PROJECT

ASSIGNMENT 2
APPLIED THERMODYNAMIC (SKMM2423)

SEMESTER 2 (2018/2019)

SECTION 5

PREPARED BY:
MUHAMAD HAIKAL BIN MOHD ALI

NO MATRIC:
A17KM0189

LECTURER:
PM. DR. NAZRI KAMSAH

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TABLES OF CONTENT
PROBLEM #2: Vapor power cycles 1 ......................................................................................... 3
Sample Calculations ................................................................................................................... 4
Result .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 9
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 9
Reference ................................................................................................................................... 9

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 PROBLEM #2: VAPOR POWER CYCLES 1

Problem: Air enters a basic gas turbine unit at temperature of 20℃. The isentropic efficiency
of the compressor and turbine is 0.89 and 0.92, respectively.

Analysis: For a starting maximum cycle temperature of 780 K, calculate the network output
and thermal efficiency of the cycle, for various pressure ratio; 1, 5, 10,15, 20 and 25. Repeat the
same calculations with the maximum cycle temperatures of 900 K, 1100 K and 1400 K.

Results: Plot the thermal efficiency vs pressure ratio. Include similar plot for ideal cycle
efficiency in this graph. In a separate graph. In a separate graph, plot the net work output vs
the pressure ratio. Provide a legend and label the axes and the curves clearly.

Discussion: Discuss what you observe from your findings.

Conclusion: Draw a brief conclusion from the analysis.

Note:

The ideal cycle efficiency is given by

(𝛾−1)
1 𝛾
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1−( )
𝑟𝑝

Where 𝑟𝑝 pressure ratio and 𝛾 = 1.4

𝒸𝑝𝑎 = 1.005 kJ/kgK

𝒸𝑝𝑔 = 1.11 kJ/kgK

efvevvebrtbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbr
𝐓𝟑 = 𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱

𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑
= 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝐊

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SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Take Temperature maximum, 𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 300, Pressure ratio, 𝐫𝐩 = 5, as sample.

Step 1: Draw cycle (Practical cycle)

𝑝2
780 rp = =5
𝑝1

293

Step 2: Find T at all state.

State 1; T1 = 293K

State 2s;

𝑇2𝑠 (𝛾−1⁄𝛾)
= (rp )
𝑇1

Therefore,
(𝛾−1⁄𝛾 )
𝑇2𝑠 = 𝑇1 (rp ) = 293 × (5)(1.4−1⁄1.4) = 464.1 𝐾

State 2; 𝑇2𝑠 − T1
𝜂𝐶 = = 0.89
𝑇2 − T1
= 0.89
Therefore,

𝑇2𝑠 − T1 464.1 − 293

𝑇2 = + T1 = + 293 = 485.2 𝐾
0.89 0.89

State 3; T3 = 780K

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State 4s;

𝑇3 (𝛾−1⁄𝛾)
= (rp )
𝑇4𝑠

Therefore,

𝑇3 780
𝑇4𝑠 = (𝛾−1⁄𝛾)
= = 521.8 𝐾
(rp ) (5)(1.333−1⁄1.333)

State 4; 𝑇3 − T4
𝜂𝑇 =
𝑇3 − T4𝑠
= 0.92
Therefore,

𝑇4 = 𝑇3 − 0.92(𝑇3 − T4𝑠 ) = 780 − 0.92(780 − 521.8) = 542.4 𝐾

Step 3: Evaluate work input, output and heat supplied.

Compressor work input = 𝑤12 = 𝒸𝑝𝑎 (𝑇2 − T1 ) = 1.005 × (485.2 − 293) = 193.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Turbine work output = 𝑤34 = 𝒸𝑝𝑔 (𝑇3 − T4 ) = 1.11 × (780 − 542.4) = 263.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Heat supplied = 𝑞23 = 𝒸𝑝 𝑔(𝑇3 − T2 ) = 1.11 × (780 − 485.2) = 327.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Step 4: Find the network output, thermal efficiency and ideal cycle efficiency.

Net work output = 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 = 𝑤34 − 𝑤12 = 263.7 − 193.2 = 70.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Thermal efficiency;

𝑤 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑡 𝑤12 − 𝑤34 70.5

𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = = 0.2152 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟔%
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑞23 327.2

Ideal cycle efficiency;

(𝛾−1) (1.4−1)
1 𝛾 1 1.4
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1 − (𝑟 ) = 1 − (5) = 0.3686 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔%
𝑝

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RESULT
All result from varies temperature and pressure ratio are automatically calculate by using
Excel Software.

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇2𝑠 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4𝑠 𝑇4 𝑤12 𝑤34 𝑞23 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 𝜂𝑡ℎ

Pressure ratio, rp : 1
780 293.0 293.0 780 780.0 780.0 0.0 0.0 540.6 0.0 0.00
900 293.0 293.0 900 900.0 900.0 0.0 0.0 673.8 0.0 0.00
1100 293.0 293.0 1100 1100.0 1100.0 0.0 0.0 895.8 0.0 0.00
1400 293.0 293.0 1400 1400.0 1400.0 0.0 0.0 1228.8 0.0 0.00
Pressure ratio, rp : 5
780 464.1 485.2 780 521.8 542.4 193.2 263.7 327.2 70.5 21.56
900 464.1 485.2 900 602.0 625.9 193.2 304.3 460.4 111.1 24.13
1100 464.1 485.2 1100 735.8 765.0 193.2 371.9 682.4 178.7 26.19
1400 464.1 485.2 1400 936.5 973.6 193.2 473.3 1015.4 280.1 27.59
Pressure ratio, rp : 10
780 565.7 599.4 780 438.8 466.1 307.9 348.4 200.5 40.5 20.20
900 565.7 599.4 900 506.3 537.8 307.9 402.0 333.7 94.1 28.20
1100 565.7 599.4 1100 618.8 657.3 307.9 491.4 555.7 183.4 33.01
1400 565.7 599.4 1400 787.6 836.6 307.9 625.4 888.7 317.4 35.72
Pressure ratio, rp : 15
780 635.2 677.5 780 396.5 427.2 386.4 391.6 113.8 5.2 4.56
900 635.2 677.5 900 457.6 492.9 386.4 451.8 247.0 65.4 26.49
1100 635.2 677.5 1100 559.2 602.5 386.4 552.2 469.0 165.8 35.36
1400 635.2 677.5 1400 711.7 766.8 386.4 702.8 802.0 316.5 39.46
Pressure ratio, rp : 20
780 689.6 738.6 780 369.0 401.9 447.8 419.7 45.9 -28.2 -61.31
900 689.6 738.6 900 425.8 463.8 447.8 484.2 179.1 36.4 20.32
1100 689.6 738.6 1100 520.5 566.8 447.8 591.8 401.1 144.0 35.90
1400 689.6 738.6 1400 662.4 721.4 447.8 753.2 734.1 305.4 41.60
Pressure ratio, rp : 25
780 735.0 789.6 780 349.0 383.5 499.1 440.1 -10.7 -59.0 552.88
900 735.0 789.6 900 402.7 442.5 499.1 507.8 122.5 8.7 7.11
1100 735.0 789.6 1100 492.2 540.9 499.1 620.7 344.5 121.6 35.28
1400 735.0 789.6 1400 626.5 688.4 499.1 789.9 677.5 290.8 42.92

Unit: 𝜂𝑡ℎ (%) , 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 (kJ/kg)

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 Graph 1: Thermal Efficiency 𝜂_𝑡ℎ(%) vs Pressure Ratio
70

60.14
60 57.51

53.87

50 48.21

42.92
41.60
Cycle efficiency/(%)

39.46
40
36.86
35.72 35.36 35.90 35.28
33.01

30 27.59 28.20
26.19 26.49
24.13
21.56
20.20 20.32
20

10 7.11
4.56

0.00
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pressure ratio

780 900 1100 1400 Ideal

Note: (X) => not plotted

Temperature Ideal cycle

780 900 1100 1400
(K) efficiency,
Pressure ratio Thermal efficiency, 𝜂𝑡ℎ(%) 𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 (%)
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 21.56 24.13 26.19 27.59 36.86

10 20.20 28.20 33.01 35.72 48.21

15 4.56 26.49 35.36 39.46 53.87

20 -61.31 (X) 20.32 35.90 41.60 57.51
25 552.88 (X) 7.11 35.28 42.92 60.14

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 Graph 2: Work Output (kJ/kg) vs Pressure Ratio
350

317.43 316.45
305.41
300 290.83
280.14

250
Work Output (kJ/kg)

200
183.43
178.72
165.85

144.00
150

121.56
111.11

94.09
100

70.54
65.44

50 40.49
36.40

5.20 8.71
0.00
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pressure ratio

780 900 1100 1400

Temperature (K) 780 900 1100 1400

Pressure ratio 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 (kJ/kg)

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 70.54 111.11 178.72 280.14
10 40.49 94.09 183.43 317.43
15 5.20 26.49 165.85 316.45
20 -28.17 (X) 36.40 144.00 305.41
25 -59.00 (X) 8.71 121.56 290.83

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DISCUSSION
Graph 1 shows thermal efficiency against pressure ratio with different of temperature
maximum working into turbine gas. From the result, it is showed the thermal efficiency will
continuously increase or increase then decrease when pressure ratio is increase. The ideal
cycle efficiency which act as benchmark it shows that the efficiency will increase
continuously when pressure ratio increase. This case was agreed to T = 1400 K. However, or
temperature 780K, 900K and 1100K, the lines are increase then decrease when the pressure
ratio is increase. T = 1000K line show the slight decreases, T = 900K have a moderate
decrease while T = 780K have a drastic decreasing of efficiency. To justify for T = 780K, rp =
20 and 25 are not plotted because the net work output had -ve value which means the turbine
gas are not produce energy but need energy, so the main function of turbine which is
produce work is not consider. From the data, we can identified that T = 1400K with rp = 25
show the highest efficiency with 41.6% working in turbine gas.

Graph 2 shows work output against pressure ratio with different temperature
maximum working into turbine gas. All lines have same pattern, which is increase then
decrease of work output according increasing of pressure ratio. The graph shows that
T=1400K have higher work output than other lines. The maximum work output (317.43 kJ/kg)
can be determined, which is when pressure ratio, rp is 10 and the temperature maximum is
1400K. Next, we also can see all minimum work are on temperature is 780K, but with the
same of pressure ratio.

CONCLUSION
From the two graphs, it can be concluded that higher temperature can give higher
cycle efficiency and higher work output. Also, we can see how the pressure ratio would affect
cycle efficiency and work output. The criteria should be compromises to design a turbine
gas, either better high cycle efficiency or better work output or even we can use the data to
design a turbine gas which can affordable the desired work.

REFERENCE
Y.A Cengel & M.A Boles, “Thermodynamics: An Engineering approach”, 8th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 2015.

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