FEM 3202:

NUTRITION, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

SUMMARY REPORT
TOPIC: DIABETES
LECTURE’S NAME: DR. SHAMSUL AZAHARI BIN ZAINAL BADARI
DEMONSTRATOR: ENCIK ZULKEFLY BIN MOHAMAD YUSOP

NAME MATRIX NO.

SAIDATUL AINA BINTI MOHAMAD 195142
NUR RINNA IZZLYN BINTI MUSTAFA ABAS 195141
NUR DIYANA BINTI LAILI 195093
 DIABETES

Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process food for use as
energy. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for energy.
The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help
glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When we have diabetes, our body either doesn't make
enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugars to build up
in our blood. In order to understand diabetes, it is necessary to first understand the role glucose
plays with regard to the body, and what can happen when regulation of glucose fails and blood
sugar levels become dangerously low or high. Human beings eat food, not glucose. Human
foods get converted into glucose as a part of the normal digestion process. Once converted,
glucose enters the blood stream, causing the level of dissolved glucose inside the blood to rise.
The blood stream then carries the dissolved glucose to the various tissues and cells of the body.
This is why many people refer to diabetes as “sugar.” Diabetes can cause serious health
complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity
amputations.

There are two type of diabetes which is Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes, previously
called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile onset diabetes, may account for
5 percent to 10 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors are less well defined for
Type 1 diabetes than for Type 2 diabetes, but autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors
are involved in the development of this type of diabetes. Type 2 Type 2 diabetes was previously
called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. Type 2
diabetes may account for about 90 percent to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior
history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and
race/ethnicity.

As mentioned above, many of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are
the same but it is relevant to itemize them in two separate lists. Some of the entries will be
duplicated due to the effect of extra glucose in the blood steam. In type 1 diabetes, in some
people, extremely life threatening symptoms may be detected very early. This is due to the fact
that it is an autoimmune disease and destroys the beta cells which produce insulin needed to
keep blood glucose stabilized. Due to the lack of insulin, the person must learn the skills to
replace insulin the rest of their life. The onset of type 2 diabetes usually takes more time and is
insidious.

The symptoms of diabetes that are learned by most professionals include polydipsia
(increased extreme thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), and polyuria (increased
urination). Glucose or sugar in the blood stream needs insulin for uptake into many of the cells
of the body. When insulin is not available, glucose builds up in the blood. The kidneys which
usually function to prevent glucose from leaving the body through urination will not be able to
work properly due to the increase concentration of glucose. Excess sugar or glucose draws fluid
out from body tissues and is excreted in the urine. This causes a dramatic increase in urination
(polyuria) which causes dehydration. The body tries to compensate with extreme thirst
(polydipsia). The body’s cells also need to be fed which causes extreme hunger (polyphagia).
This cycle is known by some as “starving in the land of plenty”. The glucose is in the body but
it can’t get into the cells to be used for energy.

Type 2 diabetes is different than type 1 diabetes. It is not an autoimmune disease and
usually develops slowly. The body still produces insulin but the insulin may not be effectively
used or is “resisted” by the cells of the body. This is why many people with type 2 diabetes are
told they’re “insulin resistant”. Medications may be needed to decrease this resistance. Over
time in many people with 2 type diabetes, insulin may be needed. The body may not be able to
make enough insulin or the insulin that is made by the body is not effective. As mentioned
above, many of the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes are the same type 1 diabetes because
the net result is having excessive glucose in the blood.

Then, there are many ways that people can do to avoid from getting diabetes. Firstly,
people can cut sugar and refined carbs from diet that we take. Eating sugary foods and refined
carbs can put at-risk individuals on the fast track to developing diabetes. Our body rapidly
breaks these foods down into small sugar molecules, which are absorbed into our bloodstream.
The resulting rise in blood sugar stimulates our pancreas to produce insulin, a hormone that
helps sugar get out of the bloodstream and into our body's cells. In people with prediabetes, the
body's cells are resistant to insulin's action, so sugar remains high in the blood. To compensate,
the pancreas produces more insulin, attempting to bring blood sugar down to a healthy level.
Over time, this can lead to progressively higher blood sugar and insulin levels, until the
condition eventually turns into type 2 diabetes. Many studies have shown a link between the
frequent consumption of sugar or refined carbs and the risk of diabetes. What's more, replacing
them with foods that have less of an effect on blood sugar may help reduce your risk.

Secondly, people can work out regularly. Performing physical activity on a regular basis may
help prevent diabetes. Exercise increases the insulin sensitivity of our cells. So when we
exercise, less insulin is required to keep our blood sugar levels under control. Many types of
physical activity can we do it to reduce insulin resistance and blood sugar in overweight, obese
and prediabetic adults. These include aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training and
strength training. Working out more frequently seems to lead to improvements in insulin
response and function. Thirdly is, Drink plain water as our primary beverage. Water is by far
the most natural beverage we can drink. What's more, sticking with water most of the time
helps avoid beverages that are high in sugar, preservatives and other questionable ingredients.
Sugary beverages like soda and punch have been linked to an increased risk of both type 2
diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). After that, people should prevent
by quit from smoking. Smoking has been shown to cause or contribute to many serious health
conditions, including heart disease, emphysema and cancers of the lung, breast, prostate and
digestive tract. There's also research linking smoking and second-hand smoke exposure to type
2 diabetes. In an analysis of several studies totaling over one million people, smoking was
found to increase the risk of diabetes by 44% in average smokers and 61% in people who
smoked more than 20 cigarettes daily.

Another ways is people can optimize vitamin D levels because vitamin D is important
for blood sugar control. Indeed, studies have found that people who don't get enough vitamin
D, or whose blood levels are too low, have a greater risk of all types of diabetes. Most health
organizations recommend maintaining a vitamin D blood level of at least 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/l).
One study found that people with the highest blood levels of vitamin D were 43% less likely
to develop type 2 diabetes than those with the lowest blood levels. Children who took the
vitamin D supplements had a 78% lower risk of developing type 1 diabetes than children who
received less than the recommended amount of vitamin D. People who are deficient take
vitamin D supplements, the function of their insulin-producing cells improves, their blood
sugar levels normalize and their risk of diabetes reduces significantly. Good food sources of
vitamin D include fatty fish and cod liver oil. In addition, sun exposure can increase vitamin D
levels in the blood. However, for many people, supplementing with 2,000–4,000 IU of vitamin
D daily may be necessary to achieve and maintain optimal levels.
 People who get a diabetes should get a treatment to reduce diabetes. Treatment that can
be done for diabetes is healthy eating. There's no specific diabetes diet. However, it's important
to center diet on these high-fiber, low-fat foods which is fruits, vegetables, whole grains and
also need to eat fewer animal products, refined carbohydrates and sweets. Low glycemic index
foods also may be helpful. The glycemic index is a measure of how quickly a food causes a
rise in our blood sugar. Foods with a high glycemic index raise our blood sugar quickly. Low
glycemic index foods may help achieve a more stable blood sugar. Foods with a low glycemic
index typically are foods that are higher in fiber. A registered dietitian can help people put
together a meal plan that fits health goals, food preferences and lifestyle. He or she can also
teach how to monitor our carbohydrate intake and let we know about how many carbohydrates
we need to eat with our meals and snacks to keep our blood sugar levels more stable.

Then, another treatment is monitoring blood sugar. Depending on our treatment plan,
we may need to check and record our blood sugar level every now and then or, if we're on
insulin, multiple times a day. We should ask doctor how often he or she wants to check our
blood sugar. Careful monitoring is the only way to make sure that our blood sugar level remains
within our target range. Sometimes, blood sugar levels can be unpredictable. With help from
our diabetes treatment team, learn how our blood sugar level changes in response to food,
exercise, alcohol, illness and medication.

Next, treatment for diabetes is physical activity. Everyone needs regular aerobic
exercise, and people who have type 2 diabetes are no exception. Get a doctor's permission
before we start an exercise program. Then choose activities that can be enjoy, such as walking,
swimming and biking. What's most important is making physical activity part of our daily
routine. Aim for at least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise five days of the week. Stretching and
strength training exercises are important. A combination of exercises like aerobic exercises,
such as walking or dancing on most days, combined with resistance training, such as
weightlifting or yoga twice a week often helps control blood sugar more effectively than either
type of exercise alone. Remember that physical activity lowers blood sugar. Check blood sugar
level before any activity. We might need to eat a snack before exercising to help prevent low
blood sugar if take diabetes medications that lower our blood sugar.

Lastly, treatment for diabetes is diabetes medications and insulin therapy. Some people
who have type 2 diabetes can achieve their target blood sugar levels with diet and exercise
alone, but many also need diabetes medications or insulin therapy. The decision about which
medications are best depends on many factors, including our blood sugar level and any other
health problems we have. Our doctor might even combine drugs from different classes to help
control our blood sugar in several different ways. Some people who have type 2 diabetes need
insulin therapy as well. In the past, insulin therapy was used as a last resort, but today it's often
prescribed sooner because of its benefits. Because normal digestion interferes with insulin
taken by mouth, insulin must be injected. Depending on our needs, our doctor may prescribe a
mixture of insulin types to use throughout the day and night. Often, people with type 2 diabetes
start insulin use with one long-acting shot at night. Insulin injections involve using a fine needle
and syringe or an insulin pen injector a device that looks similar to an ink pen, except the
cartridge is filled with insulin.

In conclusion, we are learned a lot of information about diabetes that we did not know
about. Living with a chronic disease is challenging. There are several risk factors and
complications that can occur but it can be prevented. Diabetes is a major health problem, and
considered to be silent illnesses which affect all body parts .Therefore people should be aware
their illness and it is complication and also identified the types of diabetes with some common
types of medication. Finally, show also the causes and effects of the disease and how to
diagnose the disease. In effect, a well-planned and-regular exercise regimen can be very
beneficial if made a part and parcel of everyday life, more so if one has diabetes. Exercise has
the advantages of controlling the blood sugar levels without taking additional medications.
Overall regular exercise cannot only help in better control of blood sugar but also helps with
control of weight and blood pressure as it lowers the bad cholesterol and raises the level of
good cholesterol in the blood. Exercise can reduces the risk of heart disease and nerve damage,
the risks of which are higher with diabetes. The best way to deal with diabetes is to manage a
healthy lifestyle with the support of family and friends.