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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. The Nature of Speaking

1. The Definition of Speaking

Speaking is one to declare or state our argument or opinion, and

feeling by using language. Hornby (1994: 398) says that speaking is

expressing ideas or feelings using language. To most people, mastering

the speaking is the single most important aspect of learning language.

Because the success of learning a language is measured in terms of

ability to carry out a conversation in language (Nunan, 1987: 63) one

can not be called he masters a language if he can not speak fluently by

using language.

According to Lado (1961:240) speaking can be described as the

ability to express something in a particular situation, or the ability to

report act or situation in precise words or the ability to converse or the

ability to express sequence of ideas fluently, so speaking is not saying

something only, but it has an intended aim and particular rule.

Speaking is one of the communication ways. It is also called as oral

communication. Language must be spoken. So if there is a language not

is spoken, it can not be called as a language; it is called gesture and

code. Communication can be done as least by two people, there are

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speaker and hearer. In communication, the speaker and the hearer must

understand each other. The hearer must listen and understand what

speaker says, then give a respond. It means that in communication there

must be a speaking and listening process.

2. The Components of Speaking

Speaking needs many components. It means we can speak if the

component are expressing. Vanderkeven (1990:8) says that there are

there speaking components, they are:

a. The Speaker

The Speakers mean the people who produce sound. They are

useful as the tool to express opinion or feeling to the hearer, so if

the there is no speaker, the opinion or the feeling won’t be stated.

b. The Hearers

The hearers mean the people who receiver get the speaker’s

will express their opinion by writing.

c. The Utterances

The Utterance means a word or a sentence, which is produced

by the speaker to state the opinion. If there is no utterance, both of

the speaker and the hearer will communicate by sign.

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3. The Purposes of Speaking

Vanderkeven (1990:22-23) states that there are some purpose of

speaking. Those are:

a. To inform(to declare)

It means that the speaker wants to inform feeling or opinion

to the hearer. In the case, the speaker just wants to tell about a

fact.

b. To Entertain

It means that the speaker wants to make the hearer feels

happier.

c. To Persuade

It means that the speaker tries to convince the hearer to do

something. According to Hornsby about the definition of

speaking that speaking is expressing ideas or feelings using

language, the writer concludes that speaking purpose is to

express of feeling by using language and producing sound.

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B. Speaking As a Language Skill

All of us know that language consist of four basic skill those are

listening, speaking, reading and writing. These four skills are a unity

although not all people can master one of them as good as they master the

other.

Each one of these skills that has close relationship with other in various

ways. In obtaining the language skill, we usually through a regular

sequence, first we learn how to listen a sound then how to speak this, after

that we learn how to read finally we learn how to write. We learn listening

and speaking before entering the school. Reading and writing is usually

learned after we enter the school. Basically these four language skill is a

unity (tarigan, 1987:1).

As a language skill, speaking also becomes a way for communication. As

a way of communication, speaking is very influenced in by our social life.

In this social life we exchanged ideas, opinion, feeling and willingness with

other by using symbols which is called word. It can not be denied that

speaking is an expression of idea and emphasized two way communication,

take and give. Take when we listen and give when we speak because the

aim of speaking is to communicate and expressing idea effectively and

sequentially.

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C. Media

1. The Definition of Media

The word media comes from Latin language in the plural form of

medium which means sender. Medoe is message from the sender to the

receiver. According to Brigg in Sadiman (1993:3) Media is physical unit

that can be used to send messages or knowledge from the sender to the

receiver that is able to motivate the students mind, feeling, attention and

willingness to learn and support teaching-learning activities.

From the definition we can draw conclusion that media is everything

that can be used to send or to transfer a message or a knowledge from

the sender to the receiver in order to support and to make easy for

students in understanding the knowledge which is being delivered by the

teacher.

2. The Importance of Using Media

Why should English teacher use instructional media in teaching

English as a foreign language? This question should be kept in mind by

English teacher who will be responsible for the effectiveness of their

teaching. The teacher should also understand the theoretical background

underlying the use of media in their teaching activities. Curzon

(1985:241) states that media in the classroom cam make the

communication between the teacher and the students effective and

efficient as follows:

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The object of using audio visual material in the classroom is the

communication of information incidentally to the total teaching process.
Selected and used skillfully the aids at the right time in the right place
in the right manner-audio visual aids (AVA) can multiply and widen the
channels of the communication between teacher and class.

The above quotation indicates that the significant use of media in the

form of AVA will widen the channel of communication. In other words,

if teachers do not use instructional media when they are needed or they

only speak to their students, the teachers are said to use only one channel

of communication namely verbal communication. Curzon says that the

use of AVA in a lesson is based on the consideration of communication

that is influenced by the teacher’s voice. Further, communication is the

best achieved through the medium of sound so it will be better if teacher

use medium voice not too loud or too weak.

De Porter (2003:137) says that instructional media is a very useful

means of giving students motivation and enthusiasm and excitement in

learning because they provide many kinds of interesting experience. It

means that the students will be highly motivated to learn more. What is

more the media can combine outside experience and school experience

which make learning more meaningful, while instructional media can be

very useful for students , they must pay much attention to the

improvement of students use. The media will be effective in providing

students with useful experience and good stimuli if they are produced

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and utilized in accordance with the correct rules, techniques, and their

selection.

3. Media Selection

The selection of instructional media is a fundamental component of

the systematic approach to teaching and learning. The teacher has to

begin by considering use of objective of the lesson and then selects the

appropriate media which will be used. In order words, each time the

teacher select the media, the objectives should be used as a reference.

There are some factors which should be considered when selecting

media for teaching as follows:

a.Appropriateness

The media used should be appropriate or suitable to the

teaching objectives. For instance if the teacher wants the

students to be able to listen to recorded speech and comprehend

its contents, the teacher should use tape recorder and play the

cassette appropriate to the student’s level.

b. Availability

The second factor simply means whether the media

selected are available. If the media are not available the n the

teacher should consider using the alternatives media which is

available.

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c. Technical quality

Technical quality refers to the fact that when teacher select

the media it should have good quality. Clearly both visually or

audio is one of the good quality of media. For example, if the

teacher wants to show some pictures, they should consider

selecting pictures that can be seen by everybody in the class.

d. Cost

The fourth factor is cost. The teacher has to consider

whether the media which want to use, require expenditure

beyond teacher capacity and school budget. If the media cannot

be obtained, the teacher should look for using media that is

cheaper than previous one.

From the the explaination above there are some factors which should

be considered when selecting media for teaching , they are :

appropriateness, availability, technical quality and cost.

D. Stick Figures

According to the writer, stick figures is one of Instructional media

which is made by drawing some picture with two dimension in while or

black board by the teacher him or herself in order to make the explanation

clear.

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Stick figures is not only a figures with circle for the head and lines as

the body and legs that symbolize human being but also all the back ground

and it’s possible to draw another pictures on the board either on blackboard

or on the white board.

1. Stick Figures in Teaching Learning Activities.

In teaching learning activities, teacher should know and consider

that every student has their own learning style. Nichol (2002: 85) says

learning style can be divided into:

a. Visual learning style.

Students with visual learning style will easy to get information

by seeing. They need visual object: Pictures, skates, or real

objects are needed to make them understand about what is being

taught.

Maximizing the channels of communication will make the teaching

learning activities effective. There are some students who need to see,

some others consent on sound and the others need to practice. Teacher

can not only use oral presentation while there are some students with

visual and kinesthetic learning style on the same class. Stick figures is

one of the best and the cheapest alternative way in teaching learning

activities which can maximizing the channels of communication.

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2. The Advantages and Disadvantage of Using Stick Figures.

There are some advantages of using figure in teaching learning

process:

a. Easy to draw, almost all of teacher can do it. Stick figures do not

need skill in drawing because it is just a simple picture.

b. Stick figures use the teacher’s principal tool, black or whiteboard

and chalk or marker, which are widely available in almost all

classrooms in every school.

c. Do not need a lot of cost, just by drawing it on the board.

d. Flexible and spontaneous in use. Can be appropriated with the

teaching objectives.

There are some disadvantages of using stick figure in teaching

learning process:

a. Need time to draw stick figures, even though it is easy to draw but

there are still a few teachers who feel unable to draw. It may

cause much time to draw stick figures. To prevent this problem,

the teacher needs to can simplest picture.

b. Unclear object, since stick figure is a simple picture which is

drawn on the board, it can cause unclear object not like a photo or

real object. To anticipate it, the teacher should draw in big size

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with clear lines and detail in what will be discussed which won’t

make student confuse.

3. Stick figures in improving speaking skill.

In this thesis the writer tried to improve students speaking skill by

using stick figures. It is simple and cheaper to be used as teaching media.

According to Duncan in Sadiman (1986:20), says that on the other hand,

the simpler of the ware of media which is used, is the cost is cheaper, and

easier to get it, and the nature of the using is more specific and the range

target is limited.

So to improve students’ speaking skill, it can use the cheap

media. Stick figure is a kind of cheap media. It made easy for teacher to

get it. But the usage is more effective as the education and teaching

media, especially for improving English speaking skill of students’.

E. Basic Assumption.

If learners will be able to speak a foreign language, they must

practice and practice to use the language. Speaking English by using stick

figure as a media is an important skill of second language acquisition. If the

students want to succeed it, they have to involve in learning process, as for

as possible to get influences to their communication in English, and they

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will comfortable because they can learn English by seeing stick figures as

the media.

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