Section 4 PDF

Pipe
Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
What is Pipe?
▪ A straight pressure tight cylindrical
hollow, used in piping system
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Pipe Classification
Single Seam
Straight
Seamless
SAW Double
Pipe SAW
Helical/ Seam
Welded
ERW/EFW/ Spiral SAW
HFW
Pipe Size
▪ Pipe size is mentioned
▪ Nominal pipe size (NPS)
▪ Diameter nominal (DN)
▪ NB (Nominal Bore)
4
Note
Pipe ≠ Tube
Dimensional Point of view
5
Pipe Size
ID will changed with
changed in Pipe
Schedule number
Small Bore and Large Bore Pipe
▪ Small bore = ½” – 1½ ”
▪ Big bore = 2” and above
▪ Some company refer up to 2½” small bore
Pipe Length
▪ Single random
▪ 4.8 m to 6.7 m with 5% of lengths 3.7 to 4.8
m
▪ Double random
▪ Minimum average of 10.7 m and a minimum
length of 4.8 m with 5 % 4.8 m to 10.7 m
8
Pipe Thickness
▪ Schedule number (5, 10, 20, 30, 40,
60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160)
▪ STD
▪ Extra strong-XS
▪ Double extra strong-XXS
What is Schedule No?
▪ A schedule number is an approximate value of the
equation
𝑃
𝑆𝑐ℎ. 𝑁𝑜. = 1000 ×
𝑆
▪ P is the service pressure in (psi)
▪ S is the allowable stress in (psi)
10
Thickness for Stainless Steel
▪ Thickness is expressed in Schedule
number (5S, 10S, 40S, 80S)
▪ Schedule no with S suffix is as per ASME
B36.19
11
Pipe Dimension Standard
▪ B36.10 cover standard dimension of pipe in
the range of 1/8” to 80” (Carbon Steel)
▪ B36.19 cover standard dimension of pipe in
the range of 1/8” to 30” (Stainless Steel)
Pipe ends
▪ Plain end ▪ Special end such as
▪ Beveled end socket and spigot with
▪ Threaded end O-ring etc.
In Next Lecture
Pipe Fittings
Pipe
Fitting
What is Pipe Fittings?
▪ Fittings are Piping component that helps
in
▪ Changes the direction of the flow
▪ Elbows, Tee
▪ Changes the size of the pipe
▪ Reducers, Reducing tees
What is Pipe Fittings?
▪ Joins pipe
▪ Couplings
▪ Isolates flows
▪ Caps
Types of Fittings
Wrought Elbow Cast Elbow Forged Elbow
Wrought Fitting Dimension
▪ Size
▪ NPS, NB, DN
▪ Thickness
▪ Schedule No. or in mm
Forged Fitting Dimension
▪ Socket weld & Threaded end fittings are
available from NPS 1/8” to 4” size
Forged Fitting Dimension
▪ Available in pressure-temperature rating
class of
▪ 2000 (Only Threaded Fittings)
▪ 3000 & 6000 (For both types)
▪ 9000 (Only Socket weld Fittings)
In Next Lecture
Elbow, Returns & Miter

Bend
Piping Fitting
Elbow,
Returns &
Miter BendCopyright - hardhatengineer.com
Elbow Types
Long Vs Short Radius
Long Radius A=1.5D Short Radius A=1D
Reducing Elbow
Miter Bend
Returns
In Next Lecture
Tee, Cross, Reducer, Cap

and Stub ends
Piping Fitting
Tee, Cross,
Reducer, Cap
& Stub ends
Tee
Cross
Reducer
𝑳𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝑫 − 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝑫
𝑶𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒆𝒕 =
𝟐
Stub ends
Cap
In Next Lecture
Union, Coupling, Swage
Piping Fitting
Union,
Coupling,
Swage
Union
Half & Full Coupling
Swage
In Next Lecture
Flanges
Flanges
Basic of Flanges
▪ Second most used joining method after
welding
▪ Connect pipe with various equipment
▪ Provide flexibility for maintenance
▪ Cannot use in underground piping
▪ Most common source of leak
▪ Variety of flanges available to suit
requirements Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
44
Flange Types – Based on Pipe connection
Flange Facing Types
Flange Facing Types
Flat Face Raised Face RTJ Face

Flange Facing Types
Smooth Face Serrated Face
Flange Facing Types
Serration Measurement
▪ Serration specified in
▪ RMS (Root Mean Square) or
▪ AARH (Arithmetic Average Rough Height)
▪ Most common range 120-250 AARH
Comparator
Gauge
Service Rating
Pressure Temperature Class
▪ 150#, 300#, 400#, 600#, 900#, 1500# and
2500#
▪ Higher the rating, heavier the flange
52
In Next Lecture
Threaded, Socket Weld &

Slip on Flanges
Threaded,
Socket Weld &
Slip on Flanges
Threaded Flanges
Socket-Welded Flanges
Slip-On Flanges
In Next Lecture
Lap, Weld neck & Blind

Flanges
Lap, Weld neck &
Blind Flanges
Lap Joint Flanges
Weld Neck Flanges
Weld Neck Flanges Components
▪ Flange body
▪ Neck or hub Raised Face
Body
▪ Raised face
Neck / Hub
Blind Flanges
In Next Lecture
Olets
Olets
Branching from Pipe
Self-reinforced Branch
▪ Specially design
branch
connection is
known as
“Olets”.
Olets Design
▪ Process Piping Code ASME B31.3
▪ MSS SP-97
▪ Weldolet ▪ Nipolet,
▪ Sockolet ▪ Latrolet
▪ Thredolet ▪ Flexolet
▪ Elbolet ▪ Coupolet
Weldolet
▪ 90° branch connection
▪ Comes in full size or reducing size
▪ End connection is suited for butt welding
69
Sockolet
▪ End connection is suit for socket welding
70
Thredolet
▪ End connection is suited for threaded joint
71
Elbolet
▪ End connection is suited for butt welding,
socket welding or threaded joint
72
Nipolet
▪ Nipolet is weldolet with
extended pipe body
▪ End connection is suited
for butt welding, socket
welding or threaded
joint
73
Latrolet
▪ 45°or any special degree branch connection
▪ End connections of a Latrolet can be butt
welded, socket welded or threaded.
Coupolet
▪ Olets with female NPT thread use for low
pressure services
75
In Next Lecture
Gaskets
Gaskets
What is a gasket?
▪ Sealing material
placed between
connecting Flanges
▪ create a static seal
▪ Maintain leakage
proof sealing in all
operating conditions
Selection of Gasket
▪ Compatibility of the gasket material with
the fluid.
▪ Ability to withstand the pressure-
temperature of the system.
▪ Service life of the gasket
Gasket Properties
▪ Impermeability ▪ Temperature
▪ Compressibility resistance
▪ Stress Relaxation ▪ Anti-stick
(creep resistance) ▪ Anti-corrosion
▪ Resilience
▪ Chemical resistance
Types of Gasket
Metallic
Non-Metallic Composite
Ring Gasket
Compressed Non-
Asbestos Fibre Oval Ring Gasket Spiral Wound Gaskets
Gasket (CNAF)
Octagonal Ring
PTFE Gasket Camprofile Gaskets
Gasket
Metal Jacketed
Rubber Gasket
Exchanger
In Next Lecture
Non-Metallic Gaskets
Non-Metallic Gasket
▪ Rubber
▪ Teflon
▪ Compressed Non-
asbestos Fiber
(CNAF)
Non-Metallic Gasket
▪ Full face or inside bolt circle
▪ Low tension bolting
▪ Used in low pressure class flanged such
as 150 or 300
▪ Used for low temperature services
▪ Not used in hydrocarbon services
▪ Cheapest and easily available
Non-Metal Gasket
CNAF PTFE
Metal Gasket
▪ Also known as ring
gasket or RTJ
▪ Soft iron
▪ Low Carbon steel
▪ Stainless Steel
▪ Monel, Inconel
Metal Gasket
▪ Used in high pressure
class flanges, normally
above 900 Class
▪ High tension bolting
required
▪ Very robust
▪ Most costly
Composite Gasket
▪ Combination of metal and non-metal
▪ Spiral wound
▪ Metal Jacketed
▪ Kamprofile
▪ Graphite or PTFE used as filler material
▪ Used in wide range of pressure and
temperature
In Next Lecture
Spiral Wound Gasket
Metal Jacketed Gasket
Kamm / Cam profile Gasket
Spiral
Wound
Gasket
What is spiral wound gasket?
▪ Alternative layers of metal
Strip and Filler Material
▪ Wide variety of available
styles and sizes
▪ Cryogenic to
approximately 1093ºC
▪ Vacuum to high-pressure
service
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Components of Spiral Wound Gasket
Winding
Inner Ring
Outer Ring
Winding Material
▪ Graphit
e
▪ PTFE
▪ Ceramic
▪ Others
Un-Compressed Compressed
Raised Face Flange with
Inner and Outer Ring

Tongue and Groove Flanges.
Gasket without inner/outer rings

Metal Jacketed Gasket
▪ Composites of metal
and non-metallic
materials
▪ Soft filler material is
enclosed in outer
metal sheet jacket
Kamm/ Cam profile Gasket
▪ Metallic core with concentric grooves
▪ Sealing layers of either graphite or PTFE
In Next Lecture
Bolting Material
Bolting
Bolting
▪ Used with flanged joints
connection
▪ Help to ensure leak-
proof connection
between gaskets and
flanges
Image from Wiki Common user: Markus Schweiss
Bolting
▪ Loose flanged connection results in
▪ Leak and spill of material
▪ Fire
▪ Loss of product
▪ Contamination
▪ Environmental hazard
▪ Plant shutdown
Stud Bolts
▪ Thread at both end or on
full lengths
▪ Having 3 components if
washers are not used
▪ Additional nuts are used
for hydraulic tensioning
for larger size stud bolts
Hexagonal-Head Machine Bolts
▪ Thread at one end and
hexagonal head on other
end
▪ Used with lower strength
flange types
▪ Normally washers are used
to prevent excessive load
to flange Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
Hex Nuts
▪ Hexagonal with internally
threaded hole
▪ Heavy-series nuts are
generally
▪ The nonbearing face of a
nut is chamfered
▪ Bearing face is finished
with a washer face or may
be chamfered Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
Washers
▪ A thin plate with hole at
center
▪ Washers distribute the load on
flange face
▪ Different types of washers
▪ Flat
▪ Splits
▪ Conical Springs Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
Conical or Belleville Springs washers
▪ Keep bolted joints tight
▪ High spring loads with
small deflections
▪ Used in area where
vibration, differential
thermal expansion, and
bolt creep present
Section Summary
▪ Pipe
▪ Fittings
▪ Flanges
▪ Olets
▪ Gasket
▪ Bolting
In Next Section
Special Piping Components

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Pipe

Wrought Elbow Cast Elbow Forged Elbow

Elbow, Returns & Miter

Long Radius A=1.5D Short Radius A=1D

Tee, Cross, Reducer, Cap

Union, Coupling, Swage

Flat Face Raised Face RTJ Face

Threaded, Socket Weld &

Lap, Weld neck & Blind

Image Source: apollon-indutec Copyright - hardhatengineer.com

Image Source: apollon-indutec Copyright - hardhatengineer.com

Special Piping Components

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