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1. Introduction
RTFI is the study about the radiographs quality, acceptable criteria and
inspection records.
A. Radiographs quality
B. Indication identification & Acceptable criteria
C. Inspection records
A. Radiographs quality
1. Density
2. Sensitivity
3. Retakes / Re shoots
1. Density
The density limitation on the Any Project is minimum 1.8 and maximum
4.0. the density of the film is measured by using Densitometer.
Sensitivity in general refers to the size of the smallest detail that can be seen
in a radiograph.
2% is the minimum required sensitivity on the any Project.
% IQI Sensitivity = (Thickness of wire visible×100) ÷ joint thickness.
3. Re-takes / Re-shoots
2. Process marks
3. Water marks
4. Chemical strains
5. Scratches
6. Finger marks
7. Dirtiness
8. Static marks
9. Tears
B. Indication identification & Acceptable critria
Relevant indication
1. Cracks
A fracture in the weld metal running across the weld.
Radiographic image
Feathery, twisting line of darker density running across the width of the weld
image.
Acceptance Criteria
B. Longitudinal Crack
C. Solidification Crack
2. Lack of fusion
Elongated voids between the weld passes or between base metal and weld
metal surfaces to be welded.
Radiographic Image
Acceptance Criteria
3. Lack of penetration
The edges of the pieces have not been welded together, usually at the
bottom of single V-groove welds.
Radiographic image
LOP is accepted for the welds line class where flange rating is 600lb and
below as stated here under.
4. Excess Penetration
Extra metal at the bottom ( root ) of the weld or at the capping of the weld.
Radiographic image
A lighter density in the centre of the width of the weld image, either
extended along the weld or in isolated circular drops.
Acceptance Criteria
Radiographic image
An elongated irregular darker density with fuzzy edges, in the centre of the
width of the weld image.
Acceptance Criteria
1. Root concavity of any length can be accepted provided the thickness of weld
deposit (including acceptable weld reinforcement) is equal to or grater than
adjacent base metal thickness.
2. Flat root or Root concavity of a minor nature can generally be ignored.
3. Very minor root concavity (e.g.: less than 1mm deep) will nearly always be
acceptable and can be ignored.
4. More severe root concavity .Measure the depth of concavity and external
reinforcement using a cam gauge.
5. Acceptable if external reinforcement is within acceptable limits but exceeds in
height the depth of the concavity.
6. External / Face Concavity
A depression in the top of the weld, or cover pass, indicating a thinner than
normal section thickness.
Radiographic image
A weld density darker that the density of the pieces being welded and
extending across the full width of the weld image
Acceptance Criteria
For piping class 600lb and less there is no limit on the length of any
undercut if the depth of undercut is less than or equal to 1mm deep. For piping class
900lb or greater & all piping classes where 100% RT is required undercut is not
permitted.
8. Surface porosity
Radiographic image
Acceptable criteria
Radiographic image
Acceptance Criteria
For wall thickness less than or equal to 6 mm same as ASME VIII Division 1
Appendix 4 Table 4.1 For wall thickness greater than 6mm it is 1.5 times the values
specified in ASME VIII Division 1 Appendix 4 Table 4.1.
Slag inclusion
Usual non-metallic impurities that solidified on the weld surface and were
not removed between weld passes.
Tungsten inclusion
Random bits of tungsten fused into but not melted into the weld metal.
Radiographic image
Slag inclusion
Tungsten inclusion
Irregular shaped lower density spots randomly located in the weld image.
Acceptance Criteria
Acceptable Criteria
The welding spatter and the arc strikes are not permitted.
C. Inspection records
Store all the films for future uses. These records are the permanent records
than the other methods.