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THERMODYNAMICS 1
Weeks 1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS ON THERMODYNAMICS
An open system, or
control volume, has mass
as well as energy crossing
the boundary, called a
control surface.
Heat = 0 Work
Work = 0 Surr 4
Mass
Mass = 0 System
Surr 3
Across
Surr 1 Mass
Isolated
Heat Surr 2
Boundary
Anycharacteristic of a system in
equilibrium is called a property.
The
property is independent of the path
used to arrive at the system condition.
Some thermodynamic properties are
pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and
mass m.
PROPERTY
Properties may be intensive or extensive.
Extensive properties are those that vary directly with size---or
extent---of the system.
Some Extensive Properties
a. mass
b. volume
c. total energy
d. mass dependent property
Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties, ex:
specific volume = V/m; specific weight = g
PROPERTY
Intensive properties are those that do not depend on
the mass of the system
Some Intensive Properties
a. temperature
b. pressure
c. density
d. color
e. any mass independent property
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Units
Used to characterize any physical quantity
Dimensions
Magnitudes assigned to dimensions
*The system of units selected for this course is the SI System that is
also known as the International System (sometimes called the metric
system).
*In SI, the units of mass, length, and time are the kilogram (kg),
meter (m), and second (s), respectively.
Dimensions and Units in Engineering
Thermodynamics
I. Fundamental dimensions → length, mass and time
Metric unit
MKS: meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s)
CGS: centimeter (cm), gram (g) and second (s)
English unit
foot (ft), pound-mass (lbm) and second (sec)
Conversions
1 m = 100 cm = 3.28 ft = 39.37 in
1 kg = 1000 g = 2.204 lbm
1 s = 1 sec
Dimensions and Units in Engineering
Thermodynamics
Specific Gravity (or Relative Density) is defined as the ratio of the density
of the substance to the density of an equal volume of water.
S.G. = ρs / ρw
Weight is the force acting on a body due to the earth’s gravity.
W = mg/gc where gc = 1 kgm– m / N - s2 = 32.2 lbm – ft / lbf –s2
Specific Weight (or Weight Density) is the force exerted by gravity per
unit volume.
= צּW/V = mg/gcV = ρ g/gc
Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area.
Also defined as force exerted by the fluid per unit area of surface.
P = F/A
Temperature is an indicator of energy, measure of hotness or coldness
of a body.
PROBLEMS
1. What is the weight of a 1 kg mass at an altitude where the local
acceleration of gravity is 9.75 m/s2 ?
2. A 1 m3 container is filled with 0.12 m3 granite (SG=2.75), 0.15 m3 sand
(SG = 1.5), 0.2 m3 of liquid 25◦C water (density = 997 kg/m3); the rest
of the volume, 0.53m3, is air with a density of 1.15kg/m3. Find the
overall (average) specific volume and density.
3. Two liquids of different densities (ρ1=1500 kg/m3 , ρ2=500 kg/m3) are
poured together into a 100 L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the
mixture is 800 kg/m3. Find the respective amounts of liquids used.
4. The mass of a fluid system is 0.311 slug (1slug=32.174lbm); its density
is 30 lb/ft3 & g= 31.90fps2. Find (a) the specific volume, (b) the specific
weight, (c) the total volume.
Dimensions and Units in Engineering
Thermodynamics
(b) Pressure
P = force/area = F/A
Metric unit MKS: Bar (bar)
English unit: atmosphere (atm)
cgs: pascal (Pa)
Conversions
1 bar = 100 N m-2
= 100 kPa
= 100 dyne cm-2
= 0.986 atm = 14.504 psia = 750 torr
1 atm = pressure exerted by the air at sea level
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 14.7 psia = 101.325 kPaA
1 psia = 1 pound per square inch
Dimensions and Units in Engineering
Thermodynamics
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure Measurement
Barometers – pressure of the atmosphere
Manometers – fluid pressure
P = gh where h= height of the fluid in the
column
Pressure Measurement
• Textbook
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, by Moran
and Shapiro, 2010, John Wiley and Sons
• References
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 7th Edition, Claus
Borgnakke & Richard E. Sonntag, John Wiley and Sons 2009
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, by Yunus A.
Cengel, 2006
Thermodynamics, by Jose Francisco, 2006 Edition
Thermodynamics: Concepts and Applications, by Stephen
Turns, 2006 Cambridge University Press
Thermodynamics Demystified, by Merle Potter, McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2009