Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MYSORE-570006
(Vishweshwaraiah Technological University)
SEMINAR REPORT ON
IN BUILDING”
BY
ASHWIN P S
4JC00CV007
SR No. 00147
VIIIth Semester, CIVIL
1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
2
3.
CONTENTS
I Introduction
Types of cracks 1
Structural deficiency
3
III Case study
13
IV Conclusion 16
V Reference
16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4
I am thankful to Dr. Syed Shakeeb-Ur-Rahman, Professor and
Head, Department of Civil Engineering, for bringing excellent academic
climate to finish my work successfully.
Last but not the least, I express my deepest sense of gratitude
for the inspiration, enthusiasm and help given by my parents and
friends.
ASHWIN P S
4JC00CV007
VIII semester
I) INTRODUCTION: -
5
An engineer should have a sound knowledge of all the facts
of concrete technology i.e. of the behavior of construction material,
construction techniques, and types of crack likely to occur, their causes
and respective remedial measure. In short treatment of cracks involves
detection, diagnosis and remedy. Cracks also occur due to settlement,
temperature, shrinkage effect, poor construction practice etc. In this
seminar various causes for the above mentioned cracks is been
discussed.
Types of cracks:
i) Structural cracks
ii) Non structural cracks
i) Structural cracks:
6
reasons for cracks are identified and suitable remedial measures are
taken to prevent their reoccurrence.
7
3. Moderate atmosphere up to 0.2mm crack width is permitted
4. In mild atmosphere the surface width of cracks should not, in
general exceed 0.3mm in members where cracking does not
have any serious adverse effects upon the preservation of
reinforcing steel nor upon the durability of structure.
Table1
8
1.Cracks due to structural deficiency resulting from
9
Improper anchorage.
Cracks due to overloading of members
Preventive measures:
Special care need to be taken in the design and detailing of
structures in which cracking may cause a major serviceability
problem. These structures also require continuous inspection
during all phases of construction to supplement the careful
design and detailing.
Damages from unintentional construction overloads can be
prevented only if designer provide information on load limitation
for the structure and if the construction personnel heed to these
limitations.
Ensure proper anchorage to the reinforcing bars.
Follow proper design specifications.
10
Flexural crack in beams Diagonal tension
crack in beams
Fig 1 Fig 2
Fig 9 Fig
10
11
Cracks due to shrinkage and temperature effect:
Shrinkage crack:
12
Temperature effect:
The effect of temperature on concrete structure
and member is one of volume change. The volume relationship to
temperature is expressed by the coefficient of thermal
expansion/contraction. Volume changes create stress when the
concrete is restrained. The resulting stress can be of any type: tension,
compression, shear, and etc. the stressed conditions may result in
undesirable behavior such as cracking, spalling and excessive
deflection.
A typical case of occurrence of cracks due to
temperature variation is that of roof slab being exposed to the heat of
sun, which is subjected to alternate expansion and contraction. This
movement of slab may result in pushing out top course of masonry and
develop horizontal cracks in the supporting walls.
Preventive Measures:
13
Painting top of roof with reflective finish such as white wash can
also minimize cracks.
Chances of cracking due to temperature variation can be
minimized by introducing expansion, contraction joints at
appropriate locations.
Cracks due to settlement:
Fig 14
14
Soil shrinkage due to the loss of moisture to nearby trees or large
plants
Soil swelling due to inadequate or blocked surface or house
drainage
Soil heaving due to frost or excessive root growth
Gradual downward drift of clay soils on slopes
Changes in water table level
Soil erosion from poor surface drainage, faulty drains, leaking
water mains or other underground water movements
(occasionally, underground water may scour away earth along
only one side of a footer, causing its rotation and the subsequent
buckling or displacement of the foundation wall above)
Soil compaction or movement due to vibration from heavy
equipment, vehicular traffic, or blasting, or from ground tremors
(earthquakes).
15
Differential settlement caused by variable soil types
Fig 15
16
Preventive Measures:
Causes:
Improper reinforcing steel placement
Improper bar detailing
Premature removal of forms
Improper column form placement
Cold joints
17
Segregation
Plastic shrinkage cracking
Preventive measures:
By providing proper water cement ratio.
Proper curing.
Proper support for forms.
Following proper design codes and recommendations.
18
where partially implemented, i.e., soil around the building was replaced
by gravelly soil. It was observed that cracking continued further.
19
20
Due to increasing number of bore wells and drought situation,
the water table may considerably go down. Due to this the water
content of the soil may reduce causing considerable shrinkage.
This may result in unequal settlement and finally leads to
distress of the buildings.
Remedial measures:
Where the expansive soil is shallow, say about 2m, the most
economical method will be to remove the soil & fill it with firm
good soil and use sand or murram for the fill.
Use under-reamed pile foundation.
Damage due to uplift of expanding clay can be prevented by
applying heavy super-imposed loads.
The building may be supported on footing at a depth below the
surface and near enough to the water table, so that; the water
content of the clay is not affected by climatic changes.
Growth of trees near the foundation should be avoided.
21
IV) CONCLUSION
The individual cracks in members are unique by
themselves.
They are versatile diagnostic devices, clearly indicating
the specific problems in the concerned members. In
addition, they also indicate the degree of seriousness of
the problem.
The cracks throw light on the discipline in the associated
structural designs and construction quality.
The corrective measures to be implemented are clearly indicated
by these cracks.
V) REFERENCES:
1. Peter H. Emmons-“concrete repair and maintenance”
2. P.C.Varghese-“Limit State Design Of Reinforced concrete
3. H.P. Rossmanith-“Fracture and damage of concrete”
4. M.S. Shetty-“ concrete technology”
22
23
24
25
26
DIRECTION OF CONCRETING
27
28
29
30
•
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43