Situation I: An experimental beam is composed of the three materials as shown

in Figure CBST-194. The materials are firmly fastened together so that there
is no relative movement between them. Given the following:
Material: Allowable Bending Stress: Modulus of Elasticity
Steel 120 MPa 200 GPa
Aluminum 80 MPa 70 GPa
Wood 10 MPa 10 GPa
Calculate the following:
1. The location of the neutral axis from the top of the beam in mm.
A. 96 C. 112
B. 52 D. 81
2. The moment of inertia of the beam in m4.
A. 0.00361 C. 0.00247
B. 0.00087 D. 0.00054
3. The safe resisting moment of the beam in kN-m.
A. 71 C. 50
B. 33.7 D. 63
Situation II: A structure is shown in Figure AN-60.
4. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at A, in kN.
A. 90 C. 164
B. 385 D. 241
5. Which of the following most nearly gives the shear at a section 7 m from
C.
A. 63.2 kN C. 70.5 kN
B. 85.6 kN D. 98.5 kN
6. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at a section 3 m from
C.
A. 625 kN-m C. 327 kN-m
B. 429 kN-m D. 547 kN-m

Situation III: The rigid beam shown in Figure AN-12 is suspended by three
cables. The beam is horizontal prior to being connected to the cables and is
to remain horizontal after being attached to the cables. The beam weighs
176.4 kN.
7. Which of the following most nearly gives the ratio of the force in the
bronze cable to the force in the steel cables.
A. 0.476 C. 0.389
B. 1.54 D. 2.57
8. Which of the following most nearly gives the stress in the steel cable in
MPa.
A. 123 C. 168
B. 358 D. 98
9. Which of the following most nearly gives the elongation of the steel
cables in millimeters.
A. 0.245 C. 0.482
B. 0.936 D. 0.615
Situation IV: The shaft shown in Figure ME-12 is made of bronze and steel and
is fixed at both ends. It is subjected to a concentrated torsional at the
junction. The steel segment is 1 meter long.
10. Which of the following most nearly gives the ratio of the length of
steel to the length of bronze such that the allowable stress in each
material is reached simultaneously?
A. 0.98 C. 1.284
B. 1.185 D. 1.354
11. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at the left end if
the maximum torque is applied to the shaft, in kN.
A. 4.97 B. 7.18
 C. 6.47 D. 5.36
12. Which of the following most nearly gives the angle of twist at the
interface of the two materials, in degrees.
A. 1.84 C. 4.36
B. 2.21
D. 3.43
Situation V: The beam shown in Figure ME-46 is hinged at the left end and
supported by a flexible cable at the right end.
13. Which of the following most nearly gives the tension in the cable in
Newtons:
A. 288 C. 268
B. 274 D. 243
14. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at A in Newtons:
A. 177.6 C. 210.7
B. 186.4 D. 195.7
15. Which of the following most nearly gives the angle that the reaction at
A make with the horizontal (positive counterclockwise):
A. 185.2° C. 36.5°
B. 197.3° D. 32.7°
Situation VI: Three concurrent force system in space has the following
magnitudes and act through the origin and the indicated points.
F1=132 kN (-1, 5, -3)
F2=42 kN (4, 1, -3)
F3=85 kN (5, -4, 6)
16. Which of the following most nearly gives the X-component of the
resultant force, in kN:
A. 63.7 C. 83.2
B. 52.4 D. 59.1
17. Which of the following most nearly gives the Z-component of the
resultant force, in kN:
A. -46.2 C. -52.1
B. -33.5 D. -68.9
18. Which of the following most nearly gives the magnitude of the resultant
force, in kN:
A. 105.8 C. 65.4
B. 85.6 D. 77.7
Situation VII: A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm
and an effective depth of 500 mm. It is reinforced with six 25-mm diameter
bars. The compression strenth of concrete is 28 Mpa and the steel yield
strength is 415 Mpa.
19. Which of the following most nearly gives the balance steel ratio?
A. 2.62% C. 2.70%
B. 2.88% D. 2.95%
20. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum steel area?
A. 3,321.68 mm2 C. 3,038.62 mm2
B. 3,241.79 mm2 D. 2,942.21 mm2
21. Which of the following most nearly gives the nominal moment capacity?
A. 506.52 kN-m C. 525.73 kN-m
B. 473.16 kN-m D. 455.87 kN-m
Situation VIII: A ladder 10 m long and weighing 35 kg is resting on a
horizontal floor at A and leaning on a verical wall at B. The ladder makes an
angel of 60° with the floor. The coefficient of friction between all contact
surfaces is 0.25.
22. Which of the following most nearly gives the farthest distance that a
75-kg man could climb up the ladder without causing the ladder to slide?
A. 3.43 m C. 2.17 m
B. 4.51 m D. 4.10 m
 23. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at A?
A. 261.72 N C. 1,046.88 N
B. 1,015.62 N D. 253.91 N
24. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at B?
A. 253.91 N C. 1,015.62 N
B. 261.72 N D. 1,046.88 N
Situation IX: A projectile with a velocity of 10 m/s is fired at a certain
angle such that it can reach the farthest point on the ground.
25. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum height by the
projectile?
A. 1.89 m C. 2.55 m
B. 2.17 m D. 2.38 m
26. Which of the following most nearly gives the time for the projectile to
reach the ground surface?
A. 1.15 s C. 1.44 s
B. 1.29 s D. 1.59 s
27. Which of the following most nearly gives the distance traveled by the
projectile until it had reached the gorund surface?
A. 12.66 m C. 13.26 m
B. 10.19 m D. 11.70 m
Situation X: An elevator weighing 9.80 kN starting from rest accelerates
upward and attains a speed of 2 m/s after travelling 5 m.
28. Which of the following most nearly gives the acceleration of the
elevator?
A. 0.40 m/s2 C. 0.50 m/s2
B. 0.20 m/s2 D. 0.30 m/s2
29. Which of the following most nearly gives the time of travel of the
elevator at this intant?
A. 4 s C. 10 s
B. 6.67 s D. 5 s
30. Which of the following most nearly gives the tension in the cable which
supports the elevator?
A. 10.00 kN C. 10.20 kN
B. 10.30 kN D. 10.10 kN
Situation XI: A 12-mm thich steel ire has a width of 110 mm and an internal
diameter of 800 mm. It is heated and shrunk onto a steel wheel 800.50 mm in
diameter. The modulus of elasticity of steel is 200 Gpa.
31. Which of the following most nearly gives the tensile stress in the
tire?
A. 125 MPa C. 145 MPa
B. 110 MPa D. 130 MPa
32. Which of the following most nearly gives the compressive pressure
between the tire and the wheel?
A. 4.35 MPa C. 3.90 MPa
B. 3.30 MPa D. 3.75 MPa
33. If the tire has an allowabale tensile stress of 124 Mpa and is to
resist a pressure of 1.50 Mpa, which of the following most nearly gives
the thickness?
A. 5.16 mm C. 2.58 mm
B. 4.84 mm D. 2.42 mm
Situation XII: A vertical cylindrical steel tank 3 m in diameter and 6 m high
has wall thickness of 12 mm.
34. If the tank is filled with water, which of the following most nearly
gives the circumferential stress?
A. 8.16 MPa C. 3.68 MPa
B. 7.36 MPa D. 4.08 MPa
 35. If the tank is filled with water, which of the following most nearly
gives the longitudinal stress?
A. 4.08 MPa C. 7.36 MPa
B. 8.16 MPa D. 3.68 MPa
36. If the stress is limited to 5 Mpa, which of the following most nearly
gives the maximum height of water up to which the tank may be filled?
A. 7.36 m C. 8.16 m
B. 3.68 m D. 4.08 m
Situation XIII: A simply supported beam 10 m long has a 2 m overhang beyond
the left support. A highway uniform load of 9.35 kN/m and a concentrated load
of 116 kN will pass through this beam.
37. Which of the following most nearly gives the length of the beam over
which the uniform load could be placed to produce maximum positive shear
at midspan?
A. 3 m C. 2 m
B. 5 m D. 7 m
38. Which of the following most nearly gives the length of the beam over
which the uniform load could be placed to produce maximum negative shear
at mispan?
A. 7 m C. 5 m
B. 2 m D. 3 m
39. If the concentrated load is placed at the end of the overhang, which of
the following most nearly gives the maximum shear at midspan?
A. S32.70 kN C. 34.19 kN
B. 36.76 kN D. 28.65 kN
Situation XIV: A rectangular reinforced concrete beam having a width of 200
mm and an effective depth of 500 mm is subjected to a service moment of 120
kN-m. The beam is reinfoeced with four 25-mm diameter bars. The modular ratio
n = 8. Use Working Stress Design.
40. Which of the following most nearly gives the distance of the neutral
axis from the top of the beam?
A. 212.51 mm C. 241.89 mm
B. 233.09 mm D. 226.57 mm
41. Which of the following most nearly gives the stress in concrete?
A. 11.83 MPa C. 12.19 MPa
B. 13.16 MPa D. 12.48 MPa
42. Which of the following most nearly gives the stress in steel?
A. K145.73 MPa C. 143.98 MPa
B. 142.41 MPa D. 144.72 MPa
Situation XV : A prestresed concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an
overall depth of 600 mm. Prestressing bars are placed at a distanced e below
the centroidal axis of the beam and a prestressing force P is applied on it.
Assume a prestress loss of 15%.
43. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of P when the
compressive stress in the entire section is 21 Mpa?
A. 4,447.06 kN C. 3,286.96 kN
B. 4,158.39 kN D. 3,780.00 kN
44. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of P when the
compressive stress at the bottom fiber is 12 Mpa and the tensile stress
at the top fiber is 2 Mpa?
A. 1,165.06 kN C. 1,058.82 kN
B. 942.20 kN D. 900.00 kN
45. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of P when the
compressive stress at the bottom fiber is 16 Mpa and the stress at the
top fiber is 0 Mpa?
A. 1,386.77 kN C. 1,694.12 kN
B. 1,440.00 kN D. 1,208.60 kN
Situation XVI : A 12-m simply supported beam is provided with an additional
support at its midspan. The beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth
of 450 mm. It is reinforced with four 25-mm diameter bars at the tension side
and two 25-mm diameter bars at its compression side. Concrete strenth is 30
MPa and steel yield strength is 415 Mpa.
46. Which of the following most nearly gives the depth of rectangular
compression block?
A. 106.52 mm C. 110.19 mm
B. 91.24 mm D. 125.32 mm
47. Which of the following most nearly gives the nominal moment capcity of
the beam?
A. 264.75 kN-m C. 272.47 kN-m
B. 258.58 kN-m D. 266.25 kN-m
48. Which of the following most nearly gives the total factored uniform
load including the beam weight that the beam can carry?
A. 54.49 kN/m C. 53.25 kN/m
B. 51.72 kN/m D. 52.95 kN/m
Situation XVII : Light gage cold-formed steel channels are used as purlins
and are spaced at 1.2 m on centers and simply supported on roof trusses 6 m
apart.
Given:
Roof slope, 1V:4H
Superimposed roof dead load, D = 720 Pa
Roof liveload, L = 1000 Pa
Wind pressure, W = 1,440 Pa
Wind pressure coefficients:
0.20 pressure at the windward side
0.60 suction at the leeward side
Properties of the light gage channel:
Sx = 6.19 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.38 x 104 mm3
Weight = 79 N/m
The allowable bending stresses are Fbx = Fby = 201 Mpa. Assume that
all the loads pass throught the centroid.
49. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum bending stress,
fbx,for the dead and live load combination (DL + LL)?
A. 127.11 MPa C. 132.20 MPa
B. 151.14 MPa D. 169.48 MPa
50. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum bending stress,
fby,for the dead and live load combination (DL + LL)?
A. 169.48 MPa C. 127.11 MPa
B. 132.20 MPa D. 151.14 MPa
51. Maximum ratio of the actual to the allowable bending stress for the
load combination 0.75(DL + LL + WL) at the windward side?
A. 1.25 C. 1.09
B. 1.55 D. 0.91
Situation XVIII: An 8-m long steel column is pinned at the top and fixed at
the bottom and is laterally supported at midspan about its weak axis.
The properties of the column section are as follows:
Area, A = 8,129 mm=
Moment of Inertia, Ix = 178.3 x 106 mm4
Moment of Inertia, Iy = 18.8 x 106 mm4
52. Which of the following most nearly gives the critical slenderness
ratio?
A. 58.22 C. 71.92
B. 37.61 D. 83.18
53. Which of the following most nearly gives the critical buckling load?
 A. 3,158.16 kN C. 2,573.75 kN
B. 2,319.36 kN D. 2,904.11 kN
54. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum length of the
column so that the proportional limit of 320 MPa will not be exceeded?
A. 10.79 m C. 16.62 m
B. 3.78 m D. 7.75 m
Situation XIX: A block, initally at rest, slides down an inclined plane at an
angle of 30° with the horizontal. The block is placed at a vertical distance
of 6 m above the bottom of the inclined plane. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the block and the plane is 0.25.
55. Which of the following most nearly gives the acceleration of the block?
A. 2.87 C. 2.46
B. 2.64 D. 2.78
56. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of the block
after it has traveled 3 m?
A. 3.98 C. 3.84
B. 4.08 D. 4.15
57. Which of the following most nearly gives the time it takes for the
block to hit the botto of the inclined plane?
A. 3.02 C. 2.89
B. 2.94 D. 3.12
Situation XX: A vehicle A is traveling due east at a speed of 67 kph. At the
same time, a vehicle B is travelling at a direction N45°E. However, to the
passenger of vehicle A, vehicle B appears to be travelling in a direction
N30°W.
58. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of vehicle A?
A. 14.38 m/s C. 18.61 m/s
B. 27.04 m/s D. 9.52 m/s
59. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of vehicle B?
A. 29.35 m/s C. 12.50 m/s
B. 8.02 m/s D. 16.69 m/s
60. Which of the following most nearly gives the relative velocity of
vehicle B as observed by a passenger in vehicle A?
A. 17.08 m/s C. 26.44 m/s
B. 13.62 m/s D. 8.57 m/s
Situation XX: A concrete mixture has the following composition:
Cement:
34 bags at 40 kg/bag
Specific gravity = 3.15
Fine agreggates:
3,000 kg (dry basis)
Specific gravity = 2.67
1.60% absorption
Coarse agreggates:
6,000 kg (dry basis)
Specific gravity = 2.64
1.20% absorption
61. Which of the following most nearly gives the volume occupied by the
fine aggregates?
A. 0.60 m2 C. 2.27 m2
B. 1.12 m2 D. 0.43 m2
62. Which of the following most nearly gives the volume of concrete yield?
A. 4.60 m2 C. 4.75 m2
B. 4.22 m 2 D. 4.43 m2
63. Which of the following most nearly gives the adjusted volume of water?
A. 0.549 m2 C. 0.576 m2
B. 0.720 m2 D. 0.582 m2
Situation XXII: A hollow circular pole having a height of 3 m, an outside
diameter of 300 mm, and a wall thickness of 6 mm, weighs 150 N/m. The pole
carries a compressive load of 3 kN at an eccentricity of 100 mm and a lateral
force of 0.45 kN at its top.
64. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum compressive stress
at the base of the pole due to the combined loadings?
A. 4.67 MPa
B. 3.59 MPa
C. 4.75 MPa
D. 3.51 MPa
65. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum tensile stress at
the base of the pole due to the combined loadings?
A. 4.67 MPa
B. 3.51 MPa
C. 3.59 MPa
D. 4.76 MPa
66. If the hollow is replaced with a solid pole of diameter 250 mm, which
of the following most nearly gives the maximum shearing stress at the
base of the pole?
A. 13.75 kPa
B. 12.22 kPa
C. 10.74 kPa
D. 9.17 kPa
Situation XXIII: Situation A 50mm x 150mm timber wall 3.5m high is hinged at
both ends (k = 1.00). It is subjected to an axial load of 2 kN and a
uniformly distributed load acting along its weaker axis. The wall is 80%
stress grade Apitong.
Bending and tension parallel to grain = 16.50 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending = 7310 MPa
Compression parallel to grain = 9.56 MPa
Compression perpendicular to grain = 2.20 MPa
Shear parallel to grain = 1.73 MPa
67. Which of the following most nearly gives the allowable compressive
stress?
A. 0.40 MPa C. 0.45 MPa
B. 0.50 MPa D. 0.55 MPa

68. Which of the following most nearly gives the allowable bending stress?
A. 11.19 MPa C. 16.50 MPa
B. 7.94 MPa D. 13.26 MPa
69. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum uniformly
distibuted load that the wall can carry?
A. 0.60 kN/m C. 0.35 kN/m
B. 0.52 kN/m D. 0.38 kN/m
Situation XXIV: 50mm by 100mm timber is used as purlins. Roof trusses are
placed 3.50m and the timber purlins are 0.45m apart. The roof pitch of 30ᵒ
with the horizontal, and the roof loads are live load, 750 Pa; ceiling load,
140 Pa; dead load, 120 Pa. The timber used is 80% stress grade Apitong.
70. Which of the following most nearly gives the uniform vertical load
carried by each purlin?
A. 412.38 N/m
B. 393.60 N/m
C. 466.83 N/m
D. 454.50 N/m
71. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum bending stress?
A. 16.01 MPa
B. 13.50 MPa
 C. 14.93 MPa
D. 15.58 MPa
72. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum deflection?
A. 65.27 mm
B. 58.04 mm
C. 55.03 mm
D. 63.55 mm
Situation XXV: A 4-m long pipe having a diameter of 600 mm is to be
installed. The installation can be done in one our by a group of workers
consisting of 1 foreman, 2 skilled workers, and 10 unskilled workers. The
foreman is paid P50.00 per hour, each skilled workers at P40.00 per hour, and
each unskilled workers at P35.00 per hour. A backhoe is to be rented for
P800.00 per hor and a plate compactor for P120.00 per hour. For every meter
of pipe, the materials to be used are 0.07 bags of cement at P130.00 per bag
and 0.15m3 of sand at P300.00 per m3. The cost of pipe is P570.00 per meter.
Profit, overhead, insurance, and miscellaneous expense is 30% of the labor,
materials, and equipment cost. The value added tax is 10% o the labor and
material cost.
73. Which of the following most nearly gives the cost of labor and
equi[ment per meter length of pipe?
A. P120.00/m3 C. P1,400.00/m3
B. P350.00/m3 D. P480.00/m3
74. Which of the following most nearly gives the cost of materials per
meter length of pipe?
A. P624.10/m3 C. P576.10/m3
B. P588.10/m3 D. 602.10/m3
A.
75. Which of the following most nearly gives the total cost of installing
the pipe per meter length?
A. P1,250.74/m C. P1,290.74/m
B. P1,320.74/m D. P1,340.74/m
NSCP Provisions

Bending in Beams

3.4.3.5 Size Factor Adjustment

When the depth of a rectangular-sawn bending member exceeds 300mm, the

allowable unit stress in bending Fb shall be multiplied by the size factor CF
as determined by the formula:
300 1/9
CF = ( )
𝑑

Where

CF = size factor

d = depth of beam in mm

For beams of circular cross section that have a diameter greater than
340 mm or 300 mm or larger square beams loaded in the plane of the diagonal,
the size factor CF may be determined on the basis of an equivalent
conventionally loaded square beam of the same cross-sectional area.

Size factor adjustments are cumulative with form factor adjustments

specified in Section 3.4.3.7, except for lumber I beams and box beams, but
are not cumulative with slenderness factor adjustments specified in Section
3.4.3.6. Size factor adjustments for glued-laminated members shall be in
accordance with Section 3.11.4.5. The size factor adjustment shall not apply
to visually-graded lumber 50mm to 100mm thick or to machine-stress-rate
lumber.

3.4.3.6 Slenderness Factor Adjustments for Beams

When the depth of a beam exceeds its breadth, lateral support may be
required and the slenderness factor CS shall be calculated by the following
formula:

𝐿𝑒 𝑑
CS = √
𝑏2

In which

CS = slenderness factor

Le = effective length of beam, mm, from the following table

d = depth of beam, mm

b = breadth of beam, mm

VALUE OF
TYPE OF BEAM SPAN AND NATURE EFFECTIVE
OF LOAD LENGTH,
Le

Single-span beam, load

1.61 LU
concentrated at the center

Single-span beam, uniformly

1.92 LU
distributed load

Single-span beam, equal end

1.84 LU
moments

Cantilever beam, load

concentrated at unsupported 1.69 LU
end

Cantilever beam, uniformly

1.08 LU
distributed load

Cantilever beam, uniformly

distributed load with
1.69 LU
concentrated load at
cantilever end

Single-span or cantilever
1.92 LU
beam, any other load

LU = unsupported length of beam, mm

The effective length, Le, in the table are based on an L U/d ratio of 17.
For other LU/d, these effective lengths may be multiplied by a factor equal to
0.85 + 2.55/( LU/d) except that this factor shall not apply to a single-span
beam with equal end moments (Le = 1.84LU) or to a single span or cantilever
beam with any load

(Le = 1.92LU).

When the slenderness factor CS does not exceed 10, the full allowable
unit stress in bending Fb may be used.

When the slenderness factor CS is greater than 10 but does not exceed
CK, the allowable unit stress in bending Fb’ shall be determined from the
following formula:

1 𝐶 4
Fb’ = Fb [1 − ( 𝑆 ) ]
3 𝐶𝐾

In which

𝐸
CK =0.811 √
𝐹𝑏

E = modulus of elasticity

When the slenderness factor C S is greater than CK but less than 50, the
allowable unit stress in bending Fb’ shall be determined by the following
formula:
0.438𝐸
Fb’ =
𝐶𝑆 2

In no case shall CS exceed 50.

Notching on Beams

A. When notching is at the points of support on the tension side

3𝑉 𝑑
FV = ( )
2𝑏𝑑 ′ 𝑑 ′

B. When notching is at the points of support on the compression side

3𝑉
FV = 𝑑−𝑑′
2𝑏(𝑑− 𝑒)
𝑑′

where

d = total depth of the beam

d’ = actual depth at notch

Axially Loaded Compression Members

3.7.3 Simple Solid-Column Design

The effective column length, Le, shall be used in design formulas given
in this section. The effective column length, Le, shall be determined in
accordance with good engineering practice. Actual column length, L, may be
multiplied by the factors given in the following table to determine the
effective column length, Le.
 Allowable unit stresses in Newtons per square mm of cross-sectional
area of square or rectangular simple solid columns shall be determined by the
following formulas, but such unit stresses shall not exceed values for
compression parallel to grain Fc’ in Tables No 3.1 adjusted in accordance with
provisions of Section 3.4.

Short Columns (Le/d of 11 or less):

Fc’ = Fc

Intermediated Columns (Le/d greater than 11 but less than K):

𝐸
K = 0.671√
𝐹𝑐

Long Columns (Le/d of K or greater):

0.30𝐸
FC’ =
(𝐿𝑒 /𝑑)2

Combined Axial Compression and Bending

3.8.2 Members subjected to both flexure and axial compression shall be

proportioned that
𝑓𝐶 𝑓𝑏
+ ′ ≤ 1.00
𝐹𝐶 ′ 𝐹𝑏 − 𝐽𝑓𝑐

The value of J shall be derived as

𝐿𝑒
−11
𝑑
J =
𝐾−11

Except that J shall not be less than zero nor greater than one (0 ≤ J ≤ 1).