What is operating system and types of

operating system in computers.

Operating system.
An operating system is a system software that
manages computer hardware and software resources and provide
common services for the computer programs. Operating system
manages application programs to be run on the computer. There are
different types of operating system as follows.
 Batch operating system
 Time sharing operating system
 Distributed operating system
 Network operating system
 Real-time operating system
1. Hard real-time system
2. Soft real-time operating system
 Multitasking or multiprogramming operating system
 Multiprocessing operating system
 Mobile operating system

Batch Operating system.

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer
directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and
submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar
needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their
programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with
similar requirements into batches.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

  CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than
the CPU.

 Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Advantages of batch operating system.

1. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in It is very difficult to
guess or know the time required by any job to complete. Processors of
the batch system knows how long the job would be when it is in
queue.
2. Multiple users can share the batch system.
3. The idle time of batch system is very less.
4. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch system.

Disadvantages of batch operating system.

1. The computer operator should be well known with batch system.
2. Batch system are hard to debug.
3. It is sometime costly.
4. The other job will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
Time Sharing Operating system.
A time-sharing operating system is that
in which each task is given some time to execute and all tasks are given
time so that all processes run seamlessly without any problem. Suppose
there are many users attached to a single system then each user has given
time of CPU. No user can feel to have trouble in using the system.

Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.

Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is
termed as time-sharing.

The main difference between Multi-programmed Batch Systems and Time-

Sharing Systems is that in case of Multi-programmed batch systems, the
objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems,
the objective is to minimize response.

Advantages of time-sharing operating system.

  Provides the advantage of quick response.
 Avoids duplication of software.
 Reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages of real-time operating system.

 Problem of reliability.
 Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
 Problem of data communication.

Distributed operating system.

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-
time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed
among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various

communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These
are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors
in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are
referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

Advantages of Distributed operating system.

 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
 If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can
potentially continue operating.
 Better service to the customers.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.
 Reduction of delays in data processing.
 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication ,all
system are independent from each other.
 Electronic mail increase the data exchange speed.

Disadvantages of Distributed operating system.

  Failure of main network will stop the entire communication.
 To established distributed system the language which are used are not
well defined yet.
 These types of systems are not readily available as they were
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex
and not understood well yet.

Network operating system.

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system
is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a
network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other
networks.

Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server

2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD.

Advantages of network operating system.

 Centralized servers are highly stable.

 Security is server managed.

 Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the
system.

 Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of

systems.

Disadvantages of network operating system.

 High cost of buying and running a server.

 Dependency on a central location for most operations.

 Regular maintenance and updates are required.

Real Time operating System.
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time
interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls
the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and
display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So
in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online
processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the
operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be
used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time operating
system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system
will fail. For example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems, etc.

There are two types of real-time operating systems.

Hard real-time systems.

Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In
hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the data
is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found.

Soft real-time systems.

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets
priority over other tasks and retains the priority until it completes. Soft real-
time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For example,
multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea
exploration and planetary rovers, etc.

Multitasking.
Multitasking is when multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously
by switching between them. Switches occur so frequently that the users may
interact with each program while it is running. An OS does the following
activities related to multitasking –
  The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a program directly, and
receives an immediate response.

 The OS handles multitasking in the way that it can handle multiple

operations/executes multiple programs at a time.

 Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems.

 Each user has at least one separate program in memory.

 A program that is loaded into memory and is executing is commonly referred to

as a process.

 When a process executes, it typically executes for only a very short time before it
either finishes or needs to perform I/O.

 Since interactive I/O typically runs at slower speeds, it may take a long time to
complete. During this time, a CPU can be utilized by another process.

Multiprogramming.
Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the
same time, is referred as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes
a single shared processor. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by
organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute.

The following figure shows the memory layout for a multiprogramming

system.

 An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.

 The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.

 This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.

 The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.

 Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and
system resources using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU
is never idle, unless there are no jobs to process.

Advantages

 High and efficient CPU utilization.

 User feels that many programs are allotted CPU almost simultaneously.
Disadvantages

 CPU scheduling is required.

 To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is required.

Multiprocessing Operating System.

Refers to the use of two or
more central processing unit (CPU) within a single computer system. These multiple
CPUs are in a close communication sharing the computer bus, memory and other
peripheral devices. These systems are referred as tightly coupled system.
These types of systems are used when very high speed is required to process a large
volume of data. These systems are generally used in environment like satellite control,
weather forecasting etc. The basic organization of multiprocessing system etc.
In order to employ multiprocessing operating system effectively, the computer system
must have the followings:
1. Motherboard Support: A motherboard capable of handling multiple processors. This
means additional sockets or slots for the extra chips and a chipset capable of handling
the multiprocessing arrangement.
2. Processor Support: processors those are capable of being used in a multiprocessing
system.
3. Locking system: In order to provide safe access to the resources shared among multiple
processors, they need to be protected by locking scheme. The purpose of a locking is to serialize
accesses to the protected resource by multiple processors. Undisciplined use of locking can
severely degrade the performance of system.
4. Shared data: The continuous accesses to the shared data items by multiple processors (with
one or more of them with data write) are serialized by the cache coherence protocol. Even in a
moderate-scale system, serialization delays can have significant impact on the system
performance.

5. False sharing: This form of contention arises when unrelated data items used by
different processors are located next to each other in the memory and, therefore, share
a single cache line: The effect of false sharing is the same as that of regular sharing
bouncing of the cache line among several processors. Fortunately, once it is identified,
false sharing can be easily eliminated by setting the memory layout of non-shared data.

Advantages
 Increased Throughput − By increasing the number of processors, more work
can be completed in a unit time.

 Cost Saving − Parallel system shares the memory, buses, peripherals etc.
Multiprocessor system thus saves money as compared to multiple single systems.
  Increased Reliability − In this system, as the workload is distributed
among several processors which results in increased reliability. If one
processor fails then its failure may slightly slow down the speed of the
system but system will work smoothly.

Disadvantages.
 If one processor fails then it will affect in the speed
 multiprocessor systems are expensive
 complex OS is required
 large main memory required.

Mobile operating system.

A mobile operating system,
sometimes called a mobile OS for short, is an operating system that runs only
on mobile devices. Consider it the backbone of all of your favorite applications
and programs.

It's basically the system on top of which everything else sits. It also is the
basis for all of your settings, such as how you connect to the internet, the
way you text and how you keep your calendar appointments.

There are different types of Mobile operating

system.
Android
Android's OS is owned by Google and is considered open-source to Apple's
closed system. With an open-source system, software developers can build
applications and programs until their heart's content and users reap the
benefits of tons of free software.

Windows
Microsoft is no stranger to computer operating systems, but is a relative
newcomer to mobile OS. Its latest version uses the tiled layout common to
its most recent computer OS. These tiles can be rearranged and moved to
the user's preferences.
BlackBerry OS
A lesser known, but still used OS is the one designed for BlackBerry devices, common among
business users. The BlackBerry operating system is well-liked for its enhanced security and safety
measures It was the phone of choice for former President Barack Obama! BlackBerry has been far
more successful with an operating system that requires a trackball

Apple OS
Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for
Macintosh computers; current versions of macOS retain the major version number "10".
Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using
Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9.