MA4410 Homework 2 (Due Jan 27)

Spring 2017 - Piret

1. Are the following functions analytic? Check using the Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) equations? If they are, write
down as analytic functions of z “ x ` iy.
(a) f px, yq “ y 3 ´ 3x2 y ` ipx3 ´ 3xy 2 ` 2q. upx, yq “ y 3 ´ 3x2 y and vpx, yq “ x3 ´ 3xy 2 ` 2.
ux px, yq “ ´6xy “ vy px, yq and uy px, yq “ 3y 2 ´ 3x2 “ ´vx px, yq. We find that f pzq “ iz ` 2i.
(b) f pzq “ z4z`1 . We can expand this function in terms of z: f pzq “ zp1´z 4 `z 8 ´z 12 `´...q, so this func-
tion is analytic. The brave ones can verify this with the C-R equations. Using Mathematica, we find
5 ´2x3 y 2 ´3xy 4 y´3x4 y´2x2 y 3 `y 5
that upx, yq “ p1`x4 ´4xy`2xx`x
2 y 2 `y 4 qp1`x4 `4xy`2x2 y 2 `y 4 q and vpx, yq “ p1`x4 ´4xy`2x2 y 2 `y 4 qp1`x4 `4xy`2x2 y 2 `y 4 q

and that the C-R equations are satisfied.

(c) f px, yq “ ex´iy . Before doing any further analysis, we see that f px, yq “ ex´iy “ ez̄ cannot be
analytic, since we cannot expand it in function of z but in terms of z̄. upx, yq “ ex cospyq and
vpx, yq “ ´ex sinpyq. ux “ ´vy and uy “ vx , thus the C-R equations are NOT satisfied.
1
(d) f pzq “ e1{pz´1q Again, we can expand this function in terms of z since ez is expandable and z´1 “
2 3
´1 ´ z ´ z ´ z ´ .... So this ´ function is
¯ also analytic. We can verify this
´ with the¯C-R equa-
´1`x ´1`x
2 `y 2 y 2 `y 2 y
tions: upx, yq “ e p´1`xq cos p´1`xq2 `y2 and vpx, yq “ ´e p´1`xq sin p´1`xq2 `y2 . The C-R
equations are indeed satisfied.

2. Let f px, yq “ upx, yq ` ivpx, yq be an analytic function, where upx, yq is given below. Find vpx, yq, the
harmonic conjugate of upx, yq, and express the function in terms of z.
y ´2xy x2 ´y 2 ´2xy
(a) upx, yq “ x2 `y 2
. We find that ux “ px2 `y 2 q2
and uy “ px2 `y 2 q2
. Thus vy “ px2 `y 2 q2
and vx “
x2 ´y 2 x
´ px2 `y2 q2 . We integrate by substitution w.r.t. x and y and have vpx, yq “ x2 `y 2
` C. Therefore,
y x ipx´iyq i i
x2 `y 2
` i x2 `y 2 ` iC “ px`iyqpx´iyq
` iC “ px`iyq
` iC “ z
` iC.
(b) upx, yq “ cos x cosh y. So ux px, yq “ ´ sin x cosh y “ vy px, yq and uy px, yq “ cos x sinh y “
´vx px, yq. So, v “ ´ sin x sinh y ` C. Thus, cos x cosh y ´ i sin x sinh y ` iC “ cospx ` iyq ` iC “
cospzq ` iC

3. Express the Cauchy-Riemann equations in terms of polar coordinates. One can approach this problem in
many different ways. For example, one can start from the C-R equations in cartesian coordinates and map
them into polar coordinates. Another approach is to obtain the C-R equations by imposing that the derivative
value be the same from any direction, in polar coordinates. This is the approach adopted here.
 f pz`∆zq´f pzq upr`h,θq´upr,θq
• r direction: f 1 pzq “ lim∆zÑ0 ∆z
“ limhÑ0 heiθ
`i limhÑ0 vpr`h,θq´vpr,θq
heiθ
“ 1
eiθ
pur `
ivr q
• θ direction: f 1 pzq “ lim∆zÑ0 f pz`∆zq´f
∆z
pzq
. Let’s consider ∆z “ reipθ`h ´ reiθ “ reiθ peih ´ 1q “
2 3 4 2 3
reiθ pih ´ h2 ´ i h3! ` h4! ` ...q “ reiθ hpi ´ h2 ´ i h3! ` h4! ` ...q Thus, f 1 pzq “ lim∆zÑ0 f pz`∆zq´f
∆z
pzq
“
upr,θ`hq´upr,θq vpr,θ`hq´vpr,θq 1 1
limhÑ0 iθ h h2 h3 ` i limhÑ0 iθ h h2 h3
“ rieiθ puθ ` ivθ q “ reiθ pvθ ´ iuθ q
hre pi´ 2 ´i 3!
` 4!
`...q re hpi´ 2 ´i 3!
` 4!
`...q

Thus, ur “ 1r vθ and vr “ ´ 1r uθ

4. Let gpzq be some analytic function. Determine if f pzq “ gpz̄q is analytic. Let gpx, yq “ upx, yq ` ivpx, yq.
Since gpzq is analytic, then the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold. ux “ vy and uy “ ´vx . Now, let’s
consider f pzq “ gpz̄q “ upx, ´yq ´ ivpx, ´yq “ ũpx, yq ` iṽpx, yq. Let’s check whether ũx “ ṽy and ũy “
´ṽx . Note that ũpx, yq “ upx, ´yq and ṽpx, yq “ ´vpx, ´yq. Then, ũx “ ux px, ´yq “ vy px, ´yq “ ṽy and
ũy “ ´uy px, ´yq “ vx px, ´yq “ ´ṽx . Therefore, f pzq is indeed analytic.

5. Use the Mathematica or Matlab code given in the handout ”Some elementary functions generalized to
complex arguments by the Taylor expansion”, to plot the real part, imaginary part and magnitude of the
following functions:

(a) f pzq “ ez Features: (1) The real part is ex cos y. It exhibits cos y on the imaginary axis, an exponential
growth as x gets larger. We recover f pxq “ ex along the real axis. (2) The imaginary part is ex sin y.
Along the real axis, we need the function to go through 0. We see sin y along the imaginary axis
and again an exponential growth of the magnitude as x gets larger (in only 1 direction). (3) The
magnitude: Exponential growth as x gets larger, no change in magnitude in the y direction, because in
that direction because the magnitude of eiy is always 1 (since y is real).
a
(b) f pzq “ log z Features: (1) The real part is the log x2 ` y 2 so is radially symmetric and shoots down
to ´8 as z Ñ 0 from all directions. (2) The imaginary part is the argpzq. argpzq is the angle between
the real axis and the line joining the origin to z. We see a huge jump starting at the origin, either on
the negative real axis (if θ P r´π, πq) or on the positive real axis (if θ P r0, 2πq). Note that the jump
(branch cut) can be found at other places depending on how one defines θ.
(c) f pzq “ z 6 Features: (1) The real part should exhibit x6 along the real axis and a 6-fold symmetry with
small magnitudes at the origin. (2) The imaginary part should show exactly 0 value on the real axis
with again the 6-fold symmetry and small magnitudes around 0. (3) The magnitude should show be
zero at the origin. All the values should be non-negative.
(d) f pzq “ 1{z Features: (1) The real part should exhibit 1{x along the real axis with large values near
the origin. (2) The imaginary part should take the value 0 along the entire real axis, even through the
 origin, despite the pole! (3) The magnitude should show a chimney-like burst at the origin. All the
values should be non-negative.
(e) f pzq “ arctan z. This function is a bit more difficult to analyse. Let w “ arctan z. Then z “
iw ´iw ei2w ´1
tan w. z “ ´i eeiw ´e ´iw “ ´i ei2w `1 . Then zpe
i2w
` 1q “ ´ipei2w ´ 1q. Then, ei2w “ ˇ´z`i . So
1
` ´z`i
˘ `e
1
` ˇ ´z`i
ˇ ´z`i
˘ 1
` ´z`i
ˇ ´z`i
˘z`i
w “ 2i log z`i . Therefore, w “ 2i log ˇ z`i ˇ ` i arg z`i “ 2 arg z`i ´ i log ˇ z`i ˇ . So the
real part is 21 arg ´z`i
z`i
. We can let z “ i ` R1 eiθ1 , so ´z ` i “ ´R1 eiθ1 “ R1 eipθ1 `πq , where R1 is
the length between z and i, and where θ1 is the angle centered at i. Similarly, let z “ ´i ` R2 eiθ2 ,
so z ` i “ R2 eiθ2 , where R2 is the length between z and ´i, and where θ2 is the angle centered at
´i. So the argument of ´z`i z`i
is θ1 ` π ´ θ2 . Now, say that θ1 , θ2 P r´π, πq. Now, take a point far
` ˘
along the positive real axis. Then θ1 “ θ2 “ 0. So at that point, 21 arg ´z`i z`i
“ 12 p0 ` π ´ 0q “
π{2. `Similarly,
˘ 1if we take a point far long the negative real axis, θ1 “ θ2 “ ´π. So at that point,
1 ´z`i
2
arg z`i “ 2 p´π ` π ´ πq “ ´π{2. The imaginary part should show the function values of 0 on
ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ
the real axis. Further, we can show that ˇ ´z`i ˇ “ 1 ´ 2 4y 2 . So ˇ ´z`i ˇ goes to 1 as |x|, |y| get large
ˇ ˇ z`i x `p1`yq z`i
and so log ˇ ´z`i
z`i
ˇ, the imaginary part, should go to 0 as |x|, |y| get large.
iz ´iz ix´y ´ix`y
(f) f pzq “ tan z “ ´i eeiz ´e
`e´iz
. Let z “ x ` iy. So f pzq “ ´i eeix´y `e
´e
´ix`y (1) The real part should exhibit

tan x along the real axis and (2) the imaginary part should show the 0 function value along the real
ix´y ´ix`y
axis. From our definition of f pzq “ ´i eeix´y ´e `e´ix`y
, we see that the magnitude of the function only
significantly varies in y. As y gets large, f pzq converges to i. So, in the direction, the real part of the
function should tend to 0 and the imaginary part should tend to 1. As y Ñ ´8, the function tends
to ´i, so the real part should tend to 0 and the imaginary part should tend to ´1. (3) The magnitude
shows the chimney-like structure along the real part, at x “ kπ, for k P Z and it is 1 in the positive
and negative imaginary parts.