Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

The job of college academic managers was a highly complicated and

demanding one (Judge, Timothy A.; Thoresan, Carl J.; Bono, Joyce E.; Patton, Gregory

K., 2001). Nowadays, managers of academic institutions were tasked to perform

multi-dimensional functions in their schools (Donlevy, J. (2004). They were

expected to be the front runners in the areas of curriculum, building operations,

personnel development, student achievement, management functions and others.

The unavoidable duties and responsibilities of school academic managers had been

overshadowed by the increasing dependence on the present norms to determine

effectiveness (Torzkzadeh, G.; Chang, J.C. & Hardin, A.M., 2011). Various

standardized national tests, as well as the order and development of personnel were

now gauging the college academic managers effectiveness (Sager, 1999). In order to

face the pressing demands of the job, academic managers were dependent

completely on technology (Baldwin, R., 2001).

In schools there was the clamour for reliability and dependability on

technology, thus it was inevitable to upgrade their systems. Our society today, have

changed its attention to the usage of the latest technology and schools were not

exempted. The subscribers of technology had been afforded access to more

information, faster communication outlets, and efficient programs for data analysis

and effectiveness. There was an increasing number of college academic managers

 2

who were dependent on technology in their daily official work. The use of e-mail, word

processing, chat rooms, the World Wide Web, and desktop/laptop computers have

enlightened the way school academic managers perform and manage their day-to-

day activities.

The insurmountable job of college academic managers was constantly

changing. Accountability was now based on the country’s standards as well as

outside perceptions. To effectively and efficiently handle their responsibilities and

duties, college academic managers were heavily relying on computer technology

(Donlevy, J., 2004). Almost all activities from student data management, financial

operations, analyses, word processing, communication and collating information

were efficiently done through computers (Teasley, R.; Jordan, M.; and Sangtani, V.,

2012), Schools were on the run to acquire the latest technology and adopt it as part

of their system innovation (read e.g. Mclester, S., 2001). They were also looking for

facets to train college academic managers for technology usability (Scmeltzer T.,

2001). Today, college academic managers were more inclined to technology than

before. As the job of college academic managers becomes more sensitive and

demanding, the capability to adopt the use of fast computer gives more importance

on its viability and inclusion in the user’s system. There were studies that reveal that

college academic managers must comprehend and avail the present technology that

they have and use them for posterity sake (Bellum, John Michael, 2003; Bozeman,

W.; Raucher, S., and Spuck, D., 1991; Chan, K. Y, 2010). However, only a meagre

portion of college academic managers had been told that their perceptions on the
 3

usage of computer technology enhances their effectiveness (I. Hua,C., Chin, J.M

and Cheng-Mei, H, 2008).

Theoretical Background

Education was one of the various disciplines where the use of personal

computer had been given recognition of acceptance from the time it was introduced into

the academe according to (May, 2003). However, almost all of the researchable areas

on the viewpoint of student affairs and development, were performed and meagre time

had been spared in the field of technology and pedagogical administration. Moreover,

research work had been performed in the area of technology that pinpoint so far that

computer were used by academic managers in the performance of their daily work in

school.

A recent report by Lim, C.P.; Zhao, Y., Tondeur, J.; Chai, C.S, and

Chin_Chung, T. (2013). noted that for most managers of academic institution, the

use of a computer in their workday had become as common as paper and pencil.

Lim, C.P; Zhao, Y.; Tondeur, J., et al noted that the level of usage varies from

managers of academic institution to another manager of the same academic

institution. In an earlier research, as emphasized by (May, 2003) had shown that

using technology in their respective workplaces had converted the use of papers to

nil in all areas of analysing data and communicating these data to others through

computers. This study was corroborated by Lim, Zhao, Tondeur, Chai, and Chin in

their publications in 2013.

(May, 2003) had reported that, the incorporation of technology in the mainstream

had gone from a luxury to a necessity and the academe all over the globe had adopted
 4

the system. Schools all over the world have no more choice of not adopting the system,

but instead they had to be attained to it otherwise they will be left behind.

With respect to being managers of academic institutions (Mclester, 2001)

noted that the importance of computers had increased leaps and bounds in the last

few years as administrators had been pressured to buy new equipment, hire

computer coordinators, and connect to the network. ( McLester, 2001) supported this

idea in his study. (May, 2003) asserted that, seasoned technologically intelligent

academic managers were more professionally in demand today than before.

A research by (Sager, 1999) had revealed that academic managers using

computers in their day to day jobs gave them the relief of being academic

managers of the institution. (Hyman, and Sager, 1999), proved that academic

managers who were constant and avid users of computers as their facets for

conveying messages to others had become technologically savvy in this

complicated area of pedagogical leadership.

(Schmeltzer, 2001) said that the field of technology and usability of computers

were enormously studied in the discipline of pedagogy. It was found out by (Schmeltzer,

2001) that there were only few studies that concentrated on administration; instead

many of the research performed had shown the importance of academic managers to

be technologically savvy.
 5

 The Principal Rules for

 The Modeling and
School Technology
Assessment of Work
(David Crouse, 1997)
Performance
(John P. Campbell and
 Marginally Performing
Brenton M. Wiernik
Salespeople: A definition.
,2015)
The Journal of Personal
Selling and Sales
 Campbell, McHenry,
Management, 19(4) 67-74
Wise (1990)
(Hyman, M.; and Sager, J,
1999)
 The job satisfaction –
job performance
 The Impact of Technology
relationship: A
on Job Effectiveness
qualitative and
(Stephen J. May, 1999)
quantitative review
(Judge, Timothy A.
 Relationship between the
Thoresen, Carl J.
use of Information
Buno, Joyce E. Patton,
Technology and
Gregory K.)
Performances of Human
Resources Management
(Irene A. Lee, 2008)

Impact of Technology on Job Effectiveness

GUIDE FOR ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGY IN ACADEMIC MANAGEMENT

Figure 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 6

The literature used in this study according to (Demir, 2003) focused on the

function of academic managers of the school as the leading personnel in the

educational arena. Many of the literatures focused on the functions of academic

managers of the school as the driving forces of the institution.

In the area of technology as emphasized by McCormick, C, et al, (1996) the

computer was discussed as the facet to aid the managers of academic institution as

overseers. Most of the applications used by computers to help managers of academic

institution according to (McLester, 2001) that today’s managers of academic institution

must be computer competent and have the full grasp of technology themselves and

effective users and managers at the same time of technology in the school where they

were stationed.

Education as stated by (Crouse, 1997) was just one of the many institutions

where the usefulness of the personal computer had been widely adopted since its

invention. The latest rush to connect all schools to the information avenues was just one

more push to an institution that was often satisfied to follow the realm of computer

innovation.

David Crouse also pointed out the reasons for educator’s reluctance to tap into

the capability of the personal computer since there were other people in the

organization who make the decision of procuring them. It was the responsibility of the

managers of academic institution to decide on a change of the gargantuan aspect of

technology. However, the constant innovation became the bulwark of computer

technology and hinders decision making in the process. Any administrator was prudent
 7

enough in the area where you can decide to perform something and to determine that

the technology that you presently possess needs to be changed as a result of

obsolescence. In the decision making process you need to start with the environment

that requires special expertise and know-how. In the modern world commercial

establishments hire consultants who were experts in the field of technology to help their

managers implement technological change, but in education you cannot have the luxury

of time to make solutions so that the job of technical experts falls to the deaf ears of the

academic managers.

Academic managers in our schools were challenged to make technological

decisions and only a handful of them had the knowledge and expertise to implement

decisions on this area. They lack the luxury of time to secure said knowledge to plan

and execute the same. However, the responsibility was on the academic managers to

institute the plan. Every now and then, academic managers of the school should adopt

decisions on technology implementation with the hope of spending their allotted funds of

the school wisely. The decision of the academic managers to purchase new computer

system must conform to the needs of the school that benefited the students as well as

the institution.

In today’s modern world, technology had an enormous impact of dominating the

usage of information technology. The activities of all establishments throughout the

world in public and private institutions were done by the grace of technology. These

activities of the schools and other institutions were carried out by information technology

using tablets, personal computers, smart phones, desktops / laptops etc.

 8

It cannot be denied, that most if not all agencies, offices and departments in both

private and public sectors of our society nowadays, had kept their own technology

system to help them in their daily operations with the aim of arriving at the targeted

objections, aspirations and goals of their organization.

The use of technology (IT) has an advantage in the area of accomplishing huge

amount of tasks that were completed today in contrast with the work load that we had

been doing using the old facilities like, typewriters and other manually operated

machines. In the pre-technology era the use of diskettes and the hard disk of the

computers were rampant and storing in highly classified information was the fad of the

time. The reliability of storing this valuable information in the diskettes and hard disk of

computers were highly risky and it was susceptible to corruption.

Nowadays, the utilization of information technology had intensified its usefulness

in the sense that all kinds of information were stored with its safe, storage, software.

The retrieved and saving of valuable information using durable hard disks were done

through the courtesy of our millennial computer scientists.

Technology as and initiating factor in both public and private sectors of the

society found its hail among academic managers in our institution with emphasis among

students who sought progress in the field of education. As emphasized by (May, 2003)

that there were managers of academic institutions wondered if these technologies aided

or hindered the learning process in schools. Some educators were in disagreement on

this matter, because there were students who wanted to manually type their notes, and

wondered further whether these students were really serious and interested of using
 9

technology in their quest of completing their school assignments in a short period of

time.

According to (May, 2003) the presence of technology in offices could be a help or

destruction at the same time depending on its usage. In recent studies, (May, 2003)

further stated that, among graduate school students, there was enormous importance of

using technology in their research work since using it, the students themselves were

afforded accessibility to perform research activities through the help of Internet.

According to (Temmel, 2016) the internet was the most important application of

technology that was introduced to the modern world. He further emphasized that it

influenced our lifestyles and had a dramatic effect on our social capability and ultimately

moulded our future. Accordingly, the internet as stated by Markus Temmel (2016)

positively changed our way of living and outlook in life.

Traditionally, many people used to call and avail the telephone in making

international calls and spent so much time to contact the called party and this could be

very costly on the part of the caller.

Today, using the internet, the problem of delays in messages and responses

from the called party and the caller were now addressed. Communication processes

had been made more convenient, fast and reliable through the internet nowadays.

Furthermore, (Temmel, 2016) said that the use of internet had been embedded

as part already in the life of and individual. The part that is considered the most

important to almost every citizen in this technologically savvy world is their accessibility

to the internet.
 10

The use of the internet catapulted the interest of big companies since their

products and services were more advertised. Aside from big companies, the other

beneficiaries of the Internet were big and small universities, academicians and

technologically intelligent individuals who linked to other research institutions to be able

to interact their experiences and benefits and start new projects in a short period of

time. In this way the internet had helped them save time and resources in the process.

Moreover, (Temmel, 2016) said that there were positive dramatic effects of using

the Internet. He further emphasized that parents (especially the moms) their sole reason

why they prefer to stay at home teleworking using the internet is because they wanted

to attend to the needs of their children while at home. Teleworking through the Internet

afforded more flexible time to parents and they felt that at home with their kids

motivated them more than their friends and colleagues working at school.

Moreover, (Temmel, 2016) said that, using the internet cultivated our social

activities by joining a community group and created social interactions with people all

over the world. We can converse with people of different races globally and helped

those people who cannot go out in the real world due to physical disabilities. Also,

Temmel said that using the internet was unlimited as to time and boundaries. We can

chat with friends and non-friends anytime, anywhere geographically without fear of

being criticised and humiliated since we have freedom in anyway.

As enumerated by (Temmel, 2016) in his publication, that there were various

advantages of using the internet, but the most important and the one that gave us the

best advantage was the accessibility to information. On-line textbooks and dictionaries
 11

totally erased the hassle of going to the bookstores to buy books and cater to the

services of our not upgraded libraries for research and references.

This information technology tool was an aid to various aspects of learning and

storing valuable data and information for the sake of research and development of

knowledge. According to (May, 2013), information technology like laptop or desktop can

make a difference in learning because it can store information that would be a subject of

analysis and help develop the analytical skills of the students. The use of the

laptop/desktop enhanced the learning process of the student in a quicker and easier

way with the guidance of his/her instructors.

David Crouse (1997) instituted in his publication the following set of rules that

apply to every technological situation from buying hardware and software to training:

General Rules

There was no permanent answer.

Every six months, new software was released that takes advantage of the

increasing performance of hardware released several months earlier.

Whatever you bare was not good enough.

As soon as you acquire a system, it was obsolete already according to the

next expert with whom you converse with.

What you bare will do the job.

The computer system that will give you the benefits in performing the job

that you intend to do. That was fine until it was not fine.

Do not mess with the computer system.

 12

Once your computer system was already running and doing well, what

else would you want it to do for you. Do not make innovations no matter how

small or great were the changes. Any change to the system will cause great

problems on the future.

Know what you want to accomplish.

If we were conversing with the hardware people, they only knew about

hardware. When we were dealing with software people they only knew about

software. These two sets of people will never be in the same place and if they

were, they could not converse with each other. The greatest possibility was

that, they will not divulge to you the exact hardware or software you will need.

The only way to deal with this problem was to be certain what you want and

what do you expect from your computer system to give you in return. After

you were convinced that the software that you need was at hand then buy the

computer that runs the software.

Planning was strictly academic.

Based on the rules instituted by (Crouse, 1997) that no technology plan

was likely to last more than a year. Managers of academic institution should

plan ahead because the procurement process was important. By involving the

various managers of academic institution in the yearly procurement of

technology, and henceforth in planning for the innovation of the school

technology it was understood that this will increase the technology capability

and bring success to the institution.

 13

Today is the era of technology, the time that almost and every citizen of

this country especially the managers of academic institutions, young and

adults spend most of the time in the use of computers.

Despite the vivid benefits that computers could offer to managers of

academic institutions, still worry about hacking of user’s I.D. and divulging of

confidential data to other people.

The nature of information shared among academic managers of the

school and other institutions should be limited, in such a way that free

exchange of ideas within the institution and other schools and in particular the

global community must be regulated.

(May, 2013) clearly said that there were negative and positive effects on

the use of computers by academic managers of institutions. He further

emphasized that when computers were handled recklessly bad effects

resulted among others, poor performance, unmotivated and no focus that

resulted to inefficiency in job performance. On the other side of the coin,

computers enhanced easier work and contentment on the part of academic

managers of institutions.
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THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of technology use in

academic management at Cebu Technological University during Academic Year 2016 –

2017 as basis for Technology Adoption Guide.

Specifically, this would answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. age and gender,

1.2. highest educational attainment,

1.3. current position/designation,

1.4. number of years as an official,

1.5. computer access,

1.5.1. at school / home,

1.5.2. at work,

1.6. computer application, frequency of use to various task?

1.6.1. hours of computer for official work,

1.6.2. access to software application on official task,

1.6.3. access to computer application to daily task,

1.6.4. computer and keyboarding skills,

1.7. applicable technology towards better academic managers

1.8. assistive computer technology for academic managers

2. To what extent do academic managers perceive the impact of technology to their

job performance in terms of the following aspects.

 15

2.1. Leadership,

2.2. Decision making,

2.3. Communication,

2.4. Management,

2.5. Curriculum issues, and

2.6. Teacher evaluation?

3. Is there significant relationship between profile variables and perceived impact of

technology on job performance?

4. What are the barriers of technology use in academic management?

5. Based on the findings, what technology adoption guide for academic

management can be developed?

Null Hypotheses

This study analyzes each of these uses in relationship to the tasks that

officials must complete and their perceptions on how the computer technology aids

in their job effectiveness.

𝐻0: There was no significant relationship between the frequency of computer

technology use and the level of job performance of academic managers.

Significance of the Study

This study was significant in the sense that it gave a quantitative knowledge

regarding the intuitions of Cebu Technological University, academic officials or

managers dealt with technology and the effects of it on their work daily. The

academic managers of Cebu Technological University, used this information in

 16

reviewing the availability of technology in their daily jobs and whether this usage

made them more effective as managers of the institution. Managers of academic

institution may also use this information to determine if they were using technology to

their advantage in their function as such.

As stressed by (May, 2003) most academic managers were working in an

atmosphere that provided them with “on-hand” support and availability of software and

hardware. The data given in this study allowed academic managers to search for

available ways upon which the computer can be of use in leadership, decision-making

and communications aspects.

(May, 2003) further emphasized that academic managers of institutions

availed of this “know-how” to gain leverage and upgrade their comprehension and

competency with computers. ( McLester, 2001) stated that strong technologically

knowledgeable academic managers of institutions were more marketable in their

profession and in demand today that before. Lastly, academic managers of school

relied on these data in analysing the needed information for greater comprehension on

the viability of technology in the field of pedagogy.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research utilized the descriptive method to determine the outcomes or

dramatic effect of technology to job effectiveness. Survey questionnaires were used in

gathering the data. The respondents came from the selected college officials or leaders

at Cebu Technological University – Main Campus, Cebu City. It compasses the

research methods used and procedures which contained the research design, research

environment, research respondents, research instrument, research procedure, data

gathering and statistical treatment.

 17

Flow of the Study

In the schema of the flow of research presented in Figure 2, the inputs were the

data gathered using survey questionnaires. The survey questionnaires were made to be

able to acquire the needed result for the respondents profile that of the personal data;

leadership portfolio; social media engagement, skills and literacy in technology, work

performance and the outcomes of technology to job effectiveness. This study used the

descriptive research method which was designed purposely to gather information about

the present existing conditions needed in the chosen field of study. This method entitled

the researcher to interpret the theoretical meaning of the findings and hypothesis

development for further studies. The output of this study is a Technological Guide for

Academic Management.
 18

Input Process Output

Respondents’ Profile

 Personal data Descriptive survey

 Leadership
Portfolio
 Social media Questionnaire
engagement formulation and
administration

Skills and Literacy in

Technology Technological Guide
Statistical treatment
for Job Effectiveness

Work Performance Data analysis and

interpretation
 Timeliness
 Punctuality

Drawing of
Conclusion and
Outcomes of
recommendations
Technology to Job
Effectiveness
 19

Figure 2. Flow of the Study

The instruments were distributed to the College officials at Cebu

Technological University – Main Campus, Cebu City. Once the instruments were

retrieved, tallying, tabulation and collating of data were performed. The result of the data

were treated statistically in order to find out if there was a significance of the distributed

instrument to the desired result of the study. Data were analysed carefully so that the

conclusion can be drawn based on the results and immediately recommendations can

be made to be utilized in making the guidelines for job effectiveness which we

considered beneficial to the respondents of this study and future researchers. Only

academic managers of the institution were surveyed. Also, the number of years as

an official was a factor in the demographic information survey and this included those

officials/managers who were neophytes in their positions.

Research Environment

This study was conducted in Cebu province particularly at Cebu Technological

University, Main Campus, Cebu City as shown in Figure 3.

Cebu Technological University as an ISO-certified institution, home to an

average of 30,000 students per year, a major partner to 100 local, national and

international agencies, a scholarship haven of over 10,000 grantees. The University

being a powerhouse for research and prime mover for community extension service in

Cebu and the whole country. The University strategic plan for 2016-2020 had

strategized Administrative Efficiency and Effectiveness as illustrated in the strategic

planning framework. Such rich attributes and priorities made the environment ideal for

this research.
 20

Brief Discussion on AACCUP (Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and

Universities in the Philippines) Inc.

Faculty

At the CTU our faculty members were encouraged to get involved in the

conduct of research and extension. They were encouraged also to develop and

produce their own instructional materials such as modules, workbooks and manuals.

Lecture notes were updated through relevant research findings and using the OBE

format for revising course syllabi.

Faculty members were assigned to teach in line with their field of

specialization. They have earned relevant graduate degrees and are members of

professional / scientific organizations.

Curriculum and Instruction

Based on the AACCUP findings, the curriculum at CTD include immersion and

practical training which meets the requirement of CHED CMO, the methods of

teaching are enriched with varied strategies and techniques. Students of the graduate

school has its own bulleting of information of the academic requirement and the

administration strongly supports the graduate school for and effective instruction.

Support to Students

At the Cebu Technological University we have the so called “The GS PRICE”

(Graduate School Production, Research, Instruction, and Community Extension) a

school publication that caters to the conduct of higher education instructions and
 21

research development. The university’s studentry is graced with a Student Services

Unit (SSU) that is manned by qualified head and staff. The SSU maintains a system

of recruitment, selection, admission, and keeps and updated records of students.

The research unit is handled by a qualified, excellent and productive research

chairperson who provides strong support to faculty and students researchers. The

researches conducted are in line with the field of specialization that will improve

instruction and quality of life of stakeholders.

Administration

The BOR is very supportive of the growth and development of university.

Through its guidance the university has established linkages with some benevolent

benefactors locally, nationally and internationally.

 22

Map of Cebu
 23

Figure 3. Location Map of the Research Environment

 24

Respondents

The distinguished respondents of this research were the College Officials or

Officers in Cebu Technological University Main – Campus, Cebu City. In this research

study, the researcher used a universal sampling of 40 respondents from selected

population of the colleges.

Table 1

Distribution of the Respondent

Sample Percentage
Respondents
(n) (%)

Cebu Technological University Academic

40 100.00
Managers

Total 40 100.00

Research Instruments

The tools used in gathering the data were the following:

Questionnaires – Part 1 was about the related information on each respondent.

Covering their demographic profile such as the age, gender, highest educational

attainment, current position, and number of years as an official. Part 2 dealt with the

respondent’s level of technology skills and their literacy. Part 3 was the perceptions of

technology use in Management. It evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of

technology according to the given scoring procedure.

 25

Gathering of Data

After the validation of the questionnaires by the Dissertation Adviser and the

research panels, the researcher secured a permission from the management of the

university to conduct such study. A letter to the school campus director was secured

first prior to the distribution of research instruments to the respondents. Retrieval of

the questionnaires was done by the researcher himself.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data being collected in this study were subjected to certain statistical

treatments. The data were coded, tallied and tabulated for analysis and interpretation

of the results. The statistical methods used were the following:

Frequency and Percentage. This was used to classify the respondents’

demographic profile according to their age, gender, highest educational attainment,

and number of years as an official in the school/colleges. The frequency also

presented the actual response of the respondents to a specific question or item in the

questionnaire. The percentage of each item was computed by dividing it with the

sample total number of respondents who answered the survey.

Mean and Verbal Description. This was used to determine the average

responses and its description on the level of impact of technology use in management

provided in the various parts of the survey questionnaire.

Eta Correlation. This was used to determine the significant relationship

between the respondents’ level of impact to their job effectiveness and demographic

profile.
 26

Scoring Procedure

The scoring procedures used in determining the level of impact of technology

use in management and level of computer technology skills, literacy, and application

were as follows.

A. Level of Computer Technology Skills, Job Performance Literacy and Application.

Job Literacy and

Skills
Performance Application
Scale Range
Verbal Verbal Verbal

Description Description Description

5 4.20-5.00 Proficient Outstanding Often

Above Very
4 3.40-4.19 Sometimes
Average Satisfactory

3 2.60-3.39 Average Satisfactory Rarely

2 1.80-2.59 Fair Unsatisfactory Never

1 1.00-1.79 Poor Poor N/A

B. Level of Impact of Computer Technology Use in Management.

Scale Range Verbal Description

4 3.25-4.00 High Impact

3 2.50-3.24 Moderate Impact

2 1.75-2.49 Little Impact

1 1.00-1.74 No Impact
 27

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The researcher defined the following terms in reference to their use in this study.

Academic Managers: include the President of the University and the 4 Vice Presidents.

Academic Officers: includes Campus Director, Deans, and Department Heads.

Baseline information: refers to a collection of baseline information on biophysical,

social and economic aspects of a project area.

Blogs: (a truncation of the expression weblog) was a discussion or informational site

published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete entries (“post”) typically

displayed in reverse chronological (the most recent post appears first).

Computer technology: Computer hardware, software, and accessories that were

used to accomplish tasks.

Educational technology: was defined by the Association for Educational

Communications and Technology as “the study and ethical practice of facilitating

learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate

technological processes and resources.”

Effectiveness: In order to cause some desired results.

Electronic mail: Written communication via a phone line, cable, or DSL from one

computer user to another.

Fact-oriented modelling: a conceptual approach to information modelling and

information systems engineering, designed to promote correctness, clarity, and

adaptability.

Fee-based investment: an investment account in which the advisor’s compensation

was based on a set percentage of the client’s assets instead on commissions.

 28

Instructional technology: was a field concerned with improving the efficiency and

effectiveness of instruction involving: designing instruction (including all the phases

of activity from needs assessment to evaluation) applying learning theory to

instructional design.

Internet: An information-gathering tool utilizing the World Wide Web using search

engines and http addresses. Connection was made through a phone or cable line.

Microblogs: a social media site to which a user makes short, frequent posts.

Mobile computing: a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video

via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected

to a fixed physical link.

Online – learning: was a way of studying for and internationally recognized

qualification without needing to attend classes on campus. It was aimed at those

who wish to study for a postgraduate qualification alongside work or other

commitments.

Pedagogical: the function or work of a teacher; teaching. The art or science of

teaching; education; instructional methods.

Principal tasks: The duties performed by college officials on a daily basis, including

but not limited to supervision, curriculum matters, public relations, and staff

development.

Schema: any plan (knowledge can be seen as a scheme) perceived as a meaningful

or it was a mental construction that was formed and processed in the mind.
 29

School management information system: a student information system designed

for primary and secondary schools and academes to be able to manage staff and

student information and to improve the efficiency of school and office activities.

Social media: were computer-mediated tools that allow people, companies and other

organizations to create, share, or exchange information, career interests, ideas, and

pictures/videos in virtual communities and networks.

Social networking: the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with

other users, or to find people with similar interests to oneself.

Technology: Any electronic device or medium that increases productivity and

communication.

Technology Adoption Guide: a proposed guideline as a result of the study to be used

for academic management for the school year 2016-2017.

Virtual worlds: was a computer-based online community environment that was

designed and shared by individuals so that they can interact in a custom-built,

simulated world. Users interact with each other in this simulated world using text -

based, two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphical models called avatars.

Wikis: a server program that allows user to collaborate in forming the content of a

web site. The term comes from the word “wikiwiki” which means “fast” in the Hawaiian

language.