Roll Number: 11606038

Name: S.Pavan Kumar

Assignment Number: 1
Date of Submission: 28-09-2018
Deadline:01-10-2018
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET – 1

1. What is the difference between a host and an end system? List several different types of end systems.
Is a Web server an end system?

SOL: If we speak of them normally then there is "no great difference" between them but to specify
them we can say that, a Host is a system which is connected via Internet and an user is assigned to it at
some remote location whereas End System are the systems which are connected through computer
network and are the endpoint of our request.
Different types of and systems are PC's, Web servers, TV's, Mobile Phones etc.
Yes, web server is an end system.

2. List six access technologies. Classify each one as home access, enterprise access, or wide-area wireless
access.

SOL:
Technologies Classification
1. Dial-up modem over telephone line Residential Access
2. Hybrid fiber-coaxial cable Residential Access
3. 100 Mbps switched Ethernet Enterprise Access
4. Wireless LAN Home and Enterprise Access
5. Digital subscriber Line Residential Access
6. 3G , 4G services wide-area wireless access

3. What is the transmission rate of Ethernet LANs?

SOL: Typical ethernet LANs can have transmission rates upto 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps.

4. Describe the most popular wireless Internet access technologies today. Compare and contrast them.

SOL: The most popular wireless Internet access technologies are of two types. They are

a) WI-FI :- In a Wi-Fi, the user has to transmit (or) receive packets to an base station (or) from an base
station respectively, within a distance 10 - 50 meters. The base station is connected to a wired Internet
which indirectly helps us to connect to the wired network but it may not have the same speed as of a
wired network.

b) Wireless WANs :- It is the short form of wireless wide-area access networks normally there are many
types but the popular one till now are 3G and 4G. Here, packets are sent (or) received over the cell
phone towers provided by the telecommunications providers, which allows them to access the base
station. This helps us to provide wireless access to the user within certain distance.

5. What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched network? What
advantages does TDM have over FDM in a circuit-switched network?
 Circuit-Switched Network
A dedicated circuit or connection
is established between sender and
receiver to transmit data.
It provides a guaranteed data rate
as a path is established
Packet-Switched Network
No such connections are established
the data is divided into packets and is
directly placed in network to send the
data
It does not guarantee any data rate

Reliable than packet switched Circuit switched network is preferred

network more
Do not take transmission delay Takes transmission delay

Here TDM means Time Division Multiplexing and FDM means Frequency Division Multiplexing. In
TDM, same frequency operates all connections whereas in FDM, different frequencies operate all
connections.

The advantages that TDM has over FDM is mainly

a) Flexibility
b) Efficiency.

Since TDM uses the entire frequency range but dynamically allocates time, certain jobs might require
less or more time, which TDM can offer but FDM is unable to as it cannot change the width of the
allocated frequency.

6. Suppose users share a 2 Mbps link. Also suppose each user transmits continuously at 1 Mbps when
transmitting, but each user transmits only 20 percent of the time. (See the discussion of statistical
multiplexing)

a. When circuit switching is used, how many users can be supported?

b. For the remainder of this problem, suppose packet switching is used. Why will there be essentially
no queuing delay before the link if two or fewer users transmit at the same time? Why will there be a
queuing delay if three users transmit at the same time?

SOL :- a) Since each user requires 1Mbps that is half of the total bandwidth, 2 users can be supported

b) If at most two users transmit data at the same time then the maximum bandwidth of the link should
be 2Mbps as each requires 1Mbps and the bandwidth of the provided link is also 2Mbps so there
would be no queuing delay when at most 2 user transmit whereas if there are 3 users then the
maximum required link bandwidth is 3Mbps but we have just 2Mbps so it would cause queuing
delay.

7. How long does it take a packet of length 1,000 bytes to propagate over a link of distance 2,500 km,
propagation speed 2.5 x10^8 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps? More generally, how long does it
take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of distance d, propagation speed s, and transmission
rate R bps? Does this delay depend on packet length? Does this delay depend on transmission rate?

SOL :- Given
Packet length= 1,000 bytes
Distance= 2,500 km
propagation speed 2.5x10^8 m/s
transmission rate =2Mbps
 Generally if we assume that
Packet length=L
Distance=d
Propagation speed=s
Transmission rate =R bps

then,
Propagation delay = Distance/ Propagation speed= d/s
= 2,500 / 2.5×105
= 10 ms
Therefore, the time to propagate on this link is 10 ms.
No, delay does not depend on packet length.
No, delay does not depend on transmission rate.
8. List five tasks that a layer can perform. Is it possible that one (or more) of these tasks could be
performed by two (or more) layers?
SOL :- The five tasks that a layer can perform are :
A) Flow control
B) Error control
C) Segmentation and reassembly
D) Multiplexing
E) Connection setup
YES, it is possible for example the error control is done on data link layer, network layer and transport
layer

9. Describe how a botnet can be created, and how it can be used for a DDoS attack.

SOL :- To create a bot net we need to follow these steps :

1) We need to find a vulnerability in the application or in the system
2) We need to scan for hosts that are vulnerable
3) Now using trojan we can compromise the host system
4) This process is called botnet

DDoS means Distributed Denial-of-Service.

It can be used for DDoS attack because the host systems can scan the environment and control the
systems and also propagate by exploiting the vulnerability. So when the host system scans all the
environment then it can also control all the nodes in that environment and by sending different
commands to nodes the attack happens.

10. An analogy might clarify the notions of transmission and propagation delay. Consider a highway that
has a tollbooth every 100 kilometers. You can think of the highway segments between tollbooths as
links and the tollbooths as routers. Suppose that cars travel (that is, propagate) on the highway at a
rate of 50 km/hour (that is, when a car leaves a tollbooth, it instantaneously accelerates to 100 km/hour
and maintains that speed between tollbooths). Suppose next that 20 cars, traveling together as a
caravan, follow each other in a fixed order. You can think of each car as a bit and the caravan as a
packet. Also suppose that each tollbooth services (that is, transmits) a car at a rate of one car per 30
seconds, and that it is late at night so that the caravan’s cars are the only cars on the highway. Finally,
suppose that whenever the first car of the caravan arrives at a tollbooth, it waits at the entrance until
the other nineteen cars have arrived and lined up behind it. (Thus the entire caravan must be stored at
the tollbooth before it can begin to be forwarded.)

a). What is the time required for the tollbooth to push the entire caravan onto the Highway? (This time
is analogous to the transmission delay in a router.)
b). What is the time required for a car to travel from the exit of one tollbooth to the next tollbooth?
(This time is analogous to propagation delay.)

c). Compute the time from when the caravan is stored in front of a tollbooth until the caravan is stored
in front of the next tollbooth? (This is the sum of transmission delay and propagation delay)

d). Suppose the caravan travels 150 km, beginning in front of one tollbooth, passing through a second
tollbooth, and finishing just after a third tollbooth. What is the end-to-end delay?

SOL:- Given :
transmission rate of cars is one car per 30 seconds
In the caravan total 20 cars are present

a) The total time required to push entire caravan onto road is 10 min.

b) The time required for a car to travel is 100km/100kmpersec=1hour

c) Initially the caravan is at one tolbooth the total time delay is sum of transmission of caravan to
highway plus propagation delay until the last car reaches the destination.
So, consider last car at starting point it takes 10 min time to enter the highway.
After entering it takes 1 hour to reach the destination
So, total time is 10min+1hour=70 min

d) Given
caravan travels 150 km
Initially caravan is in middle of 1 and 2 tollbooth and destination is 3rd tollbooth.
At the middle of 1 and 2 the distance is 50 km it travels at rate of 100kmph consider last car
So the time is 30 min.
The time from 2 to 3 is = distance is 100km and speed is 100kmph. Time taken is 1 hour and
transmission delay is 10 min. To cross again it transmits it takes 10 min
So total time =30min+1hour10min+10min=1hour 50min.