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LECTURE
Understanding the fluid flow above the solid surface is essential to understand Convection
In the fluid at each x, y & z location velocity is different (called velocity distribution)
similarly we have a temperature distribution. These change with time for Unsteady flow
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
Types of Convection heat transfer
Forced and Natural convection (How the fluid flows)
Forced convection: Fluid motion is caused by external means, such as by fan, pump, or
atmospheric winds
Free convection: Flow is induced by buoyancy forces which arise from density differences
caused by temperature variation in the fluid
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
Types of Convection heat transfer
Forced and Natural convection (How the fluid flows)
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
Types of Convection heat transfer
Internal and external flows (Where the fluid flows)
Laminar flow: ordered fluid motion with smooth streamlines on which fluid particles move.
Turbulent flow: irregular fluid motion with velocity fluctuations, which results in mixing.
Mixing increases rate of heat and momentum transfer
Laminar or turbulent flow is characterized by the Reynolds number
UFL External flow : Re 10 5
Re Turbulent flow
Internal flow : Re 2300 6
Dr. S. Z. Shuja
6.1 The convection heat transfer problem
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where h
As As
hdAs Average heat transfer coefficient
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h hdAs Average heat transfer coefficient
As As
Fluid particles at the surface have zero velocity. These particles slow down the motion of
particles in the next layer, and so on until at y = the effect is negligible.
This retardation (slowing down) is because of shear stress ( ) acting in the fluid
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
6.2.1 VBL – Shear stress ( ) and Friction coefficient (Cf)
Friction coefficient 10
Dr. S. Z. Shuja
6.2 The Convection Boundary Layer
Consider a fluid at temperature T flowing with velocity u. A solid surface at
temperature Ts and velocity u = 0 is placed in this flow
6.2.2 Thermal Boundary layer (TBL)
Fluid particles at the surface have T = Ts. These particles exchange heat with particles in
the next layer, and so on until at y = t the effect is negligible.
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
6.2.2 TBL – Rate of heat transfer (q ) and heat transfer coefficient (h)
from newton' s law of cooling q s" hTs T where h heat transfer coefficient
at the surface y 0 the fluid does not move heat transfer is by conduction only
T
by fourier' s law q s" k f
y y 0
rate of heat transfer at the surface, qs
thermal diffusion
thermal diffusion
thicknesses & t large Pr less thermal diffusion
more momentum diffusion large
small t
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
6.4 The boundary layer equations (mathematical model)
Theoretical Analysis
6.4.1 The convection transfer equations
In order to obtain the temperature distribution we apply conservation of energy
and obtain a governing differential equation.
Fundamental Laws
Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum Particular Laws
2nd law of thermodynamics Related with Basic heat transfer
mechanisms
Equation of state
These have been studied in
These have been studied in ME 315 Heat Transfer.
ME 203 Thermodynamics &
ME 311 Fluid Mechanics.
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
Description of fluid motion and temperature distribution
2 fundamental ways to describe motion a) Lagrangian b) Eulerian
b) Eulerian: Focuses attention on a particular point (or region) in space
describes what happens at that point or within the region
without referring to an individual particle.
The region considered is called
the flow domain or flow field
At each location in the flow field,
we define field variables which
are functions of space and time
pressure field: p p x, y , z , t
Flow field
velocity field: V V x, y , z , t
V u x, y , z , t i v x , y , z , t j w x, y , z , t k
Temperature field: T T x, y , z , t
D
It is often given special notation, , and has been obtained through the chain rule
Dt
It represent the total change, and in general for any quantity N e.g. mass, momentum, energy
DN N N N N N
Dt
V N
t t
u
x
v
y
w
z
local advective
First term represents a local change due to time and is non-zero only for unsteady flows.
Second term is called the advective change and accounts for the effect of the fluid particle moving
to a new location in the flow due to the velocity field.
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
Vector products (ME 532)
dot product X Y f scalar
cross product X Y Z vector
dyadic product XY A tensor
e.g if
ˆ ˆ
iˆ j k and V uiˆ vjˆ wkˆ
x y z
then the dyadic or inner product of these two vectors is given by
u v w
x x x
u v w
V
y y y
u v w
z z z
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
More on the operator (ME 532)
recall the del / gradient operator
ˆ ˆ ˆ
in cartesian coordinates i j k
x y z
p p ˆ p ˆ
gradient of a scalar is a vector p iˆ j k
x y z
gradient of a vector is a tensor
V see previous slide
(also called dyadic product)
u v w
divergence of a vector is a scalar V
x y z
divergence of a tensor is a vector s
1 0 0 p 0 0
Identity tensor 0 1 0 e.g. p 0 p 0
0 0 1 0 0 p
p p
divergence of a tensor is a vector e.g
V V 2V
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
The strain rate tensor (ME 532)
u v w u u u
x x x x y z
u v w t v v v
V
y y y
and V
x y z
u v w w w w
z z z x y z
u 1 u v 1 u w
x 2 y x 2 z x
1 v u t
t v 1 v w 1
V V
then V V 2 2
2 x y y 2 z y 2
1 w u 1 w v w
2 x z 2 y z z
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Dr. S. Z. Shuja
Tensor comment (ME 532)
Tensors are often displayed as a matrix
The transpose of a tensor is obtained by interchanging the two indicies,
so the transpose of Tij is T ji
T11 T12 T13 T11 T21 T31
scalar 0 th order tensor 1 component
Tij T21 T22 T23 T ji T12 T22 T32
T T33 T T T33 vector 1st order tensor 3 components
31 T32 13 23
Tij T ji Tij T ji T T t T T t
1 1 1 1
Tij
2 2 2 2
symmetric anti-symmetric
e.g .
24 3 2 24 32
1 2 2
0
2 2 1 3 2.5 0
1 2 3 1 0.5
42 5 1 4 2 5 1
4 0 5 2 0
2 2
0
2
3 0 3 1 0 2
2 1 3 2.5 3 3 0.5 2 0
2 3 1 5
3
23 1 5
0
2 2 2 2 21
Dr. S. Z. Shuja