Food Processing 1) Ingestion
Act of eating
DEF: A widening of superficial blood vessels
Vasodilation
Consequence of vasodilation: Blood flow in skin increases
EX: In endotherms, vasodilation usually warms the skin &
increases the transfer of body heat to the environment by
radiation, conduction, and convection
World EX: Ibuprofen
DEF: Reduces blood flow & heat transfer by decreasing the
diameter of superficial vessels
Vasoconstriction
EX: Ectotherms control heat exchange by regulating blood flow
EX: When the marine iguana swims in the cold ocean, the core of
the iguana's body is warm to conserve heat
Two Types of Body Temperatures
DEF: An animal whose body temp varies w/environment Variable - Poikilotherm
EX: Largemouth bass which is a conformer is a poikilotherm
Misconception between the two cleared: There is no fixed
relationship between the source of heat & stability of body
temperature
DEF: The body temp remains constant regardless of environmet
Constant - Homeotherm
EX: The river otter which which is a regulator is a homeotherm
DEF of Thermoregulation: A process by which animals maintain
their normal temperature
DEF: Organisms are warmed mostly by heat generated
metabolism
Benefits: They can maintain stable body temperatures
Benefits: In cold weather, they warm themselves
Benefits: In hot weather, they cool themselves
EX of organisms: Some fish, many insects, humans, a few
reptiles, birds, & other mammals
DEF: Organisms gain most of their heat from external sources
Benefits: They can adjust their temperature by behavioral means
Benefits: They can consume less food b/c less energy is needed
EX of organisms: Amphibians, most invertebrates, many
honavian reptiles & fishes
What it involves: An increase surface area such as the villi in the
small intestine
Significance: This is a way for cells for cells to get ride of their
waste & gain nutrients
Cells need: H2O, minerals, oxygen,glucose,fats, proteins...ect
EX: The respiratory system fueling the circulatory system:
EX: In the digestive tract, food comes in via through gut & comes
out as feces
EX: In the Excretory system, the byproduct of cellular respiration
in released
The big picture of exchange surfaces:
Digestive
Components: Mouth, phyarynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
liver, pancreas, anus
Function: Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption,
elimination)
Components: Heart, blood vessels, blood, spleen
Circulatory Adaptions
Function: Internal distribution of materials
Components: Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
Function: Gas exchange (uptake of O2; disposal of CO2)
Components: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen,
lymph vessels
Function: Body defense (Fighting infections & cancers)
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Function: Disposal of metabolic waste; regulation of osmotic
balance of blood
Components: Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, other
hormone secreting glands
Function: Coordination of body activities
Components: Ovaries, testes, & associated areas
Variation in body temperature
Function: Reproduction
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
Function: Coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli &
formation of responses to them
Thermoregulation
Components: Skin & it's derivatives
Function: Protection against mechanical injury, infection,
Endothermic dehydration; thermoregulation
Components: Skeleton, bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Function: Body support, protection of internal organs, movement
Components: Skeletal muscles
Function: Locomotion & other movement
Ectothermic
Animal Form & Function
The 4 Mechanisms
Exchange Surfaces
DEF: They are mostly aquatic animals that strain small organisms
or food particles from the surrounding medium
Levels of organization Filter feeders
EX: Attached to a humpback whale's upper jaw are comblike
plates (baleen) which remove small invertebrates & fish from large
volumes of H2O or mud
It's a type of suspension feeding which also includes removing
suspended food particles from the surrounding medium by the
trapping of mechanisms
DEF: Animals that live in or on their food source
EX: Leaf minor caterpillar is eating through the soft tissue of an
Animal Nutrition Substrate feeders oak leaf & leaves a trail of feces on its wake
EX: Maggots (fly larvae) burrow into animal carcasses
DEF: Suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host
Fluid feeders EX: A mosquito that pierced the skin of its human host with
needlelike mouthparts in order to consume blood
EX of this being a benefit: humminbirds & bees move pollen
between flowers as the fluid-feed on nectar
DEF: Animals that eat large pieces of food
Bulk feeders
Adaptations: claws, pincers, venomous fangs, tentacles, & teeth
Bulk feeders include: Most animals & humans
EX: A rock python that cannot chew it's food into small pieces
consumes it's prey whole & spends two weeks or longer digesting
it's meal
The 11 organ systems in mammals
DEF: Food is broken into small enough molecules for the bodies
absorption
The mechanical digestion of chewing comes first
Circulatory
2) Digestion Chemical digestion is last Function: Ingestion & mechanical digestion begins here
1) Mouth Function: Connects to the stomach & once food enters,
peristaltic contractions of smooth muscles move each bolus to the
Respiratory stomach
DEF of peristaltic: Altering waves of contraction & relaxation in
the smooth muscles lining the canal
**Organs & process of the digestive system
2) Esophagus DEF of bolus: The saliva mixed with chewed food that the
Immune & Lymphatic tongue makes
Function: Stores food & begins digestion of proteins
3) Stomach The stomach secrets: A digestive fluid called gastric juice that
mixes w / the food through a churning action
Excretory
Function: 90% of the foods absorption and digestion occurs in
the small intestines
4) Small intestine
Function: Absorb H2O from the remaining indigestible food & get
Endocrine ride of the waste from the body
5) Large intestine
DEF: The hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles
Intracellular Digestion
1) Begins after a cell engulfs solid food by phagocytosis or
Reproductive pinocytosis
PROCESS
2) New formed food vacuoles fuse w / lysosomes, organelles
containing hydrolytic enzymes
3) Now that the food is protected inside an enclosed membrane,
Nervous digestion can take place
EX: of animals that digest food this way aresponges
Integumentary
Difference the two: Intra - happens within the cell. Extra happens
outside the cell.
DEF: The breaking down of food on the outside of the cell either
mechanically or with acid
Skeletal Extracellular Digestion
Benefit: Enables animals to consume much more food that can
be ingested by phagocytosis
EX: Humans use this when we eat - 1) Our teeth grind the food 2)
Muscular
Enzymes & acid in the stomach liquefy it 3) additional enzymes in
the stomach break it down into parts our cells can use
EX: Fungi - 1) Suck the life out of the substrate they grow on; for
instance, mold on strawberries secreting chemicals that break
down the strawberry, the fungal cells then absorb the released
nutrients. If the strawberries sat long enough, they would be
liquefied
EX: Hydra or sea anemone - 1) The gastrovascular cavity fills the
center of the animal w/1 opening for both food & waste. 2) When
prey swim into the opening, gland cells of the gastrodermis
(tissue layer that lines the cavity) then secrete digestive enzymes
that break the soft tissues of the prey into small pieces. 3) Other
gastrodermis cells engulf food particles, & most of the hydrolysis
of macromolecules occurs intracellularly as in sponges
The cell takes up small molecules such as amino acid & simple
sugars
3) Absorption
Undigested particles pass out of the digestive system
4) Elimination
Urine Function: Filters waste
The benefit of testing: Give many clues to health such as whats
The major difference between urine & feces going on in the blood
Function: Removes waste from the body
Feces
The benefit of testing: Give clues to what the person ate and
show parasites