Method

Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++
Method Overriding & Virtual Function in C++
Dr. Munesh
Singh

Dr. Munesh Singh

Indian Institute of Information Technology

Design and Manufacturing,
Kancheepuram
Chennai-600127

February 25, 2019

 Objective

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh

Method Overloading (all function remain in one class)

Method Overriding
Method Hiding
 Method Overiding

Method
Overriding & class A
Virtual
Function in {
C++

Dr. Munesh
public:
Singh void f1() {}
void f2() {}
};
class B:public A
{
void f1() {} //method overriding
void f2(int x) {} //method hiding
};
void main() {
B obj;
obj.f1(); //B
obj.f2(); // error
obj.f2(4) //B };
 Base Class Pointer

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh Base class pointer can point to the object of any of its
descendant class
But its converse is not true
But in C++ we see the pointer in different role
When pointer of base class is created, then it can keep the
address of the child class
But child class pointer can not point to the parent class
pointer
 Method Overiding

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
class A{
Function in public:
C++

Dr. Munesh
virtual void f1() {} };
Singh class B:public A {
public: void f1() {} //method overriding
};
void main() {
A *p, obj1; // During the compile time pointer type define
the address of class
B obj2//B
p=&obj1;
p=&obj2;
p− >f1(); // compiler can not know the address of which
class
obj.f2(); // error
obj.f2(4) //B };
 Virtual Function

Method
Overriding & If we define the pointer of class A type and later we assign
Virtual
Function in the address of class B object into the pointer, then class A
C++

Dr. Munesh
function will be called
Singh
This is a problem of compile time binding
It occurs only in method overriding case
During the compile time, compiler bind the address of
class A based on pointer type, not the assigned address
To resolve such issue the virtual function concept is
introduced
Virtual function do the runtime binding, and resolve the
method overriding issues
If we write virtual before the method of parent class, then
late binding allow the compiler to refer the address of the
object and call appropriate function of a class
 Virtual Function

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
main()
Function in
class A{ {
vtable
C++ *vptr A *p,obj;
Dr. Munesh public: f2 static array
Singh
p=&obj;
void f1(){} obj p->f2(); EB
virtual void f2(){} virtual function address p p->f3(); LB
virtual void f3(){} p->f4(); LB
virtual void f4(){} *vptr
p->f4(5);EB
}; vtable
class B: public A{ f2 static array main(){
public: A *p;
void f1(){}; function address B obj
void f2(){}; p=&obj;
void f4(int x){}; p->f1(); EB
}: p->f2(); LB
p->f3(); LB
p->f4(); LB
p->f4(5);EB
 Abstract Class in C++

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++
Pure Virtual Function
Dr. Munesh
Singh A do nothing function is pure virtual function
class Person {
public:
virtual void fun()=0;
};
class student: public Person {
public:
void fun() {}
};
 Abstract Class

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Pure Virtual Function
Singh
A class containing pure virtual function is an abstract class
we can not instantiate abstract class

Why Abstract Class?

student class and faculty class (so there is common filed
like name, phno)
generalization of student and faculty because both are
person
 Template

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh
The keyword template is used to define function template
and class template
It is a way to make your function or class generalize as far
as data type is concern.
Use of temples
Function Template
Class Template
 Template Example

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
int big(int a,int b)
Function in {
C++
if (a>b)
Dr. Munesh return a; template <class x> x big(x a,x b)
Singh
else {
return b; if (a>b)
} return a;
double big(int a,int b) else
{ return b;
if(a>b) }
return a; int main()
else {
return b; cout<<big(2,5);
} cout<<big(5.5,7.5);
int main() }
{
template <class x,class y> x big(x a,y b)
cout<<big(2,5);
cout<<big(5.5,7.5);
}
 Class Template

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh

Class template is also known as generic class

template < classtype > class classname {}
 Template Example

Method
Overriding & template <class x> class ArrayList
Virtual {
private:
Function in list1
struct controlblock
C++ capacity
{
int capacity; s
Dr. Munesh
int *arr_ptr; arr_ptr
Singh
};
controlblock *s;
public:
ArrayList(int capacity)
{
s=new controlblock;
s->capacity=capacity;
s->arr_ptr=new int[s->capacity];
}
void addelement(int index,int data)
{
if(index>=0 && index<=s-> capacity-1)
s->arr_ptr[index]=data;
else
count<"array index is not valied"; int main()
} {
void viewlist() ArrayList <int> list1(4);
{ list1.addelement(0,32);
int i; list1.viewlist();
for(i=0;i<s->capacity;i++) }
cout<<""<<s->arr_ptr[i];
}
};
 File Handling in C++

Method
Overriding & Data Persistence(life of data)
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh

Streams
 Streams

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in Data Persistence(life of data)
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh
 Output Streams Example

Method
Overriding & Data Persistence(life of data)
Virtual
Function in
C++ #include<fstream..h>
Dr. Munesh
Singh
void main()
{
ofstream fout;
fout.open("myfile.data);
fout<<"hello";
fout.close();
}
 Input Streams Example

Method
Overriding & Data Persistence(life of data)
Virtual
Function in
C++
#include<fstream..h>
Dr. Munesh void main()
Singh
{
char ch;
ifstream fin;
fin.open("myfile.dat");
fin>>ch; //ch=fin.get();
while(!fin.eof())
{
cout<<ch;
fin>>ch;
}
fin.close();
}
 File Opening Mode

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh
 File Opening Mode

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh
 File Opening Mode

Method
Overriding &
Virtual
Function in
C++

Dr. Munesh
Singh

Textmode is the default opening mode

Binary mode can be specified with ios::binary
Binary mode consider the meaning of \n
fout<< ”My name is \ n ram”;