

SAIFI 
 Ni i i

 N I i
IV. LOAD OR ENERGY-ORIENTED
2. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI): INDICES
It is commonly referred to as customer minutes of
interruption or customer hours, and is designed to 1. Energy Not Supplied Index (ENS): This index represents
provide information as to the average time the the total energy not supplied by the system. And it is
customers are interrupted. It is the sum of the given by
restoration time for each interruption event times the
number of interrupted customers for each interruption
event divided by the total number of customers. ENS   i La (i )U i

SAIDI 
UN i i i
2. Average Energy Not Supplied Index (AENS): This index
represents the average energy not supplied by the system
 N I i i

3. Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index

(CAIFI): This index gives the average frequency of AENS 
 L (i)U
i a i

sustained interruptions for those customers N i i

experiencing sustained interruptions. The customer is Where,

counted once regardless of the number of times La (i) is the average load
interrupted for this calculation.

CAIFI 
 i
Ni In this thesis, all the reliability indices mentioned above were
taken for comparison of reliability indices after installation of
 I
N0 DG.
4. Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
(CAIDI): It is the average time needed to restore
service to the average customer per sustained
interruption. It is the sum of customer interruption
durations divided by the total number of customer
interruptions.
 V. METHODOLOGY

The methodology consists of three main steps. The first step

is to calculate the reliability indices for the existing system by
perform the load flow analysis on the network without
distributed generation. The power losses and bus voltages
values are used as a reference to identify the optimum
location for the distributed generation. The second step is to
identify busses and feeders with significant losses and voltage
violation. A voltage violation occurs when the bus voltage is
not within the 5 percent margin. The last step is to run the
load analysis with the distributed generation connected to the
identified busses either one bus at a time or multiple busses
at a time.

VI. POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION USING

DIG SILENT AND ETAP

The scheme under investigation is feeder 1 which is part of

Nazareth substation which contains 7 feeders. Dig SILENT
power factory and ETAP are employed to simulate and Fig.1 A single line diagram of Nazareth feeder 1 using Dig
analyze the reliability when distributed generation (DG) is silent
connected to 15 kV distribution system. Data of transformer
loading including the distance of distribution line and
location of load that are parameter of the network are
collected and are used in the design of the single line diagram
as shown in Fig 1,2

TABLE-1 LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDER

Line type r x Amp rating

AAAC-150 0.2195 0.2798 389
AAAC-200 0.1757 0.273 450
AAAC-95 0.33 0.33 318
AAAC-25 1.338 0.38 135
AAC-50 0.68 0.362 215
AAC-95 0.339 0.337 325
ACSR-19 1.7169 0.375 105
ACSR-25 1.141 0.375 105
ACSR-30 1.139 0.372 125
ACSR-46 0.681 0.365 189
ACSR-65 0.571 0.349 256 Fig. 2 A single line diagram of Nazareth feeder 1 using ETAP.
AAAC-150 0.2195 0.2798 389

TABLE-1I DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS From Fig.1, it can be seen that there are a number of
distribution transformers and each transformer is give a
Transformer Capacity (KVA) Voltage rating Vector group general load to simulate customers connected to the feeder.
3-phase 315 15/0.4 KV Dyn5 Load flow has been done for the feeder under study and six
3-phase 200 15/0.4 KV Dyn5 branches are investigated for voltage violation and power loss
3-phase 100 15/0.4 KV Dyn5
3-phase 50 15/0.4 KV Dyn5
out of which 3 are find to be having a relatively higher values,
3-phase 25 15/0.4 KV Dyn5 the branches with the highest deviation are shown in fig.1&
2.the result of the load flow is summarized in the graph below
Besides this there is already a 0.6 Mvar capacitor and a for power loss and minimum voltage.
booster transformer with a capacity of 5000Kva with a As can be seen from the chart branches 4, 5 & 6 shows the
voltage rating of 12.5kv/15 kv installed in the distribution least amount of variation both for voltage and power loss
side of the feeder which implies that there is no need to consider these branches
for connection of DG.
 Min Voltage(PU) To study the reliability, simulations were performed with
0.95 various changes as follows:
A number of DGs with different capacity are employed
0.9 depending on the load requirement of the specific branch
which is selected based on load flow analysis.
0.85 The location of distributed generators are designated on any
0.8
bus of distribution system and installed between buses of
distribution system.
0.75 The capacity of DG required for the braches of the feeder are
0.45 MVA, 0.4 MVA, and 0.35 MVA at branch 1, branch 2
0.7 and branch 3 respectively.

VII. IMPACT OF DG FOR RELIABILITY

Fig.3 min voltage for various branches The main purpose of this section is to evaluate effects of DG.
To achieve this goal, three individual scenarios are presented
for which reliability indices are evaluated. These scenarios
are as follows;
Power Loss(MW)
SCENARIO 1: each individual DG is connected to the
0.0007 specific branch by itself
0.0006
0.0005 SCENARIO 2: combination of two DGs is consider by
0.0004 connecting them to their specific branch
0.0003
0.0002 SCENARIO 3: all the DGs are connected at the same time to
0.0001
their specific branch.
0
Connection of each DG is made through circuit breaker
which can be used to disconnect the feeder in case fault and
maintenance.

VIII. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig.4 power loss for various branches

In this section, Simulation results for three scenarios are

Apparent power demand(MVA) presented. All reliability indices have been evaluated and are
compared to find effects of DG. The reliability evaluations
0.45
for different scenarios are shown in TABLE III, IV&V and
0.4
also comparative results are shown in fig.4.
0.35
0.3 TABLE III. THE RELIABILITY INDICES IN CASE OF DG INSTALLED AT ANY
0.25 BUSES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
0.2
0.15 Indices DG ON DG ON DG ON
0.1 branch 1 branch 2 branch 3
0.05 SAIFI 39.625 58.23 57.2
0 SAIDI 212.067 68.038 230.268
CAIDI 5.352 1.169 4.026
(h)
ASAI 0.976 0.99 0.97
ASUI 0.024 0.0077 0.026
(MWh)
ENS 832.2 225.7 801.826
Fig.5 Apparent power demand for various branches
 (MWh) TABLE V. THE RELIABILITY INDICES IN CASE OF DG INSTALLED AT ANY
AEN 1.588 0.431 1.53 BUSES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .
(MWh)
EIC(M$) 0.886 0.216 0.852 DG ON
branch without
The table above shows reliability indices for putting DG one Indices 1,2&3 DG
at a time at each three locations, from the result we can see SAIFI 34.944 60.652
SAIDI 53.172 236.682
that putting a DG at branch 2 gives better result if we consider 1.522
CAIDI 3.902
overall performance except the fact that it shows a slight ASAI 0.9939 0.973
increment in frequency of failure. ASUI 0.00607 0.027
We can make a quick comparison on table 2 to see that the ENS 154.502 888.633
AENS 0.295 1.696
installation of DG at branch 1&2 has a lower SAIFI,
EIC 0.154 0.935
SAIDI&CAIDI compared to the other locations and a better
availability index.
Finally as can be seen from the figure below if we install a
TABLE IV. THE RELIABILITY INDICES IN CASE OF DG INSTALLED AT ANY DG in all three location at the same time and run the reliability
BUSES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. analysis we get an improvement on all the reliability indices
except for the customer reliability index which shows an
Indices DG ON improvement from the base case but slight increment from
branch DG ON DG ON best of scenario 1 and 2.
1&2 branch 1&3 branch 2&3
SAIFI 37.52 36.49 55.32
SAIDI 54.658 206.036 66.389
CAIDI
(h) 1.457 5.646 1.2 Comparsion of Scenarios
ASAI 0.99 0.976 0.99
ASUI
(MWh) 0.006 0.0235 0.00758 EIC*100
ENS
(MWh) 193.76 746.565 186.138
AEN AENS*100
(MWh) 0.37 1.425 0.355
EIC(M$) 0.191 0.804 0.18
ENS
As can be seen from table V scenario 3 is compared to the
base case with no connection of DG.as it shows scenario 1
ASUI*10^4
has a good values in all aspects of the reliability indices.

ASAI*100

CAIDI*100

SAIDI

SAIFI

0 200 400 600 800 1000

DG ON branch 1,2&3
DG ON branch 1&2
DG ON branch 2
without DG

Fig.6 comparison of indices for all scenarios for Digsilent

As can be seen from all the comparison made above location
of DG, location of load, and size of load play an important
role for reliability.
The reliability analysis has also been made using ETAP the
result of the simulation is shown on TABLE VI. Except a
slight mismatch between the result of the power factory and
ETAP which may be caused by a difference in capacity of
distribution transformers used in the simulation, the
simulation done by ETAP shows the same result with the
deployment of DGs at all the branches at the same time
compared to all the other scenarios. The single line diagram
showing the placement of DG using both Dig silent and
ETAP is shown below.

TABLE VI. THE RELIABILITY INDICES RESULT OF ETAP

DG base
DGB-1 DGB-2 DGB-3 DGB-1&2 DGB-1&3 DGB-2&3 DGB-123 case
AENS 11.7416
14.6667 14.3562 15.0048 12.8107 13.3727 13.2269 16.3808
(MW hr. / customer.yr)
ASAI(pu) 0.9708 0.9712 0.9711 0.9743 0.9742 0.9745 0.9773 0.9674
ASUI(pu) 0.0292 0.02878 0.02891 0.02571 0.02585 0.02555 0.02273 0.03262
CAIDI
(hr. / customer 2.202 2.236 2.266 2.452 2.491 2.510 2.856 2.048
interruption)
EENS 774.943
968.003. 947.509 990.317 845.504 882.600 872.976 1081.129
(MW hr. / yr.)
SAIDI
256.0412 252.0826 253.2540 225.2472 226.4187 223.7753 199.1339 285.7339
(hr. / customer.yr)
SAIFI
116.2611 112.7505 111.7499 91.8785 90.8779 89.1415 69.7349 139.4945
(f / customer.yr)

Result of ETAP
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
DGB-1 DGB-2 DGB-3 DGB-1&2 DGB-1&3 DGB-2&3 DGB-123 DG BASE CASE

AENS ASAI(pu)*100 ASUI(pu) CAIDI*100 ECOST($ / yr.)/1000 EENS(MW hr. / yr.) SAIDI SAIFI

Fig. 7 comparison of indices for all scenarios for ETAP

Fig.8 (a) a single line diagram of Nazareth feeder 1after installation of DG using Digsilent

Fig.8 (b) a single line diagram of Nazareth feeder 1after installation of DG using ETAP
 IX. CONCLUSIONS
This paper focuses on the analysis of reliability with the
inclusion of DG using Digsilent and ETAP. Distributed [1]
generation (DG) have remarkable effects on reliability of
radial distribution feeders. In this paper we have studied
effects of DG in a radial configuration feeder of Nazareth
substation. Results show that using DGs remarkably enhances [2]
reliability indices of the network. Tables 2 and 3 describe that
via DG, there is a slight improvement in system interruption
frequency and the irruption duration has decreased to lower
than the quarter of the base case an as can be seen from the [3]
tables there is significant improvement in every aspect of the
reliability indices. We can also observe that both the location
of DG and load must take into account to for better [4]
improvement in the system indices.
[5]
[6]
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S.Mostafa Elmi and Mojtaba Rafiei, “Effects of reclosing devices and
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distribution lines,”
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