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Q.1 What is the relationship between operating systems and computer hardware?
Answer: Operating system helps to make computer hardware available to the application
programs. Without Operating System we cannot access computer hardware.
An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Job accounting
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users
Answer: If C.P.U and I/O devices are nearly same at speed, the buffering helps in making the
C.P.U and the I/O devices work at full speed in such a way that C.P.U and the I/O devices never
sit idle at any moment.
Normally the C.P.U is much faster than an input device. In this case the C.P.U always faces an
empty input buffer and sits idle waiting for the input device which is to read a record into the
buffer.For output, the C.P.U continues to work at full speed till the output buffer is full and then
it starts waiting.
Thus buffering proves useful for those jobs that have a balance between computational work
and I/O operations. In other cases, buffering scheme may not work well
Q.3 What are the primary differences between Network Operating System and Distributed
Operating System?
Answer: Network and Distributed Operating systems have a common hardware base, but the
difference lies in software.
Increased Throughput − Throughput means total number of programs executed over a fixed
period of time. In multiprogramming, CPU does not wait for I/O for the program it is executing,
thus resulting in an increased throughput.
Shorter Turn around Time − Turnaround time for short jobs is improved greatly in
multiprogramming.
Improved Memory Utilization − In multiprogramming, more than one program resides in main
memory. Thus memory is optimally utilized.
Answer: Multiprocessing operating system or the parallel system support the use of more than
one processor in close communication.
Increased Throughput − By increasing the number of processors, more work can be completed in
a unit time.
Cost Saving − Parallel system shares the memory, buses, peripherals etc. Multiprocessor system
thus saves money as compared to multiple single systems. Also, if a number of programs are to
operate on the same data, it is cheaper to store that data on one single disk and shared by all
processors instead of using many copies of the same data.
Increased Reliability − In this system, as the workload is distributed among several processors
which results in increased reliability. If one processor fails then its failure may slightly slow
down the speed of the system but system will work smoothly.
Q.6 What are the differences between Batch processing system and Real Time Processing System?
Answer: Following are the differences between Batch processing system and Real Time
Processing System.
Question 7: What are the differences between Real Time System and Timesharing System?
Answer: Following are the differences between Real Time system and Timesharing System.
1 In this system, events mostly external In this system, many users are
to computer system are accepted and allowed to simultaneously share the
processed within certain deadlines. computer resources.
3 User can make inquiry only and Users can write and modify
cannot write or modify programs. programs.
4 User must get a response within the User should get a response within
specified time limit; otherwise it may fractions of seconds but if not, the
result in a disaster. results are not disastrous.
5 No context switching takes place in The CPU switches from one process
this system. to another as a time slice expires or a
process terminates.
4 Less time taken to process the More Time taken to process the jobs.
jobs.
Comparison chart –
SPOOLING BUFFERING
The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user
prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The
programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs
with similar requirements into batches.
CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
Problem of reliability.
Q.12 Difference between Hard Real Time OS and Soft Real Time OS
Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems,
secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual
memory is almost never found.
Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks
and retains the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard
real-time systems. For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like
undersea exploration and planetary rovers, etc.
Multitasking is when multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously by switching
between them. Switches occur so frequently that the users may interact with each program
while it is running. An OS does the following activities related to multitasking −
The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a program directly, and receives
an immediate response.
The OS handles multitasking in the way that it can handle multiple operations/executes
multiple programs at a time.
Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems.
When a process executes, it typically executes for only a very short time before it either
finishes or needs to perform I/O.
Since interactive I/O typically runs at slower speeds, it may take a long time to complete.
During this time, a CPU can be utilized by another process.
The operating system allows the users to share the computer simultaneously. Since each
action or command in a time-shared system tends to be short, only a little CPU time is
needed for each user.
As the system switches CPU rapidly from one user/program to the next, each user is
given the impression that he/she has his/her own CPU, whereas actually one CPU is
being shared among many users.
The following figure shows the memory layout for a multiprogramming system.
This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system
resources using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle,
unless there are no jobs to process.
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