ARENA 1 METODO BUCLEY-LEVERETT

profundidad tope (ft

formacion porosidad
TVDss)

A1 4000 0.25
S1 4050
A2 4060 0.15
S2 4100
A3 4110 0.2
base A3 4200

curva de permeabilidad relativa

Swirr 0.2
sor 0.2
Crey Water 2
Corey Oil 2
Kro@ swirr 0.85
KRw @ Sor 0.35

puntos de control

SW Krw Kro
0.2 0 0.85
0.26667 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 0

RB/STB
Bo tabla 1.021 Bw
 SW PROM GRAFICA 0.63
swf frente de saturacion agua 0.57
grafica

tiempo 10 años

fwf grafica 0.85

pendiente M
ARENA 1
M=(1-Fwi)/(Swprom-
N=Vol pososo*(1-Swi) unid
Swi)

766800 RB 0
766800 RB 5
766800 RB 2.6315789474
766800 RB 2.5
766800 RB 2.3255813953
766800 RB 1.7777777778
766800 RB 0.9090909091
766800 RB 0.5384615385
766800 RB 0.1176470588

Swpromedio antes Bt fwi

0.35
0.4
0.58
0.6
0.63 0.75
0.66 0.84
0.68 0.9
0.7 0.93
0.74 0.98
limite tecnico
flujo fracional 98 % agua 98
aceite 2
grafica buscamos SW
fwlt 0.9797865811 pro

qwLten 100 bbls qoLt en 100 bbls

qw= Qlt*Bw unid qo=Qlt*Bo

98.98 RB/dia 2.042

 fwf grafica 0.85

pendiente M
ARENA 2
M=(1-Fwi)/(Swprom-
N=Vol pososo*(1-Swi) unid Swi)
368000 RB 2.3255813953

limite tecnico
flujo fracional 90 % agua 90
aceite 10

grafica buscamos SW
fwlt 0.8990208684 pro

qw qo

qw= Qlt*Bw unid qo=Qlt*Bo

90.9 RB/dia 10.21

pendiente M
ARENA 3
M=(1-Fwi)/(Swprom-
N=Vol pososo*(1-Swi) unid Swi)
1104200 RB 2.3255813953

limite tecnico
flujo fracional 90 % agua 90
aceite 10

grafica buscamos SW
fwlt 0.8990208684 pro
 qw qo

qw= Qlt*Bw unid qo=Qlt*Bo

90.9 RB/dia 10.21

 pore per
permeabilidad (mD) Swi volumen (10^3
RB )
2261.57 0.2 958500

282.75 0.2 460000

799.67 0.2 1380250

0.99
viscosidad aceite 3.2 cp 0.96
viscosidad agua 0.6 cp 0.93
0.9
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.66
0.63
0.6
0.57
0.54
0.51
0.48
fr 0.45
0.42
0 0.39
0.36
0.0331756829 0.33
0.1520187517 0.3
0.27
0.3544296876 0.24
0.21
0.5842810103 0.18
0.15
0.7743299791 0.12
0.8977986446 0.09
0.06
0.9641607409 0.03
0
0.9929351126 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
1
1

RB/STB
1.01
 3650 dias

volumees poros Agua inyectada Wi Tasa de inyecion

inyectados

iW=vol
Qi= 1/M Wi= Vol por*Qi unid unid
por/tiempo

0.00 0 Rb 262.602739726
0.20 153360 Rb 262.602739726
0.38 291384 Rb 262.602739726
0.40 306720 Rb 262.602739726
0.43 412155 RB 262.602739726 RB/dia
0.56 431325 Rb 262.602739726
1.10 843480 Rb 262.602739726
1.86 1424057 Rb 262.602739726
8.50 6517800 Rb 262.602739726

qo vs tiempo
288

256

224

192

160
qo

128

96

64

32
 160

qo
128

96

64

32

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Ttiempo dias

0.66 Swlt 0.58

fwlt pendiente M Agua iny Lt

M= (1-fwlt)/ Winlt=vol
unid fwlt=qw/(qw+qo) Qilt=1/M
(Swprom-Swlt) por*Qilt

Rb/dia 0.9797865811 0.2526677357 3.9577668952 3793519.56905

 Agua inyectada Wi Tasa de inyecion

iW=vol
Qi= 1/M Wi= Vol por*Qi unid unid
por/tiempo
0.43 197800 RB 126.0273972603 RB/dia

0.66 Swlt 0.58

fwlt pendiente M Agua iny Lt

M= (1-fwlt)/ Winlt=vol
unid fwlt=qw/(qw+qo) Qilt=1/M
(Swprom-Swlt) por*Qilt

rb/dia 0.8990208684 1.2622391455 0.7922428991 364431.733595

Agua inyectada Wi Tasa de inyecion

iW=vol
Qi= 1/M Wi= Vol por*Qi unid unid
por/tiempo
0.43 593507.5 RB 378.1506849315 RB/dia

0.66 Swlt 0.58

 fwlt pendiente M Agua iny Lt

M= (1-fwlt)/ Winlt=vol
unid fwlt=qw/(qw+qo) Qilt=1/M
(Swprom-Swlt) por*Qilt

rb/dia 0.8990208684 1.2622391455 0.7922428991 1093493.26151

 Permeabilidades

5 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1

Kro Krw
Tiempo de Petroleo prod en
irrupcion Eficiencia de el momento
desplazamiento ruptura
Ed=(Swprom-
Tbr= Wi/iW unid Np=N*Ed unid qo=Npbt/tiempo
Swi)/(1-Swi) irrupcion

0 0 0 262.602739726
250 0.25 191700 262.602739726
500 0.475 364230 262.602739726
1000 0.5 383400 262.602739726
1569.5 dias 0.5375 412155 RB 262.602739726
1642.5 0.575 440910 268.4383561644
3212.0 0.6 460080 143.2378580324
5422.9 0.625 479250 88.3759220232
24820.0 0.675 517590 20.8537469782

Np vs tiempo
600000

500000

400000

300000
Np

200000

100000
 300000

Np
200000

100000

0
3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Tíiempo

Tiempo de
irrupcion LT Eficiencia de
desplazamiento Producion actual

unid Tbrlt=Winlt/iW Ed=(Swpromlt-

inicial unid Swi)/(1-swi) Nplt=N*Ed
14445.8491675 dias 0.575 440910
Tiempo de Petroleo prod en
irrupcion Eficiencia de el momento
desplazamiento ruptura
Ed=(Swprom-
Tbr= Wi/iW unid Np=N*Ed unid qo=Npbt/tiempo
Swi)/(1-Swi) irrupcion
1569.5 dias 0.5375 197800 RB 126.0273972603

Tiempo de Eficiencia de
irrupcion LT desplazamiento Producion actual

unid Tbrlt=Winlt/iW Ed=(Swpromlt-

inicial unid Swi)/(1-swi) Nplt=N*Ed
2891.68658178 dias 0.575 211600

Petroleo prod en
Tiempo de Eficiencia de el momento
irrupcion desplazamiento ruptura
Ed=(Swprom-
Tbr= Wi/iW unid Np=N*Ed unid qo=Npbt/tiempo
Swi)/(1-Swi) irrupcion
1569.5 dias 0.5375 593507.5 RB 378.1506849315
 Tiempo de Eficiencia de
irrupcion LT desplazamiento Producion actual

unid Tbrlt=Winlt/iW Ed=(Swpromlt-

inicial unid Swi)/(1-swi) Nplt=N*Ed
2891.68658178 dias 0.66 728772
95 1
 en supeficie

agua producida aceite

unid qwpbt=Wi-Npbt unid qo=iW-qw unid Qw=qw/Bw unid

0
0
0
0
RB/dia 0 Rb/dia 262.602739726 Rb/dia 0 STB
-9585
383400
944807.1428571
6000210

Wi vs tiempo
1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000
qw

600000

400000

200000
 1000000

800000

qw
600000

400000

200000

0
5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Tíiempo

Agua producida qwlt qo

unid qo=iw-qwlt unid

Wplt=Winlt-Nplt qwlt=Iw*Fwlt
STB 3352609.56905 STB 257.2946405544 STB 67566.27753 STB
 en supeficie

agua producida aceite

unid wpbt=Wi-Npbt unid qo=iW-qw unid Qw=qw/Bw unid

RB/dia 0 Rb/dia 126.0273972603 Rb/dia 0 STB

Agua producida qwlt qo

unid qo=iw-qwlt unid

Wplt=Winlt-Nplt qwlt=Iw*Fwlt
STB 152831.7335945 STB 113.3012601222 STB 14279.06292 STB

en supeficie

agua aceite
unid wpbt=Wi-Npbt unid qo=iW-qw unid Qw=qw/Bw unid

RB/dia 0 Rb/dia 378.1506849315 Rb/dia 0 STB

 Agua producida qwlt qo

unid qo=iw-qwlt unid

Wplt=Winlt-Nplt qwlt=Iw*Fwlt
STB 364721.2615083 STB 339.9653571385 STB 128558.1327 STB
en supeficie bbls I seg despues del bt

unid
qwbt+1=iW*fw qobt+1=iw- Qwbt+1=qw
Qo=qo/Bo unid unid unid
f qwbt+1 bt+1/Bw

257.2015081 STB 223.212328767 RB 39.390410959 RB 221.0023057

FR factor de recobro vs Qi

0.8

0.7

0.6
Factor de recobroi

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
 0.5

Factor de recob
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
5000 6000
Qi
en supeficie bbls I seg despues del bt

unid
qwbt+1=iW*fw qobt+1=iw- Qwbt+1=qw
Qo=qo/Bo unid unid unid
f qwbt+1 bt+1/Bw
123.4352569 STB 107.123287671 RB 18.904109589 RB 106.0626611

en supeficie bbls I seg despues del bt

unid
qwbt+1=iW*fw qobt+1=iw- Qwbt+1=qw
Qo=qo/Bo unid unid unid
f qwbt+1 bt+1/Bw
370.372855 STB 321.428082192 RB 56.72260274 RB 747.5071679
 corte agua FR Winy

Qobt+1=qob Wcbt=Qw/Q
unid t+1/Bo unid w+Qo FR=Np/N Wi=iw*tr

0 0
0.25 65651
0.475 131301
0.5 262603
stb 38.58022621 stb 0.851375877 % 0.5375 412155
0.575 431325
0.6 843480
0.625 1424057
0.675 6517800

qo vs wi
300

250

200

150
qo

100

50

0
 150

qo
100

50

0
0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000

Wi
 corte agua
Qobt+1=qob Wcbt=Qw/Q
unid t+1/Bo unid w+Qo
stb 18.51528853 stb 0.851375877 %

corte agua
Qobt+1=qob Wcbt=Qw/Q
unid t+1/Bo unid w+Qo
stb 55.55592825 stb 0.930819971 %
 ARENA 1 CGM

sw fw Krw Kro
0.2 0 0 0.85
0.26667 0.0307285168 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.1420936446 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.3365340622 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.5649358084 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.7601988975 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.8903036879 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.9613228051 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.9923576183 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 1 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 1

tiempo 3650 dias

Swi 0.2 Swp 0.63

Uo 2.956472431 fwi 0
Uw 0.6 swf 0.54
Bo 1.021 fwf 0.78
Bw 1.01 PV1(bbl) 958500

N M Ea Qi(pv)
0
0.0521648409
0.1043296818
0.1564945227
BT 751028.403526 8.1160767468 0.5086503952 0.43
0.6339040449 0.65747
0.7190230821 0.7910001059
0.7839237929 1.0036992361
0.8363910178 1.159371719
0.9264886129 1.4772435
0.9516604344 1.56563

Qi m sw2 kro
BT 2.3255813953 0.54
0.65747 1.5209819459 0.608 0.080950902
0.7910001059 1.2642223339 0.631 0.0697432
1.0036992361 0.9963143978 0.644 0.0596132
1.159371719 0.8625361337 0.659 0.0495774
1.4772435 0.6769364699 0.686 0.0341816
1.56563 0.6387205151 0.725 0.0144835

sw2 fw m
0.54 2.3255813953
0.6 0.922263 1.6129032258
0.66667 0.9613228051 0.7832898172
0.73333 0.9923576183 0.599880024
0.78 0.1
0.79 0.995415 0.0025
0.8 1 0.00008
 SW vs fw
1.01

0.99

0.97

0.95

0.93

0.91

0.89
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05

Wi iw tiempo(dias) Ed Np qo qw
0 262.60273973 0 0 0 0
50000 262.60273973 190.40166927 48971.596474 257.20150806 0
100000 262.60273973 380.80333855 97943.192948 257.20150806 0
150000 262.60273973 571.20500782 146914.78942 257.20150806 0
209642.80362 262.60273973 798.32679522 0.5375 205330.85565 257.20150806 0
330642.80362 262.60273973 1259.0988349
450642.80362 262.60273973 1716.0628411
570642.80362 262.60273973 2173.0268474
690642.80362 262.60273973 2629.9908536
958500 262.60273973 3650
1050410.9589 262.60273973 4000

krw fw2 swp2 ed np wp E

0.16066225 0.9072309475 0.6689928689 0.5862410862 279097.6228 45231.812622 1.5545012486
0.1797362 0.9269999057 0.6887430823 0.6109288529 329905.70888 112682.25233
0.19178784 0.9406620668 0.7035574382 0.6294467977 370586.19452 190370.59309
0.2124355 0.9547793214 0.7114275759 0.6392844699 401568.72023 277862.51511
0.230558 0.9707910874 0.7291486762 0.6614358453 460239.80295 483757.58533
0.2752861 0.9894353749 0.741540294 0.6769253675 483814.81771 550926.7624

qo vs t
300 500000
450000
250 400000
350000
200
300000
150 250000

Np
qo

200000
100 150000
100000
50
50000
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 0 500 10

Tíiempo

Np vs Qi
600000 300

500000 250
400000
200
300000
150
Np

qo

200000
100
100000
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0
0 200000
Qi
0.95 1 1.05

RUPTURA
WOR WP winj/wibt Qi/Qibt
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.8160669618 0
1.5771722087 1.529
2.1495743991 1.83953513
2.7219765895 2.33418427
3.2943787799 2.6962133
4.572062496 3.43545
5.0104794477 3.641

(ΔNP)NEWL
λ Y
WORs qo qw
 0.2749 0.4273323933
0.1742992924 0.2709484677 1.9747709509 87.083772081 171.9705034
0.1278857806 0.1987986056 2.9181590119 66.174445709 193.10755511
0.1009927863 0.1569934124 3.8722708266 53.244745329 206.17807401
0.0834451708 0.1297156222 4.968219722 43.485180458 216.04393117
0.0601260373 0.093466 7.417073102 30.850002053 228.81672043
0.054865009 0.085287725 9.635523496 24.421621995 235.31511254

Np vs t
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
Np

200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Tíiempo

qo vs Winj
300

250

200

150
qo

100

50

0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000
Winj
ARENA 2 METODO BUCLEY-LEVERETT

profundidad tope (ft

formacion porosidad
TVDss)

A1 4000 0.25
S1 4050
A2 4060 0.15
S2 4100
A3 4110 0.2
base A3 4200

curva de permeabilidad relativa

Swirr 0.2
sor 0.2
Crey Water 2
Corey Oil 2
Kro@ swirr 0.85
KRw @ Sor 0.35

puntos de control

SW Krw Kro
0.2 0 0.85
0.26667 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 0

RB/STB
Bo tabla 1.021 Bw
 SW PROM GRAFICA 0.63
swf frente de saturacion agua 0.57
grafica

tiempo 10 años

fwf grafica 0.85

ARENA 2 pendiente M

M=(1-Fwi)/(Swprom-
N=Vol pososo*(1-Swi) unid
Swi)

368000 RB 0
368000 RB 5
368000 RB 2.6315789474
368000 RB 2.3255813953
368000 RB 2.3255813953
368000 RB 1.7777777778
368000 RB 0.9090909091
368000 RB 0.5384615385
368000 RB 0.1176470588

Swpromedio antes Bt fwi

0.35
0.4
0.58
0.6
0.63 0.75
0.66 0.84
0.68 0.9
0.7 0.93
0.74 0.98
limite tecnico
flujo fracional 98 % agua 98
aceite 2
grafica buscamos SW
fwlt 0.9797865811 pro

qwLten 100 bbls qoLt en 100 bbls

qw= Qlt*Bw unid qo=Qlt*Bo

98.98 RB/dia 2.042

 pore per
permeabilidad (mD) Swi volumen (10^3
RB )
2261.57 0.2 958500

282.75 0.2 460000

799.67 0.2 1380250

0.99
viscosidad aceite 3.2 cp 0.96
viscosidad agua 0.6 cp 0.93
0.9
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.66
0.63
0.6
0.57
0.54
0.51
0.48
fr 0.45
0.42
0 0.39
0.36
0.0331756829 0.33
0.1520187517 0.3
0.27
0.3544296876 0.24
0.21
0.5842810103 0.18
0.15
0.7743299791 0.12
0.8977986446 0.09
0.06
0.9641607409 0.03
0
0.9929351126 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
1
1

RB/STB
1.01
 3650 dias

Agua inyectada Wi Tasa de inyecion

iW=vol
Qi= 1/M Wi= Vol por*Qi unid unid
por/tiempo

0.00 0 Rb 126.0273972603
0.20 73600 Rb 126.0273972603
0.38 139840 Rb 126.0273972603
0.43 158240 Rb 126.0273972603
0.43 197800 RB 126.0273972603 RB/dia
0.56 207000 Rb 126.0273972603
1.10 404800 Rb 126.0273972603
1.86 683429 Rb 126.0273972603
8.50 3128000 Rb 126.0273972603

qo vs tiempo
160

128

96
qo

64

32

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Ttiempo dias
 32

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Ttiempo dias

0.63 Swlt 0.57

fwlt pendiente M Agua iny Lt

M= (1-fwlt)/ Winlt=vol
unid fwlt=qw/(qw+qo) Qilt=1/M
(Swprom-Swlt) por*Qilt

Rb/dia 0.9797865811 0.3368903143 2.9683251714 2845139.67679

 Permeabilidades

5 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1

Kro Krw
 Tiempo de Petroleo prod en
irrupcion Eficiencia de el momento
desplazamiento ruptura
Ed=(Swprom-
Tbr= Wi/iW unid Np=N*Ed unid qo=Npbt/tiempo unid
Swi)/(1-Swi) irrupcion

0 0 0 126.0273972603
250 0.25 92000 126.0273972603
500 0.475 174800 126.0273972603
1000 0.5 184000 126.0273972603
1569.5 dias 0.5375 197800 RB 126.0273972603 RB/dia
1643 0.575 211600 128.8280060883
3212 0.6 220800 68.7422166874
5423 0.625 230000 42.4130663857
24820 0.675 248400 10.0080580177

Np vs tiempo
250000

200000

150000
NpT

100000

50000

0
000 3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Tíiempo
 50000

0
000 3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Tíiempo

Tiempo de
irrupcion LT Eficiencia de
desplazamiento Producion actual

unid Tbrlt=Winlt/iW Ed=(Swpromlt-

inicial unid Swi)/(1-swi) Nplt=N*Ed
22575.5648267 dias 0.5375 197800 STB
 en supeficie

agua producida aceite

qwpbt=Wi- unid qo=iW-qw unid Qw=qw/Bw unid Qo=qo/Bo unid
Npbt

0
0
0
0
0 Rb/dia 126.0273973 Rb/dia 0 STB 123.4352569 STB
-4600
184000
453429
2879600

Wi vs tiempo
30000

25000

20000

15000
Wi

10000

5000

0
6000 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000

Tíiempo
 10000

5000

0
6000 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000

Tíiempo

Agua
producida qwlt qo

Wplt=Winlt- qwlt=Iw*Fwl unid qo=iw-qwlt unid

Nplt t
2647339.67679 STB 123.4799527 STB 15561.85705 STB
bbls I seg despues del bt

unid
qwbt+1=iW*fw qobt+1=iw- Qwbt+1=qw
unid unid Qobt+1=qob
f qwbt+1 bt+1/Bw unid t+1/Bo

107.123287671 RB 18.904109589 RB 106.0626611 stb 18.51528853

Factor de recobro vs Qi
0.8

140
0.7

120
0.6

100
0.5
80
0.4
Qi

TQo

60
0.3
40
0.2
20
0.1
0
0 0 500000
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00

Factor de recobro
 40
0.2
20
0.1
0
0 0 500000
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00

Factor de recobro
 corte agua FR Winy

Wcbt=Qw/Q
unid w+Qo FR=Np/N Wi=iw*tr

0 0
0.25 31507
0.475 63014
0.5 126027
stb 0.851375877 % 0.5375 197800
0.575 207000
0.6 404800
0.625 683429
0.675 3128000

Qo vs Wi

140

120

100

80
TQo

60

40

20

0
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000

Wi
40

20

0
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000

Wi
ARENA 2 CGM

sw fw Krw Kro
0.2 0 0 0.85
0.26667 0.0307285168 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.1420936446 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.3365340622 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.5649358084 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.7601988975 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.8903036879 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.9613228051 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.9923576183 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 1 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 1

Tiempo 3650 dias

Swi 0.2 Swp 0.63

Uo 2.956472431 fwi 0
Uw 0.6 swf 0.54
Bo 1.021 fwf 0.78
Bw 1.01 PV2(bbl) 460000

N M Ea Qi(pv)
0
0.0543478261
0.1086956522
0.1630434783
BT 360430.95005 8.1160767468 0.5086503952 0.43
0.6694899152 0.72713
0.7702911392 0.96707
0.8438852082 1.17863
0.901880126 1.37901
0.9497459664 1.57251
0.9905003399 1.74451

Qi m sw2 kro
 2.3255813953 0.54
0.72713 1.3752698967 0.612 0.084326
0.96707 1.0340513096 0.641 0.0614
1.17863 0.8484426835 0.655 0.049698
1.37901 0.7251579031 0.67 0.039424
1.57251 0.6359260037 0.714 0.018589
1.74451 0.573226866 0.737 0.009333

140
sw2 fw m
120
0.54 2.3255813953
0.6 0.922263 1.6129032258 100
0.66667 0.9613228051 0.7832898172 80
0.73333 0.9923576183 0.599880024

qo
60
0.78 0.1
40
0.79 0.995415 0.0025
0.8 1 0.00008 20

0
0 500 1000 15

300000

250000

200000

150000
Np

100000

50000

0
0 0.2 0.4
 Wi iw t(days) Ed Np qo qw
0 126.02739726 0 0 0 0
25000 126.02739726 198.36956522 24485.798237 123.43525687 0
50000 126.02739726 396.73913043 48971.596474 123.43525687 0
75000 126.02739726 595.10869565 73457.394711 123.43525687 0
100611.04817 126.02739726 798.32679522 0.5375 98541.673031 123.43525687 0
180611.04817 126.02739726 1433.1094039
260611.04817 126.02739726 2067.8920126
340611.04817 126.02739726 2702.6746213
420611.04817 126.02739726 3337.45723
500611.04817 126.02739726 3972.2398387
580611.04817 126.02739726 4607.0224474

krw fw2 swp2 ed np wp E

 0.1682550 0.9076784741 0.6791297511 0.5989121889 144520.43758 32728.397423 1.5545012486
0.1818353 0.9358669767 0.7030211228 0.6287764035 174571.44792 81558.019639
0.2132360 0.9548367758 0.708230731 0.6352884137 193230.81515 141903.35237
0.2201677 0.9649343211 0.7183559218 0.6479449023 210624.54052 203528.11118
0.2705910 0.9862498622 0.7356222293 0.6695277866 229191.30637 263967.05383
0.2873359 0.9934512958 0.7484242799 0.6855303499 244739.11892 327457.82946

qo vs t
140 140

120 120

100 100

80 80

qo
qo

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 100000 20000

Tíempo dias

Np vs Qi
300000 500000
450000
250000 400000
350000
200000
300000
150000 250000
Np
Np

200000
100000 150000
100000
50000
50000
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 500 1000

Qi
 RUPTURA
WOR WP winj/wibt Qi/Qibt
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.8160669618 0
1.7951413037 1.691
2.5902826073 2.249
3.385423911 2.741
4.1805652146 3.207
4.9757065183 3.657
5.7708478219 4.057

(ΔNP)NEW
λ LY
WORs qo qw
 0.2749 0.4273323933
0.1531355774 0.2380494462 2.2670308848 38.066678293 86.29833537
0.1061274161 0.1649752008 3.6150228003 26.974043234 97.511781306
0.081201057 0.1262271445 5.0902246796 20.451931414 104.10492603
0.0657566587 0.1022188081 6.5499931246 16.503308042 108.09655421
0.0552484354 0.0858837618 9.2568633957 12.152569623 112.49467691
0.0476359815 0.0740501927 11.607272309 9.8888877337 114.78301276

qo vs Winj
140

120

100

80
qo

60

40

20

0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000
Winj

Np vs t
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
Np

200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Tíempo
ARENA 3 METODO BUCLEY-LEVERETT

profundidad tope (ft

formacion porosidad
TVDss)

A1 4000 0.25
S1 4050
A2 4060 0.15
S2 4100
A3 4110 0.2
base A3 4200

curva de permeabilidad relativa

Swirr 0.2
sor 0.2
Crey Water 2
Corey Oil 2
Kro@ swirr 0.85
KRw @ Sor 0.35

puntos de control

SW Krw Kro
0.2 0 0.85
0.26667 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 0

RB/STB
Bo tabla 1.021 Bw
 SW PROM GRAFICA 0.63
swf frente de saturacion agua 0.57
grafica

tiempo 10 años

fwf grafica 0.85

ARENA 3 pendiente M

M=(1-Fwi)/(Swprom-
N=Vol pososo*(1-Swi) unid
Swi)

1104200 RB 0
1104200 RB 5
1104200 RB 2.6315789474
1104200 RB 2.3255813953
1104200 RB 2.3255813953
1104200 RB 1.7777777778
1104200 RB 0.9090909091
1104200 RB 0.5384615385
1104200 RB 0.1176470588

Swpromedio antes Bt fwi

0.35
0.4
0.58
0.6
0.63 0.75
0.66 0.84
0.68 0.9
0.7 0.93
0.74 0.98
limite tecnico
flujo fracional 98% agua 98
aceite 2
grafica buscamos SW
fwlt 0.9797865811 pro

qwLten 100 bbls qoLt en 100 bbls

qw= Qlt*Bw unid qo=Qlt*Bo

98.98 RB/dia 2.042

 pore per
permeabilidad (mD) Swi volumen (10^3
RB )
2261.57 0.2 958500

282.75 0.2 460000

799.67 0.2 1380250

0.99
viscosidad aceite 3.2 cp 0.96
viscosidad agua 0.6 cp 0.93
0.9
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.66
0.63
0.6
0.57
0.54
0.51
0.48
fr 0.45
0.42
0 0.39
0.36
0.0331756829 0.33
0.1520187517 0.3
0.27
0.3544296876 0.24
0.21
0.5842810103 0.18
0.15
0.7743299791 0.12
0.8977986446 0.09
0.06
0.9641607409 0.03
0
0.9929351126 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
1
1

RB/STB
1.01
 3650 dias

Agua inyectada Wi Tasa de inyecion

iW=vol
Qi= 1/M Wi= Vol por*Qi unid unid
por/tiempo

0.00 0 Rb 378.1506849315
0.20 220840 Rb 378.1506849315
0.38 419596 Rb 378.1506849315
0.43 474806 Rb 378.1506849315
0.43 593507.5 RB 378.1506849315 RB/dia
0.56 621112.5 Rb 378.1506849315
1.10 1214620 Rb 378.1506849315
1.86 2050657.14285714 Rb 378.1506849315
8.50 9385699.99999999 Rb 378.1506849315

qo vs tiempo
416
384
352
320
288
256
224
qo

192
160
128
96
64
32
 224

qo
192
160
128
96
64
32
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Ttiempo dias

0.63 Swlt 0.57

fwlt pendiente M Agua iny Lt

M= (1-fwlt)/ Winlt=vol
unid fwlt=qw/(qw+qo) Qilt=1/M
(Swprom-Swlt) por*Qilt

Rb/dia 0.9797865811 0.3368903143 2.9683251714 2845139.67679

 Permeabilidades

5 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1

Kro Krw
Tiempo de Petroleo prod en
irrupcion Eficiencia de el momento
desplazamiento ruptura
Ed=(Swprom-
Tbr= Wi/iW unid Np=N*Ed unid qo=Npbt/tiempo unid
Swi)/(1-Swi) irrupcion

0 0 0 378.1506849315
250 0.25 276050 378.1506849315
500 0.475 524495 378.1506849315
1000 0.5 552100 378.1506849315
1569.5 dias 0.5375 593507.5 RB 378.1506849315 RB/dia
1642.5 0.575 634915 386.5540334855
3212 0.6 662520 206.2640099626
5422.857143 0.625 690125 127.2622497366
24820 0.675 745335 30.0296132151

Np vs tiempo
800000

700000

600000

500000

400000
NpT

300000

200000

100000
 400000

NpT
300000

200000

100000

0
3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Tíiempo

Tiempo de
irrupcion LT Eficiencia de
desplazamiento Producion actual

unid Tbrlt=Winlt/iW Ed=(Swpromlt-

inicial unid Swi)/(1-swi) Nplt=N*Ed
7523.82526374 dias 0.5375 593507.5 STB
 en supeficie

agua producida aceite

qwpbt=Wi- unid qo=iW-qw unid Qw=qw/Bw unid Qo=qo/Bo unid
Npbt

0
0
0
0
0 Rb/dia 378.1506849 Rb/dia 0 STB 370.372855 STB
-13802.5
552100
1360532.14286
8640365

Wi vs tiempo
10000000

9000000

8000000

7000000

6000000

5000000
Wi

4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
 6000000

5000000

Wi
4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
000
Tíempo

Agua
producida qwlt qo

Wplt=Winlt- qwlt=Iw*Fwl unid qo=iw-qwlt unid

Nplt t
2251632.17679 STB 370.5069667 STB 140107.4632 STB
bbls I seg despues del bt

unid
qwbt+1=iW*fw qobt+1=iw- Qwbt+1=qw
unid unid Qobt+1=qob
f qwbt+1 bt+1/Bw unid t+1/Bo

321.428082192 RB 56.72260274 RB 318.2456259 stb 55.55592825

Qi vs FR factor de recobro
9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00
Qi

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00
 5.00

Qi
4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Factor de recobre
 corte agua FR Winy

Wcbt=Qw/Q Qo vs
unid w+Qo FR=Np/N Wi=iw*tr 3500

0 0 3000
0.25 94538 2500
0.475 189075 2000
0.5 378151

QoT
1500
stb 0.851375877 % 0.5375 593508
1000
0.575 621113
500
0.6 1214620
0.625 2050657 0
0 5000 1000
0.675 9385700

a3 a2 a1 qo total tiempo
378.1506849 126.0273973 262.6027397 766.78082192 3067.123288 0
378.1506849 126.0273973 262.6027397 766.78082192 3067.123288 250
378.1506849 126.0273973 262.6027397 766.78082192 3067.123288 500
378.1506849 126.0273973 262.6027397 766.78082192 3067.123288 1000
378.1506849 126.0273973 262.6027397 766.78082192 3067.123288 1569.5
386.5540335 128.8280061 268.4383562 783.82039574 3135.281583 1642.5
206.26401 68.74221669 143.237858 418.24408468 1672.976339 3212
127.2622497 42.41306639 88.37592202 258.05123815 1032.204953 5422.857143
30.02961322 10.00805802 20.85374698 60.891418211 243.5656728 24820
a3 a2 a1 np total tiempo
0 0 0 0 0 0
276050 92000 191700 559750 2239000 250
524495 174800 364230 1063525 4254100 500
552100 184000 383400 1119500 4478000 1000
593507.5 197800 412155 1203462.5 4813850 1569.5
634915 211600 440910 1287425 5149700 1642.5
662520 220800 460080 1343400 5373600 3212
690125 230000 479250 1399375 5597500 5422.857143
745335 248400 517590 1511325 6045300 24820

a3 a2 a1 wi tiempo
0 0 0 0 0 0
220840 73600 153360 447800 1791200 250
419596 139840 291384 850820 3403280 500
474806 158240 306720 939766 3759064 1000
593507.5 197800 412155 1203462.5 4813850 1569.5
621112.5 207000 431325 1259437.5 5037750 1642.5
1214620 404800 843480 2462900 9851600 3212
2050657.143 683428.5714 1424057.143 4158142.8571 16632571.43 5422.857143
9385700 3128000 6517800 19031500 76126000 24820

a3 a2 a1 fr tiempo
0.00 0 0 0
0.20 0.2 0.2 0.25
0.38 0.38 0.38 0.475
0.43 0.43 0.4 0.5
0.43 0.43 0.43 0.5375
0.56 0.5625 0.5625 0.575
1.10 1.1 1.1 0.6
1.86 1.857142857 1.857142857 0.625
8.50 8.5 8.5 0.675
 Qo vs tiempo campo Np vs tiempo
3500 7000000
3000 6000000
2500 5000000
2000 4000000
QoT

Np
1500 3000000
1000 2000000
500 1000000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5000 10000 15000
Tíempo Tíiempo

wi Vs tiempo
80000000
9.00
70000000
8.00
60000000
7.00
50000000
40000000 6.00
Wi

30000000 5.00
Qi

20000000 4.00
10000000
3.00
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 2.00
Tíempo 1.00

0.00
0 0.1
2.00

1.00

0.00
0 0.1
 Np vs tiempo

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Tíiempo

Qi vs FR factor de recobro
9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00
Qi

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Factor de recobro
2.00

1.00

0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Factor de recobro
ARENA 3 CGM

sw fw Krw Kro
0.2 0 0 0.85
0.26667 0.0307285168 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.1420936446 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.3365340622 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.5649358084 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.7601988975 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.8903036879 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.9613228051 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.9923576183 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 1 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 1

Tiempo 3650 dias

Swi 0.2 Swp 0.63

Uo 2.956472431 fwi 0
Uw 0.6 swf 0.54
Bo 1.021 fwf 0.78
Bw 1.01 PV3(bbl) 1380250

N M Ea Qi(pv) Wi
0 0
0.0543379822 75000
0.1086759645 150000
0.1630139467 225000
BT 1081488.7365 8.1160767468 0.5086503952 0.43 301887.82441
0.6372089887 0.65059 481887.82441
0.7244580523 0.816613 661887.82441
0.7905854364 1.02039 841887.82441
0.8438501219 1.17992 1021887.8244
0.9146119 1.4319 1321887.8244
0.9708371722 1.61078 1621887.8244

Qi m sw2 kro krw

 2.3255813953 0.54
0.65059 1.5370663552 0.61 0.091409 0.1597725
0.816613 1.2245702677 0.631 0.0717332 0.1808352
1.02039 0.9800174443 0.645 0.0601293 0.1934729
1.17992 0.8475150858 0.679 0.0496981 0.2044255
1.4319 0.6983727914 0.682 0.035945 0.2266345
1.61078 0.6208172438 0.744 0.00980162 0.2781637

400
350
sw2 fw m 300
0.54 2.3255813953
250
0.6 0.922263 1.6129032258
200

qo
0.66667 0.9613228051 0.7832898172
150
0.73333 0.9923576183 0.599880024
100
0.78 0.1
0.79 0.995415 0.0025 50

0.8 1 0.00008 0
0 50
 iw t(days) Ed Np qo qw WOR
378.15068493 0 0 0 0 0
378.15068493 198.33363521 73457.394711 370.37285498 0 0
378.15068493 396.66727042 146914.78942 370.37285498 0 0
378.15068493 595.00090563 220372.18413 370.37285498 0 0
378.15068493 798.32679522 0.5375 295678.57435 370.37285498 0 0.8160669618
378.15068493 1274.3275197
378.15068493 1750.3282442
378.15068493 2226.3289687
378.15068493 2702.3296932
378.15068493 3495.6642341
378.15068493 4288.9987749

fw2 swp2 ed np wp E λ
 0.2749
0.8959701687 0.6776807679 0.5971009599 411482.77839 61152.383842 1.5545012486 0.1722163515
0.9254944747 0.6918421806 0.6148027257 481693.76946 168394.54039 0.1253822172
0.9406691816 0.7055405738 0.6319257173 540302.33028 287365.49029 0.0985748463
0.9529817235 0.7344778048 0.668097256 609715.17788 395414.48296 0.0812114216
0.9688160443 0.7266523062 0.6583153827 651167.70251 650540.19817 0.0627806395
0.9928996431 0.7554371129 0.6942963911 728976.12555 868914.05963 0.0511681275

qo vs tiempo
400 500000
450000
350
400000
300 350000
250 300000
200 250000

Np
qo

200000
150
150000
100 100000
50 50000
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0

Tíempo dias

qo vs Winj
400
350
300
250
200
qo

150
100
50
0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000 1800000
Winj
 RUPTURA
WP winj/wibt Qi/Qibt
0
0
0
0
0
1.5962479618 1.513
2.1924959236 1.8991
2.7887438854 2.373
3.3849918472 2.744
4.3787384502 3.33
5.3724850532 3.746

(ΔNP)NEW WORs qo qw
LY
0.4273323933
0.2677105334 1.92868165 127.36769999 245.65174578
0.1949068131 2.9550875574 94.404597734 278.97385212
0.1532347217 3.9572674743 75.361245814 298.22460689
0.1262432563 5.0305629773 61.972931455 311.75873457
0.0975925825 7.0290773939 46.568169954 327.3312707
0.079540918 10.733208851 31.880401278 342.17900517

Np vs tiempo
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
Np

200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Tiempo dias

Np vs Qi
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
Np

300000
200000
100000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Qi
 profundidad tope (ft
formacion porosidad
TVDss)

A1 4000 0.25
S1 4050
A2 4060 0.15
S2 4100
A3 4110 0.2
base A3 4200

curva de permeabilidad relativa

Swirr 0.2
sor 0.2
Crey Water 2
Corey Oil 2
Kro@ swirr 0.85
KRw @ Sor 0.85

puntos de control

SW Krw Kro
0.2 0 0.85
0.26667 0.004321 0.6716
0.33333 0.017284 0.5142
0.4 0.038889 0.37778
0.46667 0.069136 0.26235
0.53333 0.10802 0.1679
0.6 0.15556 0.094444
0.66667 0.21173 0.041975
0.73333 0.27654 0.010494
0.8 0.35 2.90E-32
1 1 0

RB/STB
Bo tabla 1.021 Bw
 SW PROM GRAFICA 0.63
swf frente de saturacion agua 0.53
grafica

tiempo 10 años

fwf grafica 0.85

 pore per
permeabilidad (mD) Swi volumen (10^3
RB )
2261.57 0.2 958500

282.75 0.2 460000

799.67 0.2 1380250

0.99
viscosidad aceite 3.2 cp 0.96
viscosidad agua 0.6 cp 0.93
0.9
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.66
0.63
0.6
0.57
0.54
0.51
0.48
fr 0.45
0.42
0 0.39
0.36
0.0331756829 0.33
0.1520187517 0.3
0.27
0.3544296876 0.24
0.21
0.5842810103 0.18
0.15
0.7743299791 0.12
0.8977986446 0.09
0.06
0.9641607409 0.03
0
0.9929351126 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
1
1

RB/STB
1.01
3650 dias
 Permeabilidades

5 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1

Kro Krw
flujo fraccional
1

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7

0.65

0.6

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

en supeficie
bbls I seg despues del bt
 liquid formation
Gas to liquid Ratio presssure volume factor

MSCF/STB psi RB/STB

1 0.01845711 189.4736842 1.03075265
2 342.1052632 1.02641225
3 494.7368421 1.02475482
4 647.3684211 1.02388002
5 800.0000000 1.02333940
6 952.6315789 1.02297218
7 1105.2631580 1.02270646
8 1257.8947370 1.02250527
9 1410.5263160 1.02234766
10 1563.1578950 1.02222084
11 1715.7894740 1.02211659
12 2021.0526320 1.02195536
13 2326.3157890 1.02183646
14 2784.2105260 1.02170701
15 0.03759441 342.1052632 1.03928553
16 494.7368421 1.03595151
17 647.3684211 1.03419396
18 800.0000000 1.03310854
19 952.6315789 1.03237158
20 1105.2631580 1.03183850
21 1257.8947370 1.03143496
22 1410.5263160 1.03111887
23 1563.1578950 1.03086458
24 1715.7894740 1.03065557
25 1868.4210530 1.03048075
26 2021.0526320 1.03033235
27 2173.6842110 1.03020481
28 2326.3157890 1.03009402
29 2631.5789470 1.02991103
30 2936.8421050 1.02976609
31 0.0586172 494.7368421 1.04871764
32 647.3684211 1.04588637
33 800.0000000 1.04413927
34 952.6315789 1.04295369
35 1105.2631580 1.04209639
36 1257.8947370 1.04144761
37 1410.5263160 1.04093952
38 1563.1578950 1.04053083
39 1715.7894740 1.04019497
40 1868.4210530 1.03991407
41 2021.0526320 1.03967566
42 2173.6842110 1.03947077
43 2326.3157890 1.03929280
44 2478.9473680 1.03913677
45 2631.5789470 1.03899886
46 2784.2105260 1.03887609
47 2936.8421050 1.03876609
48 0.10454789 800.0000000 1.06953670
49 952.6315789 1.06718090
50 1105.2631580 1.06547898
51 1257.8947370 1.06419189
52 1410.5263160 1.06318443
53 1563.1578950 1.06237441
54 1715.7894740 1.06170896
55 1868.4210530 1.06115256
56 2021.0526320 1.06068042
57 2173.6842110 1.06027476
58 2326.3157890 1.05992245
59 2478.9473680 1.05961363
60 2631.5789470 1.05934070
61 2784.2105260 1.05909776
62 2936.8421050 1.05888012

viscosidad promedio
preson de burbuja
yacimiento
oil viscosity

cP
4.086599108
4.327876546
4.424862500
4.477184532
4.509918762
4.532329918
4.548635924
4.561032347
4.570774697
4.578632891
4.585105315
4.595139285
4.602557025
4.610650379
3.793819052
3.960089405
4.051557581
4.109417264
4.149313006
4.178485306
4.200744902
4.200744902
4.232470760
4.244173528
4.253994642
4.262354129
4.269555666
4.275824259
4.286204586
4.294448820
3.501873142
3.628092191
3.708949636
3.765160911
3.806499813
3.838177305
3.863225157
 3.883527026
3.900314834
3.914428155
3.926458873 3.925027512
3.936836237
3.945879128
3.953829382
3.960873736
3.967158669 1.242627167
3.972800698 1.485254334
2.956472431 1.727881501
3.039622764 1.970508668
3.101618937 2.213135835
3.149613073 2.455763002
3.187863032 2.698390169
3.219060615
3.244990413 2.698390169 x y
3.266882071 3.283027126 2.6 2.244 2.307461659
3.285610335 2.8 2.373
3.301814415
3.315972233
3.328448259
3.339525282
3.349426071
3.358328491

243.693830352
3.9305456508

800 psi