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JC Santamarina H Shin
KAUST Univ. Ulsan
Energy and Quality of Life
35% petroleum
~86% fossil
18% coal
5% biomass (renewable)
9% nuclear power
3% hydroelectric
Deepwater Horizon
< 2% renewable non-hydro Explosion: 4/20/2010
Soils
Well-soil interaction
Repetitive loads – Thermal
Fractured Rocks
Alternatives: Bio-inspired
Soils
Revised Soil Classification System USCS
0 0
100 100
10 10
90 90
20 20
30 80
30 80
40
70
40 70
50
60
50 60
60 50
60 50
F 40 (F) 40
70 70
80 30
80 30
GF SF 20 20
90
GSF 90
100 S
10
100 10
G GS (G) (S)
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sand [%] Sand [%]
geolabs.co.uk
RSCS: SE LLdeion
LLbrine
LLkerosene
5.5
Note: corrected ratios
5
4.5
Non Low Inter High plasticity
4
LLDW / LLbrine
Electrical Sensitivity SE
3.5
3 3
2.5
2 High SE
SE=1.0
2
1.5 0.4
1
Inter SE
1
Low SE
0.5 0
-1
3 -0.5 0
2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 50 100 150 200
Semi-log
3
⎛ σ' ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ σ' ⎞⎤
Cubic (3rd order) e = eref − α ⋅ log⎜⎜ ' ⎟⎟ + β ⋅ ⎢log⎜⎜ ' ⎟⎟⎥ Burland (1990
⎝ σref ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ σref ⎠⎦
30 −1
⎛ '
σModified
⎞ ⎛ 1kPa 1kPa ⎞
e = e1kPa − Cc log⎜ ⎟ e = ec − Cc log⎜⎜ + ⎟
⎝ σ' = 1kPa ⎠
'
⎝ σ'+σL σH' ⎟⎠
Void ratio e [ ]
−β Hansen (1969
⎛ σ'+σ'c ⎞
Power
Juárez-Badillo
20 From gas to soil e = eH + (eL − eH )⎜⎜ ' ⎟⎟ Houlsby & Wr
⎝ σc ⎠ Pestana & W
Exponent.
Gregory et al.
e = eH + (eL − eH )⋅ exp−(σ' σc )
' β
Gompertz function Cargill (1984
10
Hyperbol
Hyperbolic function 1
40 e = eL − (eL − eH )
(classical hyp: β=1) (
1+ σ'c σ' )
β
Arctang.
20
Hydraulic Conductivity
1.00E+00
100
1.00E-01
Sandy
1.00E-02
10-2 soils
1.00E-03
Hydraulic conductivity k [cm/s]
1.00E-04 Silty
10-4
soils
Pore size decreases
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
10-6
Clayey
1.00E-07 soils
1.00E-08
10-8
1.00E-09
1.00E-10
10-10
b
1.00E-11
k ⎛⎜ e ⎞⎟
=
𝑘o k o ⎜⎝ e o ⎟⎠
1.00E-12
10-12
0.1 1 10
Void ratio e
Dataset: 1440 datapoints, 92 soils.
Compressibility + Permeability: Coupled HM
−β b
⎛ σ'+σ 'c ⎞ k ⎛e⎞
e = eH + ( )
e L − e H ⎜⎜ ' ⎟
⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ σc ⎠ k o ⎝ eo ⎠
u σ’ e k
Nankai Trough - March 2013
http://www.nytimes.com
Well-soil interaction
> 4,500,500 wells
10,000 wells /yr
_ ___ ___ abandoned
Upper Sediment = Block
20 20 10,000
controlled by
40 40 shaft capacity
60 60
6,000
Depth z [m]
Depth z [m]
80 80
4,000
100 100
2,000
120 controlled by production
120
induced settlement
0
140 140 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Tip Stiffness k [MN/m]
160 160
FEM – Cam Clay
Axisymmetric
Gravity
k0=1-sinφ
Interface element
Continuous
element
−β b
⎛ σ'+σ 'c ⎞ k ⎛e⎞
e = eH + ( )
e L − e H ⎜⎜ ' ⎟
⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ σc ⎠ k o ⎝ eo ⎠
1.0 u Casing axial force [MN]
-2 0 2 4 6
0
0.5
-20
0.0
-40
0.01 εv
-60
Depth [m]
0.00
-80
-0.01
-100
0.1
δz [m]
-120
Pyield
0.0 -140
screen
Pmax
-160
-0.1
Casing axial force [MN]
-3 0 3 6 9 12
u
b=0.0 b=4.0 1.0 0
-20
-40
Depth [m]
0.5 -60
-80
-100 b=0
0.0 b=4
-120
screen
-140
-160
-40
-60
Depth [m]
0.00
-80
-100
High
-0.01 PI
-120
Sandy
-140
screen
-160
Thermo-active
Mechanical
Poulos
Lehane
Jardine Laloui
Foray Soga
Puech Pereira
Randoph Narsilio Narsilio
et al. … et al. …
Repetitive loading
Collaboration: C. Pasten (U. Chile)
Masada (Israel)
Eric Sakowski
Entering Carlsbad Cavern - NMx
Delphi - Greece Lavrion (Greece)
Brezno (Czech Republic)
Jan.Novotny@arcadis.cz
Energy Piles: Pile-Soil Interaction
Shaft Resistance
Qhead
Qi ⎛ sult ⎞ ⎛δ +δ ⎞
si = ⎜⎜ i * ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜ i+1 i ⎟ ≤ sult
i
δ
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
δi
Compatibility of Displacements
Si
δi+1 − δi = δ T − δσ
Force Equilibrium
δi+1
Qi = Qi+1 + si A(δi+1, δi )
Qi+1
⎛ Qult ⎞ Unknowns Qi , δi
tip
Q tip = * ⎟ ⋅ δN+1 ≤ Qult
⎜ tip
⎜δ ⎟
⎝ tip ⎠
Static Load Sult/Qult=0.7 FS=1.25 Qult=3750 kN
Qhead
0 0 0
1 1 1
3 4 0 30 60 90 0 1500 3000
Displacement Side Friction Axial Force
[cm] [kPa] [kN]
1st Heating Cycle
0
Displacement
-2
[cm]
-4
Temperature 40 0 1 2
[°C] 0
Qhead -40
0 1 2
0 0 0
1 1 1
3 4 0 30 60 90 0 1500 3000
Displacement Side Friction Axial Force
[cm] [kPa] [kN]
1st Cooling Cycle
0
Displacement
-2
[cm]
-4
Temperature 40 0 1 2
0
[°C]
Qhead -40
0 1 2
0 0 0
1 1 1
3 4 0 30 60 90 0 1500 3000
Displacement Side Friction Axial Force
[cm] [kPa] [kN]
50th Cycle
0
Displacement
[cm]
-2
-4
Temperature 40 0 10 20 30 40 50
0
[°C]
Qhead -40
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 0 0
1 1 1
6 7 0 30 60 90 0 1500 3000
Displacement Side Friction Axial Force
[cm] [kPa] [kN]
In Addition: Volumetric Soil Response!
shakedown M
or
ratcheting
c
ε1 p'
terminal void ratio
eter
e0
σf / σc [-]
kr=1.0 (num)
β
0.4 2.0
Jeager (1960)
0.2 1.0
num
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Dip anlge β [°] Dip angle β [°]
0.6 5.0
kr=0.2 (analytic) Jeager (1960)
num
Normalized Elastic modulus [-]
0.4
kr=1.0 (num)
3.0
σf / σc [-]
β1
0.3
Δβ
2.0
0.2
Δβ = 45!
1.0
0.1
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Dip anlge β1 [°] Dip angle β1 [°]
Caisson in Fractured Rock: Mean Stress
Caisson D=1m Lrock=5 m Ec/(s⋅Kn)=4 Ec/(s⋅Ks)=20
β=45° β=45°
end-bearing
pull-out
Nature HB Calendars
Bio-Inspired …
Roots
(b) - 1.1
10 mm
20 mm
4 mm
5 mm
20 mm
Pile-to-host conductivity ratio
Pile Topology
HS Shin
(U. Ulsan)
Thank you