Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
EG FAMILY
AMILY EM FAMILY NTU FA
FAMILY
Embraco is a global company focused in innovation and one of the world's largest manufacturers
of hermetic compressors for refrigeration. With operations in 3 different continents and
8 business units, Embraco has an annual production of approximately 40 million units and
it is present in over 80 countries. The company offers solutions that stand out for their
innovation and low energy consumption such as the compressors with natural refrigerants.
REMEMBER TO CHOOSE EMBRACO AND R290 GAS FOR REFRIGERATION SOLUTIONS.
www.embraco.com
Publisher’s Letter
Publisher’s Letter
We Urgently Need Robust Cold Chains
he final report of one of the studies; titled ‘Assessment of Quantitative Harvest and Post-Harvest
T Losses of Major Crops and Commodities in India’ by ICAR – Central Institute of Post-Harvest
Engineering and Technology; was submitted on 31.03.2015. Accordingly, it was estimated that
annual value of harvest and post-harvest losses of major agricultural produces at national level was of
the order of Rs. 92,651 crore. The latest available annual figures on food loss are: fruits and vegetables
together – Rs. 60,000 crore; and cereals, meat, pulses and flowers together Rs. 2,50,000 crore.
What are we supposed to do immediately? I know the unanimously accepted answer is: we have
to improve our cold chain segment. The recent report of the pilot study initiated by Carrier is also
echoing the same thought, i.e., investment in the cold chain – specifically pre-cooling and transport
refrigeration equipment – can reduce food loss by 76% and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2E)
by 16%.
Kinnow is a high yield mandarin hybrid, which is avaialable in bulk quantity in and near Punjab. This
area stands as the world’s second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, however quite unfortunately,
it accounts for just 1.5% of global produce exports due to losses running as high as 20 - 50% of the
total production. Through their pilot study, Carrier tried to identify how modified cold chain technology
could improve supply of these fruits – to upgrade their end-point quality, to widen their reach and to
enhance profitability out of their sales in all seasons, including the off season.
Interestingly, the study has brought out positive values for all stakeholders along the supply chain
– growers, aggregators, transporters, distributors and retailers. It has also recctified the false notions
like: cold chain needs a complex set-up from farm to retail, it is dependent on other stakeholders to
invest along the supply chain and it needs a high cost of investment.
In 2016, India ranked 22 in the Global Hunger Index (GHI value: 28.5, where values beyond 20.0
indicate serious hunger…). We need to address this issue immediately. Twenty-five irradiation centres
are coming up in the country under the India-Russia collaboration programme – as low dosage of
radiation frees agro products from germs and insects, increasing their longevity and shelf-life. However,
there is a strong opposition from several quarters on distributing irradiated food items in the country.
Then, in order to ensure sustainability of the food supply system, why not to put additional impetus only
Subscribing on improving Cold Chains?
Cooling India is now a
Please send your comments at pravita@charypublications.in
click away
Just log
l on to
www.coolingindia.in
Pravita Iyer
Publisher & Director
Grameen Fridge 64
– Er Kapil K Samar, Surendra Rajoria
Mahesh Ramanujam
58
President and Chief Executive Officer, USGBC
“We intend to
introduce Wi-Fi
CPU controllers”
Roshan Sirohia
69
Director, Cruise Appliances
Articles
Water Vapor Driven Vapor Absorption Machine 78
– P Babu
Departments
4 Publisher’s Letter
6 Contents
10 Editorial
12 News
20 Appointments
22 Awards
113 Product Profile
116 Pre-event Report - Acrex 2017
117 Index to Advertisers
118 Cooling Museum
Out of many been undertaken by the refrigeration community, some are highly Subscription Department
significant owing to their multiple targets. To be a bit more Nafisa Khan
research and descriptive, let me cite here two instances.
sub@charypublications.in
development In 2016, the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Systems Center (NSSC) Accounts
Dattakumar Barge
has awarded S-RAM Dynamics a contract for $1 million to build
projects that have and test a mobile refrigeration system demonstration prototype
accounts@charypublications.in
been undertaken using the new S-RAM energy recovery compressor that utilises the Customer Care
Sonali Pugaonkar
natural refrigerant Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The target of the R&D
by the refrigeration project is reduction of the Army’s mobile refrigeration assets in
mktg@charypublications.in
community, some excess of 50%, decreasing fuel consumption for forward operating Cooling India is also available online on
www.coolingindia.in.
bases without using synthetic refrigerants. The mobile CO2
are highly demonstration refrigeration system will be installed on the army’s
For online enquiries contact:
dgmarketing@charypublicaitons.in
significant owing to Multi-Temperature Refrigerated Container System (MTRCS). Chary Publications Pvt Ltd
Obviously, success of this project will make a big impact in the field
their multiple
Editorial, Subscription & Advt. Office:
905-906, The Corporate Park,
of mobile refrigeration. Plot No. 14 & 15, Sector - 18,
targets… The vapour compression process of refrigeration consumes lot Opp. Sanpada Railway Station,
Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 703.
of power, but there are several materials that can produce cooling Tel.: (022) 2777 7170
when acted upon by magnetic, electric or mechanical forces.
` 100/- Per Copy
However, owing to their low efficiency and failure to be cost- ` 1000/- Annual Subscription
effective, those have not so far witnessed commercial exploitation Disclaimer: Chary Publications does not take
in mass scale. Last year, scientists and engineers of CaloriCool; a responsibility for claims made by advertisers
material research consortium led by the Ames Laboratory, Iowa relating to ownership, patents, and use of
trademarks, copyrights and such other rights. While
State University; have initiated a research programme targeting to all efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy
improve the energy-efficiency of refrigeration technology by 20 to of the information in this magazine, opinions
expressed and images are those of the authors,
30% within a decade through the use of caloric materials for and do not necessarily reflect the views/collection
cooling. of the owner, publisher, editor or the editorial team.
Chary Publications shall not be held responsible/
Obviously, at this point of time, we can expect that within the liable for any consequences; in the event, such
next decade several such initiatives will yield positive results, and claims are found - not to be true. All objections,
disputes, differences, claims and proceedings are
those will radically change the scenario in the refrigeration subject to Mumbai jurisdiction only.
segment. Printed by Pravita Iyer and Published by Pravita
iyer on behalf of Chary Publications Pvt Ltd.,
and Printed at Print Tech, C-18, Royal Ind. Est.,
Pl. send your views at miyer@charypublications.in Naigaum Cross Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400031
and Published at 906, The Corporate Park, Plot
14&15, Sector - 18, Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 703.
.
Editor: Mahadevan Iyer
Indian pharmaceutical plant Fisher Construction wins Built by the Best Award
gets LEED Gold rating isher Construction Group was chosen as the winner of this prestigious
T
he Indian Green Building Council
(IGBC) LEED-India has awarded its
prestigious gold level rating to
F named the winner of the International
Association for Cold Storage
Construction (IACSC) Built by the Best
award,” said Scott Guimond, Project
Manager, Fisher Construction Group. “The
project certainly had its challenges and we
Phase 2 of ACG's capsule manufacturing Award for their project with Lineage are happy we found the solutions needed
plant in Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh. Logistics and Titan Frozen to help Titan meet the
The award was presented to ACG Fruit. deadlines around a crucial
representatives at the IGBC Convention Lineage Logistics berry harvest time.”
recently held at Mumbai. ACG ACPL, contracted with Fisher With the capacity to
Phase 2, Pithampur implemented various Construction Group to build blast freeze one million
sustainable measures, such as a 216,777 sq ft LEED pounds of product per day,
infrastructure for rainwater harvesting, certified facility, which includes 151,000 the state-of-the-art facility will play a
usage of recyclable material during sq ft of cold storage and dock space, and major role in meeting the expanding food
construction, optimal usage of natural 65,000 sq ft dedicated to onsite food processing needs in the Santa Maria,
resources and installation of energy processing for Lineage’s tenant Titan California region.
efficient equipment or systems. The Frozen Fruit. Fisher developed solutions to One of the most unique factors of the
management employed methods for challenges during the construction of the project is the shared resources between
preventing soil erosion or carryover of soil LEED-certified facility, at times managing the third-party logistics company (Lineage
from site during construction. It also over 120 workers in 10 trades to allow Logistics) and the food processor (Titan
provided various amenities or facilities for Titan Frozen Fruit to start processing Frozen Fruit). The partnered facility gives
employees in and around the site like strawberries just seven months after Titan the benefit of a shared refrigeration
public transport, courier services, bank or ground breaking. system and having their refrigeration
ATM services, prayer areas and medical “I speak for the entire project team in needs managed by onsite refrigeration
assistance. saying that we are honoured to have been expert Lineage Logistics.
8PSMETMBSHFTU*&$
JOTUBMMBUJPOCBTFPGPWFS
NJMMJPO$'.
).9TQBUFOUFEJOEJSFDUEJSFDUFWBQPSBUJWFDPPMJOHQSPWJEFTOPUKVTU
FNQMPZFFDPNGPSU
CVUBMTPBIPTUPGFDPMPHJDBMFDPOPNJDCFOFGJUT
IUHVKDLU ([FHOOHQWLQGRRUDLUTXDOLW\
(QYLURQPHQWIULHQGO\ 'XVWIUHHHQYLURQPHQW
8SWROHVVPRLVWXUHDGGLWLRQFRPSDUHGWRFRQYHQWLRQDODLUZDVKHUV 8SWRHQHUJ\VDYLQJFRPSDUHGWRFRQYHQWLRQDODLUFRQGLWLRQHUV
&,180+37&
$7((17(535,6(635,9$7(/,0,7('
%XVLQHVV8QLW+0;
7
1RY
(FRPIRUW#KP[FRLQ
:ZZZDWHJURXSFRPKP[
news
Danfoss and the EurActiv discuss energy efficiency in Europe Star Renewable Energy to
anfoss motor systems. receive two awards
D and the
EurActiv
Institute hosted a
And, with the IEA
identifying that
4% of total S
tar Renewable Energy, part of
UK-based Star Refrigeration, has
been shortlisted to receive two ACR
high-level forum worldwide and Heat Pump Awards at a ceremony on
to discuss taking electricity is used 26 January 2017. The shortlisted heat
a more holistic in the water and pumps, based on ammonia, are used in
and system- wastewater district heating. The first heat pump to be
oriented approach sector, it’s clear formally recognised is the Neatpump Air
to energy efficiency. The European that the importance of finding cost- Source Heat Pump. The technology can
Commission recently presented its ‘winter effective solutions to meet global energy- heat water above 60 degree Celsius, and
package’ which included a revision of the efficiency targets has never been higher on paves the way to low carbon, affordable
Electricity Market Design legislation, the the agenda. For decades, Danfoss Drives heating and hot water for vulnerable
Renewable Energy Directive, the Energy has been at the forefront of developing AC households. Designed in partnership with
Performance of Buildings Directive and the drives that optimize the energy efficiency Glasgow Housing Association, this is the
Energy Efficiency Directive. And, in its of electric motor systems to reduce energy first community air source heat pump
freshly published ‘World Energy Outlook’ bills. Of the total energy reduction potential, installation in Great Britain to provide
report, the International Energy Agency 30% can be addressed by using AC drives renewable as a source of central heating
(IEA) identified the efficiency potential of to adapt the variable load. for residential high-rise buildings. Star is
electric motor systems and the capacity And, looking into an industry-specific shortlisted twice in the Heat Pump Product
for energy neutrality in the water sector. example, providing proven technologies category, next for its Water Source Heat
According to the IEA, electric motor can create an energy-neutral water cycle, Pump which is being used to supply heat
systems consume more than 50% of the significantly reduce the electricity bill of and hot water to one of the largest town’s
global electricity consumption; almost municipalities, and help to establish smart district heating schemes in the country.
30% of that is consumed by industrial energy systems.
Mitsubishi Electric Hydronics Cold Chain Market explores new opportunities by 2020
& IT Cooling Systems S.p.A. old chain involves proper logistic
comes to life
limaveneta S.p.A., RC Group C planning of temperature sensitive
products through thermal and
Linde & Praxair announce intention to merge Daikin acquires air filter
inde AG and Praxair announced that development and delivery of more manufacturer Dinair
T
he US arm of Korean manufacturer
LG has recalled over 500,000
portable air conditioning units after
A report, “UAE Air Conditioners
Market By Product Type, By End
Use Sector, Competition Forecast &
climate conditions, integration of latest
technologies and high energy efficiency.
Moreover, residential sector is the largest
reports of fire. Opportunities, 2011 - 2021”, air demand generator for air conditioners in
The recall conditioners market in the UAE is forecast the UAE due to increasing population base
i n v o l v e s to grow at a CAGR of over 9% during and rising number of household units.
4 6 6 , 0 0 0 2016-2021, on account of implementation Various measures are being adopted by
models sold in of government initiatives to improve the the government to diversify into non-oil
the USA and country’s infrastructure, due to upcoming sectors by 2030 and increase investments
36,000 sold in events such as World Expo 2020, Dubai in transportation, manufacturing, retail,
C a n a d a Plan 2021 and Abu Dhabi Vision 2030. hospitality and real estate sectors.
between February 2011 and August 2016. These developments are anticipated to Consequently, these initiatives are
LG Electronics USA is said to have received drive infrastructural developments such as anticipated to boost construction of private
four reports of fires that have caused expansion of shopping malls, hotels and and public infrastructure and drive sales of
$380,000 in property damage. No injuries tourist sites, construction of residential air conditioners in the country in the
have been reported. The models involved spaces, stadiums, etc. coming years.
are 7,000 and 8,000 BTU models with New residential and commercial Abu Dhabi and Dubai are major cities
model numbers LP0711WNR, infrastructural development is expected to that have witnessed growth in number of
LP0813WNR, and LP0814WNR. steer demand for air conditioners in the houses and gross leasable office area and
Consumers have been advised to stop UAE. this trend is anticipated to grow during the
using the recalled portable air conditioners UAE air conditioners market is forecast period. Dubai, the most populous
and contact LG to schedule a free repair at dominated by split air conditioners due to city in the UAE and comprises 50% of the
an authorised service centre. various features such as less operating total construction activities.
Our tools equipped with IGM will help you identify the
precise location of a problem that’s behind a wall, under
Images used for illustrative purposes only.
the floorboards, in a ceiling, …
They are designed to save you time and keep you working
and not guessing where to look. They can also ensure that
you’re safe from potentially dangerous situations.
Visit www.flir.in/IGM
for more information
For demo & more info call us on: +91-11-4560 3555 or write to us at flirindia@flir.com.hk
FLIR Systems India Pvt. Ltd.
1111, D Mall, Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura, New Delhi – 110034
Fax: +91-11-4721 2006 | Website: www.flir.in
news
Modine offers latest in classroom HVAC noise reduction Alfa Laval wins SEK 150 mn
odine Manufacturing Company, ventilation systems, leading to fewer order in Middle East
Blueprint for Ecoliving Industry seeks support from Government at ICA in Mumbai
GoodEarth Malhar is an eco-village nternational Copper worldwide’. ICA India
located at Kengeri, Bangalore. The project
has been developed in phases and will
have a total of 500 homes once finished. It
I Association India
(ICA India) in
association with
contributes mainly
through its catalytic
role, accelerating
is being built in smaller communities of Hindalco Industries Ltd changes and
60-90 homes. There are already two and Vedanta Ltd transforming the long-
communities that are completed and about organised the prestigious India Copper term markets for Copper in a sustainable
60 families have made Malhar their home. Forum recently in Mumbai. The event way through its major initiatives such as
The campus is built being sensitive brought together experts and thought electrical safety and energy efficiency. ICA
towards the environment. Materials & leaders from the copper fraternity on one India’s activities focus on helping end
techniques which make the spaces more platform for deliberations on opportunities, users to better understand and appreciate
comfortable and impact the environment challenges and future of the country with the positive attributes of copper.
less have been used. Natural resources copper. Since 2000, India’s domestic copper
are conserved and the design works to The International Copper Association usage has registered a very healthy growth
reduce energy consumption. Rainwater is India (ICA India) is a member of Copper rate which is in-line with the robust GDP
harvested and ground water recharged. Alliance and the Indian arm of the growth witnessed by India during the
The sewage is recycled and the water International Copper Association, the same period. As per ICA India’s estimates,
used for flushing and gardening. As the leading not-for-profit organization for the the copper usage in India grew at CAGR of
communities take shape, it motivates us to promotion of copper worldwide. ICA India 5.3% from 2006 to 2015 to reach 1.2
see resident initiatives towards cultural is driven by the same objective as that of million tonnes in 2015. However, India’s
activities and garbage management, its parent organization, which is to ‘defend per capita copper usage is around 0.8 kg
sports activities like cricket clubs arising and grow markets for copper based on its whereas the world average is 3.7 kgs,
spontaneously and not promoted by the superior technical performance and its indicates clearly that there is a huge
builder but by the community. contribution to a higher quality of life potential for growth.
A Path to
Inclusive Growth
ations across the globe recognize
Energy is a strategic input for any economy,
particularly, so for India (Oil & Gas contributes 34 %
of primary energy consumption in India. Petroleum
N that energy security is critical to
fuel their economic and
developmental engines. However, with the
fast pace of industrial development, the
imports constitute 70% of Petroleum products is world is facing a significant threat to the
readily depleting non-renewable energy
imported to meet the domestic demand… resources. This model of development
poses a question on our ability to sustain
the pace of our growth and compels us to Green Life-Style….Quality Of could be leveraged from making smart
explore newer ways of development. green choices. They are unaware of how
Rate Matter -- Not Just The
There are many pressing reasons why they can contribute simply by making
Industry needs to embrace energy
Rate! small changes- both behavioral and
With changing socio-economic fabric technological, in their own homes. It is a
efficiency, some of them are
of India, people have higher aspirations, collaborative approach amongst all the
• Global warming
than they have ever had before. With all the stakeholders of the project.
• Reducing operating cost
envisaged growth, it must be noted that, Design commences from architectural
• Compliance with statutory legislations
no development process can afford to design of the building, simulating (energy /
• Market demand
neglect the environmental consequences lighting simulation) the performance of the
'The GDP... A Dangerous Smokescreen’
of economic activity. This would mean use building systems, selection of hi-energy
Energy is a strategic input for any
of far more energy efficient technologies, efficient equipment (motors, pumps,
economy, particularly, so for India (Oil &
pursue development which is ‘inclusive & chillers etc), robust monitoring system by
Gas contributes 34 % of primary energy sustainable’.
consumption in India. Petroleum imports installation of measuring devices like
constitute 70% of petroleum products is Way Forward energy meters, BTU meters etc.
imported to meet the domestic demand. Three pronged approach towards All the above aspects should be
Imagine a world where human well- achieving energy efficiency: critically evaluated during the design stage.
being, social equity and protection of our • Design Efficiency: Selection of the Hi-Performance Building Envelope will
best possible technology and most address the heat gain in the building which
natural capital (environment) are the
efficient system will be result in down-sizing of systems,
considerations for making business
• Construction Efficiency: Integration reduction in contract demand with
decisions. Sounds too utopian? Not if you
and commissioning of system electricity board, which will result in
go by what some of today's environmental
• Operations Efficiency: considerable reduction in operational cost.
think-tanks call the 'Green Economy'.
– Best Management Practices (O&M) Hence, a holistic approach towards
Environmental circles are buzzing with the
– Measure, Monitor & Analysis of investment will result in addressing the
term, much bandied sustainability. But
Energy End use. overall cost of the project.
what exactly does it mean? To understand
it, we need to first look at India's economic Attitude which governs the behaviour Construction Efficiency
terms. and ultimately forms a culture is one of Seldom one comes across poor design
India's wealth as measured by gross critical aspect which cuts across all the of the systems; the challenge is execution
domestic product (GDP) per capita which above three approaches. and implementation of the design.
has been hovering @ 7%. Focus on GDP One often reads about how cities in Construction stage is one of the most
other parts of the world have successfully critical one to convert and realize best of
alone is myopic and flawed. Considering
embraced greener lifestyles and the design. Project management by way of
Natural Manufactured Capital the figure
technologies. Along with attractive proper, timely communication and
will be very disappointing.
incentives and returns on investment, a coordination at various stages amongst
The prevailing economic growth model
critical prime mover in these countries has the stakeholders is of great essence.
is increasing the GDP above all other
been the change in people’s attitudes. Systems installed should be tested and
goals. While this system has improved
Attitudinal challenge lies in the commissioned to validate its site performance
incomes and reduced poverty, it comes
conventional way that people perceive with respect to design assumptions.
with significant and potentially irreversible
resources. In our society, being in
social, environmental and economic costs,
possession of excess and flaunting it, has Operations Efficiency
for as many as two and a half billion
always been construed as a mark of Best Management Practices (O&M)
people, and the natural wealth of the planet prosperity. The first step in dealing with
is rapidly being drawn. • Identification of areas for improvement
these mindsets is aggressively creating and selection of appropriate
According to a new ‘Inclusive Wealth awareness about resource conservation.
Indicator’ designed to augment measure technological intervention for
A lack of information breeds ignorance improving the efficiency eg. Heat
of economic progress, India's natural and fallacious assumptions which leads
capital or the sum of a country's assets recovery is very beneficial in process
people to make poor decisions. where in one can offset the heating
from forests to fossil minerals, declined by
Design Efficiency requirement. Key lies in implementation
as much as 31%.
People often fail to look beyond the of the strategy as this is not off the self
It is essential to adopt sustainable
initial costs until they are shown hard solution. Some of the technological
business practice which will lead towards
hitting figures of the kind of payback that interventions worth reviewing Solar
inclusive growth.
Thermal heating for residential of the Day' (RTOD) data recording, – Time of the Day usage pattern, gap
projects, Solar PV, Heat Pump (Heating correlate the data with some of the critical analysis between supply and
& Cooling), etc. events in the building’s systems. demand, efficiency evaluation of
• Capacity Building: Skill development, It is high time that facility staff do away each equipment in the system are
training programs for budding with manual data logging system which is very critical for energy management.
architects or engineers with case study prevalent in most of the projects. Very few – Energy metrics like Energy
will go a long way in inculcating a (on conservative estimate not more than Performance Index (EPI) or Energy
culture of sustainable design. Facility 20%) projects have been successful in Usage Intensity (EUI) has to be
and project management team have integration of entire systems with BMS to worked out.
initiated such programs at their end to gather the data for analytical use. Normal • Data Acquisition, Analytical
sensitize and bring awareness towards practice is to log the data manually, in Interpretation and Forecasting
best management practice. isolation (energy / water / chiller / boiler). – Analyzing the energy data and
There is a big question mark on the time of co-relating the same with
Measure, Monitor & Analysis the day accuracy. Data recording should schedules and load is of great
Of Energy End Use be at same time every day. essence. Many a time it is observed
What is not measured is not Manual data logged is converted into a that analysis of data is done in
accounted for..? spreadsheet — The data “rests in peace” isolation not considering other
It is proven that energy metering and over there for most of the projects. operational factors.
monitoring at macro level and micro level Modern Buildings have Complex – One of the significant merits of
catalyses the energy accounting process. Electro-Mechanical Systems. A systematic having metered data over long
With goal of ‘Measure to Save’, over 5% approach helps: periods of time is in enabling
energy cost saving is often pegged to • Devising Formats prediction of energy consumption
granular metering. – Devising of Formats to record the with improved accuracy
Successful metering strategy requires data which can be easily • Calibration of meters
more than installing the meters and getting interpreted, co-related and – Once a year calibration of all
data from it. One of the significant merits analyzed is of great essence. metering device is very much
of having metered data over long period of • Benchmarking essential to ascertain and maintain
time is in enabling prediction of energy – Defining of 'Base & Variable Load': the degree of accuracy of data.
consumption. Metered data through a Irrespective of change in operations
centralized Building Management or (schedule, internal load variation Existing Buildings
Energy Management system (BMS/EMS) over Time of day etc) a typical Existing Buildings offers great potential
is of great essence as it enables 'Real Time system experiences a base load. (@ 15-20%) for energy or water efficiency
Are We
Breathing Well?
outdoor air (albeit with different pollutants).
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is one of the most important Research has shown that indoor air in
areas of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), buildings can be two to five times—and
occasionally up to 100 times—more
particularly, in terms of the impact of a building on contaminated than outdoor air. In fact,
the health of occupants. IEQ encompasses more indoor air is often a greater health hazard
than the corresponding outdoor setting,
than air quality, including thermal comfort, visual although this has not changed the common
comfort and acoustical quality… understanding of air pollution.
Indoor air pollution consistently ranks
ost people spend as much as maintaining a superior Indoor Air Quality among the top five environmental risks to
exposed to poor indoor air quality. of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), individuals. Approximately 25% of the
The World Health Organization (WHO) particularly, in terms of the impact of a ailments associated with indoor air quality
estimates that 4.3 million people in 2012 building on the health of occupants. IEQ can be identified specifically and are
lost their lives due to indoor air encompasses more than air quality, attributed to BRI.
pollution. Estimates from the WHO and including thermal comfort, visual comfort Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
others suggest that between 30 and 150 and acoustical quality. SBS refers to a general set of
times more people are killed due to indoor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) deals with the symptoms that affect building occupants
air pollution than global warming. content of interior air that could affect during the time they spend in the building
Air tight buildings made for higher health and comfort of building occupants. and that diminish or go away during
energy efficiency - if not provided with It refers to the presence or absence of air periods when they leave the building. SBS
sufficient ventilation - lead to a common pollutants in buildings. There are many cannot be traced to specific pollutants or
problem viz buildup of carbon dioxide and different types of pollutants that can affect sources within the building, and it typically
various pollutants. This leads to “sick indoor air and they come from a wide is multi-factorial, or caused by a number
building syndrome,” the term introduced in range of sources. of factors combined with or worsened by
1980s to describe the increasingly According to the US Environmental inadequate ventilation. About 75% of
common maladies caused by improperly Protection Agency (EPA) and National building-related health cases are classified
designed and ventilated buildings. By Institute of Occupational Safety and Health as SBS. Common SBS symptoms include
1984, a WHO Committee reported that “up (NIOSH), the three key elements that headaches, nose, eye and throat irritation,
to 30% of new and remodeled buildings contribute to the quality of the air people a dry cough, dry skin irritation, dizziness
worldwide may be the subject of excessive breathe when they are inside include, or nausea, difficulty concentrating and
complaints related to indoor air quality.” • Introduction and distribution of fatigue.
Since that time, consciousness increased adequate ventilation air SBS and BRI are frequently confused
on this subject mainly in the developed • Control of airborne contaminants with each other. BRI usually entails a
countries and standards were introduced. • Maintenance of acceptable temperature specific diagnosis of a set of symptoms
and relative humidity caused by a specific environmental factor,
What is indoor air quality?
IAQ is one of the most important areas How does Indoor Air Pollution one that has developed into an illness that
persists whether that factor is present or
impact us? not. SBS refers to more general symptoms
Poor IAQ leads to a variety of health
of malaise or discomfort, which are
risks that have significant costs for the
temporary and limited to time spent in the
people affected directly as well as for their
building. Conversely, BRI is often
family members, employers and society at
associated with a longer recovery time
large. Despite the fact that IAQ can have an
than SBS symptoms.
immense impact on health and general
quality of life, it is generally an unregulated What are indoor air pollutants
field. and where do they come from?
The Environmental Protection Agency There are many potential sources that
notes that occupants may experience lead to poor indoor air pollution with the
adverse health effects from indoor air most common being mold, radon, second
pollutants soon after exposure – or years hand tobacco smoke, smoke from burning
later. Health conditions associated with wood, gas furnaces and various allergens.
poor IAQ can be categorized as either Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs),
building related illness (BRI) or sick formaldehyde, pesticides, lead and
building syndrome (SBS). asbestos are also common sources of air
Building Related Illness (BRI) pollution. Some of these items are naturally
As defined by the World Trade Center occurring, some are man-made and some
Resource Guide, BRI includes specific, depend on chemical reactions to occur
identified maladies attributed to an under the right conditions.
identified material, product or system in a Particulate matter is the prime villain.
home or building. Examples include The most lethal are the smallest particles
Legionnaire’s Disease, hypersensitivity (also known as PM2.5, for particulate
pneumonitis, humidifier fever and asthma- matter smaller than 2.5 microns in
like symptoms in non-asthmatic diameter, about one-third the diameter of a
Table below outlines the common indoor pollutants and their sources
Contaminant Description Common sources
Biological Biological contaminants are a natural and unavoidable Common sources may include,
Contaminants part of the world. They are so small, so numerous and • people,
so adaptable that they cannot be eliminated from most • animals,
indoor environments. However, the built environment • water,
can be made less hospitable to them by source control • soil,
of mold and moisture. • plumbing leaks,
• water damaged buildings
• standing water in HVAC system,
• plant debris
Combustion Combustion—in heating, cooking, smoking, • unvented or malfunctioning gas appliances,
Products transportation and power generation—is intrinsic to the • tobacco smoke,
activity of people and buildings. Unfortunately, • fireplaces,
combustion also releases numerous compounds that • furnaces,
can potentially contaminate indoor air. • automobile exhaust from attached garages etc.
ICAR study has estimated that comprises of Temperature Controlled expenses of cold storage in India as
annual value of harvest and post- Vehicles. compared to 10% in the developed
interview
harvest losses of major Given the fact that around 70% of the countries. Uninterrupted power supply is a
warehousing capacity is taken up by one basic pre-requisite for cold storages. This
agricultural produces at national
product i.e. potatoes, the balance 25% is is not always available everywhere and
level was of the order of Rs. therefore, cold storage operators have to
not adequate for the other commodities
92,651 crore calculated using that need cold storage and cold transport rely on power backups. This results in
production data of 2012-13 at facilities. escalation of capital cost.
2014 wholesale prices. Looking at There is a severe shortage of cold chain What is current market scenario
this scenario, where is Indian cold warehousing capacity as only 25% of the
of India?
chain industry lacking? Do you capacity is available for fruits, vegetables,
Inspite of growing demand, warehousing
think that Indian cold chain processed foods and pharmaceuticals,
continues to see little investment. Current
infrastructure is upto the mark to whereas 75% of the capacity is dedicated
spending on organized warehousing in
arrest these losses? to potatoes.
India constitutes nine percent of total
India is among the world leaders in Standardisation of cold chain infrastructure,
logistics spending, as against 25 percent
horticulture. Even though production of logistics, handling and operations is still at
in the US and the developed world.
fruits, vegetables, milk, poultry, fish and a nascent stage. Technical standards
Logistics costs account for around 6-10
meat is on the rise, prices have always followed in India are mostly unsuitable for
percent of average retail prices in India as
been ruling high. One reason for this is the Indian conditions, which results in lower
against the global average of 4-5 percent.
inadequate and at times absence of proper performance of standard refrigerated
Therefore, there is a clear scope to improve
supply chain management - logistics systems.
margins by 3-5 percent by improving the
infrastructure, cold chain in particular, and Lack of proper training: Low awareness of
efficiency of the supply chain and logistics
warehousing and storage facilities. The labour in handling temperature-sensitive
processes. Developing an integrated
farm to fork concept, which needs an products: Most workers handling such
supply chain, including cold chain can
integrated and holistic system in place is products are not properly trained in
save up to Rs 300 billion annually and at
still very much on paper only. handling temperature-sensitive products
the same time reduce the wastage of
The cold chain sector is an approximately resulting in deterioration of product quality
perishable horticulture products.
USD 3.5 billion industry. Around 90% of before reaching the consumer.
market is controlled by the Temperature High fuel cost and power cuts: Fuel costs What are the regulatory initiatives
Controlled Warehouses. The balance 10% in India constitute around 30% of operating takes by the government to
interview
companies can consolidate stock at store
unsuitable for Indian conditions, which results in
their warehouses. Demand variation • Space and energy saving solutions
at a particular warehouse can also lower performance of standard refrigerated systems. in cold storage.
be reduced. This in turn improves
What government measures
demand planning and improved inventory Other factors – seasonality of demand,
management. Under the GST regime, single product focus
would you expect for the growth
instead of maintaining smaller warehouses High cost of borrowing has led to of the sector?
in each and every state, the companies squeezing of the net profit margin. India needs a more effective, efficient and
can go in for bigger warehouses at a few High Energy Costs: Energy expenses alone well-thought-out cold storage
select places and can follow hub and make up about 30 percent of the total infrastructure. Special focus and emphasis
spoke model for freight movement from expenses for the cold storage industry in needs to be laid on development of reefer
warehouses to manufacturing plants, India compared to 10 percent in the West. infrastructure in view of India’s exports
distributors and retailers. Therefore, this is These factors pose as a high entry barriers thrust and potential.
a big opportunity for 3PL service providers to potential players in the business. Energy-efficient practices like energy
and logistics providers who can manage Rising Real Estate Costs: With the rising recovery systems, energy-efficient
these longer routes and effect deliveries real estate price, the cost of setting up a designs of refrigeration equipment and
efficiently. automation are some of the innovative
cold storage units is also rising. It
The economies of scale achieved through constitutes approximately 10-12 percent features. Efforts need to be made in order
this consolidation will reduce variable of the project cost. Being a capital- to introduce the concept of green
costs, enable automation and improve intensive project, it requires heavy technology, as also the use of renewable
operational efficiency. Connectivity of investment in fixed assets like plant and energy for the cold chain sector
these warehouses to consumption centres machinery, building, insulation and panels Financial institutions should play a major
will improve with the development of role to encourage the investment in cold
What is your outlook for the sector chain industry in terms of term loan
multi-modal transportation systems.
in 2017-18? sanctioning, nominal interest rates and
What are the major gaps that
Besides optimising the production and disbursement. This will boost investment.
need to be fulfilled and the distribution of goods and services, the State government must make a step
infrastructural developments that GST Bill will also help speed up cargo towards subsidising the electrical tariffs,
the cold storage facilities in India movement. The stoppage expense encouraging use of renewable energies.
The Government has got a study done on ‘Assessment of Quantitative Harvest and Post-Harvest Losses of Major Crops and
Commodities in India’ by ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana. The study was
commissioned in 2012 and the final report submitted on 31.03.2015. The study has estimated that annual value of harvest and post-
harvest losses of major agricultural produces at national level was of the order of Rs 92,651 crore calculated using production data of
2012-13 at 2014 wholesale prices. The percentage of post-harvest losses as assessed by the study areas under:
Crops Cumulative wastage (%)
Cereals 4.65 – 5.99
Pulses 6.36 – 8.41
Oil Seeds 3.08 – 9.96
Fruits & Vegetables 4.58 – 15.88
Milk 0.92
Fisheries (Inland) 5.23
Fisheries (Marine) 10.52
Meat 2.71
Poultry 6.74
Capacity Range :
17.9 KW to 108 KW
1.7 TR to 35 TR
@ 7 deg C TD
“S” Series
es : Stainless Steel Coils
with Stainless Steel Fins
Evaporative Condensers
Capacity Range :
84 m3/hr. to 550 m 3/hr
@ -5 Deg C SST & 40 Deg C CST.
2950 RPM
Capacity Range :
36 TR to 455 TR
@ 28 deg C Wet Bulb Temp.
BRANCHES :
Frick India Ltd. ( AN ISO 9001:2008 COMPANY ) Ahmedabad:
Bangalore :
gujarat@frickmail.com
bng@frickmail.com ISO 9001
809, “SuryaKiran”, 19 K. G. Marg, New Delhi-110 001 Chennai : chennai@frickmail.com
Ph: 23322381/84/91 Fax: 011-23322396 email: delhi@frick.co.in Cochin : cochin@frickmail.com
Jalandhar : jalandhar@frickmail.com
Factory : 21.5 Km., Main Mathura Road, Faridabad - 03 Kolkata : kolkata@frickmail.com
Ph: 2275691-94 Fax: 0129-2275695. email: fbd@frick.co.in Mumbai : mumbai@frickmail.com
Patna : patna@frickmail.com
Hyderabad : hyd@frickmail.com Since 1962
www.frickweb.com Vizag : vizag@frickmail.com
You Still can’t beat the System when it’s all FRICK INDIA
cold storage
Improving
Energy Efficiency
continuously throughout the refrigerated
Moisture loss from fresh produce causes it to storage room to keep it at uniform
shrivel or wrinkle and lose quality. Therefore, temperature. To maintain high quality and
product consistency, temperature swings
proper measures must be taken during cold of more than 1°C above or below the
storage to minimize moisture loss which also desired temperature in storage room must
be avoided. Waxing reduces moisture loss
represents a direct loss of saleable amount... and thus slows down shriveling and
maintains crispiness in some products
such as cucumbers, mature green
efrigeration of perishable food soggy breakdown and failure to ripen. The
R
transfer
products is an important and
fascinating application area of heat
and thermodynamics.
severeness of chilling injury depends upon
both the temperature and length of storage
at that temperature. Moisture loss from
tomatoes, peppers and turnips. But a wax
coating that is too thick may actually
increase decay especially when no
fungicide is used. Sprouting of onions,
Refrigeration slows down the chemical fresh produce causes it to shrivel or
potatoes and carrots becomes a problem
and biological processes in food and wrinkle and lose quality. Therefore, proper
in a storage that are not adequately
accompanying deterioration and loss of measures must be taken during cold
refrigerated. The problem can be controlled
quality. The optimum storage temperature storage to minimize moisture loss which
by using sprout inhibitors. Heat treatment
of most fruits and vegetables is about 1°C also represent a direct loss of salable
or radiations can be used to control decay
to 4°C. But this is not the case with some amount. Moisture loss can be minimized
and kill insects and micro-organism on or
fruits and vegetables like bananas, by (a) keeping the storage temperature as
near the fruit surfaces.
cucumbers (summer season produce) low as possible. (b) Keeping relative
that experience undesirable physiological humidity of storage room as high as
changes when exposed to low temperature possible and (c) avoiding high air
usually between 0 - 10°C. The resulting velocities. However, air must be circulated
tissue damage is called the chilling injury
and is characterized by internal
discoloration, soft scald, skin blemishes,
An European Product
Web: www.gapsenco.com
cold storage
How do you envisage the growth of Cold Storage for preserving products? Gubba Cold Infrastructure is an outcome
Indian cold storage industry? Gubba Cold Storage preserves perishables of 30 years of expertise in cold storage
It is good news for the industry. The in a controlled environment maintaining construction and operations. We provide
government’s this initiative will help to temperatures from -20 degrees centigrade cold storage consulting services and
cover four corners of the country for to +25 degrees centigrade and moisture turnkey projects in the field of cold
serving the farming community. Really from 10% to 50%. The perishables include storages.
speaking, it’s an encouragement to the seeds, vegetables, flowers, fruits, What are the precautions taken by
industry. pharmaceuticals, frozen food, processed the company for storage of pharma
What are the bottlenecks in the food, meat, dairy etc. products, seeds, horticulture
Indian cold chain infrastructure as Gubba Germplasm Bank is a unique products etc? Do you have any
compared to the global cold chain project which preserves valuable genetic expansion plans?
industry? material of seeds to be made available for We are planning for a cold storage
We lack effective cold chain. As a result, future generations. The germplasm of the exclusively for pharma industry. This will
products cannot be preserved in desired seed is stored at -20 degrees centigrade be certified for the usage of the pharma
condition till reaching to the right consumer. and can be preserved up to 50 years. industry.
Even after development in the industry, it What technological innovations have
has become a dire necessity to add a lot of been incorporated to make the What steps do you expect from the
cold storages and cold chain vehicles. services energy and cost efficient? government in terms of policy or
What kind of role National Centre for We have used waste heat of condenser for financial aid for the industry in order
Cold Chain Development, National regeneration of dessicant in dehumidifier, to bring it back on growth trajectory?
Horticulture Board has been playing thus, saving at least 20 KWH per cold Power plays a major role in the cold
for the industry for helping storage. Gubba Cold Storage will be first storage industry and cold storage has
entrepreneurs in investing in the cold cold storage having data loggers which been declared as a priority sector.
chain industry? are 21CFR certified. We have automated Considering this, the government can
Though NHB is supporting by giving three cold storages. charge electrical tariff as equivalent to that
subsidies, the challenge lies in releasing Do you offer tailored Engineered of agriculture. It will really make a huge
funds in need of the hour. Project Consulting for the industry? difference. It will help the industry to grow
What are services offered by Gubba If ‘yes’, please elaborate. in a big way.
ALREADY READY
WHENEVER YOU’RE READY
Hermetically Sealed
Refrigeration Systems
-40 degrees C, R134a (HFC) starts to go
Hermetic basically means fully sealed or air tight. into vacuum at below -25.6 degrees C. R
Conventionally, the compressor, receiver, filter 410a (Blended HFC) starts to go into
vacuum at below -55 degrees C .
drier and valves used to be fitted to the pipelines This implies that the minimum
through flanged nut and bolt connections or temperatures which can be reached by
these refrigerants R22, R134a and R410a
threaded connections. With these units, there was are -40, -25.6 and -55 degrees C
respectively.
always a limitation on the low pressure that the unit What happens if these refrigerants
could work on… attain temperatures below these threshold
limits? The pressure will go into vacuum
ne of the limiting characteristics of Figure 1, we can notice that various i.e., there is negative pressure created in
Hermetically Sealed
Refrigeration Units
The EU F Gas Regulations provides a
precise definition of the term ‘hermetically
sealed’ as quoted below.
“Hermetically sealed system means a
system in which all refrigerant containing
parts are made tight by welding, brazing or
a similar permanent connection which
may include capped valves and capped
service ports that allow proper repair or
disposal and which have a tested leakage
rate of less than three grams per year
under a pressure of atleast a quarter of the
maximum allowable pressure;"
In other words, Hermetically Sealed
Refrigeration Units do not have any joints
or flanges. The entire pipeline system is in single piece and all the pressure, hence lower temperatures can be achieved.
individual component and pipes have only brazed connections. The new generations of container refrigeration units are
So, there is no chance of any ingress through the connections. hermetic or completely sealed.
The compressor can run in vacuum, but still there is no chance of
air ingress.
With empha
emphasis on zero for the built environment through the
carbon footprint,
foot how do globally recognized Leadership in Energy
you eenvisage the and Environmental Design (LEED)
program. A global, regional and local
growth
gro of green
green building rating system, LEED is a
buildings market transformation tool that helps us
concept in build green, healthy and sustainable
India? buildings and communities.
I believe that LEED is a key solution to India’s current
India is environmental challenges and a tool that
positioning itself improves human health. India has shown
tto become a tremendous leadership in the green
global leader in building movement and is now the third
sustainability. largest market for LEED outside the US.
TThe concept of There are a number of companies in India
sustainability is that are looking to LEED as a way to
not new to India dramatically reduce their water and energy
– it’s a mission use, reduce the carbon footprint of their
grounded in the business practices and impact their triple-
core beliefs of bottom line.
I n d i a n s While LEED is an important transformative
everywhere. tool that has been widely adopted in India,
At USGBC, we
A there is still work to be done in order to
work towards
w ensure a sustainable future for all and
m a r k e t continue to scale up the number of green
ttransformation buildings. India must adopt smart city and
58 | Cooling
Coolliling
ng India
Ind
ndia
dia
a | JJa
January
a
an
nuar
nuary 2017
201
2017
7
smar t grid policies, implement government’s launch of ‘100 To increase energy efficiency during the
technologies that improve the performance smart cities’ project? Please construction of buildings, you must first
of our cities, continue the transition from elaborate. address the envelope of a building and
the concept of green buildings to green USGBC has a strong vision of a sustainable minimize unwanted heat gain or loss,
cities, and incorporate wellness and built environment within a generation and using the regionally appropriate amount of
sustainable sites into city planning and we are transforming the communities insulation for your building. Other strategies
development. where we live, work, learn and play. The that can be used are incorporating natural
USGBC has LEED services hub in vision is simple—that buildings and daylighting, installing high-efficiency
India. What kind of services infrastructure such as efficient
is it offering to Indian green mechanical and lighting systems
and utilizing renewable energy.
building market?
While LEED is an important transformative tool that Post-construction, it is important
This year, we announced the
that you monitor and verify the
incorporation of Green Business has been widely adopted in India, there is still work to
performance of a building to ensure
Certification Inc. (GBCI), the be done in order to ensure a sustainable future for all
that the building systems are
premiere organization and continue to scale up the number of green buildings.
functioning as designed and
independently recognizing
support your project requirements.
excellence in green business
industry performance and practice communities will regenerate and sustain What are the services offered by
globally, in India. The new GBCI office, the health and vitality of all life. USGBC USGBC suiting to Indian
located in Gurgaon, will serve to facilitate believes that vision is only possible geographical conditions and
the global growth of GBCI and its through the development of smart cities at standards? What is the research
sustainability programs. We will be able to a global scale, and the Indian government’s involved to understand India
continue our efforts to green the built Smart Cities initiative is helping to facilitate requirements?
environment in India and across the globe, much needed progress. LEED is the only globally consistent green
interview
with new added support and on-the- In support of our vision, we also recently building rating tool. This consistency
ground capabilities. GBCI exclusively released two new pilot certification provides a platform to share the best
administers project certifications and programs – LEED for Cities and LEED for practice in building around the world.
professional credentials and certificates of Communities – that asks a community or However, because environmental and
LEED, WELL, PEER, Parksmart, SITES, city to set goals, and implement strategies climate conditions, codes, standards and
GRESB and other sustainability programs. and plans to maintain and support the laws vary in different places, USGBC has
What are the challenges faced by goals. The city or community then shares developed Alternative Compliance Paths
you in Indian markets? How do performance data to measure and track (ACPs) to recognize those differences
progress. LEED for Cities and LEED for while achieving the same credit intent
you overcome the same?
Communities will support continuous and requirements.
We have been in India for a long time –
progress towards better communities and ACPs increase the applicability of LEED for
more than 14 years. Even with that level of
cities, and a higher quality of life. They are projects in India and around the world by
commitment, there are still challenges that
very much in line with the Smart Cities providing additional pathways to
we face. The biggest challenge has been
objectives. demonstrate compliance with the LEED
distance. As the green building industry
has grown, the competition has intensified. What are sustainable design credits that are traditionally more
It can be hard for anyone to compete considerations adopted during the challenging for projects outside of the
locally from half a world away. To overcome construction of green buildings? US. By focusing on global and regional
that challenge, we incorporated GBCI in How would you achieve the goal standards and solutions, these ACPs make
India. In doing so, we addressed concerns of energy efficiency during the LEED increasingly flexible and ensure a
not only about distance, but also about construction of buildings? common language for all green buildings.
local market commitment, rating-system We live in a resource-constrained world Green buildings concept costs
relevance, customer service and even and in no area is this more evident than more than conventional buildings.
currency exchange rate. Our being here with regard to our energy system. Energy So, developers usually do not
demonstrates our commitment to India in is a critical economic issue and a top adopt the latest green
every respect. We are here to contribute priority for the government in India, and
technologies? What is the way
and we are committed to India’s future. buildings are at the front line of this issue through which this technology can
What are the opportunities because they account for roughly 40
be incentivized?
generated for you with Indian percent of the total energy used today.
The economics of building green have
hy do customers call us? What know what we are doing. Understand their having the attitude of helpfulness and a
Generating Leads
Customer Service Representatives generating leads? “That’s
not my job!” Oh, yes it is! When you ask the right questions and
determine that the customer has a 20 year old air conditioner and
a furnace that is at least that old, it is your job to help the customer
understand that keeping that old dinosaur will cost them more than
they should be paying in energy and repairs. When armed with the
right information, you will be able to help customers in many ways
by educating them about their comfort system. Like you, your
customer makes decisions to take care of their family based on
what they know. Sometimes, they have a solution in mind, like get
the furnace fixed, until they are educated about the benefits to a
different solution, possibly replacement. It is up to you and your
center team to get you, the CSR, the information you need on old
equipment and energy costs and role-play using the proper words
to be able to convey this valuable information to the customer.
Generating Maintenance Agreements
When we receive a call from a non-agreement customer, we
need to educate them about the benefits of the agreement. The
hardest part is to bring up the subject in what that the customer
says, “yes. I want to hear more.” Well, you’ve been waiting for a
“Silver Bullet.” Here it is: simple ask, “Do you pay full price or
do you qualify for a discount?” Think about it. Is your customer
more interested in getting their furnace tuned up or saving
money? We are a nation obsessed with discounts. We will drive
across town to save a buck-fifty on a simple household item
spending $5.00 on gas in the process. Your customers want
discounts. Try referring to your maintenance agreement as your
“Discount Program.” You’ll be pleasantly surprised at the results.
You want to really generate maintenance agreements? Have
your technicians ask the same question when presenting the price
of the repair. It works, guaranteed.
A customer service representative’s job description should
read: To be of service to customers. Your entire focus must be the
customer and their needs. Decisions on how to take care of the
customer must, of course, include long-term profitability for the
company as determining factors in the process but when “the
customer comes first” is our motto, the customer will know that
we care.
...-
-
!"
Mike Treas
HVAC Business Coach specialising in residential #
$ %& " '() '*
replacement sales, sales management, customer * +$
,
- ++
-*/
*
service and maintenance agreements,
United States and Canada
Benefits
• Minimization in losses of vegetable
that ultimately increases profit.
• Saving of time which may be used in
some other productive work.
• Reduction in cost of transportation,
electricity etc
• Eco-friendly
Constructional features
Figure 1: Principle of Evaporative Cooling Refrigerator Grameen fridge is constructed with
Field Trial
Jamna Lal Kani Ram Bajaj Trust (JKBT),
Sikar (Rajasthan) is working towards
sustainable livelihood enhancement of rural
community through various developmental
interventions with support from various
agencies, partners and government
departments involved in rural development.
Over the past three year, JKBT has Figure 3: Demonstration of Grameen Fridge to group of farmers
constructed a total of 75 grameen fridge
units in Sikar district. All units are working awareness about the fruitful technology as approximately for construction of two
satisfactorily for the last two to three years. well as to create awareness about its quintal capacity grameen fridge. A farmer
NABARD and other government agencies operation and maintenance (Fig.3). can store their farm produce in a grameen
helped for technical guidance, construction fridge for minimum 4-5 days. In between
Local Innovation these days, he may contact for the best
and its operation. JKBT organizes camps on
For continuously pouring water over offer from mandi merchants and transport
grameen fridge technology in order to create
the sand or pebbles layer, a drip system their produce once or twice in a week.
with water tank kept on the top of the There is no need to sell his produce on
structure was arranged. Due to continuous alternate day. Hence he may get a fair
and minimal supply of water ultimately price of his produce and saves his
lowers and maintains the temperature transportation charges. Payback period of
inside the cabinet. Lawn grass has also above mentioned grameed fridge is
been grown on the top of its roof to lower depends on quantity of farm produce and
down the inside temperature. A small roof their market rates. After collecting may
prepared with local grass to minimize the reviews, it is concluded that cost of a
impact direct sunrays on it. grameen fridge can be easily returned
Conclusion within 6-7 months.
There is an investment of Rs 5,500
Er Kapil K Samar
Surendra Rajoria Research Engineer cum
Project Officer Project Manager
Jamna Lal Kani Ram Bajaj Biogas Development and
Trust, Sikar Training Center, Udaipur
Figure 2: Cross Section of Grameen Fridge
Enhancing Performance of
Cooling Tower
The dearth of water in power generation is a major concern. Water Quality Improvement
This has forced to design the recent power generation units Corrosion and Scale Control
The specific measures required for
with closed cycle cooling water system. Further, the quality corrosion and scale control vary from
of available water at different sites largely varies and leads system to system and are largely
to deterioration in the cooling system performance. The dependent on the following:
various causes of water quality parameters and the remedial i. Chemistry of the makeup water
ii. Metallurgy of the heat transfer devices
measures to restore the water quality for optimized cooling
in contact with the recirculating water
tower performance is described in this paper… and piping
iii. Operating temperature of the cooling
In an evaporative cooling water system scale formation reduces and blocks the water system.
during the process of cooling, water water and air flow path and thus reduces Control
evaporates leaving the dissolved solids the air water interaction inside the cooling Scale can be controlled or eliminated
originally present in the water. The tower and reduces the performance. by application of one or more proven
dissolved solid remains will increase, is Further, due to the scale formation on the techniques.
not controlled to lead to corrosion, scale, fill material increases the weight of the fill Typical measures taken to control
deposition or biological fouling. This will substantially over a period of time and scale are:
affect the heat transfer and durability of thus leading to collapsing of the fill packs i. Controlling cycles at a set level.
system components. leaving void spaces inside the cooling ii. Chemical scale inhibitor treatment.
Corrosion: Corrosion is an tower. iii. pH adjustment by acid addition.
electrochemical oxidation process. This Deposition: Deposition in any cooling iv. Softening of cooling water system
will destruct the metals of the cooling system is a cause of carryover of air borne makeup.
system equipment such as copper, etc. If suspended matter from the surroundings
Controlling cycles at a set level
this is not controlled, this will lead to of the site. This may be due to process
In normal conditions, the blow down
equipment failure, plugging of corroded such as leakage of oil from coolers and
or bleed which continues flow of a small
passages in condenser resulting in suspended matters in the makeup water.
portion of the recirculating water to drain
decreased heat transfer and energy The effect of this deposition will be similar
is sufficient enough to control the
efficiency. Corrosion products deposit on to scaling, reduces the thermal insulation
concentration of dissolved solids and in
heat transfer area acts a layer of insulator leading to poor heat transfer and less
turn to control scale and corrosion. Further
and decreases the thermal conductivity. efficiency.
installation of a high quality system for
Scale: Scaling is a chemical process Biological Fouling: Slime and algae
automatic blow down based on
resulting of increase in dissolved salts formations in heat transfer area such as fill
conductivity or metered makeup will
concentration in cooling water. This and other structures of cooling tower may
control the cycles.
increased concentration of dissolved salts reduce heat transfer, promote corrosion,
exceeds its solubility limit and precipitates and harbor pathogens such as Legionella. Chemical Scale Inhibitors
in the forms of salts of calcium or This too will act similar to the above Most of the system requires chemical
magnesium. The insolubility becomes discussed scale and deposition. scale and corrosion inhibitors which raise
more with higher water temperature and Some of the water quality parameters the allowable level of dissolved solids
prone to form deposits at cooling tower and its impact on cooling system are given without the risk of scale and corrosion.
heat transfer surface such as fills. The in the Table 1: Chemical scale inhibitors function by
Bacteria 1. Some types of pathogenic bacteria, such as Legionella, may cause health hazards.
2. Sulphate reducing bacteria can reduce sulphate to corrosive hydrogen sulphide.
3. Cathodic depolarization by removal of hydrogen from the cathodic portion of corrosion cell.
4. Acid producing bacteria produce organic acids, which cause localized corrosion of deposit laden
distribution piping and also provide the potential for severe pitting corrosion of heat exchanger
surface.
either selective adsorption on growing the corrosivity of the cooling water if this Controlling of corrosion and scale can
scale crystals, converting the crystal is accomplished. Addition of excessive be achieved by maintaining the following
structure into a non-scaling type which acid to the cooling water results in water parameters given in Table 2:
does not form a hard scale, or through depressed pH values and extremely rapid Chemical treatment requirements
chemical reactions with the scale forming corrosion of all system metals. Chemical treatment needs the following:
ions, converting them into non-scale Makeup Softening i. Compatibility of the chemicals to be
forming materials. Scale can be completely eliminated by used with the materials of construction,
pH Adjustment softening all cooling system makeup pipes, heat exchanger, etc. of the
Control of scale with pH adjustment by water. Using softened makeup water for cooling system.
acid addition functions via chemical scale control is the safest, most cost ii. Automatic feeders must be used to
conversion of the scale forming materials effective method available for obtaining introduce chemical scale and corrosion
to more soluble forms. Thus, calcium high cycles, or zero blowdown, with hard inhibitors into the circulating water
carbonate is converted to calcium sulphate makeup water. Normally, the added cost of system. The feeding point should be
(using sulphuric acid for pH adjustment), a softened makeup water is balanced by the such a way that it ensures total mixing
material several times more soluble. decreased chemical and water usage and dilution before reaching the cooling
Normally, it is not desirable to add sufficient resultant from the increased cooling equipment. Widely preferred location
acid to convert all of the scale forming system cycles made possible by the soft in a cooling system is at the discharge
materials due to a substantial increase in water. side of the circulating pump. As these
Cooling
Co
C ool
oliin
ing In
Indi
India
dia
di a | Ja
January
anu
nuar
arry 20
2017|
017
1 | 67
water quality
Table 2: Recommended water quality parameters for control of corrosion and scale chemicals can be inactivated by
Property of Water Recommended Level contact with specific oxidizers.
pH 6.5 to 9.0 v. None of the oxidizing biocides have
Hardness as CaCO 3 30 to 750 ppm any dispersant effect for removal of
Alkalinity as CaCO 3 500 ppm maximum deadmicrobiological growth.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1500 ppm maximum Non-oxidizing biocides
Conductivity 2400 micromhos Non-oxidizing biocides are generally
Chlorides 250 ppm maximum Cl quite costly due to the high effective
(410 ppm maximum as NaCl) dosage, long contacttimes, and often high
unit cost.
Sulphates 250 ppm maximum
Non-oxidizing biocides do have
Silica m maximum
advantages over the oxidizing biocides:
control for deposits. Above 35 micron i. No effect on corrosivity is evident from
level, simple sedimentation of their use.
hydrocyclones is effective. Automatic ii. Do not interfere with corrosion and
backwashing filters are most effective for scale control chemicals.
removal of suspended solids in the critical iii. Specific type of organism can be
range of 2 to 35 microns. If a cooling targeted and treated.
system need to be operated at over six iv. Definite dispersant effect for removal
cycles of concentration, bypass filtration of dead microbiological growth.
is required. In heavy dusty atmospheric Conclusion
chemicals can severely damage areas conditions, such filtration is required Cooling water quality plays a vital role in
directly contacted, these should not be regardless of the chemistry or cycles of maintaining the performance of the cooling
batch fed directly into the cold water concentration at which the cooling system tower and associated equipment. Poor
basin or water distribution system. is being operated. cooling water treatment and control
iii. If chlorine is being added to the system Biological Fouling Control increases facility costs via destruction of
it must be ensured that it does not Formation of anaerobic areas under expensive equipment, damage to the facility,
exceed 1 ppm as exceeding this limit the biological fouling layer results in a increased costs for water and sewerage,
may accelerate corrosion. substantial corrosion rate increase. Widely and increased energy use and cost. A
Deposition Control used biocides classified in two major proper water treatment program,
Measures taken to control deposition classes (i) oxidizing and (ii) non-oxidizing. administered under the supervision of a
depend on the cause of the problem. Oxidizing Biocides competent water treatment specialist, is an
Process contamination problems are best Cellular structure of the bio fouling essential part of routine maintenance to
corrected by elimination of the process organism is effectively destroyed and ensure the safe operation and longevity of
leakage, while most suspended solids killed by chemical oxidation by oxidizing evaporative cooling equipment, as well as
deposition can be controlled by addition of biocides. As this is a destructive form of other system components. Selection of a
dispersant/surfactant chemicals to the action, it is impossible for any organism to cooling water management program and
cooling water. These materials function by show, or develop, significant immunity to knowledge of the chemistry and controls
charge neutralization of the suspended an oxidizing biocide. Oxidizing biocides are required will increase the probability of
particles and emulsifying binding agents, usually quite cost effective due to their low obtaining reliable equipment cooling with
breaking up existing deposits and unit cost, rapid effect on the target maximum heat transfer efficiency at the
preventing agglomeration of the particles organism, and low effective dosage. lowest total cost. Those facilities that devote
to form new deposideposits. s ts. Oxidizing biocides have the following sufficient time and resources to this vital
Heavier concenconcentration
entration of suspend
en suspended nded disadvantages: area will be reaping the benefit of lowered
solids deposition can c n be
ca be treated with witth a i. Some of them can decrease cooling costs and more reliable operation.
combination of chemical chemica c l dispersants
dispspersant
sp nts or
nt water pH in an uncontrolled manner.
surfaccta
tant
n s and ann element
surfactants elleement n filter, ii. Most of them increase the corrosive
hydrocycycclone or me
hydrocyclone ediaa filter
media fifiltler in in a sidee nature of the cooling water. N Rajkumar
stream cconfiguration.
onfiiguguration. 2 to to 35 micronss iii. Oxidizing biocides such as chlorine Energy Efficiency &
range of suspended
sus
uusspendded solidssolididds iinn recirculating
rec
eeccirirculating ngg produce undesirable by-products from Renewable Energy Division,
w ater is m
water mot ot dif fffiiicu
c lt too control.
difficult ccoont ntro
rol.l.l. Below
Bel
elow
elowow 2 an environmental viewpoint. Central Power Research
mi
m icr
c onns dispersants
microns ddiisspper
per
e ssaantts aar arere
re th he eef
the fffeeccttivve
effective Institute, Bangalore
iv. Some corrosion and scale control
68
8 | Cooling
Co
oo
oliling
ng India
Ind
ndia
ia | Ja
January
Janu
nuar
nu
uar
ary 20
2017
017
17
“We intend to introduce
Wi-Fi CPU controllers”
Cruise Appliances is one of the few companies offering innovative air conditioning products
based on extensive experience, research and understanding of the Indian climatic conditions
and consumer needs, helping them to create their own niche in the Indian market.
Roshan Sirohia, Director, Cruise Appliances sheds light on Indian HVACR market, products,
challenges and much more in an exclusive interview with Supriya Oundhakar...
What are the trends in Indian controllers in our machines whereby the consumers are opting for cheaper
HVACR market? air conditioning of the desired areas can solutions by compromising on the quality,
Across the HVAC industry, energy savings be remotely controlled. eco-friendliness and energy efficiency due
is the main reason to use adjustable What are your views on the growth to cost viability of the projects. We intend
frequency drives in HVAC systems today. of HVACR keeping in mind rising to conduct a series of trainings and
interview
The growth trend is 35% and it is moving need for cooling due to global seminars for our customers and trade
more towards variable refrigerants flow partners to increase the level of awareness
climate change?
systems. Due to sluggish growth trends in for the above concerns.
HVAC industry needs to come out with
the real estate and infrastructure sectors, more eco-friendly solutions of refrigerant How many manufacturing plants
the HVAC market may not register a higher gases and much higher efficiency do you have in India? How will the
growth. compressors. We also need to look at government’s campaign ‘Make in
What are the products offered by alternate cooling solutions that are not India’ help you in expanding your
the company? What are the dependent on refrigerant gases. manufacturing facility?
innovations adopted in your What are the growth drivers of At present, we have two manufacturing
products to make them more your business? Which sector does plants in India. A developing country like
energy-efficient and cost-efficient generate the maximum demand India is known for intellectual skill set and
with the emphasis on zero carbon for your products? this is attracting all investments from each
and every corner of the globe. With ‘Make
footprint? The input costs and localisation of critical
components along with the infrastructure in India’ campaign we got the required
Currently, we are into light commercial
and real estate sector that adds to the boost to grow and expand. The policies
product range starting from 1.5 ton to 8.5
growth of the business. and formalities to conduct operations have
ton unitary system. They also range from
been eased, which has helped in faster
cassette AC to ductable air conditioning What are the main challenges
movements and quick developments.
units. As for environmental support, we faced in Indian HVACR industry?
are moving towards non-CFC gases and What is your outlook for HVACR
How do you overcome the same?
also opting for higher energy efficiency In India, it is often seen that the projects
industry for 2017-18?
compressors. We see a growth rate of about 20% during
are not executed properly with the first
What kind of opportunities do you this time.
time right concept. The focus on lifecycle
look forward for your company cost is overlooked. Research to have a What is your advice to potential
with the government’s roll out of cutting edge technology and training to clients?
hone skilled manpower is not given its due To look for quality, eco-friendliness and
‘100 smart cities’ project?
importance. Proper guidelines or standards efficiency level in the products made
As a part of 100 smart cities project, we
tropicalized for India seldom exists. The available.
intend to introduce Wi-Fi controlled CPU
Indispensable technology
the higher the moisture content of the
measured surface. A potential problem
with the use of these devices is that it often
done right as simply as a matter of takes a bit of searching to locate the spot
professionalism and customer service. ‘I often have the opportunity to use where the moisture measurement should
The new test and measurement equipment new tools so I can review them for be taken. This is a problem for which the
from FLIR, the MR160 moisture meter and KlusVisie,’ said Paul Sevink. ‘So I regularly FLIR MR160 imaging moisture meter offers
C2 thermal imaging camera, have already have the opportunity to discover new an excellent solution.
become indispensable. things I can use for my handyman service The FLIR MR160 combines a moisture
There are few jobs Paul Sevink will not too. This is how I learned about the latest meter with a thermal imaging camera in a
take on. In addition to providing general
maintenance and renovation services,
Sevink also installs and maintains vacuum
cleaning systems and infrared heat panels
and he is a certified wood refurbishment
specialist. Sevink says you can recognize
a professional handyman by his tools. In
his case, he really depends on them to be
The FLIR MR160 combines a moisture The FLIR C2 is the first pocket-sized
able to offer his wide range of services. In
meter with a thermal imaging camera, thermal imaging camera specially designed
addition, he is also an editorial assistant making it the first of its kind. for construction and industry.
seams only becomes apparent once the contours as a line drawing on the thermal
wall is saturated with water. As it turned image, is very convenient. Everything was
out in this case, some tiles had also beautifully displayed on the thermal image.
developed cracks caused by stress that I saw no hidden do-it-yourself pipes or
built up in the wall as the moisture caused drains, which was very reassuring to me.’
it to expand. For Paul Sevink, using FLIR cameras
‘After removing a few tiles at the and measuring equipment is also a matter
client's request, the FLIR MR160 again of saving time.
confirmed my suspicion. It was clearly ‘FLIR equipment not only makes a
accumulated moisture, and not a leak. professional impression, it also saves your
Based on this information, I could advise time. You can use it quickly to make
my client to run a construction dehumidifier contactless measurements.
for few days, after which I would replace Devices require little explanation – you
the damaged tiles.’ can get started with them straight away
and begin taking measurements in no time
Moisture Meters for Wood – and they also fit perfectly in your pocket.
Renovation So there is no reason not to always have
Making use of Infrared Guided
Paul Sevink has also already used his the FLIR MR160 and FLIR C2 with you.’
Measurement (IGM) technology, the FLIR FLIR MR160 for detecting moisture spots
MR160 visually guides the user to the in a wooden door frame: ‘Sometimes Infrared Guided Measurement
location where reliable moisture Many industry and building
measurements can be taken.
wood rot is not so easy to see with naked
eye, but the MR160 gives you a clear professionals today rely on test and
picture of the situation, both with and measurement tools for electrical and
single unit and can clearly see where the mechanical repairs, industrial plant
without measuring pins.’
problem must be measured. Making use maintenance, and HVAC troubleshooting
‘What I really appreciate about the FLIR
of Infrared Guided Measurement (IGM) and moisture detection. With new Infrared
MR160 is that you can save and transfer
technology, the FLIR MR160 visually Guided Measurement (IGM) technology
your measurements and results. With the
guides the user to the location where from FLIR, these jobs will become safer
supplied FLIR Tools you can create
reliable moisture measurements can be and a lot more productive.
beautiful reports that you can offer as
taken. Moisture in floors or walls can then Although many test and measurement
proof to your clients, which in my case are
be detected and examined further with the products have become indispensable for
often insurance companies. It is also
built-in sensors. today’s maintenance professional, using a
handy to be able to show your client the
tool to find and pinpoint a problem quickly
Tracking down ‘accumulated moisture problem while on site, based on
the thermal image.’ can be hard. Moisture and electricity
moisture’ problems don’t always show up clearly to
‘The FLIR MR160 served me well on a Looking For Pipes With the naked eye, and therefore, finding the
job where the laminate flooring on a landing
had suddenly bulged up,’ said Sevink.
Thermal Imager exact location of a moisture problem or
Paul Sevink also uses the FLIR C2, the electricity problem might require quite
‘Because there was no way to get a good some guesswork.
world's first full-featured, pocket-sized
look without causing damage, I chose to IGM adds thermal imaging technology
thermal camera specifically designed for
have a leak detection performed. It turned FLIR and allows maintenance professionals
experts in construction and industry. With
out there was no leaking water pipe or to work smarter and more efficiently by
this camera tucked in a pocket, users can
drain. Poor caulking and grouting proved to visually guiding them to temperature
take a thermographic recording any time.
be the cause. The FLIR MR160 showed me problems invisible to the naked eye. This
You can easily detect structural defects,
a pattern that appeared to indicate water way, IGM allows them to focus on
find hidden heat patterns that may indicate
was present that had not been found during troubleshooting and see which spot may
energy loss, check underfloor heating and
the leak detection. My first thought was an require further testing and investigation.
much more.
‘old moisture’ problem. IGM makes use of FLIR Lepton®, a
‘After the moisture measurements with
Accumulated moisture is moisture that revolutionary longwave infrared (LWIR)
the MR160 I used also as my FLIR C2 to
wicks into a wall through a joint and is sensor. The portfolio of IGM featured test
confirm my findings. The C2 showed me
then virtually unable to evaporate because and measurement tools includes IGM
the bathroom pipes very clearly in the
the surface is mostly covered with tiles moisture meters, clamp meters, multi-
thermal image. Particularly, the MSX
and 3 mm thick grout. The problem with meters and spot meters.
function, which displays the visual
poorly sealed grout lines and/or caulked
New Trends
in HVAC
systems designed to improve your indoor
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC comfort while slashing energy expenses
systems) account for 39% of the energy used in to a minimum. Whether you need a heating
or air conditioning replacement or you
commercial buildings. Consequently, almost any want to upgrade an outdated system,
business or government agency has the potential investing in a new HVAC installation gives
you the opportunity to take advantage of
to realize significant savings by improving its the latest and greatest high-tech
control of HVAC operations and improving the advancements.
Heating, ventilating, and air-
efficiency of the system it uses… conditioning (HVAC systems) account for
39% of the energy used in commercial
nnovative technologies are taking the but there are some you can take advantage buildings. Consequently, almost any
degree of temperature setting results in any other system so far, and it eliminates demand during peak electricity demand
saving of 3% in energy consumption. electricity costs altogether. hours i.e. office hours. An article has been
The use of high performance HVAC contributed by me in earlier issues of
equipment can result in considerable On-Demand Hot Water Cooling India with actual case study.
energy, emissions, and cost savings Re-circulator
(10%–40%). Whole building design A US-based company out of Rhode Sensor-Enhanced Ventilation
coupled with an "extended comfort zone" Island has designed an “on command” Each year, several products debut at
can produce much greater savings (40%– pump for a home’s water lines, which technology expos all across the country,
70%). Extended comfort includes allows cool water to be circulated back and 2015 was the year of the Ecovent.
employing concepts such as providing into the water heater upon activation. This ingenious product consists of sensor-
warmer, but drier air using desiccant This product was engineered to be a driven vents that replace a home’s existing
dehumidification in summer, or cooler air solution to a major problem to which all of ceiling, wall, or floor vents. The best part?
with warmer windows and warmer walls us contribute: Each year, the average A smartphone app can control the Ecovent,
in winter. In addition, high-performance home wastes 12,000 gallons of water just providing precise, room-by-room
HVAC can provide increased user thermal waiting for that water to warm up. temperature control.
comfort, and contribute to improved Re-circulating this otherwise-wasted Additionally, the system utilizes
indoor environmental quality (IEQ). water back into the system is an eco- sensors to monitor a home’s temperature,
friendly solution that’s bound to play a air pressure, and other indoor air quality
Movement-Activated Air huge part in future homes. factors. Even though this system design is
Conditioning brand new, it’s been well tested and has
The modern technologies have come Ice-Powered Air Conditioning already hit the market. Therefore, this is
up with a new air conditioning design that Air conditioners seem to be prime one piece of technology you can take
utilizes sensors along Aluminum rods systems for tweaking and making better. advantage of today.
hung from the ceiling. Movement then That’s why MERC has encouraged an ice-
powered A/C system called the Ice Dual-Fuel Heat Pumps
activates these sensors. In other words,
Banking. The Ice Banking essentially Another US-based company has come
the air conditioner only kicks on when
works by freezing water in a tank overnight up with the dual-fuel heat pump concept.
people are present.
during off peak hours of the electrical The argument is that heat pumps tend to
A motion-activated (PIR) system
energy demand, so the ice can help cool a be more efficient and provide the maximum
seems like such a simple, ingenious idea
building the next day. So far, the design amount of comfort when using a
that it’s almost baffling it hasn’t been tried
has been able to provide enough cooling combination of fuel. In this case, the
before now. However, this kind of prototype
which offset appreciable part of system is a combination of an electric heat
is just one example of how future HVAC
conventional cooling load of the peak pump and a gas furnace.
systems are going to be more compact
and portable, helping to reduce both
energy and utility costs.
At low temperatures, the pump draws market, this movement toward a smarter waste all that excess energy when you
on gas heat to maximize efficiency. When home has changed how HVAC engineers don’t have to?
the temperature rises above 35 degrees, and designers approach the next big thing, It’s fun to speculate about the future of
electricity takes over. The initial costs which is good news for those of us who HVAC technology, but only time will tell
associated with a dual-fuel heat pump are appreciate high-tech solutions. which systems will make the cut and
more than a conventional system, but the catch on with most homeowners. If you’re
amount of money you can potentially save Fully Automated Homes interested to learn which high-tech
over the next several years more than As if owning a smart home wasn’t systems are available now, contact Bill
makes up for the costs. convenient enough, fully automated homes Joplin’s Air Conditioning & Heating at 888-
will soon become a reality. There are 414-4655.
Geothermal Heat Pumps already technological solutions on the Say ‘solar energy’ and most people
Along those same lines, geothermal market that are allowing companies to instantly think of those large panels that go
technology is a major investment that experiment with automated appliances and on the tops of homes or vast structural
promises to save you much money over other products. Therefore, it’s only natural arrays outside of buildings that are
its lifetime. Geothermal heat pumps have that HVAC systems will one day be directly designed to collect the rays of the sun. The
been around since the 1940s, so they’re tied into other systems in your home, chemistry, engineering and
not exactly a new technology. Nevertheless, making adjustments according to the nanotechnologies behind these materials
these products haven’t really caught on status of the rest of the house. and systems often play an important part
until recently. in their cost, availability, and effectiveness
With more homeowners waking up to 3-D Printed Air Conditioners
It may seem a little far-fetched, but 3-D — something many of the individuals on
the importance of going green, geothermal this list of solar and renewable energy
heat pumps have grown in popularity. A printing has advanced rapidly over the last
few years, so expecting products like 3-D instructors already know about. This is a
geothermal heat pump gets its energy driving factor in looking for more effective
directly from the earth through an printed A/C systems could very well be a
reality one day. solutions, processes and materials, and in
underground looped pipe that absorbs the disseminating any new found knowledge
heat and carries it into the home. When In fact, a company called Emerging
Objects has already created a 3-D printed through instruction, shared research, or
cooling is needed, the process occurs in publication – so that others can make
reverse, with the pump removing warmth “brick” that draws moisture out of an area
to cool it. While this simple innovation advances.
in the home. A major bonus of having a Nanotechnology, by the way, is an
geothermal heat pump is the availability of can’t be used in extreme temperatures,
and we’re still a far cry from 3-D printed examination of materials or science on a
free hot water. Therefore, if you’re very small scale, including through atoms
considering having geothermal technology air conditioners, it’s just one example of
the power of such a simple technology. and molecules. That said, there are many
installed in your home, ask your technician different manifestations of green energy
about this valuable perk. We never know what tomorrow may bring.
systems and sustainable energy, whether
Smart Homes Harnessing Heat from a that’s HVAC, solar, wind power or
Everything is getting smarter these Computer something else unique. This list examines
days. From the cars we drive to the If you own a laptop and have ever used that broad range, hitting on instructors
televisions we watch, just about every it for several hours in one setting, you who are involved in research, but also
piece of tech you can imagine has been know how much heat it begins to generate. others who engage in hands-on teaching
outfitted with smart technology. It’s only One innovator named Lawrence Orsini, and/or work with students through energy
natural, then, that our homes would be founder of Project Exergy, has seen how laboratories and institutes. Many have a
next. efficient computers are at generating heat. degree in engineering, but others work in
Connected systems and phone apps This is why he’s theorised they can be related science fields, such as chemistry.
now allow us to control our home’s used for powering heating systems. This just goes to show there are many
lighting, heating, cooling, security Consider this: How many times have facets to renewable energy careers and
systems, surveillance, and entertainment you thought of how great it would be if you that’s true whether you are looking at a
at the push of a virtual button. It’s a had to use your stationary bike or treadmill start though an associate-degree level
no-brainer that these “smart” technologies to power your television? It may not be a program (with HVAC as a possibility) or
will continue to evolve and become serious thought, but it’s something almost seek to advance your knowledge through
integrated into our homes, allowing us to everyone has considered at one time or upper-level education.
control a home’s comfort levels down to another. Harnessing heat from a product When it comes to heating and air
the last detail. Since many of these you already use every day draws upon the conditioning in the home, advancements
innovations are already available on the same principle. At the end of the day, why within the components themselves are
making units more energy efficient than reality now or will be sooner than imagined. to various temperatures while maintaining
ever. HVAC systems are increasingly energy efficiency.
communicating between the indoor and Utility Sales These innovations are only the tip of
outdoor controls while also reducing heat One thing that NEST incorporates that the iceberg when it comes to the changing
loss and maximizing dehumidifying will benefit the function of all grid members face of HVAC technologies. Eventually,
processes. The systems also run quieter is the ability to remotely shut off during smartphones will be even more connected
and are easier to use with touch screen, peak demand. This program is already with the furnace and air conditioner with
programmable thermostats with multiple somewhat existent with 'demand pricing' more zoned heating and cooling options
settings. in which utility companies offer lower rates and even further control if that's possible.
While there are some definitive for those customers who can manage Repairs may soon be electronically guided
changes in the HVAC components and their electricity usage when demand is at by the system itself as the smart home
controls themselves, some external the highest. On very hot summer days, for becomes more and more abundant.
technologies are also helping to take that example, there is only so much energy to Either way what this means is that ratty
efficiency to even another level. A driving go around, so those customers who 'help old furnace that barks and squeals for
force behind these advances are the ever- out' the utility company by temporarily three minutes before starting up will soon
expanding capabilities of smartphones, turning off their air conditioning get a be a thing of the past.
allowing users to basically control and kickback with lower overall rates. The HVAC technology is constantly
monitor their home or business from problem is not knowing when the peak changing due to new discoveries and
anywhere in the world. demand starts or if the temperature is hot influences outside the industry. As recently
The driving forces behind these enough to be considered such a situation. as this century, central, indoor climate
technological advancements are 1) Technology will make this process more control was available to only a privileged
improving efficiency or reducing utility automated, offering notifications or even few. Today, even central air-conditioning in
bills, 2) lessening the strain on both the automatic shutdown of utilities as local homes is common in the US. Improvements
grid and the environment, and 3) increasing demand rises. occurred through a number of factors
the comfort of rooms in a home or Self Diagnostics such as technical, market changes, energy
building. What's making this possible is For the most part, consumers are at and environmental concerns, and political
the fact that interconnection is at an all- the mercy of HVAC technicians when their decisions. Changes continue to occur and
time high between both people and air conditioner or furnace goes out. In they benefit of our customers and are our
machines and only improving on basically some cases, this can be a harrowing time part of our future.
a daily basis. especially in extreme hot/cold temperatures
Perhaps the best example of how Environment
or when the repair company is experiencing The environment has possibly had
HVAC technologies are changing the game a backlog of calls. The ability for HVAC
is NEST and its Learning Thermostat. In more influence on HVAC technology than
components to self-diagnose and repair has energy. The environment will continue
short, the NEST Learning Thermostat is much like a computer could be a game-
almost like a virtual butler as it educates to impact the industry into the foreseeable
changer to get consumers heat or air back future. Policies regarding climate change
itself on what temperatures you like and online. While repair personnel may worry
automatically adjusts the room to those have also directly impacted our industry.
about their jobs being nonexistent, those As we design and operate more energy-
settings based on time of day and technologies could go to a next level and
occupancy. NEST turns itself off when you efficient equipment and systems, we use
send them a notification when their clients less energy, energy that in many cases
leave the room and is controllable via Wi-Fi are experiencing issues — after all,
which means you can perform tasks like comes from burning CO2-producing fossil
somebody still has to perform parts fuels. The environment will continue to
warming up the bathroom before heading replacements.
in for a morning shower — if NEST hasn't impact the industry. The industry has
already done so. Variable Refrigerant Flow proven that it can respond in a timely way.
While NEST is a remarkable One of the biggest energy losses As new environmentally friendly products
advancement, the concept of a occurs when an entire house is being are developed, those products are also
programmable or even teachable warmed or cooled and only one room calls more energy efficient. Adopting new
thermostat isn't necessarily new. That for the HVAC system to kick in. A great technologies and supporting research will
should change in the near future since example is a home that sits in the shade help our industry meet the challenges of
Google purchased NEST for $3.2 billion on one end and in the direct glare of the the future.
and will only continue to improve on these sun on the other side. Variable refrigerant User-Friendly Controls
technologies. That being said there are flow (VRF) allows users to simultaneously While smar t, Wi-Fi-connected
numerous other HVAC concepts that are a heat and cool different parts of the building thermostats promise significantly
increased energy efficiency, the real draw Variable Refrigerant Flow during the summer. While they cost more
for homeowners seems to be how easy to install than other types of heating and
Systems
the interfaces are to operate. Take the Nest cooling options, the savings they offer is
A popular trend in Eastern markets,
Learning thermostat, for example. It is substantial. Operating costs can be up to
variable refrigerant flow (VRF) is the future
programmed by the user to remember his 70 percent lower than conventional
of the HVAC industry. Though US market
preferred temperature settings. If the user systems.
have yet to reach the demand experienced
prefers the thermostat to kick in a faster,
abroad, VRF systems are establishing their Radiant Floor Heating
warmer temperature, on cold, wintery
place as in-demand items for housing and Radiant flooring systems take
mornings, the Nest thermostat will store
commercial cooling needs. Simple and advantage of a simple law of physics: heat
that information and adjust the temperature
elegant in design, VRF systems connect rises. By embedding electric wires or
accordingly. The thermostat also monitors
an outside condensing unit to several fan loops of pipes circulating warm liquid
temperature with humidity and activity
coil units throughout the building. Each beneath your flooring, you get comforting
sensors, and it can determine regional
coil and evaporator in the system can be warmth from the ground up. Instead of
climate by the user punching in their zip
controlled individually to reduce waste heating your home with hot air, the system
code Wireless-controlled thermostats
from over-allocated resources. The shift generates radiant heat, effectively
present HVAC data in a language that
will stimulate job growth and overall eliminating uncomfortable swings in
contemporary consumers understand.
economic development throughout the temperature. Depending on your home’s
Homeowners are accustomed to easily
HVAC sector that will continue well into the level of insulation, radiant flooring can be
digestible, visual representations of
coming years. up to 30 percent more energy efficient that
information and data. The reporting tools
forced-air heating systems.
that smart systems include take the Career Trends
mystery and obscurity out of an industry Current industry trends indicate a Ductless HVAC Systems
that has been thriving on overall future growth rate of nearly 28% Most HVAC systems supply
complacency from its customers. nationwide. This trend is predicted to conditioned air through a hidden maze of
continue until 2018, a total period of ductwork, but ducted systems aren’t your
DEVap Air Conditioning researching and studying 10-year industry
The National Renewable Energy only option when you’re on the hunt for a
trends beginning in 2008. Studies have heating or air conditioning replacement or
Laboratory (NREL) developed the DEVap
revealed that once the results of that new HVAC installation. Ductless systems
(desiccant-enhanced evaporative air
research and those studies are complete, use point-of-use air handlers to deliver
conditioner) in 2011 and estimates that it
there will be nearly 395,000 individuals conditioned air directly into individual
reduces air conditioning energy usage by
who make their living in the HVAC industry, rooms or zones, and they run at up to 40
40-90 percent. So far, DEVap is found
and choose to make this their lifelong percent better efficiency than central
primarily in commercial buildings, and the
career Choice. The rate of change in our heating and cooling systems as well.
technology is so new that it’s difficult to
industry will be exponential. Some changes Installation is simple and non-intrusive.
find for residential use. But, given how
will be caused by improvements in The only alterations made to your home
promising the innovation seems, and how
technology whereas others will be the are small holes drilled behind the air
cost-effective it has already proven to be,
result of influences outside our immediate handlers to connect them to the outdoor
and is anticipated great gains in the future.
control. As engineers, we have an unit.
Zero Energy Buildings obligation to be proactive in encouraging
Zero-energy buildings that produce changes that are of benefit to the society High-Tech Features and
energy instead of just using large quantities we serve. This in turn will have direct Functions
will gain traction with companies that benefit to our industry and to each of us From traditional systems to
target eco-friendly employees and individually. unconventional alternatives, the best of
consumers. Many businesses are already today’s modern HVAC systems come
Geothermal Heat Pumps loaded with features engineered to save
headed in this direction with geothermal
No matter how low the thermometer
heating and cooling, solar-powered you money and enhance your comfort:
dips in Fredericksburg and the surrounding
systems, and white roofing. If HVAC • Scroll Compressors Instead of
communities during the winter, the
manufacturers can work to design conventional piston-driven
temperature beneath the earth’s surface
structures that are both energy efficient compressors, many heat pumps and
remains consistently warm. Geothermal
and comfortable for their residents, we’re air conditioners now feature scroll
heat pumps tap into that reliable source of
sure to see some fresh companies take on compressors that pressurize refrigerant
heat to move comforting warmth into your
the challenge. faster using less energy. One spiral-
home in cold weather and transfer heat out
shaped scroll remains stationary while
a twin scroll revolves around it. Scroll monitor everything from the many systems suffer from, which the
compressors not only last longer than temperature and air flow in a room to head end computer is thinking one
their piston counterparts but operate its humidity level. They can work as thing is happening, however, in the
more quietly too. communicating centers too, notifying field the actuality is very different.
• Variable-Speed Motors HVAC systems you when you need a heating repair or • Self-diagnosing systems that are able
equipped with variable-speed fan air conditioning maintenance. Some to determine fault conditions analyses
motors automatically adjust air flow systems even have Wi-Fi, so you can the cause and report or even rectify
according to your comfort needs, adjust or program settings from your the condition, systems that are able to
blowing air more slowly when heating computer, smart phone or tablet. recognize fault situations that are
or cooling demands are low. The result resulting in excess energy consumption
is an even delivery of air that reduces Summary or unacceptable equipment wear and
temperature swings in your home. The Building Management Systems and report.
systems use less energy too, allowing air-conditioning controls systems will • Systems with seamless remote
you to keep more of your hard-earned develop to become: access, diagnosis and control
dollars in your pocket. • Intelligent self-learning systems that functionality.
• Dual-Heat Exchangers Heat exchangers measure the per formance Systems with the flexibility to take
are the components in furnaces and characteristics for the building and its advantage of wireless technology and the
boilers that extract heat from the systems for different ambient and onboard intelligence that is already starting
burning fuel. Modern condensing occupancy conditions and using to be installed in items of central plant.
heaters have a second heat exchanger thermal modelling technology are able
that condenses the water vapor found to operate the buildings systems to
in exhaust gases to capture additional provide the required conditions whilst Dr OmPrakash G Kulkarni
heat. This allows them to use less fuel minimizing energy consumption and Scientist, Mentor, Adviser, Technology
Provider & Consulting Engineer in
without compromising your comfort. plant wear and tear. Automation, Instrumentation, Energy
• Smart Controls Sensors in advanced • Self-checking systems that are able to Management, IPR, CDM &
eliminate the fly by wire problems that Renewable Energy
HVAC equipment allow the system to
Applications
Food Processing Industries
(Potato / Noodles / Savories Fryer)
Potato contains around 75% moisture
so when they are fried the moisture is
released in the form of vapor. The frying
process being atmospheric, the water
vapor leaves the fryer as a mixture with air
and also has trace quantities of the
entrained frying oil. These vapors are then
simply taken to the chimney and vented
out to the atmosphere. This leads to loss
of not only valuable energy but also water.
These water vapors are now taken to
vapor absorption chiller by blower and
used as a heat source to cater chilling
requirement.
Textile Industries
Continuous polymerization (CP) is a
process which is used to produce
polyester. The raw material used here is
Terephthalic acid & Mono Ethylene Glycol
which is continuously fed to the reactor
and the polymer is continuously removed.
During this process, high temperature
enerally in Food and Beverage water vapor and air (non-condensable water vapors are generated during the
REFRIGERANTS
Past, Present & Future
evaporates by taking the heat from the
Refrigerant development throughout the history, space that is to be cooled, thus producing
took place due to different reasons, such as safety, the cooling effect. Refrigerant development
throughout the history, took place due to
stability, durability, economic or environmental different reasons, such as safety, stability,
issues, thus giving rise to new research and durability, economic or environmental
issues, thus giving rise to new research and
equipment improvement in terms of safety and equipment improvement in terms of safety
efficiency. The refrigerants can be classified into and efficiency. The refrigerants can be
classified into different generations. Different
different generations... generations of refrigerants and their
behaviours have been shown in figure 1.
efrigeration is an old technology mechanical refrigeration systems were
Sulphur Dioxide
Sulphur dioxide is one of the most
used refrigerants in 1920s and 1930s,
having been replaced first by methyl
chloride and later by more desirable
fluorocarbon refrigerants. It is highly toxic
but non-explosive and non-flammable. It is
non-corrosive in pure state but when it
combines with moisture it forms
sulphurous acids and sulphuric acids
which are highly corrosive.
Methyl Chloride
Figure 1: Different Generations of Refrigerants
Methyl chloride was first used in 1878.
Methyl chloride is a colourless extremely
first generation refrigerants were ratio across the compressor and high flammable gas with a mildly sweet odour.
flammable, toxic or both and some were compressor outlet temperatures. Methyl chloride is a halocarbon of the
also highly reactive. The characteristics of methane series and it has many of the
some of the first generation refrigerants Ammonia
properties desirable in a refrigerant, which
are discussed below. It is denoted as R717 and is also a
accounts for its wide use in the past in
very old refrigerant used in vapour
both domestic and commercial
Water compression and absorption refrigeration
applications. Methyl chloride is corrosive
Water is one of the oldest refrigerants systems. The advantages of R717 are that
to aluminium, zinc, magnesium and the
being used for refrigeration applications they have a lower molecular weight, wide
compounds formed in combinations with
down to about the freezing of water. When range of working temperature because of
these materials. In the presence of
water is coupled with protective solutions its high critical point, high latent heat of
moisture, methyl chloride forms a weak
to prevent freezing (i.e. propylene or vapourization and easy leak detection.
hydrochloric acid, which is corrosive to
ethylene glycol), it can be used well below However, R717 also has some
both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It is
water’s normal freezing point in disadvantages. It is highly toxic, highly
also explosive. There were numerous fatal
applications such as ice slurries. Water is irritating and flammable. Ammonia has
accidents that occurred in the 1920s when
easily available and has excellent high affinity to water, thus it is difficult to
methyl chloride leaked out of refrigerators.
thermodynamic and chemical properties. keep ammonia dry. When it contains water,
This has led to the discovery of the next
Besides these advantages, there are it is corrosive to copper and most copper
generation refrigerants. Few first generation
technical challenges that result from its alloys. At high discharge temperatures
refrigerant and their properties have been
high specific volume at low temperatures. generated by ammonia, it has the tendency
shown in table 1.
These challenges include high pressure to dissociate giving nitrogen and hydrogen.
Second Generation molecule, not a mixture, it doesn’t separate refrigerators and freezers, liquid chillers,
out at different pressures or temperatures. dehumidifiers, ice makers, water coolers,
Refrigerants
Some of the refrigerants of this generation water fountains and transport refrigeration.
The second generation refrigerants were
are presented here along with their R12 is non-toxic, non-flammable, and
distinguished by a shift to chlorofluoro
thermodynamic properties and applications. non-explosive. This makes it highly popular
chemicals for safety and durability. Thomas
R-11 for the domestic as well as the commercial
Midgley and his associates studied the
R-11 is considered to be safe applications. R12 is highly stable CFC and
property tables of elements of periodic
refrigerant as it is non-flammable and non- it does not disintegrate even under the
table. They disregarded compounds that are
explosive. It is used in the applications like extreme operating conditions. It is suitable
unstable, toxic, yielding insufficient volatility
air conditioning of small buildings, for wide range of operating conditions.
and inert gases based on their low boiling
factories, departmental stores, theatres Unfortunately, it is the CFC and it has
point. In 1928, Midgley and his colleagues
etc. It can be used in the applications unusually high potential to cause the
made critical observations regarding
where the refrigeration load ranges from depletion of the ozone layer. R12 is being
flammability and toxicity of compounds
150 to 2000 tons along with the centrifugal replaced by other refrigerants and some of
containing elements like carbon, nitrogen,
compressor. R-11 refrigerant is also used the suggested replacements for R12 are:
oxygen, sulphur, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine
as the solvent and the secondary R-134a, R-401a, R- 401b.
and bromine. Their first publication was on
refrigerant. The problems that have In the 1970s, after decades of dumping
fluorochloro refrigerants and it showed how
restricted the use of this refrigerant are low about a million tons of the stuff into the air
the variation of chlorination and fluorination
operating pressures and high potential to each year, scientists learned that CFC isn’t
of hydrocarbons influences boiling point,
deplete ozone layer. Since R11 has highest harmless after all. In 1973 Prof James
flammability and toxicity of the refrigerants.
potential to cause the depletion of ozone Lovelock discovered Freon to be harmful
Thus CFC refrigerants made the second
layer, as per the Montreal Protocol, its use to the ozone layer. The CFC molecules are
generation of refrigerants. CFC is a non-
and production had to be stopped destroyed by the sun’s ultraviolet rays in
toxic, non-flammable gas with relatively high
completely. R-11 is now being replaced by the stratosphere. When the chemical
mass. It is a good refrigerant because it can
other environment friendly refrigerants, of bonds are broken, the chlorine atoms drift
be compressed easily to liquid and carries
which the most common is R-123. free, and they become a catalyst that
away lots of heat when it evaporates. It is
breaks unstable ozone molecules (O3) into
very stable that only UV rays can break it R-12 oxygen molecules (O2). The chlorine is not
down In fact, it’s well suited to a variety of R-12 is a highly versatile refrigerant consumed in the reaction, so it continues
applications because it doesn’t react with that is used for wide range of refrigeration ruining ozone for years. This is a big deal,
anything; it works well as a solvent, a and air conditioning applications. because stratospheric ozone is the shield
blowing agent, a fire extinguishing agent and Refrigerant R12 is used in domestic that protects all living things on the planet
an aerosol propellant. Because it is a single
Table 3: Properties of third generation refrigerants
R number M Kg/kmol NBP ( C)
o
CT (oC) CP Bar Temp. glide (oC) Safety Group GWP
R-32 -52.02 -51.65 78.11 57.8 0 A2L1 580
R-134A 102.03 -26.07 101.06 40.6 0 A1 1300
R-404A 97.6 -46.6 72.14 37.4 0.46 A1 3800
R-407C 86.2 -43.8 86.05 46.3 5.59 A1 1600
R-410A 72.59 -51.6 70.17 47.7 0.1 A1 1900
R-507 98.86 -47.1 70.75 37.2 0 A1 4000
R-508A 100.1 -87.4 11.01 37.0 0 A1 13000
from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. In than their low GWP, is that they can be their flammability, hydrocarbons make
1987, the Montreal Protocol limits the used with existing refrigeration system excellent refrigerants in practice. They are
production and consumption of CFCs. designs. This is good for the industry and miscible with mineral oils and have
January 2010 marked the end of global their customers, but it is still a fluorinated relatively high critical temperatures.
production of CFCs under the Protocol. In gas. There is growing political pressure to Propane (R290) and propylene
2009 the Montreal Protocol was universally regulate it out of production and force the (R1270) have normal boiling points below
ratified by 196 nations. Few second industry to develop an even lower-impact –40°C and are, therefore, suitable for
generation refrigerant and their properties refrigeration technology. So the search general refrigeration applications. Butane
has been shown in table 2. continues. Various hydrofluoro-olefins are (R600) and isobutane (R600a) have much
R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), higher boiling points but they also have
Third Generation Refrigerants R-1234ze(E) and (Z) high critical temperatures, which tends to
The third generation refrigerants based (1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), R-1233zd(E) make them very efficient in operation. The
on hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and and (Z) (1-chloro,3,3,3-trifluoropropene), greatest success of hydrocarbons has
hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) have been R-1243zf (3,3,3-trifluoropropene). Figure been in the application of R600a to
developed to replace second generation 2 represents GWP values of some third domestic refrigerators.
refrigerants. These offer most of the same generation refrigerants. Propane and blends containing
advantages as CFC without damaging the propane could safely be used in window
Earth’s ozone shield, but they were Natural Refrigerants air conditioners provided appropriate
developed before the environmental impact Natural refrigerants are easily available, precautions were taken and provided they
of fluorine was fully understood. This and long experience exists with their were used in fully sealed systems. Propane
impact has been termed as Global Warming application dating far into the beginning of could also be used, with an acceptable
Potential (GWP). Roland and Molina mechanical refrigeration. Many new degree of risk, for car air conditioning,
predicted that emissions of HFCs could refrigerants have come into picture to again provided that appropriate precautions
damage Earth’s atmosphere by the catalytic overcome the disadvantages of using were taken. R1270 is a refrigerant similar
destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. natural refrigerants but the “circle” is now in performance to propane but much more
The hypothesis has been proven in 1985 by somehow closed as we already returned expensive and therefore unlikely to find
measurements which have shown the to natural refrigerants, but now with new general favour. Hydrocarbons would not
destruction of the ozone layer over technologies and with a lot of experience appear attractive for large-scale air
Antarctica. Therefore, HCFC and HFC behind us. Natural refrigerants divide conditioning applications but they will
gasses are on a schedule to be phased out conveniently into hydrocarbons, ammonia certainly appear as a refrigerant for
by 2030. Properties of different third and CO2 and have been discussed here. window air conditioners of low charge.
generation refrigerants are listed in table 3. Hydrocarbons
Another new class of fluorocarbon Carbon Dioxide
The dominant characteristic of the Carbon dioxide is present in the
refrigerants called hydrofluoro-olefin (HFO) hydrocarbon refrigerants is their high
with potential for reduced GWP have been atmosphere and it is non-flammable and
flammability. Provided precautions are non-toxic. Despite the high pressures
developed. Their primary advantage, other taken to mitigate the consequences of associated with its use, carbon dioxide
has been used as a refrigerant since 1862. and energy consumption of the system. A exchangers and thus cost of the overall
It is odourless, non-toxic, non-flammable, refrigerant must satisfy a number of system. A final set of practical criteria
non-explosive and non-corrosive. Carbon requirements related to safety, chemical relate to materials and impact the long-
dioxide continued to be in use in marine stability, environmental proper ties, term reliability of a system. The refrigerant
refrigeration as a non-toxic alternative to thermodynamic characteristics and must be compatible with common
ammonia and to methyl chloride. However, compatibility among materials. materials of construction, including metals
the advent of halocarbons in the 1930s led Thermodynamics Properties: The and seals.
to the abandonment of the much less thermodynamic characteristics most
efficient carbon dioxide, which finally went importantly normal boiling point, critical Next Generation Refrigerants
out of use in the 1950s. The reason for temperature and heat capacity must match The alternative refrigerants have been
poor efficiencies obtained when using the application for the system to operate categorized as transitional refrigerant or
carbon dioxide as a refrigerant is that it has efficiently. HCFC/HFC partly chlorinated refrigerants
a low critical temperature. There are Chemical Stability: A refrigeration and into medium and long term refrigerants
several ways in which this defect can be system is expected to operate many years, (Fig 3). HCFC/HFC (partly chlorinated
overcome. As a result of modern methods and all other properties would be refrigerants) such as R22 and R134a are
and developments, carbon dioxide is meaningless if the refrigerant decomposes on the way to phase-out due to
coming back into use as a refrigerant in or reacts to form something else. environmental concern. Under medium
systems which have efficiencies at least Safety and Impact on Health and and long term refrigerants like HFC chlorine
as great as the efficiencies of halocarbon Environment: The ideal refrigerant should free and their blend, low GWP refrigerant
and ammonia systems. It is an ideal have low toxicity and be non-flammable at (R1234yf,1234ze) and halogen free
refrigerant. If properly applied it is very the same time should have zero ODP and refrigerant (natural refrigerant) are at
efficient to use. lowest GWP. present looking as the viable options for
Thermo-physical Properties: future refrigerant.
Desirable Properties Of New Favourable transport properties like low Low Global Warming
Refrigerants viscosity and high thermal conductivity
Careful selection of refrigerant has have an impact on the size of the heat
Refrigerant
significant impacts on the safety, reliability R e c e n t l y, R1234yf
Figure 4: Cooling capacity versus evaporation temperature Figure 5: COP versus evaporation temperature
(2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene) having R134a. Difference in cooling capacity was centrifugal chillers. DR-55 will be the
chemical formula CH2=CFCF3 has been calculated between R-134a and both leading low GWP replacement for R-410A
proposed as a possible alternative R1234ze and R1234yf. It was found to be as it is easily convertible from R-410A
refrigerant for HFC134a. R1234yf has zero 3% - 12% less for R1234yf within the designs while offering the optimal balance
ODP and excellent life cycle climate experimented temperature range, whereas of energy performance.
performance (LCCP) as compared to this difference was calculated to be less
HFC134a. HFO-1234yf has the lowest by 4% - 6% for R1234ze. Similarly, COP of HFC/HCFC Blend
switching cost for automakers among the the system was also found to be slightly R-407F is a non-ODP replacement for
currently proposed alternatives, although lower for the new refrigerants compared to R-22 and lower GWP (1825) replacement
the initial cost of the product is much R134a. Though the performance of the for R404A in various air-conditioning
higher than that of R-134a. Another HFO system degraded slightly with these two applications particularly in low-temperature
based refrigerant HFO 1234ze (trans- new refrigerants, they have far less applications. Since it is a close match to
1 , 3 , 3 , 3 -Te t r a f l u o r o p r o p - 1 - e n e , environmental impact compared to R134a. R-22, it also serves as a retrofit fluid in
CF3CH=CHF) is an energy-efficient So, those two can replace the existing applications where R-22 is used. R-407F
alternative to traditional refrigerants in air- refrigerant R134a in near future. The contains HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-
cooled and water-cooled chillers for variations of cooling capacity and COP 134a. R-409A (a HCFC blend) containing
supermarkets and commercial buildings with evaporator temperature for the above HCFC-22 (60%), HCFC-124 (25%) and
as well as in other medium temperature said three refrigerants have been shown in HCFC-142b (15%) is an interim
applications such as heat pumps, Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively for replacement for R-12 in stationary positive
refrigerators and CO2 cascade systems in different condenser temperatures. displacement air-conditioning and
commercial refrigeration. Refrigerant HFO- R-449A is a non-ODP; lower GWP refrigeration systems such as walk-in
1234ze is the best medium pressure, zero hydro-fluoro-olefin (HFO) based refrigerant coolers, beverage dispensers and
ODP and low GWP refrigerant on the replacement for R-404A/R-507, R-407A/F supermarket systems. Its ODP is 0.046
market when considering the balance of all and R-22. R449A is designed for use in and GWP is 1909. R-401B may act as an
properties. A unique characteristic of this positive displacement direct expansion interim replacement for R-12 in low-
refrigerant is the absence of flammable low and medium temperature commercial temperature commercial refrigeration
mixture with air under 30°C of ambience. and industrial applications. It has a GWP of systems, for transport refrigeration, low
The performance of vapour 1397, which is a 65% reduction and temperature retrofits, retrofits including air
compression refrigeration system with provides energy consumption 8-12% conditioners and dehumidifiers. It is made
two next generation environment-friendly lower than R-404A/R-507. R-449A is up of HCFC-22 (61%), HFC-152a (11%)
refrigerants was investigated and presently the best choice to replace 404A and HCFC-124 (28%). The ODP and GWP
compared with the performance of the for stationary refrigeration systems. values for this mixed refrigerant are 0.036
system with R134a, a third generation Refrigerants R-513A, DR-55, R-452A and 1288 respectively. R-422D is a non-
refrigerant. Comparison has been made are non-ODP, low GWP HFO based ozone depleting replacement for R-22 in
between R1234ze, R1234yf and R134a refrigerants. R-513A is developed to low- and medium-temperature commercial
and it was found that those two replace R-134a in positive displacement, refrigeration systems suitable for direct
environmental friendly refrigerants gave direct expansion, medium-temperature expansion evaporators. It contains HFC-
slightly lower performance than that of the commercial and industrial, including 125 (65.1%), HFC-134a (31.5%), and
HC-600a (3.4%) and has a GWP of 2729.
Next Generation
REFRIGERANTS
Selection Criteria of
The next generation refrigerants are presented in
Refrigerants
this article with special focus on R32 and R1234yf. Selection of suitable refrigerant for
All of these refrigerants have some individual specific application is very critical as it
depend on various factors, which can be
merits and demerits. Hence, it not correct to say broadly categorized as: (i) Environmental
and personal safety, (ii) Thermodynamic
that the searching of suitable refrigerants is at the properties, (iii) Chemical and physical
end and these refrigerants will serve forever... properties, and (iv) Cost and system
compactness. Environmental and personal
safeties are the primary issues to select
he refrigeration and air conditioning the present century, there was considerable
90
0 | Cooling
Co
oo
olliing
ng India
Ind
nd
diia
ia | Ja
JJanuary
anu
nuarry 20
2
2017
17
17
futuristic options
dishes, utensils and even glassware. from the process must be dissipated to This reduces maintenance cycle up to
Manganese acts in a similar way but allow reuse of water. Cooling towers spray 80 % and saves lots of money, machine
causes a brownish black stain. Soaps and ponds, and evaporative condensers are and manpower.
detergents do not remove these stains, used for this purpose.
and use of chlorine bleach and alkaline Open recirculating cooling systems pH Alkalinity (Water’s ability
builders (such as sodium and carbonate) save a lot of make up or fresh water as to neutralize acids)
may intensify the stains. compared to the unconventional method, • Bicarbonates generally represent main
Iron and manganese deposits will form once through cooling. The quantity of part of measured alkalinity, amounts of
step by step layers in pipelines, pressure water discharged to waste is greatly carbonate and hydroxide alkalinity.
tanks, water heaters and water softeners. reduced in the open recirculating method, • Alkalinity is an important mean of
This reduces available quantity and and advance E water Descaling treatment predicting probable. Calcium carbonate
pressure of the water supply. Iron and is more economical. scale. High alkalinity means acidic water
manganese accumulations become an In open recirculating cooling systems, has a pH < 7; alkaline water has > 7.
economic problem when water supply or it needs more treatment with respect to • Health effect of pH on drinking water
water softening equipment must be problems: depends upon where pH falls within its
replaced. It also leads to increase in • Due to cooling by evaporation range. The US Environmental
energy costs from pumping water through increases the soften solids absorption Protection Agency recommends a pH
constricted pipes or heating water with in water, raising corrosion and between 6.5 and 8.5 for drinking water.
heating rods coated with iron or manganese deposition tendencies the relatively • A high pH leads to excessive calcium
mineral deposits. Due to these reasons, higher temperatures significantly and other ceramic like deposits.
some water softeners plants and RO increase corrosion potential. • pH of cooling water becomes acidic
plants do not prevent blocking of pipes • Long preservation time and boiling because of atmospheric elements or
and equipment. But it only removes few water in an open recirculating system infiltration of process elements, a pH
minerals and gets effect of soft water. That increase tendency for natural growth lower than six will destroy this
means water softener may control total of ground gases such as sulfur dioxide, protective coating in a few months.
dissolved solid particles. But, it is less ammonia or hydrogen sulfide that can Engineers and manufacturers then
effective in controlling hardness due to be absorbed from air, causing higher have to apply expensive coatings and
calcium and magnesium. It is all due to corrosion rates. repair damage that may have occurred.
iron or manganese. These non-pathogenic • Germs, nutrients, and possible foulants If the repair process is extensive, costly
(not health threatening) bacteria occur in can also be absorbed into water across process interruptions may be required.
soil, shallow storage tank, and some tower.
surface waters. The bacteria feed on iron
Silica
and manganese in water. These bacteria Hardness • Silica is difficult to remove scale
Combination of calcium and magnesium deposits. Pre-treatment like silica filter
form red-brown (iron) or black-brown
deposition, calcium and magnesium both or side stream filtration is often
(manganese) fungus or slime in toilet
can lead to scale formation. required if the silica levels are above
tanks and can clog water systems.
• Calcium is the most difficult as certain 120 ppm (as SiO2).
Various Parameters with calcium salts does not soluble in water. TSS Total Suspended Solids
reference to industrial • Magnesium does not create much (undissolved material such as sludge,
problem unless silica levels are also sand, fine clay, and vegetation.)
applications (Cooling Towers) • Unlike (TDS) Total dissolved solids,
high. This could result in magnesium
Cooling towers are widely used in all
silicate scale in heat exchangers. Most not all suspended solids enter the
industries, hotels and commercial
salts are easily soluble with increasing cooling system with make up water.
buildings for dissipating heat in open
temperature, but calcium carbonate Some might be generated as corrosion
recirculating cooling systems. They are
becomes less soluble with increasing and scale by-products or from air or
designed to provide close air or water
temperature. So, the best way is to water contact. Suspended solids can
contact. Heat removal is mainly by
break the bonding of calcium and transform to biofilm and cause under
evaporation of part of cooling water. Some
carbonate and also magnesium and deposit corrosion. TSS can be
sensible heat loss (direct cooling of water
carbonate to reduce hardness. controlled through pretreatment,
by air) also occurs. But, it is only a minor
• Advance E-water Descaler treats filtration etc.
portion of total heat rejection.
above processes conveniently with
An open recirculating cooling
energy efficient and eco-friendly
Ammonia
system uses same water again and again • Provides platforms, an ideal nutrient
manner without adding any chemical.
to cool process equipment. Heat absorbed for many bacteria. It can promote
biofilm development and growth in Iron nitrates in reducing mild steel corrosion
heat exchangers and cooling tower If it combines with phosphate to form rates and pitting tendencies. Levels in
block up. It is also tremendously undesirable foulants, it may also deactivate cooling water above 0.5 mg/l are beneficial,
corrosive to copper alloy, you can find specialised polymers used to inhibit but levels above 3.0 mg/l can contribute to
lot of case study. Ammonia can reduce calcium phosphate scaling. Recycled deposits.
or deny some non-oxidizing biocides water may have a high concentration at
such as glutaraldehyde. (Bromine is a Organics
0.12 to 0.32 of iron. Specialised treatment
more cost-effective biocide than Organics can act literally as fertilizer
of iron is expected to be required for this
chlorine if ammonia is present.) for micro-organisms. Water-soluble
concentration.
cationic polymers can react with some
Phosphate Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) anionic treatment biocides, as well as
• At higher concentrations (calcium It reflects the organic content for some scale and corrosion inhibitors.
greater than 1,000 mg/l and phosphate biological organisms and the associated
greater than 20 mg/l) there is a Fluoride
demand for oxidizing biocide in addition to
potential for calcium phosphate scaling At 10 ppm or more can combine with
the amount used for bio fouling control.
in heat exchangers, especially, at high calcium to cause scale formation.
heat loads and low cooling water flow Nitrates and Nitrites Heavy Metals (e.g. Cu, Ni, and
rates. Therefore, close monitoring of Nitrates and Nitrites can provide
blow down is required. Phosphate can additional mild steel corrosion control at Pb)
levels above 300 mg/l in the concentrated Copper and nickel can plate out on
also act as a nutrient for biofilms.
cooling water. It can contribute to steel, causing localized galvanic corrosion
Chloride reductions in stainless steel cracking and that can rapidly penetrate thin steel heat
• It can be corrosive to most metals, pitting erosion. Nitrates do not attack exchanger tubes.
especially, mild steel. A chloride limit copper alloys or protect them from
of 300 ppm is often used for stainless
Conductivity (A measure of
corrosion.
steel, but limits for other metals may dissolved solids)
go as high as 1,000 ppm. Zinc Conductivity is an approximate
Zinc can assist phosphates and measure of ionic concentration. As water
For Validation and improving make up water quality initiative taken by Chief engineers of world’s state of art “Akshardham” Temple
Gandhinagar, they are using ample recycled water successfully with this advance E-water technology.
India’s State of art Biggest Luxuries Resort –Madhubhan Resorts and Spa is using heavy recycled good quality E-water for makeup/ Feed
water in cooling tower and swimming pool.
quality constituents contributing ions moderate to high hardness and alkalinity in has a high TDS concentration to give
change, conductivity settings used for the range of 150 to 500 ppm as CaCO3. up an intermediate TDS concentration.
system control have to be adjusted. • Adequate testing, control, and
Conclusion performance monitoring must be
Calcium Hardness pH (as CaCO3) Water treatment technologies are really maintained in order to assure good
The concentration of calcium endless. system operation and protection. The
increases, so does its probability of • RO plant and softener plant have their use of recycled water depends on the
precipitating out of solution. Potential own advantages. But limitations are final water quality in the cooling
scaling can be controlled through the use wastage of lots of water in which we system, the systems metallurgy, the
of pretreatment, scale inhibitors or deposit cannot debate. However, if you prefer levels of nutrients present, and the
control agents cost-effective solution with aim to operating conditions in the cooling
save water and environment, then components. Recycled water can
Partial Softening of Makeup usage of recycled water reduce contribute to corrosion, but the
Water wastage of water. Reusing water is presence of phosphates and nitrates
Partial softening of the makeup water possible with some advance E-water can provide mild steel corrosion
prior to its introduction to the cooling technology. control. All increased corrosives,
tower is an effective pre-treatment method • Rinse water continuously as per except ammonia, can be reduced or
to increase cooling tower efficiency. Partial desired applications and check its eliminated with water treatment
softening reduces water hardness, parameter and replace it with fresh chemicals under good control.
alkalinity and silica. In this method the water after one week, two week or as
water is treated with lime or a combination per usage containing nearly no
of lime and soda ash to precipitate the ions detectable levels of ions. However,
contributing to hardness and alkalinity. The with low in TDS may be corrosive and Prof Gaurang Sharma
precipitate is treated physically which may need corrosion inhibitors. This Professor,
saves lots of chemical treatment. Partial water source can be used by itself or BVM Engineering College,
softening is used to treat water with can be mixed together with water that V V Nagar, Anand, Gujarat
Achievements of Ministry of
Food Processing Industries
presently available under project
The Ministry of Food Processing Industries has imports for cold storage, cold
implemented a number of Central Sector Schemes room also extended for Cold Chain
including pre-cooling unit, pack
for promotion and development of food processing house, sorting and grading lines
sector in the country since 12th Plan… and ripening chambers.
• Under the Scheme of Mega Food
The major achievements of the Ministry create vast employment opportunities. Parks:
during 2016 are as follows: • The following additional fiscal a. The Indus Mega Food Park,
• The Government has allowed 100% concessions have been granted for Khargone (Madhya Pradesh);
FDI for trading including through boosting the investment in the food Jharkhand Mega Food Park Ranchi
e-commerce, in respect of food processing sector : (Jharkhand), and Jangipur Bengal
products manufactured or produced in a. Reduction in Excise Duty on Mega Food Park, Murshidabad
India. 100% FDI is already permitted in Refrigerated Containers from (West Bengal) were made
manufacturing of food products 12.5% to 6%. operational and inaugurated.
through automatic route. This will b. Reduction in Basic Custom Duty b. Foundation Stone of Punjab Agro
provide impetus to the foreign on Refrigerated Containers from Industries Corporation (PAIC)
investment in food processing sector, 10% to 5%. Mega Food Park Project in Ludhiana
benefit farmers immensely and will c. 5% Basic Customs Duty as was laid.
climate the zone. By aggressively pursuing new technologies as teaching tools. • Arlington School District (Arlington,
energy efficiency opportunities, school The goal is to quickly make Zero Virginia)
districts could dedicate these savings Energy K-12 schools more mainstream. • Boulder Valley School District (Boulder,
toward other learning needs, including Partner school districts commit to Colorado)
salaries for teachers, computers or books. developing their own zero energy plans for • Adams 12 – Five Star Schools
Further, the number of K-12 schools a district project within a year. They can (Thornton, Colorado)
continue to grow and can serve as a model also engage with fellow states and school • Douglas County School District
for other new construction sectors. The districts, and leverage support from (Douglas County, Colorado)
education sector accounts for a substantial regional and national organizations, • State of Minnesota Schools
portion of the building construction and including the National Renewable Energy • State of California Schools
renovation industry, a figure that has grown Laboratory, North-east Energy Efficiency Better Buildings Accelerators are part
consecutively over four years. Partnerships, the National Energy of the broader Better Buildings
In addition to saving money for Education Development (NEED) Project, Initiative which aims to make commercial,
taxpayers, Zero Energy schools also make Southern California Edison, The Energy public, industrial and residential buildings
a difference in the learning environment for Coalition, New Buildings Institute, Rocky 20 percent more energy efficient over the
students. Improved ventilation and day Mountain Institute, and the National next decade. Through Better Buildings,
lighting are used extensively in most Zero Association of State Energy Officials. public and private sector organizations
Energy schools and studies have shown The first participating school districts across the country are working together to
that both these strategies help improve the include: share and replicate successful strategies
learning environment. Teachers are also • Hermosa Beach City School District to drive energy efficiency. This means
able to transform classrooms into 3D (Hermosa Beach, California) saving billions of dollars on energy bills,
engagement opportunities with the student • LA Unified School District (Los reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and
body by using energy dashboards and Angeles, California) creating thousands of jobs
Sustainable Buildings
growing at an outstanding rate of 10 per
The residential and commercial sector consumes more cent over the last ten years as against the
than a quarter of the total electrical supply usage of world average of 5.5 per cent per annum.
the country and major portion of this is utilized in the Buildings are one of the largest in terms of
buildings. Commercial development is witnessing rapid economic expenditure, use of raw materials
and environmental impacts.
growth. Malls, multiplexes, housing conglomerates are This demands strong public policy to
springing in cities. An effective environmental management promote efficient use of resources, give
of building provides the opportunity to reduce overall the right market signal to prevent guzzling
footprint of urban consumption… and inefficiency, and promote building
designs and structure that help to reduce
demand for energy and water.
ur personal choices about the environmental consequences and achieve Break the insidious link between
106
10
106 | Cooling
Cool
Cooliin
ng India
Ind
Indi
Indiia | Ja
JJanuary
anu
nuar
ary 20
2
2017
01
17
7
resource efficiency
Terminologies in
AC & Refrigeration
or temperature conditions at the end of
There are some common terminologies used by compression process. However, the meaning
air conditioning and refrigeration professionals. of this terminology is not understood by
majority of practicing professionals.
However, these are not properly understood... Entropy measures the molecular
disorder of a system. The more mixed the
ir Conditioning and Refrigeration Hence in refrigeration systems we call
heat absorbed (∆Q)by the working Hence, when we multiply thermal sucks ambient air and compresses it to
substance is equal to: conductivity in FPS unit by 0.1442 we get desired pressure as warranted by the
∆Q = T x ∆S or ∆S= ∆Q/T or where Thermal conductivity in SI unit as W/m.K. applications. Mostly the discharge
T is absolute temperature and ∆S is Please note the major difference pressure is either 7 bar or 10 bar. In other
increase or decrease in entropy. between FPS and SI system. In FPS ‘K’ words, suction pressure is generally same
IS standard 3615 defines entropy as value is for per inch thickness where as in as surrounding ambient conditions where
ratio of the heat added to a substance to SI system it is per meter thickness, hence the compressor is installed and working
the absolute temperature at which it has ‘K’ value in SI is not W/m2.K, butW/m2/m. and the discharge pressure varies as per
been added. K= or W/m.K requirement.
Since in universe some activity is Many engineers argue that the units
In refrigeration compressor operation,
constantly taking place in all the processes indicated in SI units are incorrect and
it is just opposite. The discharge pressure
such as mechanical work, electrical work hence we have given this clarification.
is dependent on ambient temperature
or chemical work including lights and solar
energy, and all these forms are finally Difference between saturation conditions, if it is air cooled application
and depends on wet bulb temperature if it
converted into or generate heat which is temperature and boiling point
Saturation temperature is another word is water cooled application. The suction
the lowest form of energy, the law of
for boiling point. Every substance has only pressure is selected by the design engineer
thermodynamics states that entropy of
universe is constantly increasing. one boiling point which is at atmospheric depending upon the application for which
A simple understandable statement for pressure whereas it has many saturation he intends to design the system.
entropy is a measure of energy unavailable temperatures depending upon pressure. In case of air conditioning applications
for useful work or wasteful energy. A Saturation temperature goes up when or chilled water applications, suction
certain portion of energy added to a pressure increases and saturation pressure is high and thus compressor
system at high temperature is later lost temperature reduces when pressure ratio is low. As we reduce temperature, the
from the system to the surroundings at a reduces. If we refer to refrigerant tables, suction pressure starts falling. For cold
lower temperature and this energy is we notice a small letter ‘b’ near the rooms, it would be lower than air
unavailable for doing any useful work temperature and the pressure against the conditioning application, for -200C cold
between the two temperature involved. same is always 101.325 kPa, which is the rooms it would be still lower and for blast
Entropy is expressed as kJ/kgK. (Definition boiling point of the refrigerant. freezer applications of -400C it would be
given in Automotive Design and very low. But in all these cases saturation
Development in Annexure under definitions)
Heat flow and heat content
discharge pressure remains same so long
Heat flow depends on temperature of
as we use the same refrigerant for all
Thermal conductivity the substance and not the heat contained
applications and same condenser cooling
Many professionals use either FPS in the substance. If a 100kg metal ball at
99°C is kept with contact with 1kg of metal methodology i.e. either air or water cooled.
system or SI system. When looking at the
ball at 100°C, the heat will flow from The compressor functions like water
units of thermal conductivity, there is
smaller metal ball to larger metal ball pump which raises water from lower level
confusion with many users since the units
in FPS are per inch thickness basis although the heat content of bigger ball is to a higher level. The compressor similarly
whereas in SI system they are per meter much more. raises the temperature level from saturated
thickness, hence there is a difference as If we relocate the refrigeration plant evaporating temperature to saturated
given below: from lower climate temperature region to condensing pressure so that refrigerant is
In FPS units, it is the rate of heat warmer areas, say from Bangalore to able to reject heat to a medium which
transfer in Btu per hour per square foot of Delhi, the same refrigeration plant would could be either air or water. In other words,
area per degree Fahrenheit temperature operate at higher saturated discharge compressor raises the energy level of the
temperatures (SCT) as the compressor refrigerant.
difference per inch thickness.
has to raise the energy level beyond A refrigeration compressor pumps a
In order to convert Thermal
ambient conditions so that heat will flow
conductivity ‘K’ value in Btu.in/h.ft2.°F, we volume of gas. Once suction and discharge
from condenser to atmosphere. Heat
need to multiply FPS value by 0.1442 to conditions at compressor are selected,
content is measured by the formula Q=m.
get ‘K’ value in SI system (W/m.K) as then mass flow of refrigerant in lbs/hr or
cpx ∆T where m is the mass of substance,
given in conversion tables. kg/hr can be worked out. The system
Cp is the specific heat and ∆T is the
How this has been worked out is given designer should ask for the accurate
temperature difference.
hereunder volume or mass flow rates at specified
Difference between Air conditions from the compressor
compressor and refrigeration manufacturer. The designer should realize
that a refrigeration compressor pumps a
compressor
required volume of gas, and not
In air compressors, the compressor
Figure 2
superheating and sub-cooling has to be at Figure 2 show that when superheat in efficiency, and having no global warming
constant pressure as shown in the P-H the evaporator increases the more area of effects is now increasingly being used in
diagram. If the pressure changes the evaporator is wasted air conditioning installations where the
saturation properties of refrigerant change. Superheat Reduces Capacity machine room is away from the human
KC3 COMPRESSOR + 40°C / +5°C occupied areas. Few major once are
Useful superheat indicated below:
There is nothing like useful super heat. = AMMONIA
– Oslo Airport -Norway
It may be useful from compressor point of SUPERHEAT CAPACITY Kcal/hr
– Heathrow Terminal -5
view as providing superheat minimizes 0K 359400 – Singapore Airport
risk of liquid coming to compressor. – Dusseldorf Airport
5K 350700
The superheat in the suction line from – Zurich Airport
outlet of the evaporator to inlet of 10 K 342600
Latent heat makes refrigeration – New Zealand Christchurch Airport
compressor should be kept bare minimum – Stuttgart Airport Terminal 3-2300kW
as it reduces compressor capacity. The systems work efficiently
It is very important to keep in mind that Grasso
myth is regarding useful superheat. If one – Telephone Exchange- Copenhagen
studies in detail the thermodynamic cycle, it is only the latent heat which makes
refrigeration systems work efficiently. – Thermal storage systems for Malls,
superheat is never useful as it increases Cinema Halls
the specific volume at the entry of Sensible heat has hardly ant contribution.
Hence, the refrigerant which has maximum – KWN Greenpeace Headquarters-
compressor, thereby, reducing the mass Vienna
flow rate and thus the cooling capacity. It latent heat is the most efficient refrigerant.
Ammonia refrigerant is therefore more – Sabb-Linkoping-Sweeden-4 ammonia
is useful in the sense that it only helps in chiller of 2 megawatts
protecting the compressor by reducing the efficient than currently used any other
refrigerants. Ammonia has highest latent – Berlin Ostbanhof train station-Grasso
chances of getting liquid at the suction of system for three storey building
the compressor. Similarly, if superheat is heat as compared to other refrigerants as
can be seen in Figure 3. complex
produced in the evaporator, vapour zone – Roche Headquarters in London -930
area becomes larger thereby making Ammonia refrigerant being natural
refrigerant having the best thermodynamic kW- Star Refrigeration
evaporator less efficient as expensive heat – Mulligan Letter sorting center-
transfer area is used for superheating Switzerland-Johnson Controls
rather than for latent heat transfer by way – Ozeaneum in Stralsund-Johnson
of evaporation, which is the main function controls-500kW A
of evaporator. The most efficient system is
without any superheating of suction gas
which is possible with all flooded coolers
predominantly used in Ammonia systems.
Centrifugal machines or screw chillers
Ramesh Paranjpey
working with R134a, 404A also use
Fellow Life Member, ASHRAE
flooded evaporators as these are more Member IIAR USA
Figure 3
efficient than direct expansion evaporators.
Testo in Making of
Smart HVACR World
storage of all readings in Testo Cloud, the
The air capture hood Testo 420 and the new range of Smart data can be managed and analyzed online
Probes equip users with smart and easy measurement by the user via smartphone, tablet or PC
techniques by using smart phone interface. The new electrical absolutely anywhere and anytime. Our
instruments are very distinct and unique in its features… latest solution to the industry is new range
of Thermal Imagers with smart phone
the working system, there is a need integration designed to deliver networked
to implement a technology that is thermography. Their wireless operation,
self-driven, convenient and equally with the ease of saving and transferring
efficient. That is how we have come data over networks, make our instruments
up with ideas of cloud data storage, more user-friendly and cost effective. Our
Wi-Fi, bluetooth operation and smart continuous approach towards innovation,
phone integration technique that has research and development, ensures
simplified functioning of every eminent future of our products which are
industry. All time consuming, sure to redefine the overall working
manually driven operations or record experience of test & measurement sector.
keeping can now be governed with For instance, the Testo Smart Probes
just once click, making the process are eight intelligent, wireless probes which
more easy, accurate, fast and equip clients with smart measure real time
reliable. and can be operated with his smart phone.
esto India provides multiple As mentioned earlier, the latest This makes the Testo Smart Probes not only
EWAD-TZPSPR | EWAD-
TZXSXR
The EWAD-TZ chiller covers a range
of capacities from 170kW to 710kW – a
capacity range three times as wide as
the units it replaces. On top of this, the
full load efficiency (EER) average of 3.4
is 35% better than a traditional screw
chiller and the seasonal efficiency
(ESEER) of up to 6.0 is 26% higher than
a traditional screw chiller. Plus the unit
is 30% smaller in footprint.
Features
• High energy efficiency both at full
and part load conditions • Advanced compressor technology achieved by the latest compressor
• One or two truly independent featuring integrated inverter and and fan design
refrigerant circuits for outstanding variable volume ratio (VVR) • Compact design for small footprint
reliability • Low operating sound levels are and minimized installation space
index to advertisers
Company Name Page No. Company Name Page No.