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Hypoxic-Ischemic
Encephalopathy
(HI Injury)
Kenneth D. Williams, MD
Disclosures
• Financial Disclosures – None
• Acknowledge
– Dr. Krista L. Birkemeier
– Dr. Matthew B. Crisp
Key Points
• Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury findings depend on:
– Brain Maturity at the time of the event
– Severity and Duration of Hypoperfusion
• 4 Basic Patterns
• Appearance evolves over time. “ITITL”
• Modalities available:
– US – Easiest to obtain
– CT – Limited Role for Hemorrhage / Mass
– MRI – Best examination overall
Key Points
• HII is a metabolic insult and therefore it is
generally bilaterally symmetric in
appearance, i.e. can be tough to detect.
Periventricular WM Parasagittal
Ventriculopedal Ventriculofugal
• Large Masses
• Pre-surgical
• Ionizing Radiation
• Insensitive
MRI
www.mrineonatalbrain.com
MRI
• Coordination to insure a safe study
• STABLE patient / Monitor ABC’s
• Minimize delays in transit and scanning
• Dedicated neonatal head or knee coil
• Feed and Swaddle / Rare Chloral Hydrate
• Ear protection
• Real time image evaluation
MRI
• Prioritize sequences – more useful 1st
– Diffusion weighted imaging b 800 / 1,000
• Trace diffusion & ADC maps
– T1 weighted images - Inc TR 800+ msec
– T2 weighted images - Inc TR 9,000+ msec
– T2* weighted images (Hemorrhage)
• GRE / SWI
– Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• Early scan < 48 hours or metabolic disorder ?
– High resolution 3D images / MRA or MRV
Diffusion Weighted Imaging
• Based on random molecular motion
– Infarction – cellular swelling constricts the
extracellular space leading to restricted
(reduced) free diffusion.
• Two main types of images
– Trace Diffusion Images - T2 & Diffusion
– ADC Maps - Diffusion only
• Restricted diffusion is always opposite the
signal of CSF which freely diffuses.
Arterial Ischemic Stroke
• ADC reduction
confirms it is not
T2 shine through
ADC Map
• Very rapid onset –
minutes.
DWI in HII
• More subtle abnormalities may be seen.
– Not a light bulb.
• More gradual onset.
– Can underestimate disease 24 – 48 hrs.
• Will return to normal – pseudonormalize –
at 5 – 7 days.
• Best at Day 3 to 5.
MRI – When ?
• Early < 24 – 48 hours
– MR Spectroscopy will be needed
– DWI and Standard images may underestimate extent
of injury
– Follow-up in 4 – 10 days may be needed
• Short term delay 3 to 5 days
– DWI reliable & not pseudonormalized
– T1 and T2 changes likely present
– Normal probably needs no later FU
• Second week imaging may best predict outcome.
• Longer term follow-up 3 to 6 months.
NICHD Cooling Protocol
• Meet Inclusion Criteria
– Term or Late Preterm Infant EGA => 36 w
– < 6 hours old
• Cooled for 72 hours to 34o C
– Whole-body Cooling
– Head Cooling Cap
• Rewarmed over 6 hours
Cooling for infants < 36 weeks EGA is unproven.
MR Spectroscopy
• Most important for:
– Early MRI < 24 – 48 hours
– Other metabolic disorders that emulate HII
• Lactate is a key finding
– Not present in a term neonate but is normal in a
premature infant and in the CSF.
• Elevated glutamate / glutamine
• Reduced NAA (normally lower in neonates)
• Sample Basal Ganglia & Parasagittal
Lactate @ 1.33 ppm
T1 T2
Term Normal MRI
MRI Day 3
Term 3,670g Abruption Sz 5hr
MRI Day 8
Term 3,670g Abruption Sz 5hr
MRI 7 Months
Term - Severe
• Lateral Thalamus / Posterior Putamen
• Globus Pallidus
• Hippocampi
• Brainstem (dorsal)
• Sensorimotor cortex and corticospinal tracts
CT 24 Hours
Term Apneic Episode Day 3 Sz
5 Weeks Later
Term 3,700g Ap 0/3/4
Cooled US Day 4
Term 3,700g Ap 0/3/4
MRI Day 12
Preterm - Severe
• Thalamus
• Brainstem
MRI Day 10
31 w EGA 1,260 g
MRI Day 16
Total Cortical Injury Pattern
“White Cerebrum”
• Uncommon diffuse brain injury pattern.
– Barkovich 2 % of patients at UCSF.
MRI Day 2
Late Term Birth Anoxia Sz
23 Months Later
Preterm – Mild / Moderate
• Most often < 32 weeks EGA
• Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage (GMH)
– 4 Grades
• White Matter Injury of Prematurity (WMIP)
– Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL)
• Cellular vulnerability > Border zone
• Modalities – US / MRI in some cases
Germinal Matrix
• Vascular area of neuron and glia
generation along ependymal surface.
– Most active weeks 8 to 28.
• Involutes in the third trimester.
• Ganglionic eminence at the caudothalamic
groove is the last to involute.
• GM Hemorrhage generally < 32 wk EGA
and < 1,000 gm
– Rare after 34 weeks / 90 % by Day 4 of life
GMH Grades – Papile 1978
• Grade 1 – Intraparenchymal at Gang Em
No intraventricular extension
• Grade 2 – Intraparenchymal with extension
Into the ventricle – NO dilatation
• Grade 3 – Intraparenchymal with ventricle
Extension and ventricular dilatation
• Grade 4 – Periventricular Hemorrhagic
Infarction (PVHI)
PVHI
• New term for Grade 4
GMH recognizing
etiology
• Terminal vein
compression by small
bleed leads to vein
occlusion and larger
venous infarction with
hemorrhage in the
medullary vein
territory
Germinal Matrix – Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Periventricular Ischemia
Day 18 Day 30
Cavitary WMIP
27.5 w EGA Asymptomatic
Day 60
Cavitary WMIP
Noncavitary WMIP MRI
• Punctate short T1 within larger areas of
long T2 seen at Day 3 to 4.
• Mild T2 shortening appears at Day 6 to 7.
– Areas of reactive astrogliosis
– Not hemorrhage (Lower T2 and GRE/SWI+)
• May be seen on DWI early on as well
34 w EGA 1,520 g Apgars 2/4/6
MRI Day 6
34 w EGA 1,520 g Apgars 2/4/6
MRI Day 6
34 w 3 d EGA Ap 2/6/8 Sz
MRI Day 4
Poor Prognosis
• Brainstem Injury – Death
• Total Cortical Injury pattern (Global)
• Abnormal PLIC –Ability to Walk
– Only for >36 weeks EGA
• Abnormal thalamus & basal ganglia - Motor
• Grade 3 and 4 GMH - Neurodevelopmental
• Abnormal MRS – Poor Outcome
ADC and Prognosis
• Hunt Pediatrics 2004
– PLIC < 0.74 um2/ms Survives – Bad Outcome
– Mean ADC PLIC
• Nonsurvivor 0.75 +/- 0.17
• Survivor 0.89 +/-0.17
• Wolf Radiology 2001
– > 1.0 um2/ms PLIC Controls
• Rutherford Pediatrics 2004
– WM infarctions <1 .1x10-3 mm2/s
– Thalamic infarctions < 0.8x10-3 mm2/s
• Vermuelen Radiology 2008
– PLIC < 85x10-5 mm2/s Poor Outcome
Radiology November 2008
Differential Diagnosis
• Neonatal Hypoglycemia
• Kernicterus
• Infection
– Type II Herpes encephalopathy
– Human parechovirus
• Metabolic disorders
– Maple syrup urine disease
– Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia
– Urea cycle disorders
– Leigh syndrome – Pyruvate dehydrogenase
• Nonaccidental trauma