1.

A rectangular reinforced concrete column of cross- Vus = [ pi (300-100-8) 50 x 1000 / p

sectional dimensions 300mm by 600mm is to be designed to ] cu.mm/m
support an ultimate axial load of 2000kN. Design suitable = (30159.288 x 10^3) / p
reinforcements in the column using M-20 grade concrete and cu.mm/m
Fe-415 HYSD bars. According to code clause 39.4.1. 0f IS :456:
(Vus / Vc ) < 0.36 [Ag / Ac ) – 1 (fck/0fy)
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures [ 30159.288 x 10^3 / (29120 x 10^3)p ]
< 0.36[(70685 / 29120) – 1] (20/415)
Data Solving p=42mm
Pu = 2000 kN Fck = 20 N/sq.mm According to clause 26.5.3.2(d) of IS :456 code, the pitch
b = 300 mm Fy = 415 N/sq.mm should comply with the following specifications:
D = 600 mm
P< [75mm/6 (200/6) = 33.6mm
Longitudinal reinforcements p> [25mm
Pu = 0.4 Fck Ag + (0.67Fy – Fck) Asc [3 (dia of helical reinforcement)
(2000 x 10^3) = (0.4 x 20 x 300 x 600) + (0.67 x 415) – (0.4 x [ =(3 x 8) = 24mm
20)Asc Hence provide 8mm diameter helical spirals at a pitch of
Solving Asc = 2073 sq.mm 30mm.
Provide 6 bars of 22 mm diameter (Asc = 2280 sq.mm) with 3
bars distributed on each face. UNIT.1.2.Design the reinforcements in a short column
400x400 mm at the corner of a multi storeyed building to
Lateral ties support an axial factored load of 1500 KN.Together with
biaxial moments of 50 KN.m acting in perpendicular
Tie diameter : ot < { (1/4) (22) = 5.5mm planes.adopt M-20 grade concrete and fe-415 HYSD bars
{ 6mm 1.data
provide 8mm ties b=400 mm
Tie spacing St > { 300mm D=400 mm
{ (16x22) = Pu=1500 KN
352 mm provide spacing of 300 mm Mux=Muy=50 KN.m
{ (48x8) = Fck=20 N/mm sq
384mm Fy=415 N/mm sq
Provide 8mm diameter ties at 300mm centres. Assume d’=400 mm
Design the reinforcements in a circular column of diameter (d’/D)=0.10
300mm to support a service axial load of 800 kN. The column 2.EQUIVALENT MOMENT
has an unsupported length of 3 m and is braced against side THE Reinforcement iN section is designed for the axial
away. The column is reinforced with helical ties. Adopt M-20 compressive load Pu and the equivalent moment given by
grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. the relation
Data Mu=1.15 sq.root of Mux ^2 + Muy ^2
Length of column = L = 3m =1.15 sq.root of 50^2 + 50^2 =81.3 KN.m
Diameter = D = 300mm 3.NON-dimensional parameters
Fck = 20 N/sq.mm (Pu/Fck b D) = ( 1500 x 10^3 / 20 x
Fy = 415 N/sq.mm 20x400) = 0.468
Axial service load = 800 kN (Mu/Fck b D ^2)= (8.13 X 10^6 /
Factored load = (1.5 x 800) = 1200kN 20X20X400^3)=0.063
Slenderness ratio 4.NON-dimension parameters
(L/D) = ( 3000 / 300 ) = 10 Refer chart 44 of SP-16(fy=415 n/mm2 and
Hence the column is designed as short column. (d/D)=0.10).equal reinforcement on all faces and read out
Minimum eccentricity the value of .
Emin = [ L/500 + D/30 ] = [ (p/fck )=0.06
3000/500 + 300/30 ] = 15mm < 20mm P=(20x0.06)=1.2
Also 0.05 D = (0.05 x 300) = 15mm < 20mm Asc=(pbD/100)=(1.2x400x400)/100=1902 mm2
Main reinforcements Provided 4 bars of 20mm dia and 4 of 16 mm dia (
According to clause 39.4 of IS : 456-2000 : Asc=2060mm2).distribute and 4 of 16 mm dia (Asc
Pu = 1.05 [0.4 Fck Ag + (0.67Fy – 0.4Fck ) =2060mm2).distribute that equally on all faces with three
Asc] batrs on each face.
( 1200 x 10^3)/ 1.05 = [ (0.4 x 20 x pi x P=(100x 2060)/(400x400)=1.28
300^2)/4 + { (0.67 x 415) – (0.4 x 20) Asc }) (p/fck )=(1.28/20)= 0.064
Solving Asc = 2139 sq.mm Refer chart -44of SP:16 and readout (Muxl/fck
Asc (min) = 0.8 percent of cross-section bD2).corresponding to the values of (Pu/fckbD)=0.468and
= (0.008 x pi 300^2 /4) = 565 sq.mm (p/fck)=0.064
Provide 6 bars of 22 mm diameter (Asc = 2280sq.mm) (Muxl/fckbD2)=0.468
Helical reinforcement Muxl=(0.068x20x400x400^2)10^-6=87kn.m
Adopting clear cover of 50mm over spirals Due to symmetry Muxl =Muyl=87kn.m
Core diameter = [300 – (2 x 50) ] = 200mm Puz=(0.45fck Ac+0.75FyAs)
Area of core = Ac = [(px 200^2)/4 – 2280] = 29120 sq.mm =(0.45x2090)[(400x400)-2060]+(0.75x415x2060)
=2062x10^3m
Volume of core/m = Vc = (29120 x 10^3)cu.mm =2062kn
Gross area of section = Ag = (p x 300^2 ) / 4 = 70685 sq.mm (Pu/Puz)=(1500/2062)=0.72
Readout coefficient alpha n corresponding to (
Design of reinforced concrete structures Pu/Puz)=0.72
Using 8mm diameter helical spirals at a pitch ‘p’ mm, the Alpha n= 1.8
volume of helical spiral per metre length is computed as : 4.Check for safety under biaxial bending
[(Mux/Muxl)^alpha n+(Muy/Muyl)^alpha n]<or equal to1
 column strip moments
UNIT.1.3 Design the reinforcements in a rectangular column negative B.M=49% OF Mo
of size 300 mm by 500 mmto support a design ultimate =(0.49x132)=65KN.m
load of 500 KN.together with a factored moment of 200 positive B.M=21 % of Mo
KN.m. adopt the value of Fck=20 N/mm and Fy=415 =(0.21 x 132 ) = 28 KN.m
N/mm.sq middle strip moments
negative B.M = 15 % of Mo = ( 0.15 x 132 ) = 20 KN.m
1.data positive B.M = 15 % OF Mo = ( 0.15 x 132 ) =20KN.m
B=300mm 5.check for thickess of slab
D=500mm (a) thickess of slab required at drops
Pu=500KN d=rooot of Mu / 0.138 fck b
Mu=200KN.M b=2500mm
(d2/D)=0.1 =root of 65 x 10^6/0.138x20x2500
2.non dimensional parameters =97 mm
(Pu/fck b d)=(500x10^3/20x300x500)=0.166 effective depth provided = d= 170 mm
(Mu/fck b D2)=(200x10^6/20x300x500^2)=0.132 overall depth = D=200mm
3.longitudinal reinforce mentrefer chart 32 of sp;16 (b)thickness of slab required in middle strips
(d’/D=0.10 and Fy=415 N/mm.sq) 0and read out the ratio d=root of 20 x 10 ^ 6 / 0.138 x 20x 2500
(P/FCK)=0.06 = 53.8 mm
P=(0.06X20) = 1.2 effective depth provided =d=120mm
Asc=(pbD/100)=(1.2x300x500/100)=1800 sq.mm overall depth = D=150 mm
Provide 4bars of 25 mm dia distruibuted 2nos on each 6.check for shear stress
face (Asc=1964 sq.mm) shaer stress is checked near thr colunm head at section
4.lateral ties (D+d)
Tie diameter < {(1/4)x25=6.25 mm total lead on the circular area with (D+d) as dia is given by
{6mm W1=(pi/4)(D+d) ^ 2 . Wu
provide 8mm ties D=1.25
d=0.17
Tie spacing >not {(16x25)=400 mm Wu=15
{(48x8)=384 mm W1=23.74 KN
adopt 300 mm shear force = [ total load - load on circular area ]
{b=300mm =[(15x5x5)-(23.74)]
Provide 8mm dia ties at 300 mm centres =351.26 KN
shear forec/metre width of perimeter
Vu = [ 351.26 / ( 1.25 + 0.17 ) ] = 78.8 KN/m
shear stress = tow v = (Vu / b d )
2. Design the interior panel of a flat slab with drops for an = 78.8 x 10 ^ 3 / 1000 x 170
office floor to suit the following data =0.46 N/mm 2
1.data according to the clause 31.6.3.1 of IS 456-2000
size of office floor = 25m by 25 m permissible shear stress = ( Ks TOW C )
loading class = 4 KN/m sq where Ks = ( 0.5 + beta c ) and beta c = (L1/L2)=(5/5)=1
materials ; M20 garde concrete there fore Ks = (0.5+1)=1.5>not 1.0
fe 415 hysd bars Ks = 1.0
2.slab thickness tow c = 0.25 root of fck = 0.25 root of 20
according to IS;456 code,for two way continous slab; =1.12 N/mm 2
thickness of slab = (span/40)=(5000/40)=125mm KS TOW C = ( 1x1.12)= 1.12 N/mm2
adopt thickness of slab in middle strip= 150mm hence tow v < ks tow c
thickness of slab at drops = (150+50)=200mm hence the slab is safe against shear failure
column head diameter is computed as ; 7.reinforcement in column & middle strip
D >NOT 0.25 L = (0.25 X 5 ) = 1.25 m (a)colun strip
length of drop < NOT (L/3) in either direction Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1- (Ast fy / b d fck ) ]
<NOT (5/3)=1.66mm (65x10^6)=(0.87 x 415 Ast x 170 ) [ 1- (415 Ast / 2500 x
adopt drop width = 2.5 m 170 x 20 ) ]
therefore column strip= drop width = 2.5m solving Ast = 1122mm 2 for negative bending moment
middle strip width = 2.5m therefore Ast/metre = (1122 / 2.5 )=449 mm2
span of flat slab = L1 = L2= 5m adopt 12mm dia bars at 250mm centers ( Ast = 452 mm2 )
3.loads Ast for positive moment is ;
self weight of slab = (0.15 x 25 ) =3.75 KN/ m sq in middle (28x10^6)=(0.87 x 415 Ast x 170) [ 1- (415 Ast / 2500 x
strip 170 x 20 ) ]
desd load due to extra thickness of slab at drops = ( 0.05 x 25 solving Ast = 672 mm2
)=1.25 KN/ m sq Ast/metre = ( 1122 / 2.5 ) = 449 mm2
live load = 4 provide 10mm dia bars at 270mm centers (Ast = 285 mm2 )
finishes = 1 (b)middle strap
woking load = w = 10.00 KN/m sq Ast for positive & negative moment is computed as
design ultimate load = wu = ( 1.5 x 10 ) = 15 KN/m sq (20x10^6))=(0.87 x 415 Ast x 120) [ 1- (415 Ast / 2500 x
4.ultimate bending moment 120 x 20 ) ]
Mo = (WLn/8) solving Ast = 474 mm2
where Ln = ( 5 - 1.25 ) = 3.75 m>0.65L1>(0.65x5)=3.25 therefore Ast / metre = (474/2.5)
and L1=L2=5m =190mm2
therefore W = (Wu L2 Ln ) = ( 15X5X3.75)=281.25KN provide 10mm dia bars at 300 mm centers ( Ast = 262 mm 2
Mo = ( 281.25 x 3.75 / 8 ) )
= 132 KN.m 8.reinforcement details
for interior panels with drop
3. design a simply supported square slab of 4.5 m side length live load = 4.00
to support a service live load of 4KN/m2.adopt m20 floor finish = 1.25
gradeconcrete and fe415 hysd bars.assume load factors total service load = w = 9.00 KN/m2
according to IS456-2000 code standards. design ultimate load = wu = (1.5x9)=13.5KN/m2
1.data 4.ultimate moments and shear forces
square slab simply suppoorted at edges Mu=m=(Wu alpa sq L sq / 24 ) root of [(3+meu alpa sq)-
side length = L=4.5m alparoot of meu ]^2
live load = q= 4KN/m2 =(13.5 x 16 / 24) root of [(3+0.7x0.64)-0.8root of 0.7]^2
fck=20N/mm2 =12.68 KN.m/m
fy=415 N/mm2 Vu=(0.5 Wu L)=(0.5 x 13.5 x 4)
2.depth of slab =27KN/m
for simply supported slab using fe 415 hysd bars according to 5.limiting moment capacity of the slab
clause 24.1 of IS 456-2000 code Mu lim = 0.138 fck b d2
(span/overall depth )=(35x0.8)=28 =(0.138x20x10^3x135^2)
therfore overall depth = D=(span/28)=(4500/28)=160mm =50.3 KN.m
adopt overall depth = D=160mm & effective depth =d=135 since Mu < Mu , lim , the sectuon is under reinforced
mm 6.reinforcement
3.loads Mu (short span )= 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1- (Ast fy / b d fck ) ]
self weight of slab = (0.16 x 25 )=4.00 KN/m2 (12.68 x 10 ^ 6 )= (0.87 x 415 Ast x 125 ) [ 1- (415 Ast /
LIVE LOAD = 4.00 KN/m2 10^3x 125 x 20 ) ]
floor finish = 1.00KN/m2 solving Ast = 295 mm2
total service load = w= 9.00 KN/m2 adopt 10mm dia bars at 250 mm centers (Ast = 262 mm2 )
therefore design ultimate load = wu = (1.5 x 9)=13.5 KN/m2 in the short span direction
4.ultimate moments and shear forces Ast (long span)=meu Ast
the yield of ultimate moments capacity of a simply supported =0.7 x 250 = 175 mm2
square slab is given by the relation Ast (min)=(0.0012 x 10^3 x 150 )=180mm2
m=Mu=(Wu L2 /24 )=(13.5 x 4.5 ^ 2 )/24 provide 10mm bars at 300 mm centers (Ast=262mm2)
=11.39 KN.m/m 7.check for shear stress
ultimate shear Vu=(0.5 wu L )=(0.5 X 13.5X 4.5) tow v = (Vu/bd)
=30.375 KN/m =(27 x 10 ^3/10 x 125)
5.limiting moment capacity of the slab =0.216
Mu , lim = 0.138 fck b d2 Pt=(100Ast / bw d)=(100 x 315 /10^3 x 125 )
=(0.138 x 20 x 10^3 x 135 ^2 )10 ^ -6 =0.252
=50.3 KN.m permisssible shear stress from table 19 of IS456 is
since Mu < Mu lim, the section is under reinforced (ks . tow c )=(1.30 x 0.36)=0.468 N/mm2
6.reinforcement since (ks . tow c ) > tow v , the shear stresses are within the
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1- (Ast fy / b d fck ) ] safe permissible limits.
11.39 x 10 ^ 6 )=(0.87 x 415 Ast x 135 ) [ 1- (415 Ast / 10^3x
135 x 20 ) ] 5. Design a strap footing foundation for two columns C and
solving Ast = 241 mm2 D spaced 5 m centres. Column C is 350 mm square and
adopt 10mm dia bars at 300mm centers (Ast=262 mm2 ) support a factored load of 750 KN and is located on the
7.check for shear stress property line . Column D is 400 mm square and supports a
tow v = (Vu/bd) factored load of 1200 KN. The safe bearing capacity of soil at
=(30.375x10^3/1000 x 135) site is 200 KN/m2 . Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe -415
=0.225N/mm2 HYSD bars.
pt=(100 Ast /bw x d )
=(100x262 / 1000 x 135) Data
=0.194 Size of column C = 350 mm by 350 mm
refer table 19 of IS456-2000 and read out the permissible Size of column D = 400 mm by 400 mm
shear stress as S.B.C. of soil = 200 KN/m2
(ks.tow c)=(1.28x0.31)=0.39N/mm2 Factored load on cplumn C = 750 KN
since(ks.tow c)> tow v , the shear stresses are with in safe Factored load on cplumn D = 1200 KN
permissible limits Materials : M-20 grade concrete (fˍck = 20 N/mm2)
Fe- 415 HYSD bars (fy = 415 N/mm2)
Footing size
4. design a rectangular slab 5m by 4, in size and simply
supported at the edges to support a service load (live) of Total load on columns = (750 +1200) = 1950 KN
4KN/m2.assume coefficent of orthotropy meu as 0.7.adopt Self weight of footing (10%) = 1950 KN
m20 concrete and fe 415 hysd bars Total ultimate load = Pu = 2145 KN
1.data
L=5m
alpa L = 4m Area of footing = [2145/1.5 x 200] 7.15 m2
alpa = 0.8
meu=0.7 Referring to fig.8. let L1 and L2 be the length of footings
fck=20N/mm2 under the column C and D respectively.
fy=415N/mm2 B = Width of the footing
2.depth of slab Then B(L1 + L2) = 7.15 , Assuming B=1.5
overall depth = (span/28)=(4000/28)=143mm (L1 + L2) = (7.15 / 1.5 ) = 4.76 m
adopt overall depth = D=150mm The centroids of load on columns C and D at distance of 1.92
effective deoth = d = 125 ,mm m from column D.
3.loads Moment equilibrium of forces taken about the centre of
self weight of slab = (0.15x25)=3.75 KN/m2 column D yields the relation :
1.5L1 (5.75 – 0.5 L1) = (7.15 x 1.92)
Solving L1 2.36 and L2 = 2.40 m Maximum shear force occurs at the left face of beam under
Adopt a footing size of 1.5 m by 2.4 m under both the column D and is computed as :
columns C and D. Vu = 716 KN

Design of footing Nominal shear stress = τv = ( 716 x 103 / b d ) = 1.5

Net area of footin = 1.5 ( 2.4+2.4 ) = 7.2 m2
Upward soil pressure = ( 750 + 1200 ) 7.2 = 270.8 KN / m2
Assuming width of the strap beam = 500 mm
Cantilever projection of slab beyond beam is computed as :
0.5 ( 1.5 – 0.50 ) = 0.50 m
Ultimate moment –ve Mu = (0.5 x 270.8 x 0.52) = 33.85
KN.m.
Effective depth of = d =
√33.85 x 10power6 / 0.138 x 20 x 10 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 3
= 110 mm
Depth required from shear considerations is nearly twice
that obtained from moment criteria. Hence adopt effective
depth = d= 200 mm and overall depth = D = 250 mm.
Mu = ( 0.87 fy Ast d ) [ 1- (Ast fy / b d fck ) ]
(33.85 x 106 ) = ( 0.87 x 415 Ast x 200 [ 1- 415 Ast
/ (103 x 200 x 20 )]
Solving Ast = 1025 mm2
Adopt 16mm diameter bars at 160 mm centers ( Ast = 1257
mm2 )
Check for shear stress
Ultimate shear force at a distance of 200 mm from face of a
column is :
Vu = 270 . 8 (0.5 x 0.2) = 81.24 KN
Nominal shear stress = τv = [Vu / b d ] = [ 500 x 103 / 400 x
1150 ] =1.09 N/mm2
[ 100 Ast / b d ] = [ 100 x 1520 /
400 x 1150 ] = 0.33
Referring to table 19 of IS : 456 ,read out τc = 0.38 N/mm2
Therefore Ks τc = (1.10 x 0.38 ) = 0.42 N / mm2
Since ( Ks τc ) > τv , Shear stresses within the safe permissible
limit .
Design of strap beam
Load on strap beam = 270.8 KN
The strap beam is analysed for maximum bending moment
and shear force with column forces at C and D as reactions.
Maximum positive ultimate moment occurs at a distance of
1.67 m from column C has a magnitude of :
Mu ( positive ) = 516 KN .m
Mu( negative ) at D = ( 0.5 x 270 .8 x 1.22 ) = 293
KN.m
Adopting width of strap beam = b = 500 mm
561 x 10power of 6
Effective depth = d √[ ] = 638 mm
0.138 x 20 x 500
Depth required from depth cretiria will be larger.
Hence adopt effective depth d = 950 mm and overall depth D
= 1000 mm.
The tension reinforcement for maximum bending moment in
the beam is evaluated using the relation :
(561 x 106 ) = ( 0.87 x 415 Ast x 950) [1- (415 Ast /
500 x 950 x 20)]
Solving Ast = 1722 mm2
Provide 6 bars of 22 mm diameter ( Ast = 2280 mm2)
Area of tension reinforcement for negative bending moment
at D is computed using the relation :
(293 x 106) = (0.87 x 415 Ast x 950 ) [ 1- ( 415
Ast / 500 x 950 x 20)]
Solving Ast = 890 mm2
Provide 3 bars of 22 mm diameter ( Ast = 1140 mm2)
Shear reinforcements
N/mm2
(100 Ast / b d ) = ( 100 x
1140 / 500 x 950 ) = 0.23
Refer Table 19 of IS : 456 – 2000 and read out permissible
shear stress as τc = 0.32 N/mm2.
Since τv > τc , shear reinforcements are required .
Balance shear force = Vus = [716 – ( 0.32 x 500 x 950 ) 10-3
=516 KN
Using 10 mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at spacing of :
Sv = ( 0.87 x 415 x 4 x 79 x 950 / 516 x 1000
) = 193 mm
Adopt 10 mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at a spacing of 180
mm centers at supports gradually increasing to 300 mm
centers towards the centers of span .
Reinforcement details
The details of reinforcements in the combined footing is
shown in fif 8.9.
6.(UNIT 4) Masonry walls
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units,
which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the
term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The
common materials of masonry construction are brick,
building stone such as marble, granite, and limestone, cast
stone, concrete block, glass block, and adobe. Masonry is
generally a highly durable form of construction. However,
the materials used, the quality of the mortar and
workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are
assembled can substantially affect the durability of the
overall masonry construction. A person who constructs
masonry is called a mason or bricklayer. These are both
classified as construction trades.
Applications
Masonry [1] is commonly used for walls and buildings. Brick
and concrete block are the most common types of masonry
in use in industrialized nations and may be either weight-
bearing or a veneer. Concrete blocks, especially those with
hollow cores, offer various possibilities in masonry
construction. They generally provide great compressive
strength, and are best suited to structures with light
transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling
some or all of the cores with concrete or concrete with steel
reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much greater tensile
and lateral strength to structures.
Advantages
The use of material such as bricks and stones can increase
the thermal mass of a building.
Masonry is non-combustible product and can protect the
building from fire.
Masonry walls are more resistant to projectiles, such as
debris from hurricanes or tornadoes.
Disadvantages
Extreme weather, under certain circumstances, can cause
degradation of masonry due to expansion and contractions
forces associated with freeze-thaw cycles.
Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon a strong
foundation, such as reinforced concrete, to avoid settling
and cracking.
Other than concrete, masonry construction does not lend
itself well to mechanization, and requires more skilled labor
than stick-framing.
Masonry consists of loose components and has a low
tolerance to oscillation as compared to other materials such
as reinforced concrete, plastics, wood, or metals.
Structural limitations
Masonry has high compressive strength under vertical loads
but has low tensile strength (against twisting or stretching)
unless reinforced. The tensile strength of masonry walls can
be increased by thickening the wall, or by building masonry
piers (vertical columns or ribs) at intervals. Where practical,
steel reinforcements such as windposts can be added
Veneer masonry
A masonry veneer wall consists of masonry units, usually
clay-based bricks, installed on one or both sides of a
structurally independent wall usually constructed of wood or
masonry. In this context the brick masonry is primarily
decorative, not structural. The brick veneer is generally
connected to the structural wall by brick ties (metal strips
that are attached to the structural wall, as well as the mortar
joints of the brick veneer). There is typically an air gap
between the brick veneer and the structural wall. As clay-
based brick is usually not completely waterproof, the
structural wall will often have a water-resistant surface
(usually tar paper) and weep holes can be left at the base of
the brick veneer to drain moisture that accumulates inside
the air gap. Concrete blocks, real and cultured stones, and
veneer adobe are sometimes used in a very similar veneer
fashion.
Most insulated buildings that utilize concrete block, brick,
adobe, stone, veneers or some combination thereof feature
interior insulation in the form of fiberglass batts between
wooden wall studs or in the form of rigid insulation boards
covered with plaster or drywall. In most climates this
insulation is much more effective on the exterior of the wall,
allowing the building interior to take advantage of the
aforementioned thermal mass of the masonry. This
technique does, however, require some sort of weather-
resistant exterior surface over the insulation and,
consequently, is generally more expensive.
Dry set masonry
Dry set masonry supports a rustic log bridge, where it
provides a well-drained support for the log (which will
increase its service life).
See also: dry stone
The strength of a masonry wall is not entirely dependent on
the bond between the building material and the mortar; the
friction between the interlocking blocks of masonry is often
strong enough to provide a great deal of strength on its own.
The blocks sometimes have grooves or other surface features
added to enhance this interlocking, and some dry set
masonry structures forgo mortar altogether.
Brick
Main article: Brickwork
Brick Work
Solid brickwork is made of two or more wythes of bricks with
the units running horizontally (called stretcher bricks) bound
together with bricks running transverse to the wall (called
"header" bricks). Each row of bricks is known as a course. The
pattern of headers and stretchers employed gives rise to
different 'bonds' such as the common bond (with every sixth
course composed of headers), the English bond, and the
Flemish bond (with alternating stretcher and header bricks
present on every course). Bonds can differ in strength and in
insulating ability. Vertically staggered bonds tend to be
somewhat stronger and less prone to major cracking than a
non-staggered bond.
Uniformity and rusticity
Masonry repair work done to a brick wall.
The wide selection of brick styles and types generally
available in industrialized nations allow much variety in the
appearance of the final product. In buildings built during the
1950s-1970s, a high degree of uniformity of brick and
accuracy in masonry was typical. In the period since then
this style was thought to be too sterile, so attempts were
made to emulate older, rougher work. Some brick surfaces
are made to look particularly rustic by including burnt
bricks, which have a darker color or an irregular shape.
Others may use antique salvage bricks, or new bricks may
be artificially aged by applying various surface treatments,
such as tumbling. The attempts at rusticity of the late 20th
century have been carried forward by masons specializing in
a free, artistic style, where the courses are intentionally not
straight, instead weaving to form more organic impressions.
Serpentine masonry
Main article: Crinkle crankle walls
A crinkle-crankle wall is a brick wall that follows a
serpentine path, rather than a straight line. This type of wall
is more resistant to toppling than a straight wall; so much so
that it may be made of a single wythe of unreinforced brick
and so despite its longer length may be more economical
than a straight wall.
Concrete block
Concrete masonry units (CMUs) or blocks in a basement
wall before burial.
Blocks of cinder concrete (cinder blocks or breezeblocks),
ordinary concrete (concrete blocks), or hollow tile are
generically known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs). They
usually are much larger than ordinary bricks and so are
much faster to lay for a wall of a given size. Furthermore,
cinder and concrete blocks typically have much lower water
absorption rates than brick. They often are used as the
structural core for veneered brick masonry, or are used
alone for the walls of factories, garages and other industrial-
style buildings where such appearance is acceptable or
desirable. Such blocks often receive a stucco surface for
decoration. Surface-bonding cement, which contains
synthetic fibers for reinforcement, is sometimes used in this
application and can impart extra strength to a block wall.
Surface-bonding cement is often pre-coloured and can be
stained or painted thus resulting in a finished stucco-like
surface.
The primary structural advantage of concrete blocks in
comparison to smaller clay-based bricks is that a CMU wall
can be reinforced by filling the block voids with concrete
with or without steel rebar. Generally, certain voids are
designated for filling and reinforcement, particularly at
corners, wall-ends, and openings while other voids are left
empty. This increases wall strength and stability more
economically than filling and reinforcing all voids. Typically,
structures made of CMUs will have the top course of blocks
in the walls filled with concrete and tied together with steel
reinforcement to form a bond beam. Bond beams are often
a requirement of modern building codes and controls.
Another type of steel reinforcement, referred to as ladder-
reinforcement, can also be embedded in horizontal mortar
joints of concrete block walls. The introduction of steel
reinforcement generally results in a CMU wall having much
greater lateral and tensile strength than unreinforced walls.
"Architectural masonry is the evolvement of standard
concrete masonry blocks into aesthetically pleasing
concrete masonry units (CMUs)."[2] CMUs can be
manufactured to provide a variety of surface appearances.
They can be colored during manufacturing or stained or
painted after installation. They can be split as part of the
manufacturing process, giving the blocks a rough face
replicating the appearance of natural stone, such as
brownstone. CMUs may also be scored, ribbed, sandblasted,
polished, striated (raked or brushed), include decorative
aggregates, be allowed to slump in a controlled fashion
during curing, or include several of these techniques in their
manufacture to provide a decorative appearance.[3]
"Glazed concrete masonry units are manufactured by
bonding a permanent colored facing (typically composed of
polyester resins, silica sand and various other chemicals) to a
concrete masonry unit, providing a smooth impervious
surface."[4]
Glass block or glass brick are blocks made from glass and
provide a translucent to clear vision through the block.
Stonework
Stone Masonry
Stone blocks used in masonry can be dressed or rough,
though in both examples: corners, door and window jambs,
and similar areas are usually dressed. Stone masonry utilizing
dressed stones is known as ashlar masonry, whereas
masonry using irregularly shaped stones is known as rubble
masonry. Both rubble and ashlar masonry can be laid in
coursed rows of even height through the careful selection or
cutting of stones, but a great deal of stone masonry is
uncoursed.
Slipform stonemasonry produces a hybrid wall of reinforced
concrete with a rubble stone face.
Natural stone veneers over CMU, cast-in-place, or tilt-up
concrete walls are widely used to give the appearance of
stone masonry.
Sometimes river rock of smooth oval-shaped stones is used
as a veneer. This type of material is not favored for solid
masonry as it requires a great amount of mortar and can lack
intrinsic structural strength.
Manufactured-stone, or cultured stone, veneers are popular
alternatives to natural stones.
Manufactured-stone veneers are typically made from
concrete.
Natural stones from quarries around the world are sampled
and recreated using molds, aggregate, and colorfast
pigments.
To the casual observer there may be no visual difference
between veneers of natural and manufactured stone.
Gabions
Gabion Wall
Gabions are baskets, usually now of zinc-protected steel
(galvanized steel) that are filled with fractured stone of
medium size. These will act as a single unit and are stacked
with setbacks to form a revetment or retaining wall. They
have the advantage of being both well drained and flexible,
and so resistant to flood, water flow from above, frost
damage, and soil flow. Their expected useful life is only as
long as the wire they are composed of and if used in severe
climates (such as shore-side in a salt water environment)
must be made of appropriate corrosion-resistant wire. Most
modern gabions are rectangular.
Earlier gabions were often cylindrical wicker baskets, open at
both ends, used usually for temporary, often military,
construction.
Similar work can be done with finer aggregates using cellular
confinement.
Passive fire protection (PFP)
Masonry walls have an endothermic effect of its hydrates, as
in chemically bound water, unbound moisture from the
concrete block, and the poured concrete if the hollow cores
inside the blocks are filled. Masonry can withstand
temperatures up to 1,000ºF and it can withstand direct
exposure to fire for up to 4 hours.[5] In addition to that,
concrete masonry keeps fires contained to their room of
origin 93% of the time.[5] For those reasons, concrete
masonry units hold the highest fire class flame spread
classification, a Class A.
Masonry buildings can also be built to increase safety by
reducing fire damage, such as the use of fire cuts during
construction.
Mechanical modelling of masonry structures
A comparison (using transmission photoelasticity) between
the stress diffusion in an elastic body (on the left) and a
model of masonry (on the right). A highly localized stress
percolation is visible on the right.
From the point of view of material modelling, masonry is a
special material of extreme mechanical properties (with a
very high ratio between strength in compression and in
tension), so that the applied loads do not diffuse as they do
in elastic bodies, but tend to percolate along lines of high
stiffness,[6][6] see the figure on the right and watch a video
for more details.
Nomograms
A nomogram, nomograph, is a graphical calculating device,
a two-dimensional diagram designed to allow the
approximate
graphical computation of a function: it uses a coordinate
system other than Cartesian coordinates.
Defining alternatively, a nomogram does a
(twodimensionally) plotted function with n parameters,
from
which, know n-1 parameters, the unknown one can be read,
or
fixing some parameters, the relationship between the
unfixed
ones can be studied. Like aslide rule,
it is a graphical analog computation device; and, like the
slide
rule, its accuracy is limited by the precision with which
physical markings can be drawn, reproduced, viewed, and
aligned.
Most nomograms are used in applications where an
approximate answer is appropriate and useful. Otherwise,
the
nomogram may be used to check an answer obtained from
an
exact calculation method
Calculation
Example 1 - Calculating the Thermal Stress and Strain for a
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall Experiencing
Temperature Variation
For a concrete masonry wall constructed from nominal 8 x 8
x 16 in. medium-weight units with the following parameters:
Length of Wall – 30 ft
Height of Wall – 15 ft
Grout Weight – 140 lbs/ft^3, wall is fully grouted
28 Day Compressive Strength of Masonry – 2000 lb/in^2
Temperature in local area varies from 75 degrees
Fahrenheit to 125 degrees Fahrenheit
Calculate
A. The amount of thermal movement the wall would
experience due to temperature variation
B. The induced stress in the wall if the thermal movement is
restrained
Example 2 - Calculating the Deformation and Stress for a
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall Undergoing Shrinkage
For a concrete masonry wall constructed from nominal 8 x 8
x 16 in. medium-weight units with the following parameters:
Length of Wall – 30 ft
Height of Wall – 15 ft
Grout Weight – 140 lbs/ft^3, wall is fully grouted
28 Day Compressive Strength of Masonry – 2000 lb/in^2
Calculate
A. The total shrinkage in the concrete masonry wall
B. The maximum stress that would be induced if the
shrinkage movement is prevented
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Example 1 - Calculating the Depth of the Compressive Stress
Block, Location of Neutral Axis, and Tensile Strain for a
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Beam
The nominal 10 in x 40 in reinforced concrete masonry beam
shown below has the following parameters:
Reinforcement – (2) #6 bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement, Fy – 60 ksi
Total Depth, h – 40 inches
Effective Depth, d – 34 inches
Compressive Strength of Masonry, f’m – 1500 psi
Calculate:
A. The depth of the compressive stress block, “a”
B. Location of the neutral axis, “c”
C. Tensile strain in the steel reinforcement
Example 2 - Checking the Adequacy of a Reinforced Concrete
Masonry Beam Subjected to Dead and Live Loads per ACI
530-11
The nominal 10 in x 40 in reinforced concrete masonry beam
built from lightweight CMU shown below has the following
parameters:
Reinforcement – (2) #6 bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement, Fy – 60 ksi
Total Depth, h – 40 inches
Effective Depth, d – 34 inches
Compressive Strength of Masonry, f’m – 1500 psi
Span Length – 16 ft
Service Live Load – 2000 lbs/ft
Grout Weight – 140 lbs/ft^3
Self-Weight – 93 lbs/ft^2
Check the adequacy of the beam for the given service loads
Example 3 - Calculating the Design Flexural Strength of a
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Beam per ACI 530-11
The nominal 8 in x 24 in reinforced concrete masonry beam
shown below has the following parameters:
Reinforcement – (1) #7 bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement, Fy – 60 ksi
Total Depth, h – 24 inches
Effective Depth, d – 20 inches
Compressive Strength of Masonry, f’m – 2000 psi
Assume Mu/Vu*dv is greater than or equal to 1
Compute the design moment strength for the beam
Example 4 - Calculating the Design Flexural Strength of a
Reinforced Clay Masonry Beam per ACI 530-11
The two-wythe 8 in x 24 in clay brick beam shown below has
the following parameters:
Reinforcement – (1) #8 bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement, Fy – 60 ksi
Total Depth, h – 24 inches
Effective Depth, d – 20 inches
Compressive Strength of Masonry, f’m – 2000 psi
Assume Mu/Vu*dv is greater than or equal to 1, and
Portland cement Type S mortar will be used for construction
Compute the design moment strength for the beam
Example 5 - Calculating the Design Flexural Strength of a
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Beam Using the Steel Ratio
and Reinforcing Index
The nominal 10 in x 40 in reinforced concrete masonry
beam built from lightweight CMU shown below has the
following parameters:
Reinforcement – (2) #6 bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement, Fy – 60 ksi
Total Depth, h – 40 inches
Effective Depth, d – 34 inches
Compressive Strength of Masonry, f’m – 1500 psi
Span Length – 16 ft
Service Live Load – 2000 lbs/ft
Grout Weight – 140 lbs/ft^3
Self-Weight – 93 lbs/ft^2
Check the adequacy of the beam for the given service loads
Example 6 - Calculating the Uniform Dead and Live loads
that a Reinforced Concrete Masonry Beam Can Carry
The nominal 8 in x 24 in reinforced concrete masonry beam
shown below has the following parameters:
Reinforcement – (1) #7 bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement, Fy – 60 ksi
Total Depth, h – 24 inches
Effective Depth, d – 20 inches
Compressive Strength of Masonry, f’m – 2000 psi
Dead-to-Live Load Ratio – 0.7
Span Length – 12 feet
Assume Mu/Vu*dv is greater than or equal to 1
Find the uniform service live load and dead load that the
beam can safely carry.
7.(UNIT 5)
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete is a modified form of reinforced
concrete. it not only eliminates the weakness of concrete,
but also makes it possible to take full advantage of
compressive strength of concrete.
The term “Prestressed Concrete” is applied to those
reinforced concrete members in which concrete is subjected
to compressive stresses, before the external load are
applied, by inducing tensile stresses in the reinforcement to
counteract tensile stresses in the concrete caused by
external loads.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PRESTRESSING
Since the tensile strength of concrete is low, a homogeneous
concrete beam has very little flexural strength. To offset this
deficiency, steel reinforcement is provided near the bottom
of simple beams to carry the tensile stresses. However, a
substantial area of concrete below the neutral axis merely
retains the reinforcement in position, but its tensile strength
is neglected in the computation for the flexural strength in
case of reinforced concrete beams.
If the tensile reinforcement of beam is subjected to tensile
stresses before applying the external loads, then
compressive stresses are induced in the concrete of the
beam (and this is done by prestressing). Usually the tensile
stresses in the concrete caused by the external loads are
completely absorbed or counteracted by the compressive
stresses in concrete, resulting from prestressing the
reinforcement. The concrete, therefore, is being used
effectively in resisting tensile stresses produced by external
loads rather than being neglected as in case of reinforced
concrete.
APPLICATIONS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete can be applied to almost all concrete
constructions where ordinary reinforced concrete is used.
But due to high cost or prestressing and better quality
materials used, its use is made under special condition,
particularly for precast members.
In addition to structural precast members, viz., joists, beams,
slabs, columns, girders, etc, prestressed concrete is used for
the framed multi-storeyed buildings.
A large variety of industrial structures such as silos, roof
trusses, water tanks, piles, pipes, nuclear power stations,
factories, steel plants, electric sub-stations, etc can also be
built in prestressed concrete.
Prestressed Concrete Definition
A creation of internal stresses in a structure in order to
improve its performance. Such stresses are designed to
counter-act stresses induced by external loads. Concrete is
strong and ductile in compression, it is weak and brittle in
tension, and hence its response to external loads is improved
by pre-compression. Prestressed concrete is a type of
Reinforced Concrete in which steel has been tensioned
against the concrete.
Prestressing Methods
Two different procedures for prestressing concrete were
developed:
(a). Pretensioned Concrete
In this method, the prestressing tendons are initially
tensioned between fixed abutments and anchored. With the
formwork in place, the concrete is cast around the highly
stressed steel tendons and cured. When the concrete has
reached its required strength, the wires are cut or otherwise
released from the abutments. As the highly stressed steel
attempts to contract, the concrete is compressed. The stress
is imparted via bond between the steel and the concrete.
Pretensioned concrete members are often precast in
pretensioning beds long enough to accommodate many
identical units simultaneously.
(b). Post-tensioned concrete
In this method, the concrete is cast around hollow ducts
which are fixed to any. The steel tendons are usually in place,
unstressed in the ducts during the concrete pour. When the
concrete has reached its required strength, the tendons are
tensioned. Tendons may be stressed from one end with the
other end anchored or may be stressed from both ends. The
tendons are then anchored at each stressing end.
The concrete is compressed during the stressing operation
and the prestress is maintained after the tendons are
anchored by bearing of the end anchorage plates onto the
concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Most of the prestressed members are precast and therefore
all the advantages or precast concrete hold true for
prestressed concrete also. To know the advantages of
precast concrete click here.
In addition, there are advantages to be gained by
prestressing when conditions are favorable to its use.
Following additional advantages due to prestressing have
been claimed, when prestressed concrete is used.
1.The size or dimensions of structural members are
reduced, which may increase the clearances or reduce
storey heights.
2.It permits the use of large spans (greater than 30 m) with
shallow members, even when heavy load are encountered.
3.In addition to general advantages, such as excellent fire
resistance, low maintenance costs, elegance, high corrosion-
resistance, adaptability etc, the prestressed concrete is
found to sustain the effects of impact or shock and
vibrations.
4.Because of smaller loads due to smaller dimensions being
used, there is considerable saving cost of supporting
members and foundations.
5.The prestressing technique has eliminated the weakness
of concrete in tension and hence crack free members of
structure are obtained.
6.Because of better material (i.e. controlled concrete and
high tension steel) being used and nullifying the effect of
dead loads, smaller deflections are caused.
DISADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
The following are among the advantages of using
prestressed concrete.
1.The unit cost of high strength materials being used is
higher.
2.Extra initial cost is incurred due to use of prestressing
equipment and its installation.
3.Extra labour cost for prestressing is also there.
4.Prestressing is uneconomical for short spans and light
loads
PRETENSIONING is done by HOYER method( long line
method).
In this method a long cable is first stretched using jacking
mechanism then concrete blocks are casted in between
them. And the cables are cut after the concrete has gained
sufficient strength.
The prestress transfer to concrete blocks is through bond
action between tendons and concrete.
Pre-tensioning is best suited for casting of railway sleepers.
POST-TENSIONING
In POST-TENSIONING concrete is first casted leaving a duct
in it, then tendons passing through these ducts are
stretched using jacking mechanism.
Prestress transfer is mainly due to jacking at ends.
Generally there are four methods of post-tensiong.
Freyssinet method
Gifford udal method
Magnel blaton method
Lee mcall system.
There are other methods too
Chemical prestressing
Electrical prestressing
TYPES OF POST TENSION METHODS -
1. Freyssinet System:
Freyssinet system was introduced by the French Engineer
Freyssinet and it was the first method to be introduced. High
strength steel wires of 5mm or 7mm diameter, numbering 8
or 12 or 16 or 24 are grouped into a cable with a helical
spring inside. Spring keeps proper spacing for the wire. Cable
is inserted in the duct.
Anchorage device consists of a concrete cylinder with a
concentric conical hole and corrugations on its surface, and a
conical plug carrying grooves on its surface (Fig. 3). Steel
wires are carried along these grooves at the ends. Concrete
cylinder is heavily reinforced. Members are fabricated with
the cylinder placed in position. Wires are pulled by Freyssinet
double acting jacks which can pull through suitable grooves
all the wires in the cable at a time. One end of the wires is
anchored and the other end is pulled till the wires are
stretched to the required length. An inner piston in the jack
then pushes the plug into the cylinder to grip the wires.
note;Freyssinet method - C-Range System
Freyssinet’s C-Range System represents the state-of-the-art
in multi-strand post-tensioning and is designed for use in all
types of structural systems. Special applications requiring
unique applications such as electrical isolation, adjustability,
future removal etc., may be addressed with Freyssinet’s in-
house staff of experienced engineers and technical experts.
Freyssinet’s C-Range System was developed by drawing on
more than 50 years of experience with post-tensioning and is
identified by features such as:
Versatility—Easily adaptable to suit the applications,
anchorages are rectangular to better fit thinner bridge webs
and slabs, may be used with either 0.60" or 0.62" diameter
strands and all internationally available grades, appropriate
for use as internal and external post-tensioned tendons,
available in anchorage increments from 3 strands up to 55 x
0.62" strand tendons, compatible with galvanized steel,
HDPE and/or HDPP ducts; or ductless applications.
Compactness—Anchorages which allow for better diffusion
of prestressing forces, thereby reducing the web thickness
and dimensions of anchor blocks and recess dimensions.
Efficient Installation—The C-Range is very user friendly due
to its compactness, lightweight anchorage components and
development of very efficient and reliable installation
stressing and grouting equipment and procedures.
F-Range System
Freyssinet’s F-Range System is especially well suited for
transverse prestressing of bridge decks and building slabs.
The F-Range is normally used with flat ducts to optimize the
eccentricity of the prestressing in members with shallow
structural depths, yet still maintains the advantages of its
predecessor with its compactness and light weight
characteristics.
2. Magnel Blaton system:
In Freyssinet system several wires are stretched at a time. In
Magnel Blaton system, two wires are stretched at a time.
This method was introduced by a famous engineer, Prof.
Magnel of Belgium. In this system, the anchorage device
consists of sandwich plate having grooves to hold the wires
and wedges which are also grooved. Each plate carries eight
wires. Between the two ends the spacing of the wires is
maintained by spacers. Wires of 5mm or 7mm are adopted.
Cables consists of wires in multiples of 8 wires. Cables with
as much as 64 wires are also used under special conditions.
A specially deviced jack pulls two wires at a time and
anchors them. The wires with the sandwich plate using
tapered wedge.
3. Gifford Udall System:
This system originated in Great Britain, is widely used in
India. This is a single wire system. Each wire is stressed
independently using a double acting jack. Any number of
wires can be grouped together to form a cable in this
system. There are two types of anchorage device in this
system.
a) Tube anchorages
b) Plate anchorages
Tube anchorage consists of a bearing plate, anchor wedges
and anchor grips. Anchor plate may be square or circular
and have 8 or 12 tapered holes to accommodate the
individual prestressing wires. These wires are locked into
the tapered holes by means of anchor wedges. In addition,
grout entry hole is also provided in the bearing plate for
grouting. Anchor wedges are split cone wedges carrying
serrations on its flat surface. There is a tube unit which is a
fabricated steel component incorporating a thrust plate, a
steel tube with a surrounding helix. This unit is attached to
the end shutters and form an efficient cast-in component of
the Anchorage.
4. Lee McCall System:
This method is used to prestress steel bars. The diameter of
the bar is between 12 and 28mm. bars provided with
threads at the ends are inserted in the performed ducts.
After stretching the bars to the required length, they are
tightened using nuts against bearing plates provided at the
end sections of the member
5. Other Methods of Prestressing:
a) Electrical Prestressing:
in this method, reinforcing bars is coated with thermoplastic
material such as sulphur or low melting alloy and buried in
the concrete. After the concrete is set, electric current of
low voltage but high amperage is passed through the bar.
Electric current heats the bar and the bar elongates. Bars
provided with threads at the other end are tightened
against heavy washers, after required elongation is
obtained. When the bar cools, prestress develops and the
bond is restored by resolidification of the coating.
b) Chemical Prestressing:
Chemical prestressing is done using expanding cement.
Prestressing can be applied b embedding steel in concrete
made of expanding cement. Steel is elongated by the
expansion of the concrete and thus gets prestressed. Steel
in turn produces compressive stress in concrete.
Design a combined column footing with a strap beam for two overall depth = D = 1200mm
reinforced concrete column 300 mmby 300 mm by 300 mm
size spaced 4 m apart and each supporting a factored axial Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 - (Ast fy/b d fck) (500 x 106) = (0.87
load of 750 KN. Assume the ultimate bearing capacity of soil x 415 Ast x 1150) [1 - 415 Ast/400 x 1150 x 20]
at site as 225 KN/m. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and
Fe 415 HYSD bars. . Solving Ast = 1290mm2
Provide 4 bars of 22 mm diameter (Ast = 1520mm2)
1.Data
Size of column = 300 mm by 300 mm shear stress = tv = (Vu/b d) = (500 x 103/400 x 1150) =
Spacing of column = 4 m 1.09N/mm2
Factored load on each column = 750 KN (100Ast/b d) = (100 x 1520/400 x 1150) = 0.33
Ultimate bearing capacity of soil = 225 KN/m Refer Table 19 of IS : 456-2000 and read out the permissible
Fck = 20 N/mm Fy = 415 N/mm shear stress as;
2.Loads on footingt tc = 0.40N/mm2<tv
Total load on column = (2 x 750) = 1500 KN. Hence shear reinforcement are required to resist the
Self weight (10%) = 150 KN balanced shear force computed as:
Total utimate load = P = 1650 KN
3.Size of footing Vus = [500 - (0.4 x 400 x 1150) 10-3]
Area of footing = (1650/225) = 7.33 m = 316kN
Adopt a footing size 6 m by 1.5 m
Adopt width of strap beam = b = 400 mm Using 8 mm diameter 4 legged stirrups the spacing is;
4. Design of footing
Soil pressure = P = (15000/6x1.5) = 166.6 KN/m < 225 KN/m Sv = (0.87 x 415 x 4 x 50 x 1150/316 x 103) = 262mm
Cantilever projection of foooting = 0.5 (1.5 x 0.4) = 0.55 m
Ultimate design moment = M = 0.5 P L Adopt 8 mmdiameter 4 legged stirrups at 250mm centres in
= (0.5 x 166.6 xo.55 x 0.55) the strap beam.
= 25.2 KN.m Side face reinforcement of 0.1 percent of web area as
Effective depth of footing = d = root of (Mu/0.138 Fck B) specified in the IS : 456 code is provided.
= root of (25.2 x10 /0.138 x 20 x 10 )
Soil pressure = P = (15000/6x1.5) = 166.6 KN/m < 225 KN/m
Cantilever projection of foooting = 0.5 (1.5 x 0.4) = 0.55 m 7.Reinforcement details
Ultimate design moment = M = 0.5 P L The details of reinforcements in the combined footing and
= (0.5 x 166.6 xo.55 x 0.55) strap beam is shown in Fig.8.7.
= 25.2 KN.m
Effective depth of footing = d = root of (Mu/0.138 Fck B)
= root of (25.2 x10 /0.138 x 20 x 10 )
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures.
Solving Ast = 287 mm2
Minimum reinforcement = (0.0012 x 1000 x 300) =
360mm2
Adopt 10 mm diameter bars at 200mm centres (Ast =
393 mm2) as main reinforcement.
Mu = (0.87 Fy Ast d)(1-(Ast Fy/b d Fck))
(25.2 x 106) = (0.87 x 415 Ast x 250 [1 - 415 Ast/(103 x 250 x
20)]

5.Check for shear stresses

Shear stress at a distance equal to the effective depth is:

Vu = (0.55 - 0.25 ) 166.6 = 50KN

tv = (Vu/b d) = (50 x 103/103 x 250) = 0.2

N/mm2

(100Ast/b d) = (100 x 393/103 x 250) = 0.157

Refer Table 19 (IS : 456-2000) and read out tc = 0.28 N/mm2
Therefore, Permissible shear stress = (ks tc) = (1 x 0.28) = 0.28
N/mm2
Since (ks tc)>tv, shear stresses are within safe permissible
limits.
6.Design of strap beam
Factored load on beam = Wu = (1.5 x 166.6) = 250 kN/m
Neglecting the small cantilever portion of the beam :

Mu = 0.125 Wu L2 = (0.125 x 250 x 42) = 500kN.m

Vu = 0.5 Wu L = (0.5 x 250 x 4) = 500kN
Depth of strap beam computed based on moment,
Assuming tc = 1.2N/mm2 :

d = (Vu/b tc) = (500 x 103/400 x

1.2) = 0.2N/mm2

Adopt effective depth = d = 1150 mm and