A Literature Survey of Methods used for the analysis of MST Radar Data.

1Mr.P.Suresh
Babu,
Research Scholar, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati,Mobno:-+919494688206,Email-Id:sureshbabu476@gmail.com
2Dr.G.Srinivasulu,

Professor & HOD, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati. Mobno:-+919490182693,Email-Id: gunapatieee@rediffmail.com

Abstract:- Keywords: MST Radar, GPS Data, Raw data,

SNR, Doppler Profiles, Temperature Profiles.
Analysis of the MST Radar Data has become
I: Semi parametric Algorithm for
more predominant in the present day world.
Processing MST Radar Data [1]
Major Research on MST Radar Data was
going on in NARL, Gadanki, which provides Spectral analysis of MST radar signals using

the data regarding atmospheric movements. a sparse spectrum estimation algorithm

In order to obtain information on the wind termed as Semi Parametric /sparse Iterative

parameters, the signals collected from the Covariance-based Estimation (SPICE). This

radar are to be analyzed, which mainly algorithm was found to successfully estimate

involves the estimation of power spectrum. the spectrum for simulated data even in the

Analysis of the MST Radar Data involves the scenario of low SNR. For the MST radar

estimating of the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) data, the zonal U, meridional V, and wind

of the Doppler profiles, Wind Profiles and velocity W components have been estimated

Parameters, Temperature Profiles etc. In from the Doppler spectrum. For the purpose

NARL the weather data or the Meteor data of validation, the obtained wind speed has

was collected and the data was converted in been compared with the Global Positioning

raw format. This raw data was used for System radiosonde data; along with the wind

processing either in time domain or speed acquired using the previously

frequency domain.So many techniques have attempted methods of spectrum estimation.

been employed for processing the MST In this paper, the performance of SPICE has

Radar data and showed better results when been analyzed by computing the MSE and

compared to the GPS Data (Data Processed in output SNR for various SNR values. Since

NARL).This Paper mainly gives survey of the estimation of power spectrum of the

papers in which various methods are used for complex data using SPICE turned out well, it

the analysis of the MST Radar data. was implemented on the radar data for the
computation of the wind velocities.
1
II: Atmospheric Radar Signal
Processing using Principal
Component Analysis [2]
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a
simple non-parametric method for extracting
relevant information from high-dimensional
data sets. The data collected from the Indian
MST (Mesosphere, Stratosphere,
Troposphere) radar at Gadanki (13.5◦N,
79.2◦E) were analyzed using PCA. The
PCA
was tested for various simulated signals like
narrowband, wideband and exponential
signals which may contain more than one
frequency both in absence and presence of
noise. For the simulated data, it was observed
that PCA works for low SNR, i.e. it
successfully detects the frequency in the
highly noise-corrupted signal also. Finally,
we applied PCA to the radar data for
estimating the power spectrum and thus in
turn estimating the Doppler frequency
components. PCA was used to estimate the
zonal (U), meridional (V), wind speed (W)
etc. from the Doppler frequencies. Compared
with existing algorithms, PCA works well at
higher altitudes and it shows an SNR
improvement of al-most over 10 dB over all
heights. Standard deviation and Mean Square
Error are also low when compared to the
previous approaches.
III: SNR Improvement of MST Radar
Signals by 3COSH window over
Kaiser window [3]
2
The 3COSH window has been derived in the
same way of the derivation of Kaiser
Window but it has the advantage of having
no power series expansion in its time domain
function. But Kaiser Window provides better
ripple ratio as compared to the cosh window.
The window shape parameter “α” in Kaiser
and 3COSH Window functions on the signal
to noise ratio (SNR) values of MST radar is
compared. The six sets of multibeam
observations made by the Indian Mesosphere-
Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar in
lower atmosphere are analyzed for results.
The echo samples of the in-phase and
quadrature components of radar in Fourier
transformation are weighted with new version
of adjustable windows. The effects of data
weighting with the variation of the window
shape parameter “α” of the 3COSH and
Kaiser Window functions are presented. It is
observed that this report is with a good
improvement, with an increase of “α”
increases the signal to noise ratio values.
For 3COSH and Kaiser Window functions
are proposed to analyze the MST radar return
signals to obtain optimum values of the shape
parameter “α”. Due to the effect of side lobe
reduction, the results shows the improvement
of signal to noise ratio of noisy data and
demands for the design of optimal window
functions.
IV: Spectral Cleaning of MST
Radar data using Modified
Cepstrum [4]
The concept of Cepstrum Thresholding (CT)
is applied for smoothed spectrum estimation
 [15]. To achieve additional variance
reduction, the CT method is modified by
weighting the cepstral coefficients with the
smoothing Window. The Modified
Cepstrum (MC) approach has been applied to
the MST radar data.
The algorithm steps for the MC method are
as follows.
Step1: Coherent integration is performed on
raw data
Step2: Compute power spectrum using FFT
Step3: Determine the Cepstrum from the
power spectrum
Step4: Multiply the Cepstral coefficients by
the smoothing window
Step5: Determine the power spectrum from
the cepstral coefficients selected.
It was observed that the estimated spectra
based on MC technique are noise free,
smoothed envelope when compared with the
above methods. It enhances the ability to
extract original Doppler frequency from the
Doppler profiles. The MC approach was
tested for all six beams of MST radar data.
the MC approach produces the smoothed
spectrum estimation even at higher altitudes.
V: Lifting Wavelet transform for
Periodogram Smoothing [5]
The wavelet thresholding technique is an
effective way of obtaining a smoothed non
parametric spectrum estimate of a stationary
signal. This approach has ability to capture
statistically significant components of In S(f)
at different resolution levels and guarantees
non negativity of the spectrum estimator. This
3
technique solves the problem of specified
Noise/resolution tradeoffs by treating the wavelet
coefficients of the additive noise as independent
random variables. In this paper an attempt has
been made to propose a new technique to estimate
the smooth spectra based on Lifting wavelet
transform via thresholding. The selection of
thresholds are based on 1) Gaussian
approximation 2) Stain’s Unbiased Risk Estimator
(SURE). The variance in the estimation of smooth
spectra based on proposed methods is in
agreement with those obtained by normal wavelet
transform at the benefit of computational time.
The wavelet transform techniques based
thresholding has been applied to perform a
nonlinear smoothing of the log-Periodogram and
produce an automatic adjustment of the bandwidth
to the data. The wavelet coefficients of the noise
are treated as independent random variables. The
presence of log-spectrum components are decided
from binary hypothesis tests. The significance
level of the test determines the desired
noise/resolution tradeoff, and the thresholds are
determined from the distribution of the noise
coefficients. The Lifting scheme to construct
Discrete Wavelet Transform has been presented.
The numerical results suggest that this new
methods are shown to be in agreement with those
obtained from ordinary wavelet transform at the
benefit of reduced computational time.
VI: Denoising of Spectral data using
Complex wavelets [6]
Atmospheric signal processing is of interest to
many scientists, where there is scope for the
development of new and efficient tools for
cleaning the spectrum, detection, and estimation
of parameters like zonal (U), meridional (V ),
wind speed (W), etc. This paper deals with a
signal processing technique for the cleansing of
spectrum, based on the complex wavelets with
custom thresholding, by analyzing
Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere radar data
that are backscattered from the atmosphere at high
altitudes and severe weather conditions with low
signal-to-noise ratio. The Complex wavelet
approach (proposed algorithm) is self-consistent
in detecting wind speeds up to a height of 18 km,
in contrast to the existing method which estimates
the Doppler manually and fails at higher altitudes.
The Complex wavelet transform
processing of non-stationary signals such as MST
radar signal. This is possible by using the multi
resolution decomposing into sub signals. This
assists greatly to remove the noise in the certain
pass band of frequency. At first I have processed
test signal (time and frequency domains) with -10
dB SNR using complex wavelet transform (CWT)
by designing sub band filters using Hilbert
transform maintaining perfect-reconstruction
property, with the help of custom thresholding.
The main idea in implementing this technique is
to overcome the limitations like shift sensitivity,
poor directionality, and absence of
information which occurs in DWT. Using this
technique we can extract the signal even-though
input SNR is -15 dB. Now I processed same test
signal and MST radar signal using complex
wavelet transform with improved and custom
thresholding techniques. Among these
methods with different thresholding techniques,
the processing of spectral data using complex
wavelet transform with custom thresholding
method is giving better results than processing the
time domain signal. The results have been
validated using the Global Positioning System
sonde data
the VII: MST Radar Signal Processing using
Cepstral Thresholding [7]
In this Paper, the Cepstrum thresholding approach
for variance reduction is applied to estimate the
spectrum of mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere
radar data, which are complex. Unlike in a real
data case, where the cepstral values are real, for
complex signals, cepstral values will be complex.
We propose two different thresholding
allows
approaches: 1) applying a threshold independently
for real and imaginary values of cepstral estimates
and 2) threshold application to the modulus of
cepstral estimates.Two different cepstral threshold
approaches have been presented for spectral
estimation of complex data. It is observed that
better reduced mse is achieved by thresholding the
modulus of the complex cepstral values as
compared to applying a threshold independently
to real and imaginary parts of the complex
cepstrum. Simulation results also show that the
cepstral thresholding algorithm is giving more
reduced mse than the periodogram approach. It is
phase
also observed that, for atmospheric data, if μA =
2.2 {μB = 1.6} (optimum value for the simulated
data) is taken, the signal component is getting lost,
and to retain the signal component from the noisy
data, it has to be reduced to μA = 0.7 {μB = 0.5},
suggesting that the atmospheric data are much
two
more complex than the mathematically simulated
narrowband complex data. Significant
4
improvement in SNR at higher altitudes is
achieved with Cepstrum Approach as compared to
Periodogram approach .The Periodogram
approach could detect the Doppler manually up to
a height of 12 km, whereas the PALG helps in
automating the process of estimation of the
Doppler and thereby detecting the wind
parameters up to a height of 22 km. The results of
Cepstrum approach have been validated using
simultaneous GPS sonde data.
VIII: Spectral analysis of atmospheric
radar Signal using filter banks-
Polyphase approach[8]
This paper proposes a new non-parametric method
to estimate the power spectral density of
atmospheric radar signals using uniform filter
banks through polyphase approach.The
performance of proposed method is investigated
for a simulated broadband and narrowband
signals. This method reduces the variance without
affecting the resolution and improves the signal to
noise ratio significantly when compared to the
existing method (periodogram/modified
periodogram). The variance reduction is observed
to be more in case of narrowband signals. The
method has the computational cost similar to
modified periodogram approach. This method is
tested for practical atmospheric data collected at
NARL, Gadanki, India, through the mesosphere–
stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar, back
scattered echoes, in particular from high altitudes,
which has low signal to noise ratio. Further the
results have been validated using GPS Sonde data:
The zonal (U), meridional (V) and wind speed
components calculated using the Periodogram
5
approach, the Polyphase approach and GPS Sonde
[16], it clearly says beyond 11 km the existing
method fails to detect Doppler profiles accurately,
as a result it is failing to follow the profiles (zonal,
meridional, and wind speed) obtained using GPS
Sonde. It is also clear that the U, V and Wind
speed components calculated using Polyphase
approach is more closely following the trends
obtained from GPS Sonde. A very little deviation
is observed with Polyphase approach. Even this
minor deviation can be attributed to the fact that
the data used in the Polyphase approach is
collected from the reflected echoes from the layers
of the atmosphere in vertical direction without any
drift in the horizontal direction, where as in data
collected through GPS, there can be horizontal
drift of the balloon due to high wind speeds.
IX: MST Radar Signal Processing
using wavelet based Denoising [9]
The Wavelet based denoising approach is self-
consistent in detecting wind speeds up to a height
of 18 km, in contrast to the existing method which
estimates the Doppler manually and fails at higher
altitudes. The results have been validated using
the Global Positioning System sonde data and the
following observations are made when compared
to the Periodogram approach.
1. The Wavelet based Denoising approach
(Proposed method) helps in automating the
process of estimation of wind parameters. By
using the Proposed method, it is possible to find
the velocities of the wind up to a height of 18 km,
Whereas the Periodogram approach could detect
the Doppler manually upto 15 km.
2) There is SNR improvement of about 8 dB at the
low-SNR regions.
3) The Proposed method is self-consistent in
detecting the wind speeds up to 18 km.
X: Conclusion
This paper mainly discusses the various papers in
which various signal processing techniques are
defined for processing of the MST radar data.
The performance of the various methods have
been compared with other methods in all the
papers using various parameters like SNR,
Correlation, MSE, Variance etc. After evaluating
the parameters, wind parameters and temperature
parameters are evaluated and validated with GPS
data.
Various Advanced digital signal processing
techniques like adaptive filters, quaternary
wavelet, Hyper analytic Wavelets,
resolution filters, Combination of the filters,
etc.can be used for analysis of the MST Radar
data which may produce better results when
compared to the existing methods as discussed
above.
XI: References
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MST Radar Data” by Neetha I. Eappen, T.
Sreenivasulu Reddy, and G. Ramachandra Reddy,
in IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE
AND REMOTE SENSING
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principal component analysis”
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6
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