HRM

UNIT I

Part A
1. Define HRM. (April/May 2011/May 2015/May 2017)

HRM can be defined as managing(planning, organizing, directing and controlling the functions
of employing, developing and compensating human resources resulting in the creating and
development of human relations with a view to contribute proportionately(due to them) to the
organizational, individual and social goals
2.Define Personnel Management.
Personnel Management is defined by the Institute of Personnel Management (UK) as,” Personnel
Management is a responsibility of all those who manage people as well as being a description of the
work of those who are employed as specialists. It is that part of management which is concerned with
people at work and with their relationships within an enterprise. It applies not only to industry and
commerce but to all fields of employment”.PM is a responsibility of all managers in an organization and
it is a staff function.PM is a part of management concerned with the people and their relationship.This
applies to all organizations in the universe.
3. Difference between HRM and Personnel Management.

Personnel Management Human Resource Management

1. Personnel means persons employed. Human resource management is the

Personnel Management is the management of management of employees/ skills, knowledge,
people employed. abilities, talents, aptitudes, creative abilities
etc.
2. Employee in personnel management is
mostly treated as an economic man as his Employee in human resource management is
services are exchanged for wage/salary. treated not only as economic man but also as
social and psychological man. Thus, the
3. Employee is viewed as a commodity or tool
complete man is viewed under the approach
or equipment which can be purchased and
used. Employee is treated as a resource.

4. Employees are treated as cost center and Employees are treated as a profit center and
 therefore management controls the cost of therefore, invests capital for human resource
labour. development and future utility.

5. Employees are used mostly for Employees are used for the multiple mutual
organizational benefit. benefits of the organization, employees and
their family members.

Human resource management is a strategic

6. Personnel function is treated as only an
management function.
auxiliary.

4. What are the important functions of HRM?

The functions of HRM can be classified into two categories,Managerial functions include Planning,
Organizing, Directing and Controlling, Operative functions include specific activities of personnel
management. They are Employment, Job Analysis, HR Planning, Recruitment, Selection, Placement,
Induction and Orientation, HR Development, Performance Appraisal, Training, Management
Development ,Career Planning and Development, Organization development, Compensation, Job
Evaluation, Wage and Salary Administration, Incentives, Bonus, Fringe Benefits, Social Security
Measures, Human Relations
5. Write about the importance of human factor. (April/ May 2014)
Most of the problems in organizational sections are human and social. Human factor is a very important
factor in HRM as it aims to predict and control human behavior. If a company is economically successful,
it means, the management has been able to manage human resources effectively. The human resources
are “the active force of industrialization, and strategies for development should concentrate particularly
on their enhancement”.
6. What are the objectives of HRM? (May 2011)
The objectives of HRM are as follows: To create and utilize an able and motivated workforce, to
accomplish the basic organizational goals, To establish and maintain sound organizational structure and
desirable working relationships among all the members of the organization, acceptable and efficient
leadership, To provide facilities and conditions of work and creation of favorable atmosphere for
maintaining stability of employment.
7. State the need for HR Policies.
Every organization should have personnel policies in order to accomplish the objectives of the personnel
as well as the organization. Further organization needs personnel policies in order to –a). Consider the
favoritism and discrimination in treating the employees.b). ensure that the action will be continued
though the managers in key jobs.
8. What are the important roles of HR Manager? (May 2011)
1) Primary roles: Leader – to lead the whole team or even organization.Supervisor – to supervise or
assist the subordinates when any problemarises.Director- to direct the organization towards the
corporate goal.2) Secondary roles: Administrator, Negotiator (with clients), Facilitator (during conflicts),
Advisor, Welfare Officer, Public relation officer.

9. What are the functions involved in Acquisition?

Planning, find the demand from HR Inventory & supplying the demand.
Planning about HR requirements in an organization: Estimation, Demand & Supply, Sources of HR,
Selection process, Recruitment.
10. What are the functional areas of Management? (Nov/December 2013)
Marketing, Finance, HR, Production are the functional areas of Management in an organization.
11. Define Quality Working Life.
The Quality Working Life can be as follows: Good environment to work, Good work culture, Encouraging
employer, High pay with perks, Good team to work with, Autonomy, Recognition, Sense of
belongingness, Caller prospects and self-developments, Rewards and benefits.
12. What are the skills a manager should possess? (Nov/December 2013)
Four types of skill that a manager should possess are as follows: Technical Skill, Human relations Skill,
Conceptual Skill, Decision making skill, Leadership skill
13. Explain conceptual skill in two lines.
Conceptual –thinking about the future. So the conceptual skill is a skill needed for any mangers to think
about the future, to forecast about the challenges, opportunities that lie ahead on future and to plan
about tem now itself. That type of skill is called as conceptual skill.
14. What is HR policy?
HR policies are systems of codified decisions, established by an organization, to support administrative
personnel functions, performance management, employee relations and resource planning
15. What are the advantages of HRM Policies?
The advantages of HRM Policies are as follows: Delegation, Uniformity, Better Control, Standards of
efficiency, Confidence, Speedy decision, Coordinating devices.
16. What are the issues in business strategy affecting HRM?
Total Quality management, Mergers and Acquisitions, Reengineering, International expansion,
Downsizing, Outsourcing.
17. What are the five broad categories based on which generally HRIS was formulated?
Duties and responsibilities of every job in the organization.Skills possessed by every employee.Future
human resource needs of the organization. Current productivity of human resources.Identification of
training needs.

18. What are the new technologies influencing HRM?

1. Internet portal: This combines data from several sources into a single site; Lets user customize data
without programming skills. Eg A company manager can track labour cost by work group. 2. Shared
service centre: Consolidate different HR functions into a single location; eliminate redundancy and
reduce administrative costs; process all HR transactions at one time. E.g. Allied signal combined more
than 75 functions, including finance and HR, into a shared service centre.3. Application service provider:
Lets companies rent space on a remote computer system and use the system’s software to manage its
HR activities, including security and upgrades. E.g. KPMG Consulting uses an ASP to host the company’s
computerized learning programme.4. Business Intelligence: Provides insight into business trends and
patterns and helps businesses improve decisions. E.g. Manages use the system to analyse labour costs
and productivity among different employee group.
19. What is e-HRM? (April/May 2014)
The processing and transmission of digitalized HR information, especially using computer networking
and the internet.
20. What are the barriers for the effective selection of the candidates for the organization?
While considering human resources planning the following external factors are kept in mind. They are:
1.Economic 2.Political 3.Legal 4.Cultural 5.Technological 6. Cultural 7.Trade union movement.
UNIT II

Part A

1. Define Human Resource Planning? (May 2011/May 2015/May 2017)

E.W Vetter viewed HRP as “a process by which an organization should move from its current manpower
position to its desired manpower position. Though planning management strives to have the right
number and right kind of people at right place at right time, doing things which result in both the
organization and the individual receiving maximum long-run benefit”. Human Resource Planning process
ensure that, Right number of people, Right Kind of people, Right places, Right Time, Capable of
effectively and efficiently completing the task.
2. Write about importance of Human Resource Planning?
Human Resources Planning (HRP) anticipates not only the required number of employees but also
determines the action plan for all functions of personnel management. HRP is very important function in
an organization due to the following:It checks the corporate plan of the organization. It provides scope
for achievement of organization strategies by making required people available in the right time for
implementation of strategies. It facilitates the control of all functions, operations, Contribution and cost
of human resource.
3. What are the internal sources of Recruitment? (April/May 2012applicants, Present Temporary or
casual Employees, Retrenched or Retried Employees.
4. What are the external sources of Recruitment?
Advertisement, Recommendation, Employment Agencies, Temporary Help Services, Schools, Colleges
and universities, Professional organization
5. Define Recruitment? (April/May 2013/May 2015)
Recruitment used to discover potential candidates for actual or anticipated Organization vacancies.
Edwin B.Flippo defined recruitment as “the process of searching for prospective employees and
stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization”.

6. What are the important steps in Selection Process? (Nov/December 2013)

Initial Screening Interview, Completion of the application form, Employment Test, Comprehensive
Interview, Background Investigation, Physical examination, Final employment decision
7. What are advantages of internal sources of recruitment?
High morale, encouragement to good individuals who are embitters, Probability to good selection is
more as the information about them is available, Cost factor and they can be used for training others
8. What are the disadvantages of internal sources of recruitment?
Using inferior internal sources, No new innovations can occur as only inbreed is done, May head to
nepotism, Recommended may confuse friendship and job competence
9. What are advantages of external sources of recruitment?
The suitable candidates with skill, knowledge, talent etc. are generally available. Candidates can be
selected without any pre-conceived notion or reservations. Cost of employees can be minimized
because employees selected from this source are generally placed in the minimum pay scale. Expertise,
excellence and experience in other organizations can be easily brought into the organization. Latest
knowledge, skill, innovative or creative talent can also be followed in the organization.
10. What are the different methods of the Forecasting HR?
The different methods are: Managerial Judgment, Statistical technique, Work-study techniques
How can you perform ratio – trend analysis?
Ratio-trend analysis can be done by analyzing the past and present of statistical techniques.
11. What are the objectives of HRM? (May 2011)
Objectives of HRM are Social objectives, Organizational objectives, Functional objectives, Individual
objectives.
12. Define HR inventory? (April/May 2014)
The data relating to present HR inventory in terms of human resource components, number,
designation-wise and department-wise should be obtained.
13. Define Labour turnover?
Labour turnover is defined as number of persons going out of organization according to their voluntary
resignation.
14. Define attrition?
Attrition is the process whereby as incumbents leave their job for various reasons, those jobs will be
kept vacant or unfilled. Attrition, hiring freezes or ban on employment can be implemented
organization-wise, department-wise or job-wise. Indian Railways, other public Sector units and
Universities have been following this technique to reduce the problem of overstaffing.A person going
out of organization due to less pay is referred as attrition.
15. Define Layoffs? (Nov/ December 2013)
Layoffs can be temporary or permanent. Temporary layoffs are due to the slackness in business,
machinery breakage, power failure etc. Workers are called back as soon as work resumes to the normal
position. Permanent layoff is due to liquidation of the company. Proper human resource planning and
leaving the workforce .At proper level can help to reduce this effect. Organization takes out the
employees according to its wish is known as layoff.
16. What are the factors influencing HR forecasting?
Time, Horizon, Economic factors, Social factors, Technological factors,Growth and expansion of business,
Type of management, Innovative management
17. Define Job analysis? (May 2011)
It is the detailed descriptions of the job task determining the relationship of the job to technology,
examining the knowledge, qualifications or employment standards and incumbent requirements.

18. Define Job description? (April/ May 2010)

It is the written statement of what the job-holder does, How it is done? Why it is done?
19. Define Job specification? (April/May 2014)
It states that the minimum acceptable qualification that the incumbent must possess to perform the job
successfully.
20. What are the different methods of Job analysis?
Observation method, Individual interview method, Group interview method, structural quest nary
method, Technical conference method, Dairy method.
21. What do you mean by Induction?
An induction is the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the
company and prepare them for their new role.Induction training should, according to TPI-theory, include
development of theoretical and practical skills, but also meet interaction needs that exist among the
new employees.

UNIT-III

Part A

1. Define training. (April/ May 2012)

Training is a learning experience in that it seeks a relatively permanent change in as individual that will
improve his or her ability to perform on the job.
2. Define development.
Development improves the job performance and the growth of the personality, realization and
actualization of their potential capacities.
3. Define Education. (April/ May 2010)
Education is the understanding and interpretation of knowledge.
4. State the basic purpose of training.
To increase productivity.To improve quality. To help a company fulfill its future personnel needs. To
improve organizational climate.To improve health and safety.Obsolescenceprevention.Personal growth.
5. Write the process in social learning theory.
Attention process, retention process, motor reproduction processes and reinforcement process.
6. What are the factors to be considered in training?
Inadequate job performance, Drop in productivity, A rise in accident rates, Changes that are imposed on
the worker.

7. Explain need assessment in training. (Nov/December 2013)

It is the process of evaluating the organization, individual employees and employee’s tasks to
determine what kinds of training, if any, are necessary. Organization- What is the context in which
training will occur?Person- Who needs training?Task- What subjects should the training cover?
8. What are the methods for determining training needs?
Observation and analysis of job performance, Management & staff conference and recommendations,
Analysis of job requirements, Consideration of current and projected changes, Surveys, reports and
inventories, Interviews.
9. What are the different types training methods? (April/ May 2014)
On the job training methods and Off the job training methods. Apprenticeship programme,Job
instruction training, Job rotation. Class room lecturers. Films-motion pictures. Demonstration, Case
studies, Simulation exercise, Vestibule training, Computer modeling, Experiential exercises, Business
games , Behaviour modeling, Team learning, Action learning
10. What are the different on-the-job training methods?
Apprenticeship programme, Job instruction training, Job rotation.
11. What are the off-the-job training methods?
Class room lecturers (Films-motion picture), Demonstration (Case studies), Simulation exercise
(Vestibule training), Computer modeling (Experiential exercises), Business games (Behaviour modeling),
Team learning (Action learning).
12. What are the factors influencing change? (April/ May 2012)
People, Technology, Information processing and communication, Competition, Social changes.
13. What are the important stages in change process?
Unfreezing, Changing, And Refreezing.
14. Define Knowledge development. (May 2011/May 2015)
“The task of developing and exploiting organization tangible and intangible knowledge resources”
15. What are the types of knowledge?
The two types of knowledge are tacit and explicit knowledge.
16. Why resistance evolves when a change is introduced in an organization?
The resistance evolves because of the employees fear that they may lose the job because of the
introduction of new technology in the organization.

17. Define Knowledge map.

Knowledge map is something that tells you where to go and what to find.
18. Define knowledge gap.
The difference between what the enterprise requires and what it is currently has is what is called as
knowledge gap.
19. Define self-control. (Nov/ December 2011)
Self-control refers to the behavior that an individual deliberately undertakes to achieve self-selected
outcomes .the individual employees selects the goals and implements the procedures to achieve these
goals.
20. What are the advantages of on-the-job training methods?
Less costly to operate, Places the employees in actual work situation and makes them productive.
UNIT IV
Part A
1. Define total compensation. (April/ May 2013)

The package of quantifiable rewards an employee receives for his or her labors.

2. What are the 3 components of total compensation?

Base compensation. Pay incentives indirect compensation and benefits.

3. Define compensation. (May 2011)

The fixed pay an employee receives on a regular basis, either in the form of a salary or as an hourly
wage.

4. Define pay incentive.

A program designed to reward employees for good performance.

5. Define internal equity. (April/ May 2012)

The perceived fairness of the pay structure within a firm.

6. Define external equity.

The perceived fairness in pay relative to what other employers are paying for the same type of labor.

7. Define knowledge–based pay.

A pay system in which employees are paid on the basis of the jobs they can do or talents they have that
can be successfully applied to variety of tasks and situations.

8. Define egalitarian pay system.

A pay plan in which most employees are part of the same compensation system.

9. Define elitist pay system.

A pay plan in which different compensation systems are established for employees or groups at
different organizational levels.

10. Define job evaluation. (April/May 2014)

The process of evaluating the relative value or contribution of different jobs to an organization.

11. Define credibility gap.

Employees often do not believe that pay-for-performance programs are fair or that they truly reward
performance, a phenomenon called the credibility gap.

12. Define psychological contract. (Nov/December 2013)

Is a set of expectations based on prior experience, and it is very resistant to change.

13. Define Motivation. (May 2011/May 2015)

The willingness to do something and is conditioned by this action’s ability to satisfy some need for the
individual.

14. What are the five needs mentioned in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

The needs are: physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization.

15. What are the two factors mentioned in Herzberg’s motivation –hygiene theory? (Dec 2010)
The two factors mentioned in the theory are Motivational factors and hygiene factors.

16. What are the four personality types? (Nov/ December 2012)

The four personality types are dominant, influencing, steady and careful.

17. Who is the developing mentor in an organization?

The senior person in the organization who by his experience and his knowledge going to guide the
juniors in the organization.

18. Who is called as protégé?

The junior persons or the protégé who is going to get guidance from the senior in the organizations is
called as the protégé in the organization.

19. What are the stages in career? (April/ May 2010)

Exploration, Establishment, Mid-career, Late-career, Decline.

20. Define Career. (Nov/ December 2013)

Career represents a sequence of positions, jobs or occupation that a person has over his or her working
life.

21. What is job enrichment? (April/ May 2013)

Empowering workers is by giving decision making authority to jobs. For a salesperson in a store, job
enrichment might involve the authority to resolve customer problems

UNIT V
Part A

1. Define MBO.
MBO- Management by Objectives. It is a process whereby the superior and subordinate jointly
identify the targets to be attained by the subordinate against which the performance of the
subordinate will be assessed and compared for giving rewards.
2. Define promotion.(Dec 2015)
It covers a change and calls for greater responsibilities and usually involves higher pay and better
terms and conditions of services.
3. Define Demotion. (Nov/ December 2013)(Dec 2015)
It of an individual to a job of a lower rank and pay usually involving lower level of difficulty and
responsibility.
4. Define transfer and what are the concepts behind transfer? (Dec 2015)
A lateral shift causing movement of individuals from one position to another usually without
involving any marked change in duties responsibilities, skills needed or compensation. Human
resources concept behind transfer is not to sack or lose an employee, every human being is an
asset to the organization, loosing an employee by dismissing will spoil the image of the firm,
Transfer will motivate the employee.
5. Define separation. (April/ May 2012/May 2015)(Dec 2015)
Cessations of service of agreement with the organization for one or other reason like resignation,
discharge and dismissal, suspension and retrenchment and lay-off.
6. What are the different types of promotion? (Nov/ December 2012)
Multiple promotions, up or out promotions, dry promotions are the different types of promotions.
7. What are the types of control systems based on managerial level and timing?
The major control systems by managerial level and timing are financial control, budgetary
control, quality control and inventory control.
8. Define responsibility centre.
A responsibility centre is a subunit headed by a manager who is responsible for achieving one or
more goals.
9. Define discretionary expense centre.
A responsibility center whose budgetary performance is based on achieving is goals by operating
within predetermined expense constraints set through managerial judgment or discretion.
10. Define quality. (April/ May 2014)
The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs.
11. What are the eight dimensions of quality on strategic point of view?
Performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability, aesthetic and perceived
quality are the eight dimensions of quality on strategic point of view.
12. Define TQM. (April/ May 2013)
TQM – Total Quality Management.A quality control approach that emphasizes organization
wide commitment, integration of quality improvement efforts with organizational goals and
inclusion of quality as a factor in performance appraisals.
13. Define Benchmarking. (Nov/ December 2010)
Benchmarking is the process of identifying the best practices and approaches productivity in
specific areas within one’s own company with the productivity of other organizations both
within and outside the industry.
14. What are the levels of control?
The different levels of control are operational control, tactic control and strategic control.
15. Define performance appraisal.(May 2017)
Performance appraisal is the process of appraising or evaluating the performance of an employee
by different methods so that an organization how he is working in it so that he could achieve the
organizational goals and objectives.
16. What are the two different methods of performance appraisal?
The two different methods of performance appraisal are new or modern methods and old
methods. They are straight ranking method, man-to –man comparison methods, grading
methods, graphic rating scale, forced choice methods, forced choice distribution methods. The
modern methods are assessment centers, MBO and human asset accounting methods.
17. What are the old methods of performance appraisal? (May 2011)
They are straight ranking method, man-to –man comparison methods, grading methods, graphic
rating scale, forced choice methods, forced choice distribution methods .
18. What are the modern methods of performance appraisal? (May 2011)
The modern methods are assessment centers, MBO and human asset accounting methods.
19. What is the purpose of giving feedback to the employees?
Through feedback, the employee will be informed about his performance, so that he will be
correcting his behavioral and performance wise mistakes and also if he has performed well he
will also be motivated by the feedback from the top level management.
20. What is known as feed forward control? (April/ May 2010)
Whenever the control is maintained in the inputs of any process then such types of control is
called as feed forward control as the inputs are feed forwarded to all the process.
21. What are the causes or sources of grievances?
Concerning wages, Concerning supervision, Concerning individual advancement, General working
conditions, Collective bargaining., Promotions, Amenities, Continuity of service, Compensation,
Disciplinary action, Fines, increments, Leave and medical benefits, Nature of the job, Safety appliances,
Transfer, Victimization and Conditions of work

BRM

UNIT-I PART-A

1. What do you mean research?

A detailed plan of research is indicating the methods and procedures to be used for
collecting and analysing data on a given subject and reporting results.

2. Write any two objectives of research?(June 2016)

Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it, Determine the
frequency with which something occurs, Test the hypothesis of causal relationship
between variables

3. What is ex post factorial research?

A study in which the researcher starts with some currently existing condition and then
tries to ascertain the factor or factors that caused it.

4. What is applied research?(June 2012)

Applied Research aims at finding a solution for an immediate business research
problem facing the organisation

5. What is Empirical research? (June’13)

An investigation in which one or more variables are manipulated with a view to testing a
hypothesis

6. Write the significance of research?

Basis for government policy in our new economic system

Solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry

7. Write the difference between methods &methodology

Methods- methods used by the researcher in performing research operations

Methodology- system actually solve the problem

8. What do you mean scientific research?
Systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition
about the presumed relation among natural phenomena

9. Write the criteria of good research?

it means that research is structured with a set of steps to be taken in a specific
sequence in accordance with a defined set of rules, One of the primary method of
scientific investigation is the hypothetic-deductive method. The method of starting
with a theoretical framework, formulating hypotheses and logically deducing from the
results of the study is known as hypothetic-deductive method , Good Research is
Logical, It means that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and logical
process of induction and deduction

10. What is a research problem?

A research problem is the identification of situation where the researcher sees a
possible need for research and problem solving. It is the demarcation of a problem
area within a certain context involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and
the WHY of the problem situation

11. What is research design?

A detailed plan of research indicating the methods and procedures to be used for
collecting and analyzing data on a given subject and reporting results.

12. What is hypothesis?(June’11, June’13)

Hypothesis is an unproven proposition or supposition that tentatively explains
certain facts or phenomena — it is a statement of assumption about the nature
of the world. Types : The Null and Alternative Hypotheses.

13. What is Latin square method?

A statistical experimental design in which two or more extraneous variables in addition to the
independent variable are controlled.

14. Define-explorative method (June’11)

Investigation undertaken to clarify and define the nature of a problem for a detailed
research, if necessary. This research is generally based on secondary data

15. Define-descriptive method

Also called as Ex Post Facto Research, Describes the state of affairs, No control over
variables. Establishes causes even when there is no control over variables, Used for
comparative and co relational studies
 16. What are the special features of Applied research
Action research, Applied to find solution for an immediate problems., Aims at
conclusion

17. What are the stages in research process?

Formulating the problem, Extensive literature survey , Developing hypothesis, Preparing
the research design, Determining the sample design, Collecting the data, Execution of
project, Analysis of the data, Hypothesis testing, Generalization and interpretation,
Preparation

18. Define basic research.

Basic or pure research attempts to expand the limits of knowledge. Research
aim is to solve perplexing questions of a theoretical nature, with little direct
influence on actions, performance or policy decisions.

19. Define cross sectional design (June’10)

A study involving a sample of elements from the population of interest at a single point
in time. Investigates a specific chunk of the population under study. It is scientific in
approach.

20. Differentiate applied research from fundamental research.

Applied research- Action research, Applied to find solution for an immediate problems.
Aims at conclusion, Fundamental Research- Finds information that broadens the basis
of application. Used to develop theory

21. Differentiate between field and laboratory experiment

Field experiment- conducted in the open field there is no control over variables.

Laboratory- conducted on closed environment. Researcher has control over the

variables.

22. What do you mean by focus group interview?

It is a small group of people, which is conducted in an unstructured manner allowing the
participants to express themselves freely on a given subject.

23. Define null hypothesis. (June’10,Dec’10,Dec’2012)

A statement about a status quo which states that any change from the status quo will be on
account of random error alone.

UNIT-II PART A

1. What do you mean nominal scale?

 A scale in which numbers are used only to identify or categorise objects or events without
ordering the categories

2. What do you mean interval scale? (June’10)

A scale of measurement in which the distances among the numbers correspond to the
distances among the objects or events in respect of the characteristic being measured;
intervals between numbers are taken as equal.

3. What do you mean Ratio scale?(June’10)

A scale of measurement in which items are ranked so that numerically equal scale
distances represent equal distances in the attribute being measured.

4. What do you mean Rating scale?

Rating Scale A scale normally used to measure the respondent's attitude towards an
object, his preference or dislike toward some attribute, and the degree to which an object
contains a particular attribute. The respondent is asked to indicate the position on a
continuum or among ordered categories corresponding to his attitude.

5. What do you mean TAT ?

Thematic Apperception Test- A projective technique that presents a series of pictures to
research subjects and ask them to provide a description of or a story about the pictures.

6. What is Scalogram?
A method for scaling attitude items. It holds that attitude items can be arranged such that a
subject who responds positively to a particular item also does so to all other items having a
lower rank.

7. Define Construct Validity (Dec’10)

The ability of a measure to confirm a set of related hypotheses generated from a theory
based on the concepts.

8. Define Ranking scale :

A measurement approach by which objects are valued using number based on a
given phenomenon.

9. What is Reliability? (Dec’10, Dec’2012, June’13)

It refers to the ability of a measure to obtain similar results over time and across
situations. Reliability is the degree to which measures are free from error and,
therefore, yield consistent results. Validity refers to the measure's ability to
measure what we intend to measure.

10. What is Face Validity ?

A form of content validity that is determined entirely by judgement of 'nonexperts' such as
 respondents or executives.

11. What is Forced Choice Scale

A rating scale which does not include a 'no opinion' or 'undecided' category thus
requiring the respondent to indicate a position on the scale.

12. What is Graphic Scale?

A scale in which the respondent indicates his rating by a mark on a line that runs from one
extreme of the attribute to the other such as Very good' and 'very poor*

Internal Validity The extent to which results in an experiment are caused by the
treatment variables as distinct from extraneous variables.

13. What do yuo mean by Likert Scale ?

A scale by the Likert method in which subjects are given a number of statements and asked to
indicate their agreement or disagreement with those statements. Their responses to all
statements are then summed up to obtain a total 15. score.

Nominal Scale A scale in which numbers are used only to identify or categorise objects or
events without ordering the categories.

14. What do you mean by Ordinal Scale ? (Dec’10, Dec’2012, June 2016)
A scale of measurement in which objects or alternatives are arranged in a certain order
such as 'more than' or 'less than'.

15. What do you mean by Predictive Validity?

A measure of validity which shows the extent to which the future level of some
variable can be predicted by either a current measurement of the same variable
or another one.

16. What do you mean by Rating Scale?

A scale normally used to measure the respondent's attitude towards an object, his
preference or dislike toward some attribute, and the degree to which an object contains
a particular attribute. The respondent is asked to indicate the position on a continuum
or among ordered categories corresponding to his attitude.

17. What do you mean by Ratio Scale ?

A scale of measurement in which items are ranked so that numerically equal scale
distances represent equal distances in the attribute being measured.

18. What do you mean by Scalogram Analysis ?

A method for scaling attitude items. It holds that attitude items can be arranged such
that a subject who responds positively to a particular item also does so to all other items
 having a lower rank.

19. What do you mean by Semantic Differential Scale?

A self reporting scale requiring the respondent to rate an object on a number of
itemized rating scales bounded on each end by one of the two bipolar adjectives.

20. What do you mean by Split-Half Reliability ?

A measure of reliability in which one half of the items are compared with the other half.
In case the results show substantial variation, the reliability of the instrument is
considered to be doubtful.

21. Define validity. Point out the different types of validity(June’11)

The validity of the scale referenced to the question whether we are measuring what we
want to measure. Content, construct, predictive are the different types of validity.

UNIT-III PART A

1. What do you mean primary and secondary data collection?(Dec’10, Dec’2012, June’13)
Primary data is a original problem -or project – specific and collected for serving a
particular purposes. Its authenticity is or relevance is reasonably high. Secondary data is
collected by the decision-marker or the researcher in a short span of time and the data is
also obtained from past.

2. What do you mean sampling?

The proportion of the number of elements included in a sample to the total number of
elements contained in a population.

3. What do you mean Sampling Error?

The difference between the population parameter and the observed probability sample
statistic. Sampling error arises when a sample is not representative of the population.

4. What do you mean Area sampling?

A form of cluster sampling in which areas such as census tracts and blocks, form the primary
sampling units. The population is divided into mutually exclusive areas using maps. A random
sample of areas is then selected.

5. What do you mean multi stage sampling?

A sample design in which a sample is drawn in two or more stages sequentially. The sampling
unit in each stage tends to be different. For instance, first draw a sample of localities. This is to
be followed by a sample of households from the localities chosen earlier.

6. What is non -probability sampling?

 Any sampling method which is not based on the random selection of elements in the
population. Examples of such a sample are quota sampling, convenience sampling, etc.

7. What is probability sampling?

A sampling technique in which sampling units are selected by chance and for which there is
a known, non-zero probability of selection.

8. What do you mean coding,?

The process of classifying and categorising of respondents with numerical scores. It is
advisable to prepare a scheme in advance to simplify and effective manage the data entry
process.

9. Define Panel Study

A study based on the data collected from the same sample of individuals/households over
time.

10. Define- Observation method.

It is a method of collecting data on the basis of the respondent's behaviour and action.

11. Write a note on Depth interview

An unstructured and extensive interview in which the respondent is encouraged to talk
freely with the interviewer so that his inner feelings are disclosed

12. What is cluster sampling?

A sample design in which a cluster of elements is the primary sampling unit instead of
individual elements in the population.

13. What do you mean by sampling plan? (June 2016)

A sampling plan is a term widely used in research studies that provide an outline on the
basis of which research is conducted. It tells which category is to be surveyed, what should
be the sample size and how the respondents should be chosen out of the population.

14. Differentiate between population and study population.

Population- universe it selection of some part of an aggregates tidy population- list
containing all such sampling unit

15. What is cluster sampling?

A sample design in which a cluster of elements is the primary sampling unit instead of
individual elements in the population

16. What are the determinants of sample size? (June’13)

 Sample size should be optimum. It fulfills the requirements of efficient, representative,
reliable and flexible. Size of the population must be kept in view, budget dictate the size of
the sample

17. Differentiate between population and study population.

Population- universe it selection of some part of an aggregates tidy population- list
containing all such sampling unit.
18. What is data mining?(May’11)
The organisation of larger volumes of information into clusters of data based upon user
requirements. The process of organising the data is termed as data mining.

19. What is snow ball sampling?(June’10)

It is used when it is difficult to identify the members of desired population. Under this
design each respondents after being interviewed are asked to identify or introduce one or
more in the field.

20. What is sampling frame?

It comprises all the elements of a population with proper identification that is available to
the researcher for selection at any stage of sampling.

21. Define Questionnaire. (June 2016)

Questionnaire is a formalized set of questions for obtaining information from
respondents.

UNIT-IV

PART A

1. What is Editing? (June 2016)

Editing of data is a process of examining the collected raw data (specially in surveys) to
detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible.

2. Define -Chi-Square Test .

A statistical technique used to test significance in the analysis of frequency distribution. It is a
sum, overall the categories of the square difference between observed and expected
frequencies divided by the expected frequency.

3. What do you mean Cluster Analysis? (June’11, June 2016)

 A group of multivariate techniques used to identify similar entities on the basis of their
characteristics. The clusters thus identified have a high internal (within- cluster)
homogeneity and a high external (between-cluster) heterogeneity.

4. Define Coefficient of Determination (r2) .

A statistical device which measures the proportion of the total variation of the dependent
variable that can be attributed to the relationship with the independent or predictor variable
or variables. It varies from 0 to 1.

5. Write a short note about Conjoint Analysis?

A dependent method of multivariate analysis which is suitable in case of ordinarily scaled
dependent variable and nominally scaled independent variables. It also helps in finding out
the best combination of attributes.

6. What do you mean significance level?

The probability level which is too low to justify the acceptance of a null hypothesis.

7. What do you mean standard error?

Standard Error of Estimate A term used in regression analysis to indicate the extent of variation in
the dependent variable that remains unexplained by the regression equation, Standard Error of
the Mean The standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean..

8. What is Bayesian Probability?

A probability based on a person's subjective judgement. According to Bayesian science is about
conducting research in order to adjust the researcher pre existing believe in light of evidence
what he collects.

9. Define -Contingency Coefficient

A statistic used to measure the extent of association between two sets of data, one or both
of which are nominally scaled.

10. Define -Correlation Coefficient (r)

A measure which indicates the extent of association between two variables. It varies from - 1
to +1. -1 is perfect negative linear correlation and 0 means no correlation and +1 denotes
perfect positive correlation.

11. Define Discriminant Analysis

A statistical technique used to classify persons or objects into two or more categories on the
basis of interval scaled predictor variables.

12. Define -Discriminant Validity

The ability of a measurement instrument not to correlate with other variables that are not
measuring the same concept. It is the opposite of convergent validity.
13. Define -Eigen Value (Dec’12)
The column sum of squares for a factor, representing the variance that a factor has
accounted for. It explains the efficiency of a factor/variable. The factor/variable is efficient
when its eigen value is greater than one.

14. Define -F-Test

A procedure used to determine if there is more variability in the score of one sample than in
the score of another sample.

15. Define- Face Validity

A form of content validity that is determined entirely by judgment of 'non-experts' such as
respondents or executives.

16. Define -Factor Loadings (Dec’2012)

The correlation between the original variables and the factors, and the key to understanding
the nature of a particular factor.

17. Define- Measures of Dispersion

Measures indicating the extent of variability in a given series. Such measures are the standard
deviation, coefficient of variation, inter-quartile range, etc.

18. Define -Moving Average

An average that is updated as new information becomes available. For example, a three-
monthly moving average sales of a product will first be based on the sales effected in
January, February and March. This will be followed by the average for February- April, and so
on.

19. What is Multi-collinearity?

A problem arising in multiple regression analysis when two or more independent variables
are correlated with each other.

20. Define -Multi-dimensional Scaling

An approach to measurement in which respondents' perceptions of the similarity of objects
and their preferences among the objects are measured in multidimensional space.

21. Write a note about Multiple-Choice Question.

A question which requires the respondent to choose one of the several answers listed in the
question itself or following the question.

22. What is Multiple Correlation Coefficients?

In multiple regression, the correlation coefficient between the observed Y,s and the

estimated Y,s is called multiple correlation coefficient.

23. What is Multiple Regression?
A technique of analysing data, which simultaneously investigates the effect of two or more
independent variables on a single intervally scaled variable. It is an extension of the simple
regression technique to more than one independent variable Multivariate Analysis The
analysis of data involving more than two variables at a time.

24. Define Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).

A method of analysing multivariate data which is suitable in case of two or more interval scaled
dependent variables and one or more intervally scaled independent variables

25. What is Regression Coefficient?

The numerical value of any parameter estimate that is directly associated with the
independent variable or variables. For example, in the linear model Y = a + b X the value b is
the regression coefficient for the variable

26. Distinguish between R type and Q type factor analysis.

Factor analysis may be R-type factor analysis or Q-type. In R-type factor analysis high
correlations occur when respondents who score high on variable 1 also score high on
variable 2 and respondents who score low on variable 1 also score low on variable 2.
Factors emerge when there are high correlations within group of variables

In Q-type factor analysis, the correlations are computed between pairs of respondents
instead of pairs of variables. High correlations occur when respondents A pattern of
responses on all the variables is much like respondents B pattern of responses.

27. Define product moment correlation.

It is a statistic summarizing the strength of association between to metric variables say X
and Y. It is an index used to determine whether a straight line relationship exists between X
and Y. It indicates the degree to which the variation in one variable V is related to the
variation in another variable Y. It is called as Karl Pearson correlation coefficient or simple
correlation bivariate correlation or simply correlation coefficient. It is denoted by ‘r’.

28. Write a note about one tail and two tail test
One-tailed test : A directional test of a null hypothesis that considers only one
possibility that the sample statistic is not the same as the population parameter.

Two-tailed test : A non-directional test of a null hypothesis that considers two

possibilities : that the sample statistic is either greater than the population
parameter or that the sample statistic is less than the population parameter.

29. Distinguish between R2 and adjusted R2.(June’11).

 The numerical value of any parameter estimate that is directly associated with the
independent variable or variables is R2. In multiple regression the correlation between the
criterion variable and all the predictor variable taken together is called multiple correlation
coefficient and is symbolised as R. The squared multiple correlation is R2 which gives the
proportionate reduction in error are in proportion of variance accounted for in the
criterion variable by all the predictor variables taken together,

UNIT_V PART A

1. Define- Graphic Scale.

A scale in which the respondent indicates his rating by a mark on a line that runs from one
extreme of the attribute to the other such as Very good' and 'very poor*

2. Define- Histogram.
A form of bar chart in which the height of the bars represents the absolute or relative
frequency of occurrence of the variable of interest.

3. Write a note about Research Proposal.

A plan for conducting a research project on a specified subject, covering such aspects
as sampling, collection of data, methods of analysing data, etc.

4. What do you mean Research Report ?

A report on a research study containing its findings directed to a specific audience.

5. Define-Scanner data.
Single –source data, refers to the ability of these systems to gather several types of
interrelated data such as purchase , sales promotion. Eg. the wealth of product and
brand sales information collected by optical scanners in super markets and other retail
outlet .

6. Define-Pseudo research.
Activities that appear to be research but are conducted for the purposes of
organizational politics rather than objective gathering of information.

7. Who is called as Research supplier ?

A commercial marketing research services that conducts research for clients.

8. Define Custom research?

Study designed for an individual client and tailored to the clients’ unique needs.

9. Write a note about Pseudo pilot study.

 client should be open about the problem to be investigated. However there is a special
case of this problem that should be explained. Some times a client suggests that a more
comprehensive study is in the planning stages and the proposal.

10. Write a note about Research proposal.

A written statement of the research design that includes a statement explaining the
purpose of study and a detailed, systematic outline of procedures associated with a
particular research methodology.

11. Define-Dummy tables.

Representations of the actual tables that will be in the findings section of the final
report, used to provide a better understanding of what the actual outcomes of the
research will be.

12. Write the various types of report. (June’13)

Decision oriented (technical) report, Research oriented – Survey based & algorithmic
report.

13. What are the various types of diagrams used for depicting research results?
Line graph, surface chart, bar chart, pie charts, pictograms, flow chart, organizational
chart decision chart (Decision tree) Gantt chart etc.

14. What is business research?

Business research- Called as ex-post facto research researcher has no control over
variables. it is used to measure frequency of shopping, preference and so on.

16.. What is a oral report ? (Dec’12)

A spoken summary of the major findings conclusions and recommendations given to

clients or line managers to provide them with opportunity to clarify any ambiguous
issues by asking questions.

17. What are the various types of diagrams used for depicting research results?

Line graph, surface chart, bar chart, pie charts, pictograms, flow chart, organizational
chart decision chart (Decision tree) Gantt chart etc.

18. What is the role of audience in report writing.

Reports are written for the sake of audience ie the readers of the reports. The goal
of report writer is to enable the audience to act and hence the audience should be
 taken into consideration, right from word choice, planning, organizing, deciding about
the visual aids, etc.,

19.. Define- Executive summary(Dec’2012, June’13)

Top line report. It may be a report in miniature, covering all the aspects in the body of
the report but in abbreviated form or it may be a concise summary of the major findings
and conclusions, including recommendations

20.Define synopsis.(June’11)

A synopsis is only a brief overview of the entire report and may either highlight the main
points as they appear in the report or simply inform the reader as to the content of
the report.

21. State the ethics in research. (June 2016)

Research ethics is specifically interested in the analysis of ethical issues that are raised
when people are involved as participants in research.

22. State the report format. (June 2016)

Title Page, Acknowledgements, Table of Contents, Executive Summary, Introduction,
review of literature, research methodology, data analysis and interpretation, findings,
suggestion/recommendation and conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

IM

Unit I
Part A
1. Define Data. (May / June 2014)
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner
which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic
machine.
2. What is Information? (May / June 2015)
Information is organised or classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
3. What is Intelligence? (Nov / Dec 2014)
Intelligence is related to the possession and creation of knowledge and characterizes an adaptive
behavior.
4. Define knowledge. (May / June 2013)
Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts,
information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving,
discovering, or learning.
5. Idealize the difference between knowledge and information. (May/June 2017)
Knowledge consists of facts, truths, and beliefs, perspectives and concepts, judgments and
expectations, methodologies and know-how. Knowledge is accumulated and integrated and held over
time to handle specific situations and challenges.
Information consists of facts and data organized to describe a particular situation or condition. We
use knowledge to determine what a specific situation means. Knowledge is applied to interpret
information about the situation and to decide how to handle it.
6. Distinguish between data and information. (April / May 2010)
Data is an unprocessed and raw data collected from the different data collection centers. Data is also
called unprocessed information. Information is data that has been collected and processed into an
organized, usable form, accurate, relevant, complete, cost effective, verifiable, and reliable and is
available when needed.
7. What is a system? (April / May 2011) (April / May 2015)
A ‘System’ is a group of interrelated parts working together towards a common goal by accepting
inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
8. How computer based information system differs from manual based information system?
Computer based information system provides the following advantages: (1). volume of data storage
will be high, (2). Data retrieval is very fast, (3). Data security is high. (4).Multiple persons can work
at the same time. Drawback of manual system is: (1). Time consuming, (2). Data security is low, (3).
Data retrieval is very slow or difficult.
9. What is Information Technology? (Nov / Dec 2014)
Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical
devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of
electronic data.
10. What are the components of Information Technology? (May / June 2016)
People, Hardware, Software and Data.
11. What are roles of IT in Business?
Operational excellence, Customer and Supplier intimacy, improved decision making competitive
advantage, and survival.
12. What are the IS activities?
Input of data resources, processing of data into information, output of information products, and
storage of data resources and control of system performance.
13. What are the types of Information System based on functions? (Nov / Dec 2014)
Manufacturing, Accounting, finance, Marketing and Sales and Human Resources. BA5205
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14. What are the types of information system based on hierarchy? (May / June 2012)
Executive information system, Decision support system, Management information system and
Transaction processing systems.
15. What are the methodologies used to develop information system? (Nov / Dec 2010)
Waterfall model, Spiral model, V model, Rapid application development, incremental model.
16. Define DSS. (May / June 2012)
A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized information system used to support decision-
making in an organization or a business. A DSS lets users sift through and analyze massive reams of
data and compile information that can be used to solve problems and make better decisions.
17. What EIS? (May / June 2011)
An executive information system (EIS), also known as an executive support system (ESS), is a
type of management information system that facilitates and supports senior executive information
and decision-making needs. It provides easy access to internal and external information relevant to
organizational goals.
18. What is KMS? (Nov / Dec 2011)
Knowledge management systems refer to any kind of IT system that stores and retrieves
knowledge, improves collaboration, locates knowledge sources, mines repositories for hidden
knowledge, captures and uses knowledge, or in some other way enhances the KM process.
19. What is GIS? (May / June 2011)
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and
displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface. GIS can show many different kinds of data on
one map. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships.
20. What is an International Information System? (Nov / Dec 2010)
A global information system (GIS) is an information system which is developed and / or used in a
global context. A global information system (GIS) is any information system which attempts to
deliver the totality of measurable data worldwide within a defined context.
21. What is the need for information? (April / May 2015)
The fundamental tasks or the organizational goals of the management, The fundamental
functions of the management seeking the objectives to fulfill and implement these fundamental
tasks, Deciphering the role of the flow of information (communication) within a management
process.

Unit II
Part A
1. What is a case tool? (Nov / Dec 2011)
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the domain of software tools used to design and
implement applications. CASE tools are similar to and were partly inspired by computer-aided
design (CAD)tools used for designing hardware products.
2. What are the advantages of CASE tools? (May / June 2012)
Advantages of CASE tools: It is automated software for development activities. It is intended to
accelerate the process of developing systems; it is to improve the quality of the resulting systems.
3. What is system flow chart? (Nov / Dec 2014)
System flowcharts are a way of displaying how data flows in a system and how decisions are made
to control events. To illustrate this, symbols are used. They are connected together to show what
happens to data and where it goes.
4. What is decision table? (May / June 2011)
A decision table is an excellent tool to use in both testing and requirements management. Essentially
it is a structured exercise to formulate requirements when dealing with complex business rules.
Decision tables are used to model complicated logic.
5. Clarify the purpose of decision tables with an example.(May/June 2016)
Decision tables are a precise yet compact way to model complex rule sets and their corresponding
actions. Decision tables, like flowcharts, if-then-else, and switch-case statements, associate
conditions with actions to perform, but in many cases do so in a more elegant way.
6. What is DFD? (May / June 2011)
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an
information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to
create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.
7. What is ER Model? (Nov / Dec 2012) BA5205 Information Management Department of M B A
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An entity relationship model, also called an entity-relationship (ER) diagram, is a graphical
representation of entities and their relationships to each other, typically used in computing in regard
to the organization of data within databases or information systems.
8. What is an Entity? (May / June 2012)
A person, partnership, organization, or business that has a legal and separately identifiable existence
9. Define attributes? (May /June 2012)
Attributes are the properties of entities. Attributes are represented by means of ellipses. Every ellipse
represents one attribute and is directly connected to its entity (rectangle). 10. What are the types of
attributes? (May / June 2011)
Single and multivalued attributes, Composite or simple attributes and derived attributes.
11. What is Entity Relationship? (Nov / Dec 2010)
Relationships are represented by diamond-shaped box. Name of the relationship is written inside the
diamond-box.
12. What are the types of Relationship? (Nov / Dec 2011)
One- one, One- Many, Many – one and many – many relationships
13. What is OOAD? (May / June 2013)
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a technical approach used in the analysis and design
of an application or system through the application of the object-oriented paradigm and concepts
including visual modeling.
14. What is UML? (Nov / Dec 2015)
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language which is used in object oriented software engineering.
Although typically used in software engineering it is a rich language that can be used to model an
application structures, behavior and even business processes.
15. What are the graphical notations used in UML? (Nov / Dec 2010)
Classes, Objects, Interface, Collaboration, use case, active classes, components and Nodes.
16. What are the types of UML relationships? (May / June 2012)
Dependency, Association, Generalization and Extensibility
17. What are the different perspectives of UML diagram? (May / June 2009)
Design, Implementation, Process and Deployment
18. What are the types of UML diagram? (Nov / Dec 2010)
Classes diagrams, Object diagrams, Deployment diagrams, Package diagrams, Composite structure
diagram and Component diagram.
19. What are the advantages of UML diagram? (May / June 2011)
Provides standard for software development, Reducing of costs to develop diagrams of UML using
supporting tools, Development time is reduced, The past faced issues by the developers are no longer
exists, Has large visual elements to construct and easy to follow.
20. What are the elements in State Chart diagrams? (May / June 2016)
Initial State: This state shows the first activity of the flow, State: A state represents the state of an
object at a particular given point of time, Transition: The transition from one state to another state of
objects is represented by an arrow, Event and Action: A trigger that causes a transition to occur,
Signal: When a message or a trigger caused by an event to a state, which causes a transition, this
message is called as a signal, Final State: The state diagram ends with a diagram that depicts a bull’s
eye is known as Final State
21. What are the types of case tools? (Nov / Dec 2010)
CASE tools fall into three categories: Upper CASE tools, Lower CASE tools and Integrated CASE
tools.

Unit III
Part A
1. Define DBMS. (Nov / Dec 2010)
A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the
user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-BA5205
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purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of
databases.
2. What is Database? (May / June 2009)
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed,
and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic,
full-text, numeric, and images.
3. What are the characteristics of database?
Ordered collection, related data, specific information needs and shared.
4. What is data dictionary? (May / June 2015)
Data dictionary is a catalogue – of all elements in a system. It is a document that collects, co-
ordinates, and confirms what a specific data terms mean to different people in the organization.
5. What is data model? (May / June 2013)
A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and
fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated. The most
popular example of a database model is the relational model, which uses a table-based format.
6. What are data types? (Nov / Dec 2010)
A data type, in programming, is a classification that specifies which type of value a variable has and
what type of mathematical, relational or logical operations can be applied to it without causing an
error. A string, for example, is a data type that is used to classify text and an integer is a data type
used to classify whole numbers.
7. What are the basic data models? (May / June 2009)
Relational database Management Systems (RDBMS) and Object – oriented Database Management
systems (OODBMS).
8. What is HDBMS? (Nov / Dec 2010)
Hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure.
The data is stored as records which are connected to one another through links. A record is a
collection of fields, with each field containing only one value.
9. What is NDBMS? (May / June 2008)
The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and
their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object
types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice.
10. What is RDBMS? (Nov / Dec 2011)
The relational model (RM) for database management is an approach to managing data using a
structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by Edgar F.
Codd, where all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations.
11. What is OODBMS? (May / June 2009)
An object database (also object-oriented database management system, OODBMS) is a database
management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-
oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-
oriented.
12. What is Query? (May / June 2011)
A database query can be either a select query or an action query. A select query is simply a data
retrieval query. An action query can ask for additional operations on the data, such as insertion,
updating, or deletion.
13. What is Query Language? (Nov / Dec 2011)
Language used to interact with database are called query languages, of which the Structured Query
Language (SQL) is the well – known standard.
14. What is Query Processing? (May / June 2012) BA5205 Information Management Department
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Query Processing would mean the entire process or activity which involves query translation into
low level instructions, query optimization to save resources, cost estimation or evaluation of query,
and extraction of data from the database.
15. What is SQL? (May / June 2009)
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard computer language for relational database
management and data manipulation. SQL is used to query, insert, update and modify data.
16. What is concurrency control? (May / June 2010)
In a multiprogramming environment where multiple transactions can be executed simultaneously, it
is highly important to control the concurrency of transactions. We have concurrency control
protocols to ensure atomicity, isolation, and serializability of concurrent transactions. Concurrency
control protocols can be broadly divided into two categories − Lock based protocols, Time stamp
based protocols.
17. What is two – phase locking protocol? (Nov / Dec 2009)
This locking protocol divides the execution phase of a transaction into three parts. In the first part,
when the transaction starts executing, it seeks permission for the locks it requires. The second part is
where the transaction acquires all the locks. As soon as the transaction releases its first lock, the third
phase starts. In this phase, the transaction cannot demand any new locks; it only releases the acquired
locks.
18. What is strict two phase locking protocol? (May / June 2010)
The first phase of Strict-2PL is same as 2PL. After acquiring all the locks in the first phase, the
transaction continues to execute normally. But in contrast to 2PL, Strict-2PL does not release a lock
after using it. Strict-2PL holds all the locks until the commit point and releases all the locks at a time.
19. What is data warehousing? (May / June 2012)
A data warehouse is a federated repository for all the data that an enterprise's various business
systems collect. The repository may be physical or logical.
20. What is data mart? (Nov / Dec 2010)
The data mart is a subset of the data warehouse and is usually oriented to a specific business line or
team. Whereas data warehouses have an enterprise-wide depth, the information in data marts
pertains to a single department.
21. Analyse the importance of data marts. (May/June 2016)
The Data Marts can be Dimensional (Star Schemas) or relational, depending on how the information
is to be used and what "front end" Data Warehousing Tools will be used to present the information.
Each Data Mart can contain different combinations of tables, columns and rows from the Enterprise
DataWarehouse.
Unit IV
Part A
1. What are the software controls used to protect the data?
1. Passwords 2. Lockout and Dial-back systems 3. Account numbers 4. Encryption
2. What are the different types of testing? (May / June 2013)
The different types of testing are: (I) Program test, (II) String test, (III) System test, (IV) Pilot test
3. What is data validation? (April / May 2009) (May / June 2015)
Data validation refers to checking transaction data for any errors or omissions that can be detected by
looking at the data. Common computerized validation procedures include checking for missing data,
invalid data and inconsistent data.
4. What are the threats to information system? (May / June 2011)
(I) Hardware failure (II) Software failure (III) Personnel actions (IV) Terminal access penetrations
(V) Theft of data, services or equipments (VI) Sabotage, malicious damage to computer resources
(VII) Computer viruses (VIII) Fire, earthquake, floods, power failure, explosions (IX) User errors
(X) Program changes (XI) Telecommunications problem.
5. What are the different types of controls? (May / June 2010)
Implementation controls, Software Controls, Hardware controls, Computer operations controls, Data
security controls
6. What are the different coding techniques? (May / June2011)
Unique identification, Cross – referencing, Efficient storage and retrieval
7. What are the types of implementation? (Nov / Dec 2009)
Different types of implementation are: (I) Parallel conversion (II) Direct cutover (III) Pilot system
(IV) Phase –in – method
8. What are the objectives of control? (Nov / Dec 2010)
The objectives of control are : (I) To make sure that the data entering the computer are correct. (II)
To check the clerical handling of data before they reach the computer. (III) To provide a method of
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audit the steps in a procedure to detect quickly where an error has occurred in the procedure. (IV) To
ensure that accounting for tax purpose or other legal requirements is carried out according to the law.
(V) To guard against fraud that may affect the financial standing or reputation of the business.
9. What are the different types of securities? (May / June 2011)
(I) Physical safety, (II) Physical access safety, (III) Fire protection, (IV) media protection (V) Back –
up and fall back safety, (VI) Risk assurance
10. What are software verification tests? (May / June 2015)
It is a type of test wherein appropriate independent testing authority will be employed to perform
testing system verification test.
11. What is a software validation? (May / June 2012)
Software validations tests run the system in a simulated environment using simulated data. This
simulated test is also called as alpha testing.
12. What are the levels of testing? (May / June 2008)
Unit testing, Systems testing, Special system testing, Peak load testing, Storage testing, Performance
time testing, Recovery testing, Procedure testing, Human factors
13. Define data quality audit. (May / June 2009)
A software audit review, or software audit, is a type of software review in which one or more
auditors who are not members of the software development organization conduct "An independent
examination of a software product, software process, or set of software processes to assess
compliance with specifications, standards, contractual agreements, or other criteria"
14. Write some of the testing tools? (May / June 2011)
Some of the testing tools are: Winrunner, Rational rose, Silk test
15. Define Risk assessment. (Nov / Dec 2010)
Risk Assessment is defined as the determining the potential frequency of the occurrence of a problem
and the potential damage if the problem were to occur. Used to determine the cost/benefit of a
control
16. What is the need for controls? (May / June 2012)
I) To minimize errors, disasters, interruptions of service, computer crimes and breaches of security,
special policies and procedures must be incorporated into the design and implementation of
information systems and ensure that they perform according to management standards is controls
need. II) General controls: Overall controls that establish a frame work for controlling the design,
security and use of computer programs throughout an organization. III) Application controls: specific
controls unique to each computerized application IV) Data security controls: Controls to ensure that
data files on cither disk or tape are not subject to unauthorized access, change or destruction.
17. What is user interface? (Nov / Dec 2009)
In information technology, the user interface (UI) is everything designed into an information device
with which a person may interact. This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse and the
appearance of a desktop. It is also the way through which a user interacts with an application or a
website. The growing dependence of many companies on web applications and mobile applications
has led many companies to place increased priority on UI in an effort to improve the user's overall
experience.
18. What are Ethics in IT? (May / June 2011)
Ethics also promotes respect in the use of information technology. This is because they prevent
users from denying others access to computer networks. Ethical codes also prevent users from
introducing malicious software, such as viruses, to computer systems.
19. Indicate any two methods of assessing the value of IS. (Nov / Dec 2012)
Delphi Method, Heuristic Method
20. List any four parameters that define software –engineering qualities. (May / June 2011)
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They are: Compatibility: As we said SE must be compatibility and settle to any Environment and
user friendly. Efficiency: The SE process must make the software to run efficiently in terms of speed,
accuracy and error- free etc. Reliability; The software developed are to be unchangeable to any
environment so, if changes occurs it is not Reliable and the output must not keep changing.
Maintainability: The software must be made and easy to maintain in all terms and conditions of
various environment.
21. What is computer crime? (May / June2009)
Computer crime is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as a
hacker that illegally browses or steals a company's or individuals private information. In some cases,
this person or group of individuals may be malicious and destroy or otherwise corrupt the computer
or data files.
22. What are the types of computer crimes? (May / June 2015)
Fraud and identity theft (although this increasingly uses malware, hacking and/or phishing, making it
an example of both "computer as target" and "computer as tool" crime), Information warfare,
Phishing scams and Spam
23. What is Information System vulnerability? (Nov / Dec 2015)
In computer security, vulnerability is a weakness which allows an attacker to reduce a system's
information assurance. Vulnerability is the intersection of three elements: a system susceptibility or
flaw, attacker access to the flaw, and attacker capability to exploit the flaw.
Unit V
Part A
1. What is ERP? (May / June 2015)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software that allows an
organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many
back office functions related to technology, services and human resources.
2. What are the advantages of ERP? (April / May 2011)
The advantages of ERP System are: (I) Enterprise – wide information flow, (II) Data security, (III)
Fast decision making (IV) Reduced lead time
3. What is big 5’s in ERP? (May / June 2016)
BAAN, SAP, Peoplesoft, JD Edwards and Oracle Apps
4. What are the modules in ERP? (Nov / Dec 2015)
Production and operations, Sales and distribution, Finance and control, HR
5. What are the verticals in ERP? (May / June 2010)
Education services, Hospitality and tourism, Oil and Gas, Health care
6. What is e- Business? (May / June 2012)
E-business can comprise a range of functions and services, ranging from the development of intranets
and extranets to e-service, the provision of services and tasks over the Internet by application service
providers.
7. What are the types of e- Business? (Nov / Dec 2011)
An e-business model is simply the approach a company takes to become a profitable business on the
Internet. There are many buzzwords that define aspects of electronic business, and there are
subgroups as well, such as content providers, auction sites and pure-play Internet retailers in the
business-to-consumer space.
8. What are the advantages of e- Business? (Nov / Dec 2013)
Cost – effective marketing, flexible working hours, Global reach, Reduced distribution overheads
9. What is e-governance? (May / June 2013)
Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communication
technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information, communication
transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-
customer (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G) as well as back
office processes and interactions within the entire government framework.
10. What are the advantages of e- governance?
Accountability – Once the governing process is made transparent the Government is automatically
made accountable. Accountability is answerability of the Government to the people. It is the
answerability for the deeds of the Government. An accountable Government is a responsible
Government.
11. What is data mining? (Nov / Dec 2014)
It is the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the
intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems.
12. What is business intelligence? Nov / Dec 2012) BA5205 Information Management Department
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Business intelligence (BI) is a technology-driven process for analyzing data and presenting
actionable information to help corporate executives, business managers and other end users make
more informed business decisions.
13. What are the benefits of business intelligence? (Nov / Dec 2011)
It improves guesswork, Gives you quicker responses to your business-related queries, Obtain
important business metrics reports whenever and wherever you need them, Gain valuable insight into
your customer’s behavior, Pinpoint up-selling as well as cross-selling opportunities, Get the knack of
streamlining operations, Conduct better inventory
14. What is pervasive computing? (May / June 2014)
Pervasive computing, also called ubiquitous computing, is the growing trend of embedding
computational capability (generally in the form of microprocessors) into everyday objects to make
them effectively communicate and perform useful tasks in a way that minimizes the end user's need
to interact with computers as computers. Pervasive computing devices are network-connected and
constantly available.
15. What is cloud computing? (May / June 2015)
Cloud computing is a general term for the delivery of hosted services over the internet. Cloud
computing enables companies to consume a compute resource, such as a virtual machine (VMs),
storage or an application, as a utility -- just like electricity -- rather than having to build and maintain
computing infrastructures in house.
16. What are the types of cloud computing? (Nov / Dec 2015)
Public, Private and Hybrid cloud computing.
17. What are the advantages of cloud computing? (May / June 2014)
Cost saving, Reliability, Manageability and strategic edge
18. What is CMM? (Nov / Dec 2012)
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a methodology used to develop and refine an
organization's software development process. The model describes a five-level evolutionary path of
increasingly organized and systematically more mature processes.
19. What are the levels in CMM? (Nov / Dec2010)
Initial, Managed, Defined, Measured and optimization
20. What are the data mining techniques available? (Nov / Dec 2009)
Seeking Out Incomplete Data, Dynamic Data Dashboards, Database Analysis, Text Analysis,
Efficient Handling of Complex and Relational Data, Relevance and Scalability of Chosen Data
Mining Algorithms
21. Describe any four features of e-governance. (May/June 2016)
Focuses on designing, developing and improving governmental systems and implementing e-
government components at every level of the state
Specialisation in IT technologies, innovation/services in the public and private sector or adoption
and marketing of e-government
User-oriented services offered by government that are based on information and communication
technologies
Offers experience in the industry, practical research and project work already during studies, for
example at the “e-state technologies laboratory”

FM

UNIT I PART A
1. What do you mean by financial management?(May 2014)
It refers to Managerial activity which is concerned with the planning and controlling of the firm’s
financial resources.

2. Define financial asset

It is also called securities that are financial papers or instruments such as shares, bonds, debentures etc.

3. What is equity share?

Equity share represent ownership rights of their holders. Buyers of shares are called shareholders and
they are the legal owners of the firm whose shares they hold.

4. What is rights issue?

It is the issue of new shares to existing shareholders of the company for predetermined price.

5. What is time value of money? (May 2013, Nov 2013)

Value of money at different point of times or period is called as time value of money. Present value of
money is more value than future value of money.

6. What is opportunity cost of capital?

It is the expected rate of return that an investor could earn by investing his or her money in financial
assets of equivalent risk.

7. What is optimum capital structure?(Nov 2013)

The firm’s capital structure is considered optimum when the market value of shires is maximized.

8. What do you mean by profitability liquidity trade off?

It shows the negative relationship between profitability and liquidity. If firm has more liquidity, it can
avoid insolvency. But the profitability level would come down.

9. What do you mean by risk return trade off?

It explains the direct relationship between return and risk. That means if you want more return you have
to bear more risk and vice versa.

10. What is cash flow? And how it is different from net profit
It is the cash earnings from operation of a firm that is estimated by adding non cash and non operating
expenditure and deducting non cash income and non operating income from net profit.

11. What is risk?

It is variations in return.

12. What is sinking fund?

It is a fund which is created out of fixed payments each period to accumulate to a future sum after a
specified period.

13. Define capital recovery

It is the annuity of an investment made today for a specified period of time at a given rate of interest.

14. Define loan amortization

Loan amortization is loan repayment.

15. What is current yield?

Current yield is the annual interest divided by the bond’s current value.

16. What does yield curve explain?

It shows the relationship between the yields to maturity of bonds and their maturity

17. What is duration of bond?

It is the weighted average of times to each cash flow (interest payment or repayment of principal)

18. What is portfolio?

It is combination or mix of two or more securities or investment instruments

19. Difference between put option and call option (Nov 2013)
Option is the right or claim without any liability. Put option is right to sell whereas call option is right to
buy.

20. What is the scope of financial management? (May 2013)

Scope of financial management confines to financing, investment and distribution of dividends
21. Current normal P/E =15/1, Current earnings per share Rs.1.20, Find out the current
intrinsic value.(May 2013)
P/E=MP/EPS=15
MP/1.2=15
MP=18
22. What is present value?(May 2014)
Present value of money refers to the discounted value of future value of money. Pv=Fv/(1+i)n
23. What is yield to maturity?(May 2014)
It is the measure of a bond’s rate of return that considers both interest income and capital gain.

24. Explain compound value concept.(Nov 2013)

It is the future value of present worth of money. FV = (1+i)n
25. What are the two types of Finance?

Debt Finance and Equity finance

26. What is finance function?

The Finance Function is a part of financial management. Financial Management is the

activity concerned with control and planning of financial resources. In a business, the finance
function involves the acquiring and utilization of funds necessary for efficient operations.