~.

·
1/
HEN RY B. GONZALEZ STA"'i
lOTH 0tST1UCT, TllXA.S GAIL J. BEAGLE
lkXAA COUHTY KELSAY R . MEEK
MRS. OO NNIE CALOWEl..1-
RAYMONO I . CANTU

<itongress of tbt 1lt:lniteb ~tatts

UIJ "hY91n<N Houss o .....ce B ua.D•NO
WASHINGTON, n .c . 20515 EU.AM. WONG
MRS. L O RRA I N E G. INMAN
e.2~ ARLETT L . HARTIE

COMMl~ltS:
}!}oust of ~eprcsentatibt.5 ELOY AGUILAR
G ARY INMAN
s. . c,. - ·
SMAL.I.. BUSINESS
Rla~bington, 1B.~. ~~~;~
Mrt'i , LINDA S. PATTON
GUOCOMMITT'SRl r
20515 MRS. ADELAIDA B . HERNANDEZ
MRS. EOY TH BAISH
SBA L.EOtSLATION
MRS. Mii.OREO DONAHUE ·
i . J.b ..
SBA OVERSIGHT ANO M INOftlTY ENl'TAP'RISa
Cl-tl\IAMAN ,
R081NSOH· PAYMAN ACT, ttOMC OPF'rCl!: t
At•f'tl·TllUDT, AND REL.ATEC B- 124 FEO IP:RAL BulL.OINO
MATl'KftS \AD HDC) 727 E . DURANGO STREET
BANKING, CURRENCY AND SAN ANTONIO, Tl:XAS 78206
HOUSING S 12-2 25-5511, EXT. 4395
o.. 512-223-0851
&UBCOMM l 'T"TOS:
Hous 1NG AND COMMUNITY O«VEL.OPMENT MRS. LUZ G. TAMEZ
CHAIRMAN. MRS. CORA FAY E CLAYTO N
lrrr&RNATIONAL O~ E.LOP'MOIT INST1T1.mON9 MRS. MAR Y J E SSIE ROQUE •
AND F INANC&
CoNsUMOt AFl"AIRS
JESSE WONG '
GENDtAL OVEftSIGUT AHO Rl:N'CGOTIATION
~-
TASK Fottc• ON THE AttTO INOCJSTRY

(SELECT) ON MISSING IN
~IL.a R£1'., n 13 a
SOUTHEAST ASIA

WHIP:
T£ll"U DaMOCRATre On..RGATIOH,
u.s Houn: cw R~"aEHTATIVE.a

Mr. llike Canfield

Mr. A. J. Weherman
#6 Bleeker Street
New York, New York 10012

Dear Mr . Canfield & Mr. Neberman:

Enclosed are copies of corresponci.fmce I have recently had
with Congressman Ray Hadden , the chairman of the House Rules "'- ··.
Committee. tt~.
~
It seems that the Chairman in almost a flippant fashion h a s e... .._.
11
polled 11 the committee and decided that because of some f e ar
that "these things should not be brought up in this election '-··-
year" that they will not consider II. Res . 204 and sirailar
legislation this year. h_';. ~ \· ·

t
I am, of course, not at all satisfied ·with such procedure, and ..
~ ·~··-

am attempting to get a formal hearing of my p ro posal . hny

further help that you can g ive will, of c ourse , be appreciated •
..
With every good wish, I remain

f:".irr-- -:-!.:. c:: l ',' y ours ,

/~Gonzalez,
J~~ b 8 r OL Congress :- .:
..
..... :. . . . . .
...

\
 v/,•
• •
Statement of U. S. ~ep. Henry B. Gonzalez
(D.:Texas)

Before the Hous e Rules Committee

Wednesday, March 31, 1976

On behalf of himself and 64 co-sponsors of H. Res. 204, H. Res. 593,

H. Res. 455, H. Res. 456, H. Res. 721, H. Res. 873, H. Res. 1035 -- legis-
lation which would establish in the U. S. House of Representatives a select
committee of ' seven members, appointed by the Speaker, for the purpose of
studying the circumstances surrounding the deaths of President John F.
Kennedy, U. S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and Dr. Martin Luther King, and
the attempted assassination of Governor George Wallace.

Mr. Chairman, my distinguished colleagues -- members o f the House Rules

Committee: When I first introduced this House simple resolution -- which

would establish a congressional study of the political a ssassinations of th e

past decade, and the attempt on the life of Governor George Wallace, a year

ago last February 19, I did so alone, with little. reason to think I would

obtain additional support.

Most of the coverage which I got as a result of the introduction of

H. Res. 204 was in the foreign press -- the media in the United States was

not too interested, and there seemed little indication at that point that

there was any interest in Congress.

Within ·a period of a few months, all of this had changed. My good col-

· league, Congressman Thomas Downing of Virginia, became convinced that there

was need to reopen the study of the assassination of President KeQnedy, and

introduced the resolution last April; but limiting it. to a select comrnitte 2

to restudy the assassinatio~ of President Kennedy only, rather than includ i ng

the deaths of Senator Robert Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, and the

attempt on Governor Wallace.

We have both made introductions of the resolutions several times ·on behal f

of ourselves, and more than 125 co-sponsor.s, and the established media has

decidedly picked up on the issue.

Pxesently, however, the intere st o f the media, as well as o thers, has

begun to wane. Those who ar e lo s ing interest demand tha t s ome how those of

us who have sought a congres s . L.. 1nal investigation show them the proof of a

,__. /
conspiracy, or that others, other than the accused of-eetJ,.v.:-rcte d assassins,

were actually involved.

 •
Earlier this year a nun from my San Antonio district implored

me to continue my efforts. She conunented that she felt that these stories

about President Kennedy's personal life were a deliberate attempt to try

to portray him as someone unworthy of the truth being known about his death.

Whether any of these current stories about John Kennedy are true is,

of course, not the question at hand. The question is, who, if anyone else

other than Oswald~ actively participat e d in killing the President of the

United States -- an event which se t off a chain of events which greatly

da maged the stability and credibility of our government.

Richard Sprague is a distinguished gentleman from Ne w York, who

has kept in cl o se contact with me and my office . He is a writer and

a researcher of these assassinations, who is currently writing a b oo k

about them. He and Dr. Cyril Wecht, the Allegheny County coroner in

Pittsburgh, Pa., who has been so active in disputin g the findings r eg arding

the John F. Kennedy assassination, should be called to testify befor e this

·----
committee.

So should Michael Canfield and A . J. Weberman, who wrole COUP D'ETAT

IN AMERICA (about the CIA and the assassinatlon of President Kennedy) ~--- ·

which I wrote the foreword, and Harold Weisberg, who has written a whole

series of books regarding all of these assassinations; also, Rusty Rhodes

of the Committee to Investigate . . Political Assassinations. Each has valuable

information .

To get the truth many other people will have to b e called, including

those who apparently destroyed evidence or withheld evidence -- for whatever

reason .

As years go by, more and more of these people will become unavailable

through death or whatever.

In this bicentennial year, now is the time to retrie ve democracy and

to replace our government by bullets with it . It i s time for us to act now--

before it is too late .

####################
 t..ours
RICHARDSON P .. EYER. N .C..
WALTCR r. P'AUNTPtOY, O . C.

CHAISTO~Hl:R J, DOOD CONN.

1
HAROLD E'. ro .. o. T"CNH.
~OYO J, P'ITHIAN, IHO,
STQK['!, OHIO, CMAJ ..MAH

YVONNC afU.1"HWAITE' 8UAKC, CALI,.,

•
SAMUEL L DEVINE", OHIO
ST.(W"RT B. "4CKINNEV, CONN.
Ct4AfU.1:.S TttOHE, NU!IR ,
HAAOl.D S . SAW'YLft, MICH.

~elect cto1mnittee on ~ssnssin{ttions

..08£ .. T W CDOAR, ,.A,

tl.~. j{)oune of l.\cprtsrntatil.lesl'

(202) 22S -~6U
3331 HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING.• ANNEX 2
WASHINGTON, 0.C. 2.0515

October 21 , 1977

:i

c - ·· • •

Mr. A . J . Weberman
6 Bleeker Street
New York, New York 10012

Dear Mr . Weberrnan: L·~ ·-,

On behalf of the Select Committee on Assassinations , ~='i?·"

I want to thank you for loaning to the Committee materia ls
relating to our investigations . We have made copies for
our files . ----
~;;·r.·,'
..... . . ..

The assistance of citizens like yourself in our

efforts is appreciated.

Sincerely , ~~A '

~~?~
;=oo.,, •
.
.

G. Rober t Blakey
Chief Counsel and Director

GRB: jg

~~~······

.·,
.. ·-
. . · -~ · - . .-
.---·.. ····- --·- - - - -....,.r.; ':"'-:.
 Union Calendar No. 962
9:Sth Congress, 2d Session House Report No. 9!>-1828, Part 2

REPORT
OF THE

SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIOKS

- ,·

. -: !~--:
.'/~ ~....... . :.
.... ;

... . "-
::~ .

M..\RCH 29, 1919.- Comrnitted to the Committee of th e Whole House

on the State of the U nion and ordered to be printed

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

43- 11 2 0 WASHI!'IOTON : 1979

·::i ... ~· ·. · ~·' r\1 L

 .: , ..(1 0iiJ
I
CEUi>!., XVlf'I W atl'Cll he:urngs,
{'66)
:int&view oC i\lonicn Krnmer, F e h. 2 , 1978, H o nse ::ielect l'ommittee on _~(1 04) CE93'.!, .XVJI I Wt1rre 11heu r ings, 134.
Assassinntions ( JFK D ocumen t 0():,881 ) ; inter\•iew of Rita Newman. Fel>. 2. ' : (1 05) CE071, XVTII W a rren heariu~s. 368.
1978 Hons e Select Committcl' on .\,.:sns,.:inati o ns (.Tl<' K Oo<-nml'nt Ol·H31). J·-(106) CE2ii2, x.vrn W:1rre11 h eu riug>S, 700.
cG7) CIA FOIA J)oc:nu1rnt ~o. Gl+-2(11, p . 1 ; cla ssitie!l s t ntT :<111nmnry re ::\lin!'k · ·~ '(107 ) CE03ii. XYI CI Warren l.i~urini.:s. rnH. u utl UIWO!>. IJ. 1()-1.
P.hotogrnpb. ::-101•. 18, U>78, llo us e Seleet C'ommi ttrP 011 .i ~~11ssi11a tivn>'. II· 3 I .JFK ':; (108) Ibid.
Classified Document 01-1840) . (1 09) CE823 unu 8 24, X\'11 Warre n hear ings, 7.?<J, 73U.
(68) Id ., ::\lins k ph o toi;rnph . n t i-12.
(69) 11.Jitl. • ·
..: (110) Letter from Hohert L . K e 11c h , J>e partmc ut of Jus tice. to Hvuse Select
Committee o n .\ 1;s n:;si nati\1us , ~1tlr. 10, 1!178 (.Tfl-i: J>oc umeu t (J(Jti:.!3:i).
(111) Letter from R oht>rr L . Kt'llCh. Uepurtment of Ju s t i\·e. to Iluu~ ~Hlecl

"f.
(70) Ibid .
(71 l C lns s ific>d statt s umma r y re H'l'-Lin:.rnal p r o;.:rani . Dec. l, 19 i S. H ullS(' ·Commi ttee 0 11 A ssnssi11 ari o u s. ::\!ay !l, lU78 (.llfK Docum1•11 t OU~:!-H ). .
::iele<:t Conunittee on Assnssinatio11s. p . 1 (.JFK Class iliNl D ocmn C'nt OOH38l ;
see lett er Crom Gt•cn·i;c Hush t o ::inhco111111ittee on G111·ern111e nt l11fo n11 ation and
fi·· .. (112) CE 2G7i, X."\:VI W n r rcn hearings , 32.
. . -~, (113) Warren Report, p . 258 ; !lee also CE W6, XVIII W n rren hearing:;, 162.
·

Operntions, Aug. 10, l!llfl. . _,;; . :i. (11 4 ) Inte r view o f L e wis H o pkins. Oct . 2G. 1Vi8 . House Select Cou1w i ttee on
(i2) Ihid. ; s ee l'c>n tral Tutc-lli:.:t•11re · F.xemption in the l'ri,·a cy ..\r t o f rn; -1, .,~ .Assas sinati o ns ( H'K D r1c nmt>ut U12~U).
::\lar. l !;, ltl'i:i, .Tune 2:,, 1!>75, l1t>nri11g-s h efore 1\ s nbco mm ittl•t> of t llc CommittC'I' nn ~ · <: (115) Ibid.
Go>crnnient Operatiuns, !I-Ith ( '011;.:n•,.:fl, l 1:; t ,.:e;;s ion (\\':1:<ltin:.:to11. 0 .l'.: l'.~.
.1J.... T ·(116) Ibid .
C:rl\'C'rll 1t1c11t t'ri n tiui.; OffiC'I'. 107ii 1 . JI. i:.::i. ~- '· (117) Letter from .T. Lee R an k i n t o R ic lla r d ;\l. H e lms, llay 25, 1!)G-l (JFK
( 73) ('InssltlC'<I :-;ta tT s 11111111nry r <> HT- T.iu gun l pro;.m1111, ;;uprn rf'f. 71. p[I. 12-13. !": D ocument 0037~2) ; see g e ne rally CE'..!676, x.xn W a rren llea r iugs, 32.
(7.1) ~JassillC'd ckpos ition of 11 \ ' !.\ (' l!lJllOy f'C' • .Tut~· :.!II. 1!l7X. Honi<e Hcle<:t ('om·
·: · (118) Ibid .
mittC'r. on A,:i:n s ,:i11a 1ic•ns, p. -10 (.l l•' K C' las s ifiecl lloc:mnt'll t OH7:~:;). · ."· (119) Cla ssified s taff s mnmn r y re Oswnl<l's Sodct l'i!'a, Dec. 20 , 1978, House
7.i 1 Clas><.ifiNl s tnff 1<111111nnr~: rt' 1l 'f- Lini::-~1i:1 i1111 ;~ c·n rd s . .Tnn . H i. l!l7!l.,Y.fo:1~P ··. Select Committee on As s a ssi na t lou s , p . H 1.rFK l'lns,.:itic<1 D oc11u1entOHH.:t) .
~ •c·t ('u1111111ttl·e 1111 A!-..-;l\,.:Sillarton,.:, l'· l ( .Tl• h . rl a;;stllNl [)oc·11 m1'l1t OHS-I-;) . ,..· (120) lllid., p. 4.
• 76 ) Thid . .~ · ; · (121) Ibid ., pp. 4-5.
(7i ) Yd . at 1- 2. .;: (122) lbld.
( 7/l) lhid. ·' . :- (12S) W arren R c11ort, p . 6!>1.
11!"1 ) lhid. : dn ;;,.:ili ecl dr1~)si t i o11 nf a (' L\ 1•11111\0~·1·1•..Tn l.v 1 ~. l !lis. TTo u~l' i'ell'<.'l : (124) See R ..\n~ou. s upra ref. !lO. I'll· 13~1-l3i : Bernard H . F ens terw ald, ".:is·
1'01111nitt<'l' 1111 .\ s,.::1ssinn l ie1n . 'p. :.!-I ( .TFK r·1n s sifl1•1l Tlnrm1w11t 01 ~71 ~\ . · sassin ation of .TFK-Ily Coi n cidence or Coni<piracy '!" (:Xe1Y Y o rk : K ensington
( Sil) 1' las s i llc••l t11•pn1<i t le111 of ;l l'I.\ 1•111 plu~· 1•C'. l ld. 11l. 1!17S. I_Io n,.:f' !"l'led C•>lll· Publis hing Co r1.1 .• l!l7i), pp . .)G<i-:ifl7: l'. 1>. ::)cutt. l'. r.. U ocb . R. Stetle r , eds..
mi t t<'t' 011 .\ ,.:,..assi u ntiottf' . p. ::?O 1.l 1-'K ( ' \a ,.,, iti t•cl Onet1ttl<'ttt Ot-1117). - "T h e .A.s sassi11atio11s : Pall:1 ~ a111l Bryand " ( X e w 1 o rk : \ ' iutui;e nooks , HJ7G )
(8 / l C l a s ,.:i fietl s t:1rr s11111111:u·y r t' HT-Lin h'lllll in<h ·x <'tircls , ,.:upra rl'f. 7:;. I'll· (here iunftl'r ''The .\ ssa f:si 11a tiou" l.
· (125) Depos ition of John A. ::\fc \'ir·kar . ::\l:ly 5, 1!178, Home Select Committe e
2--::l.
1S2\ !ti . at ~: i"eP d: 1ssi rlrcl 1 ·r.\ s 111 11111ary n ' spo11clin:! ro H S\ '.\ l'l'q ll<'Sl~ for on assnssinntions , pp. l~ rn ( .II!"!.-: D oc:111uent OOS-H:\7 ) .
expl:ui:1 tion ~. '.\t:tr. :.Yl. t!l'i!l. p p . l:!IS --1:!1!1 t.J l•' K 1·1n ...si fip1l !)111·111 11\' llt 111 ~.01 ~ 1 .
· . (1!?6 ) Id. at 3--4, 2'.!.
11n 1 R ork1• ff'll"r l'n11111ii>',.:i••t1H1•pnrt.11. '.!. (127) Exe('t1ti\·e :sess ion testiu1ony of Prisr·illa J o hnson ,:llc::\lillnn, Apr. 20,
ui n C'lns:<iti<'<l l<tnff s11111m:iry n· TTT-l.i11i:n:1l in<lC'X r:ir!l~. s tt p rn r .. f . i:;. 1'1' 1978, Honse Selec t Commi!tl'e on .\.!:sas;;ination,.:. pp. 10--17 ( JFK Cln~:<i tie<I
r;_:; : Document 014G7G ).
' (S :i) Td. 11 t !i : ;;C'P d:1 s sill<'1l 1· 1.\ :<11111m11 ry rt>"'pnn rl i tt!-: lo IT S<'.\ r<'1111P:<rn for
l'XJ'l:tn n tions. ::\£nr. :!O. 1 :17!l. pp. 121 ~-42l!l ( .TJ~ K (' l:l:<::<ifir<I D ocument 01;;01sl .
(128) Id. at lG.
(129) Id. at l G--18.
( Siil lhi<l. (lSO) Id. at8--0. lil-- G~. 83- Stl.
(SI') I hi<l . (131) Id . (e:rllil1it 05) .
ms l SPC' rt'f. 1 s npr:i .
I Riil !'Pc. I'.~.. ft1 wl; 1•f1•1lr r ("nmmi!'sinn Rt •pnrt. pp. 20!l-2 10.
(132) I d . nt .'33 -~!> .
(0/)) Sci' R . S . An,.:on. "''T'h P,,··n , Kill c·<l ThP. l 'rt•>'itlc'U t-'fltP S r:i rch l'nr tltr :"llur·
(133) Id. at 31- ::14.
. (134 ) Cla ssi fil·tl !'1111111111 ry of in tPr\'iell';; w i th ~nl'iPt Russ i a rllvisio11 C L\ per-
ih ·rr> r" of .Tnhn F . K1•111tl'rl~"· ( :-\1•11· Yi'>rk: H:111ta111 1~1rnk:<. l f>7'i ) . pp. 11:.!--1 7::\: ~Pf'.
sonnel, supra ref. 7.
11l'r :tllv. (' l.\ FflT.\ !)1wt11tll'tt • !Hi \ -!l'.!i' :\<i. (135) D cpositi\111 11f Jfo ·h:1r<I !-:. ~n~ t11•r . .June• I. 1!.liS. H1111 ~e Sel,,!'t Committee
l!JJ\ ~C'C' .H' K F.xl!ihit t·'--:i:!fi. TY II:-:f'.\ --.H'K h <';ll'i n gs. :!IY.l. . _,_ OD ASSllS~iuntions. 1'1'· lS--1!1 ,,, FK J)111.:t1tu('llt IJOH:!H-IJ: CF:!1i)(1, fl l 4 llll<l !11!1.
( !I.! \ (' J:1 s,.:iliP1l :<r:lff s n 1111tt:1 1·~· n· CT.\ n s walil u11•1 1111rn11tl 11111. 11 ..1·. 1.t lfl_•:.
•
1111 1
11 ~ • S1·lr1 ·r 1'0111111 ill t•c• 1111 .\ ,,:t"siw11 i"n" 1.T FK l '1:1,.s i li<'cl 1)111·111111•11 t < 1H~ •-': XVIII ·wnrrl'll hl'tll'ittf!S. 100- 1 17 .
..Ja s:<i lir<l s t n fl' s11111111 a r y n· :11 :,.:1'11"'' 111' lb\\':tl 1I 1 1c•l·ri1•fi11 ~ ti.1· <' I.\ . .T :111. ::?:!. J!I,:•. 36) S e e . r.g., r\'f. IOI aucl iH.:<·1>111 11:111yin~ text s upra . ,
37) SeC', £'.:!.. l lPruanl 11. Fc•11 s lPn1·:>11l. ,.:u 11r :1 J'f:.' f . 11'.!. l•P· :!:! I --:!~:!;)!. Gau ·
lt•) tt,.:1• S\•l <'l'I r11m111itl1' c• o111 .\:<:<:tssi 11 :tr icm " 1.JFK 1' la:<s i lil·1l llcw 111111·11 l cll-1~.J I \ nnd A. ''Veb,•rnmn. " Coup cl'Btn t i11 A1ue r i<'a- The CIA :\lid the Assn!;s!nn-
i!l.l) ! hill . . . . . of J oh11 F . Kt•nnPd."" l :'\ Pw \"o rk: Tltt> Third l' rpss. 1!l7:;). (J. 1:i. _
(9.~J Cl:1ssi lie1l :<tal'f ~111111t1:1ry rr :1hs <'1 11·1· of <1,:w:tl il 1lplir11'ftll~ hy c T.\ . ~npr.1
~
(138) DC'pos!t iou tlf Hh·hanl 1-1. ::-nyc!(·r . sup ra rt-r. 12~. pp. ;,...j, 11- 13. --
r !'f. !l2.
i-:11111111:1r~· or ~ol'll't · "T \ . (139) Tel. nt 13, 5:3--'i-I.
1
(!)ii) ( 'l :1 s s ifi1•<1 staff intrnirw!" with Tl11l"s i:1 1l h ·L,1011 •
(l iO) J'e.tt_r r s fro~n tltl' ll S('.\ to !"cntt P.r('('kinritl;;e. ('J,\ , .lune R. J!l7S nncl .Tuly
( fl(i) C:l:lsSi lit•(\ st:I rf >'1111\111:I I'~' r1• :t l•:<1•111·c• 1•f
p<'r" 1111nrl. s1111r:i rc-f. i . ()"II :t lcl C\l'lH·ipfi Ill.: fl ,1· I ' f.\ . "llfl l':I 6, 191 8 ( .H h Cl:\l'<Stfi Pd f) O('llllll'll t 01.J!ll l ).
(141 ) Cl:\ FOJ.\ Dol ·t111wut :!10- H:.!:I. ('E'i2R .
rrf. !l:!. p. 1:1. M (142) Cl~s~ lflKI l'L\ s umHinry r('s p1111cli11:.: tu JI ~('.\ reque" r~ f o r expla11:1 tions.
Ul'i') Jtl. a t 1~-1-1 . ar. 20. l!l 1fl.yp. -l:!00--1:.!07 (.JFK C la~si li1 ·c! I >. •enn1e11 t 01:,o rn J.
(1 43.J Outs ide rt111t:1ct r<'port wi th William Y:ttl<'P. .lnn . !l. l!ll!l. lloni<C' ~C'l<'ct
(!l!l ) fcl. a t 1fi : "'"" d:1 s,.:ili1·d ('l.\ :<11111 111:1n· l'C'" P"ll 'l i11:.:: In H~W .\ n•q 11:~rs ' r
(!l8\ Tl1i1l. . fi
i•x p l:rna t i1111:<, ::\far . 20, tfli~1. l'I'· 11!11 : -11 !1~ 1.H 'K c·1 :1ssi lh-1l 1:10<·11111<'11.f ffJ .,Ol f: l .
C-0mu11 l t<'C' n n As s1:<s i n :?L inns (.IF K 1>111• 11 1111~11t01 - 11 · 1 0 ) .
(144) In tel'\'icw \\'i th D e nni,.: Fl.rnn . .T1m t• rn. 1!\iR H o u se Sel ert ('0111111it te<!
( / llfl) ( '1 :1,;,; i lir<l ..;ta ff s 11111111:1 r.r re• :ili,.:1•11:·1• n f (l,;wa h l rkl,onf'll ll~ h~· ('T.\ . ,;11pr:•
on Assuss inn tion s (.TF K Dor11111t•nt 00:1:;:1-1). ·
ro•f. !\2. p p . 11 --:!:-!. _ ,(145) Intl•r;iew of Dr. A lexis II. [)a \'if'on . .Ta n. 10. 1 !17~. Ilous" ~<'lf'C't Com-
( / fill S<•t> W:t l'r <'ll Ttr pnrt. pp. .J~-1--1.JO. ....ttee on ,\i;snsslnation!< (JFK D oenme nt OO-IG86) .
(}02) ('l::!lO~. !)10, !'1 17. XY l 11 \Yarn•n h r:trin:.,:s. !l~. 10:1. 1 l :i.

.-
INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSASSINATION
OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

APPENDIX TO
HEARINGS
BEFORE TH.E

SELECT CO}fMil'TEE ON ASSASSIN A.TIO NS

OF T HE

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

~IXETY-FIFTH CONGRESS
SECO'.'iD SESSI ON

! I:'.\"TER'"IEWS \\' ITH .T.\:\IE~ E.\HL R.\Y•

VOLUME IX

Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Assassinations

U.S. GO\.ERN)!E~T PR l:\T ll'G Of'FlCI.:

38-753 0 W aSHINGTON : 1970

For sn lc br the Su11nlntendent of Uocumcnts , t:.S. Go 1·rrcmect Printi ng Office

W11sblngton, D.C. 20402
 69
68
speaking people. I can tell their accent so I

countries didn't you? he was Spanish speakinq.

A. Well, I knew you need GANNON: So it was a kinrl of Spanish accent?

so~ething to get by customs.
It's not hecessarily a passport, I know you can get through A. That's correct, not too much.
MR. E~ANS: And when did you first realizQ when did
with Merchant Seamen's papers. Tra v eld ocuments, I'm notsure what
first think that this guy was from New Orleans?
they are. I underst:rurl. I read somewhere where they gave you a you
A. well, I didn 1 t think he was from there, but I
puper if they deported you, they give you a oneway ticket

somewhere, that's a possibility. thought he had connections there, because he'd, he'd made

some reference to i t in Montreal, then later on he gave me

Q. Alright. Why don't we take it chronologically

unless there, there's any further question. we can get back a phone number in Detroit from the Montreal area.

{~~ when we get into it chronologically.

Q. Now, Mr. Kershaw just gave me the book "Coup d'Etat

In America" and I'm. opened to pages 212 and 213. Can you
NR. GANNON: Nhat did this guy look like?
take a look at this and see if this is what you have reference
A. This picture I ghve Kershaw this morning, it's the

most similar. to?

MR. KERSHAW: Can I show it to them? A. Yes, that's it.

Q. And which particular person in those photo or
A. Well, you can if you want to. I'd say he's five

foot ten, '150 pounds, kind of 3. sharp features. photos looks like Raoul or has resemblence to him?

A. W~ll, the first one behind the policeman.

Gi\NNON: You said better dressed than some of these
HR. GANNON: Thcit fellow looks like he has lighter
fellows who you talked to earlier, business suit, that kind

of thing? hair, what was Raoul's hair color?

A. lie was in a business suit, no neck tie, just the A. Dark hair, dark red.

shirt. I seen one a lot similar to him. I thought he was Q. Dark red?

{.owing me in :-tcmphis when I was goJng in and out of ull A. Red:iish hair.

J HR. LE.HNER: In both pictures he's the man behind the

tw... se taverns, but dressed similar to him, but this was a

different individual. first policeman, is that right?

,'1R. EVANS: What makes you think this guy is latin?. A. That's correct.

MR. KERSHAW: Second figure from the left.

A. Latin. Well, I have had a lot of association with
 .
.• .
-. ,.,
~\

• UNITED STATES PISTRICT COURT

for the

,. ; :~ :. 1
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ·FLORIDA, MIAMI DIVISION

E. HOWARD HUNT, JR., )

Civil Action File
Plaintiff, No. 76-1252-Civ-PP
)
- v -
THE THIRD PRESS--JOSEPH OKPARU )
PUBLISHING co., INC., a New York DEPOSITION OF
corporation, and· JOSEPH OKPAKU, GAETON FOUZI
MICllA~L CANFIELD, ALAN J . . WBBER- )
MAN and MARIA GRACIA FELICIANO,

Defendants. )

350 Lincoln Road, Suite 422

Miami Beach, Florida 33139
9 135 a.m. Friday
January 5 , 1979

APPEARANCES

ELLIS S. RUBIN, ESQ.

265 N. E. 26 Terra ce ·
Miami, Florida 33137
Attorney for Plaintiff
Alao Present:
MARK J. FRIEDMAN, ESQ. ~lan J. Weberman
350 Lincoln Road, Suit e 422 De f e n dant
Miami Deach, Florida 33139
Attorne y f or Defendants

(anie Jam~ fl o1land

flil i ng u ~ I C o urt Rtp ort u
f'uhli c Sl tnograph t r - lnl tqrr d tr - i!ra n ~l al io n s
uoo JL m. 24 fl ur.. , fl pt. s2n
ffliarni , f lori1l.1 331'.!5
C:rn5) 633. 011 56
 I' '1

•You are a re:searcher and qualified as

• ! I

1
I

such for the purpose of investigating and exploring

questions surrounding the assassination of John F.

Kennedy; is that correct?

A _I .-was staff
- .. investiqator for the Commit-
_......-:::··

tee.
_,,_ -- .. -
Q Do· you have any special credentials?
- --- .. -- ·----- ---------·------· -- ·-
A r WD.S an investigative reporter ...for -.
\i
approximately thirteen years, and I worked for a year <I
Ii
.. . -- ·-· - -- . - - -- - -- .• .. .. - ··- . . - --
- ., ~ I J

on the staff of Senator Richard Schweiker as an inves- '":_I

. .. . ..
.... .. - . --- -·-· -----·-·- ...
;

ti gator on the Kenn~ dy_ -~ S'3_!!, !:!~). n.9-.t:J.9.!1 _: .....

-- -
-- .. -- -- . - . -
- "
I
I
MR. FRIEDHAN: Mr. Rubin, do you have any '1

objection to the status of Mr. Ponzi as an expert in his

- I
field?
.' I1·
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MR. RUBIN: No.
\ !
Q (By Hr. Friedman) Did you read the book

Cou12_ d'Etat in America?

-- -
A Yes, I did.
I Q Do you feel that the research and do cu-

mentation, as revealed in that book, in the footnotes

and other places, do you feel that research indicated

a person who thoroughly researched the area before

drawing his conclusions?

HR. RUBIN: I will object to that ques-

ti on as calling for n conclusion in th.is witness' mind --

5
 •
A I can't answer that.

Q Do you believe l1r. Neberman to be making

up lies to malign 11r. Hunt, prior to you joining the

Committee, have you read the book, because the book is

the subject, not Weberman?

A Prior to my time with the Committee, I

did not believe that Mr. Weberman was deliberately making

up lies to ~pecifically malign Mr. Runt; no.

Q Does Mr. Weberman have the right to express

his beliefs in print as he did in Coue. d 'El:_<:'._!_ in ~~::_ica_?

I
(
I am asking you in your realm of expertise,

as a journalist, as a researcher, as a commentator, do

I
·1
you believe he has the right to express his beliefs in

print as he did in Coup d'Etat in ~merica?

A Are you asking me for my personal opinion

outside of the legal?

Q No. You are an expert now. You are an

expert journalist.

MR. RUBIN: We will stipulate that he has

a right to express his opinions and he has a responsibi-

lity to pay damages if he abuses that right, and offends

another citizen. l
l
Q (By Mr. Friedman) Do you believe that Mr. I
Weberman abused that right of free speech in the nature

of libel, in his book?

..·I·;.
.

'· 7
 :f:

• • I
MR. FRIEDMAN: All right.
;1 i
MR. RUBIN: as to what was in the mind
.I
of the author.

MR. FRIEDMAN: I will rephrase the

'I .,I
i' j!
guestion.

Q (By Mr. Friedman) Was that research

competent in order ·to base the -- was that research

;< l
,I I
competent, in your eyes, or was that research incompe-
I:
:, l
'· I
A Generally speaking? •II-':1 iI
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Q Generally speaking.

A Genera:JJ:.y __ speaking_,, __L .. :f:hink__t::):1a t the J,\

I' :
---
research was competent.
- -------·-------
Q Do you feel that the researcher went into :I.
--- - -- ·········-·- .... -- -·-- . --·· : 11
iI
sufficient background to give him an ability to be 'I'
knowledgc~?._l~-~-?.:::3-.'.1 .. _~nd
---
--. '1'
iI
.I
. " .. ·--· . .. - - --- -·the zeal
.. -·----- -· .. . '
to make comments on

the assassination?

A From what I know of A. J. Weberman's work

---- ·-·. --- ·-···-··-- -··----·---··
---
·--
in the field, yes.
.. --------- ----. ---·- ...
Q And do you feel that Mr. Neberrnan was,

had drawn conclusions in his chapter labeled ''Theory''?

The conclucions that he drew were in his

chapter labeled "Theory". Do you think that those

conclusions were legitimately inferred from the source

of materials, or were they completely illogical, with no

6
L.
I
• •
Q At that time, how would you characterize

I them in relation to other researchers, in relation to

I
I
the competence in research, would you characterize them
I
as the best, passable, competent? How ~6uld you cl1arac-

terize those? Those archives?

A I would characterize Mr. Weberman's

' archives and Mr. Weberman's knowledge of the archives
l - .:..;....:._

I as probably one of the most competent in the field .

. --·-·- -- ..

I Q

"Theory" in his book?

Do you remember the chapter called
1
1
,,
I'
r.

A Not specifically.
HI
it ,\
\ . I 1
'
Q Did Mr. Weberman's research into federal i'ii j,
I court cases in Miami area provide beneficial information
:I,, .·I\
·1

I to you?

A Prior to my jo~ning the House Committee, • ·11

' ' ;1
1
l

'.r ''
yes.

Q Were you introduced to To11y de la Cova !

:I:~ ..;•I
' '

(phonetic) by Mr. Weberman?

l 1
Ii ..
A Yes, I was; prior to my joining the :1 . ·.
'I
I 4 I

House Committee. j' •

!
l· ...~
I

I
I
Q And ~Ir. Gordon Winslow?

l\ Yes.
!' 'ijf'
'.~
Q Did Mr. Winslow's information help you ' • f'·
l
'
in your investigation? :;' <
',
A Prior to my joining the House Committee,
 ~
:- l~

• • ~r
l'
.' HF.. RU!3It!: Well, thnt is invading the

province of the jury.

I! l·!R. FRIEDHhN: Then give me a word I can

") use for libel. 11 I

:.:1 }JR. RUBIN: I will have to object to that.

I
I That is a jury question . .
I
I Q ·(By Mr. Friedman) In your opinion, is i t
I
.. , I within the limits of free speech and fair comment on a

public figure to say that Mr. Hunt was, and I quote from

• 1· I
I
the book, "alleged to have been" involved in the assassi-

I nation of John F. Kennedy? I

:J
' ..
"
·1

I
A I would rather not give my opinion on that., 1 I
I That would he I ·1·
l ~

I
q I Q Isn't Mr. Weberman one of the most persis- I i:
I
I tent and thorough and productive researchers tl1at you kno~/ -
I ~~
f)
~--:r,c~--~.=::::::::::_:::::===============================-l!
A
Yes. . /
- , .' I Q Did the House Committee question Mr. l!unt
:

about the question of whether or not he was one of the

r·
,_
' tra1nps in Deeter Plaza (phonetic)? I.I,

!- I can'-t cornment.

Q Were the experts asked about the use of

disguises, the experts on the Committoe7

'~-; [\ I can't comment.

...1 MR. FRIED1lit?I: Thank you for your co-opera-

)
I ..-ti-o::~-
..e-.----------------------------~-------~
I ~. Q
 THE WITNESS: I can't comment.
Q (By Mr. Friedman) Do you feel that Mr.
Hunt was part of a conspiracy to kill John F. Kennedy,

based on your research prior to joining the Committee?

A I can't comment.

MR. RUDIN: Just a moment. I will object ;:

to that and I want an answer to that. He has been !':
answering everything else BEFORE his work with the Commit-

tee. Why has he opinion on his --

THE WITNESS: Would you repeat that

question?

Q (By Mr. Friedman) Do you feel that Mr. ,.

1 j '

Hunt was part of a conspiracy to kill John F. Kennedy, I·

li
based on your research and inference that can be drawn
from that research

MR. RUBIN: Defore his work on the Commit- .1

tee.

,- TUE WITNESS: Prior to my work with the

I
1

Committee, I considered · the possibility of Mr. Hunt's

,involvement. '

MR. RUBIN: nut that does not answer the

question.

MR. FRIEDMAN:

MR~ RUBIN:
He is answering, yes.

He considered the possibility,

I
I.

but that is not what you asked him.

 . , ..
•
O (By Mr. Friedman) Do you believe that Mr.
Hunt was part of a conspiracy --

MR. RUBIN: Did you believe that he was

part of the conspiracy, not whether there was a possibi-
lity.

O (By Mr. Friedman) Do you believe he was

part of the conspiracy to t i l l John F, Kenned~prior to

you joining the Committee?

A Prior to my joining the Committee, I be-

lieve
that there was the possibility of his being
involved in the Kennedy assassination. . ------ ~ I

MR. RUBIN: Fine. The- witness has ! I

I

answered the way he felt proper.

.: i
l
I
II
MR. RUBINr Thanks for opening that door. ; .
MR. FRIEDMANt That is the Whole case. i .

The truth is our defense. j.

1'
MR. RUBIN: We will find out. l
MR. FRIEDMAN: All right.
I
f.

Q (BY Mr. Friedman) Can you discuss anything

' about yourAmeeting with Marita Lorenz?

./ Prior to my joining the Committee?

I
I
Q Yes.
i
I A Yes.

Q When did you first meet her?

A I met Rita Lorenz, I believe, early in '75

 ·".'i··; _~ ..
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APPENDIX TO
HEARINGS
•
~->·/·;
t ••
:..,... .,, ..
I SELECT COMMITTEE ON
BEFORE TB E

OF THE
ASSASSIX1TIO~S

U.S. HOUSE OF RI~rRESENTATIVES

-~
- 1-i"'TNETY-F IFTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSIOX

VOLUI\1E X
ANTI-CASTRO A.CTIVIT!Et A..\D ORGJ....."\"IZ~TIOXS
. · :--.. '! 1· •
LEE HARVEY OSWALD IN :-IEW ORLE.-\.X S
. ;• • 1 •

. ~ ··-·
CLA PLOTS J..GAIXST CASTRO
-:: ·.::'.",'':: . \ ' ROSE CHERA)!IE
[:~;.~·.;>... ; ··, ' ·- '";. :. . 1' . ,
.
~ . , -
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l\f,\RCH 1979

Printed for the use of tbe Select Committee on Assassinatiorn1

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 CONTENTS '
l ~TRODuCTION
I . The ln~redJent.s ot an Anti Castro C b
II. The 'lo'~le IJalckcl
1
Parag raph
·gdround: The r~glme ot !td~~ cJ~:t5fo ~~~{------------------- (~) ( 1) * Two primary factors prompted the committee's investigation of
u o
l ll. Antonio Veclana
n ent ---------- - --
Biaiicii--------------------------------------== (1 -.1
(62)
anti-Castro activists and orgn.niza.tions. First, the committee ascer-
I\'.. Cuban Re,·01utio11:1.r.r councff:-.A-conclse-h.is-to---------- --------------- (114) tained that as a consequence of the efforts the failure an eventua
vi· ~ulbnd Rel'olutionary Council: New Or lcaus cb"n_p_t--------------------- (205) unw mrrn "' ie "- · t mm1strat1on rate uba rom
. r(~Rhf(;~=~-i:uuel Artime-Mol·lwlen to de Rc~~pe;;Ci6n-Ile-;;-oJ~ct-o-n-ariii (21 6)
viff· ·~o.-imiento Dem6c;a:te.--ctist!a_n_o--firoc) - ------------ ------ - - - -------- (232)
astro the. ersons an c orrramzu ions, acquired the means. motive
uut.1 RevolucJonula Cubana ( J URE} ------------ ------ - - ------- (247) anc opportunitv o assassma e e stc en . . eco.n , le.. ~omm1_ttee
1~- Dlrector lo Re'<'olucionario E studiaut ll fiiif:E)------------------------- (266)
'! ic,·e 1n.t Lee arvev swa c 's verifiec association with anti-
- · Mo Ylm1r11to In, urrecclonal <le ltecupernci<ln -ii--0- 1---1----------------- - (286 )
0 rl:tndo Bosch a vila ev uc onarlo. (MIRR) and
..,;"-rrI. D.Tnn ta de! Gobierno de c-;-,tia-eil-eTi:iiiio------ --- - - ------- ---- - --------- (32!)
~Ti·o Cubans w1nle living in~ ew r enns c unng 1963, toget.h er wit 1
•'- · ll>ld 'Ferrie_________ __ ------- --- ----------- ------------ (3i2) nl:l' µOSsiblc contacts mth other anti-Cnstrn actiVlsts, !urther enhanced
~~L :SH Camp Street and relo.tecle\.-ents----------------------------------- (389)
· lllnnuel R ay Ri'<'ero (l\IRP-J URE) _ _:------- --- ------- ------ - -- - - - -- -- (4 60) - the possibility of the __involvement of anti-Cnstro c~ements in the
xv. adQdcndum t o the J un ta. del Gobierno -de_C_ubaeii-ii!-E-X-1!'"0-;--c---1- - -R--dr--.---- (51T) ·- assassin:gfou_.F..or these reasons, the committee investigated nmnerous
uesada ------------ ----- --- 1 • a r os o 1guez
- - - ------- -------- ----- --- - ---------- (548) uilfl-"Custro organizations and operatives nnd OswalcFs activities ·while
(~) li,·inp: ir;t New Orleans to determine their connection, if any, to the
assassination.
p ). The committee initiated its investigation by selecting t he most
nct1rn anti-Castro groups and their key leaders from among the more
tl 1an 100 anti-Castro organizations in existence in Xovember 1963.
These groups included Alpha 66, Cuban Revolutiomtry Junta
(.TrRE), Commandos L , the Dirrctorio Rcrnlutionrtrio E stll(liantial
(DHE), the Cuban Revolutionary CouncilJ~~~L ~hjch includes the
Frente Rernlucianario D emocrn.tico (FR!dJ_,. c Junta Gobierno de
Cuba. in Exilo (.JGCE), the 30th orNovember, the International
I2c·11etrn.tion .For<;es _(lr!J_.e~~) , Revolutionary Recbv-~~me-nr--..
(:JITIR), and Ejercit'Olnvasor Cnban o (EIC) . Their selection evolved
both from the committee's i ndependent field investigati.on and the
Pxamination of t.h e files and records mainta ined by ilie Federal and
local agencies then monitoring Cnban exile activity, including local
police departments, the FBI, the CIA, the Bureau of Narcotics and
Dani;rrrons Drugs (now the D1·ug Enforcement Administration. or
DE_\.), the Customs Service. th~ Immigration antl K aturalization
SC't·,·ice. and the Department of D efense.
( '.1) These "action groups" were the movP.ments most actirn on both
the m ilit-ary and propaganda fronts: the groups that not. on]_\-- talked
about anti-Castro opC'rations, hnt actually cnrried ont infiltr:itions n.nd
rni•~s into Cuba., conducted Ca~tro aSS!lssin ation attempts, particip<\ted
in n multiplicity of arms dealings and possessed the most vocifrrous
rmrl n!!gw;sivc l cacli~rs. These groi1ps and individuals. the_!.'.~r~.~t of the
T\:C'nnrdv a.rlministration's-crnckclown on :rnti-Cnstro"opr rnt10ns fol-
lm1·i nr.. ·thr ('nbPn mi~;;ile r.risi~. ~f'rP the bittPrest and felt the most
hr1 rny~cl l >y P rcsiaent K en11ccly·s policies.
*Arnhlr. nnmPrnls in pnrenthPses nt the he;:lnnln!? of pnr:\g-mph!'I indicate the
p:>rn::1·aph n11n1hPr for n ur posPs of cltnt ion nnrl rcfrrt> n ri n~ : ltnlic n nmPrals in
pn rPnth<"srs i n thP mirlil!r or n t th<" pnrl of !'rntenc(:s tnd k ate rderences \\·hi ch can
h C' fnnnd nt t hP i:-nd of en.ch report or srrtl on.
(:l)
•
 55
(20.~ ) Ju . atp.n!i.
(2u5 J Iu. at p. ss.
\ i2(J6J Jcl . at p. 90.
r 2rr; J ~ee r<!!. 27, Veciaua immunized testimony, p. 70.
( 208) Ibid.
( 209) Letter from the chief counsel of the Bouse Select Committee on Assassi-
nations to CIA, Office of Legislative Counsel, Mar. 2, 1978.
\ !!10) Out~lde <'ontact r eport, M a r . :~1 . 1U78, HOUSI! !Select Committee ou _-\ss;as-
si nn lions, p. 4 ( J . F. K. Docnmen t 006911) . I V. CUBAN REYOLUTIOXARY COUXCIL: A COXCISE
(211) Committee interview of B. II. (top secret closed session), Aug. 10, 1918 HISTORY
H ouse Select Committee on Assassinations. '
(f!lZ J Id. at}>. l.i.
(213) Id. a t p. S. {205) The forerunner of the C uban Ile:olutiona t,y Council (CRC)
\.!1 .~J :Ju. at p.2!). was the Frente R evolucionario Derhocrat1co (FRD ), ~ormed . m May
(:?JS) Icl. nt J>. 30.
( :!IU) lcl.at p. 31.
19GO. (1) At the head of it were the leaders of five mn1or ~nt1-Castro
(217) Id. at JJ. :3~. groups. The proclaimed purpose of the FRD was ~o. establish a demo-
r.?ISJ Jlf.atv.31. ·Crn.tic rrovem ment in Cuba thro1wh the use of m1htary force. (S3)
UJ.')) I <l. Ht p. :12. ( 206 ) "' The F~D set up h~adqt;rters initially i!l ~~exico, but _r~­
( ~20) Id. at p. 3:;,
(221) Id. at p. 33.
·cruited most of its proposed mvas10n force from Miam1. (S) The m1h-
t.ary nrm of the FH.D was :known as Briga<le 250~.(4) Th~ Brigade
(222 ) Deposition of J ohn A. McCone, .Aug. 17, 1978, House Select Committee on
As!;assinations, p. 4. was eventually composed of 1,443 men who were tra.me<l by D.S. Army
l.?:?3 ) I<.l. :ll !JP- -!:i-Hl. :syecialists at two sites on the south coast of Guatemn.la. (5)
( 224} Letter from chief counsel, House Select Committee on .Assassinations, to (20i) The lenders a nd their o rganiza tions that composed the. FRD
CU. Jlriu cipal coorillnator. Aug. 16, 1078.
U!f!.5 J Ia. at p. 2. ·executire committee were: Anreliano Sanchez .A.rango of the Tnple A..
.rrl'onp; J11sto Carrillo of .Monte~risti; A ntonio de Varona of R escate;
( 226) Letter from the CIA. principal coordinator to chief counsel, House Select
Committee on Assassinations, Sept. 8, 197S.
(22i} Ibid.
~fanuel Artime of the Revolutionary R ecovery Mo vement (~IRR);
·and Dr. Jose I g nacio R asco of the Christian Democratic .Mo,rement
(21!8) Letter from chief counsel, H ouse Select Committee on Assn.ssinations, to
Attorney General, Justice Department, ilfar. 9, 1978. (l\IDC). (6) Antonio d e Varona setTcd a.s General Coordin~tor(7) and
(229) Letter from cllief counsel, Hoose Select Comrulttce on d SSassinatious, to
the membership was soou expanded to mclude Dr. Antomo i\faceo, a
Se<:rcmry of Defense. Ma r. 9, 1()78. n oted Cuban surgeon ; former C uban President Carlos H evia; and
rlf;lj) FRI leltl•r. :\fn r. JI. 1UT8 (J. F. K. Document OOOG'.?2); Outside contnct conscrrnti ''e leader Rafael Sardinas. ( 8)
Anril 10. 101~. House Select Committee on Assnssina.tions (J . F. K. Docu-
repo1't.0073G:>) (208) In 1\farch 19Gl , T he State Department pressured FRD leaders
ment .
! 231) Depa rtm en t of Defense file i\o. t i !)O 49 16 ; House Select Committee on t o accept the Movimento Revolutionatio de l Pueblo (MRP ), headed
Asi<ai'siuatloos file review (.T. F. K. Document 012918). · by }fanucl Ray Rirero, into the FRD. (9) The inclusion of Ray's g roup
(2J2 \ Il.Jid.
:into the a lli ance of Cuban exiles was reportedly also "ter ribly im-
(!!S3 ) Iuter view of Antonio Veciaoa Blanch. :!'l!ay 10, 1076, House Select Com- p ortant to the ·w hite House," which wanted to broaden the politictd
mi ttee on Assassinn.tloni;, p. l (J. F. K. Document.012930).
( 2/J.~ } CI A D I recti1e 188531, Mar. 15, 1978. hasc of the FllD. (10) In an effort to attract Ra;r: and his group into the
! 235) I bld. }'RD, .A.ntonio de \-arona resigned voluntn nly and Dr. •Jose ~Iiro
(23C) CI A Document, l~ 24138, .July 7, 1962. Card on n. was elected its new p resident. (11) Dr. .Miro Cartlona was a
(!!37) R elease : Honse Se!P.ct Comm ittee on Assassinations, J uly 30, 10i8. form er H n.vann. jurist who broke with Castro after serving him as h is
(Z.'~8) Hou se Select Committee ou .Assassinations (J. .lt'. K Documents 010ii28,
010:-iOS, 010521, 011018). . fi rst P r ime J.\Ii nister . (13)
(20!J) S h ortly before the April 17. 1Dfi1 Bay of Pigs :invasion, t he
Cuban R evolntionary Conner ( GTIC) was formed to coordinate and
direct· FRD activities 'vi th U.S. Government suppor t. {13) The new
organization h ad direct access to Presitle11t K ennedy and top " ' hite
H ouse aides. ( /.~) All the groups wit hin the CRC maintained thei r
scpa 1·::te identities. ( l:J) the leaders ex pressing publicly their uu ity, es-
p ecially d ur ing- the pt'riod prior to tl1e pla1111cd im·asion. The rcgrou~>­
rng- :incl udccl the foll ow-i n.g- Cuban exile lenders: Chairman, Dr. .To:=e
Miro C~nlo!1a; Ronn~ of D irectors-Antonio de Va rona, .Just~ Carillo,
Cnrlns 11ena. ~\ntomo 3faceo, }fannel Tiay, and i\Ianuel Artirnc.(JC)
Cl~C COlll mittees were org:mi?.ed in hy cities in the Fnited S tates and
d eleg·ation s arpointecl in L atin American COltntries. (17)
(2'!0) The fnil nrc of the B:ly of Pig;; iin-asion rcs111tecl in Castro
cnptu1·(· "nrl i 111 pr·isonmrnt. of 01·cr 1.000 of t he Rrig-ndc's members. ( 78)
The clc·jectcc.l lenclers of t he CRC, who had been sequestered for secur ity
(57)
 . -- - .-. .. .. ··---···--·--- ~ .

-~! 5S 59
"t t11e st;art of the im·asion (19) were latcl' taken t.n the \Yl1ite
. I
;.i - reasons •• a personal vi.sit
. _ with
. P rest l':~
' ·d cnt J.\..ennc d ~·. w h o ~xprcssec
. . l h'is (2l i.i ) Varona was able to hold the financially pinched CRC to"'ether
H for fol' al>o11t 6 months, but he himself had to leave Miami in earl~ 1%4
'"·
;·1. re~~~ and assumed responsibility for the invasion fmlurn. {~O) .hncl move to New York to seek employment, giving up his full-time
· .j i (2i1) S}"ior~ly after the unsuccessful inva:>ion, Manuel Ray withdrew /actiYities as an anti-Castro revolutionary lender. {39) The Cuban
!!: his or<Yaruzat10n thel\IBP, from the Counc1L(~J) nnd by October 1961, R<' volutionary Council quietly disintegrated.
J' the CRC had c~mpletely absorbad the FRD. (~~) Dr. Mi ro Cardona
remained at the helm of the Council, ''hich hnd been enlaqred to in- { Submil tetl by:
clude the R evolutionary Action and a faction of the 30th of November • G.\J:To:-; .T. F oxzr,
Movement. (!'JS) While some U?ification had been achieved thr:ough. the "-. h1 l'('S 1 iq1t/01'.
FRD and CRC the Cuban exile groups were plag-ued by fact10nahsm, ELI Z.\J :l:Tir .r. P .\ U!EP..
personal rivalries for leadership roles, and confl1~tin_g pro~·iu:r~s.(~4) R eswrche1-.
Nevertheless, the CRC was still considered the pnnc1pal uni:f:ymg o~·­
REFERENCES
ganization Qf the Cuban exile community (l'.?6) altJ10ngh no anti-
Castro leadl'r emerged who could command broad support of the (I) CIA Memo, October 30; 1!.JGI.
community. (~6) _ (Z ) Executi-:e session testimouy of Anton!Cl cJp Ya ronn, :'llnrch rn,. 19i8. H ear-
i!1gs before th~ Hous~ Selec~ Committee on Ai>sassiuntions, p. 10 (ll ereinafter
(212) After the October 1~62 missile crisis, t)1e policy o~ the U~ited \ aro11u cxec utn·e s~:;s1011 tes tnuon.'· J.
States to,-vard the Castro regime changed drastically. In Ins book The (8) FB.I) teletype to Director and SAC, New Orleans from SAC Miami Sep-
Losers," Paul Bethel, former press attache at the Havana Embassy tember 7, l?l:iO, Bureau No. 105-78462-4 (JFK document 012602, it~m 3 ). '
noted: (4) :'II'.~::10 Lazo, "Dagger In the Hea r t,'' ( Scrantou, Pa. : Fun k nud Wagnalls,
JO('>'{). p. -"8.
J
·'.,1·
There is no doubt that President K enneclv and his brother,
the Attorney General, consciously set nbout the business of
(5) Il.Jid.
(6) K H ownrrl Hunt. "Gll"e "LsTILis Day, " (l\"ew York: PopulnrLibrary 1973)
p. 44. (hereinafter cited Give Us This D ay.) ' '
I stopping all efforts to lJUhorse F idel Castro-from outside ('i ) FBI Airtel to Director from SAC, Sergio Arca chn Smith Black Line file
1
exile attacks, and from Cuba's internal resistance move- New Or!Pnns, D ecember12.19GO, HSCA (JFK documeot012G91). '
! ~ ment.(fa7) (8 ) See r ef. 17, "Gh·e Us This Day," pp. 71-72.
(.?) Id. ll t pp. 172- 73.
1 ' V11en two Cuban Pxi le groups macle rnicls against Rnssinn i nstalla- ( 10 I I d. llt p. 173.
(If I M . at p. 15-f.
f tions in Cuba and a Rnssi.an freighter in the Cuban port of Caribarien,
l the Attorney General rlispakhe<l 600 F ederal agents to Miami in an (12) Theodore A. Ediger, "Battle of Uiami," Dallas :\forniog News July 1
1962. • •
f effort to prevent further actions against the Cnstro regime. (~8) A (18) CIA Memo, October 30, 1967.
l · '" tiYn \•; ·c: thnt rohibitecl ke\' ant i Cnstro lea<lers in Mi mi (14 l I bid.
! · ea,-rn"' t H' fl rea w1 iot: . • ec <'ra a) rova . ~L . (15) Security File Ko. 020, CIA Handbook, H ouse Select Comm ittee on Assas-
sm::itfon ~ .
\_ (2 P1 ) 1' 10ug 1ll IVlf un ,..,. t ps rPcen·" .nanr a aid frnm t he (16) CIA tile.
P .S. Go,·er11 mrnt (30) t he effcctive1wss of the CRC ns a unifying (1'i ) See ref. 7.
. ogani:w tion deteriornted. In ApTil 1963, .Jose Miro Cardona resigned (18) " Selected Chronology on Cuba," Congressional Resenrch Sen-Ice, Li-
h is posi li.Qn as president in a clash with the K ennedy administration brary of Congress, December 21, 1962 (JFK Docull!ent 012743 ) (hereinafter
Selected Cuban Chronology).
~I I ow•r C'nhn n po licy. (31) Miro Cardona chimed that K ennedy had (19) See ref. 6, "Gi;e us '!.'his Day," pp. l!Jl- 192.
1
promiser! another invasion would be Jannchecl nnd hnd ini::teacl rhosen (20) See ref. 3, Yaron11, executi;e session testimony, p. 23.
a course of J)eaceful coexistence with the Castro regime. (SE ) T h e CRC ( ! 1 ) CTA cable, April 9, 1963.
-was revamped and Dr. Antonio Maceo elected president, (S3) although (22 ) CIA l\Iemo, October 30, 1967.
(23) See r ef. 12. .
Antonio de Varona was st.ill a dominating force in the organiza-
(24 ) Stall security fil e, House Select Committee on Assassinations FilI Seo-
. ti on. (.94) Government. funds to the CRC were cut off on .May 1, 1963, study Do~umc.nt, .vol 37, .it~m 1, Cinal 100-422089, i'<ntioon.l SecudtY Jnforma-
:rnrl coula no lon:.rer support its Latin American delegates. (35 ) tion-J,n~o American .Act1nties, October 18, 1961 (JFK Doc ument 000092).
\ ( 21-!) T he credibility of the CR.C then took a severe blow. In June ( 25 ) IIHd.
( 26 ) Jbld.
196!3, th e M.iami News r evealed that. a highly publi cized commando
(Zi) l'anl D . Dethel, ''The Losers," New Rochelle N y · (Ar"-.,"too House,
' rni cl on Cuba, purportedly made on June 21, was actually a hoax. (36) 19(3!)) ' p. 308. • . .. • u.u
..:\..ccording to t.he newspaper, "Although Dr. l\faceo did not say it, (2S) Jd. nt pp. 3!)8-390.
1 sonrces related that the proposed landing of up to 3,000 commando:; ( 29) Id . nt p. 39!).
n·:ts n. fraud t hat baUooned with the tacit consent of other publicity- (.'IQ) \! .\ i\femo. Jnl y ~. rnn-t: CL \ undnti-<l docu ment.
(31) See ref. 18 , "Select Cuban Chronology."
rpindc<l CRC members."(37) Following the revelations, Dr. Maceo (32 ) Ibid. A pril 15, 1963.
resi,gned as president of the CRC and was succeeded by Antonio de (33) "Mnceo Quits ns Head of Cuba Group," Dnllns Morning Newl:! .June 23
Vn:rona.•,
(38) 1963. ' . ,
\
 60
(3~) FDI Xo. J0:'..-107224-126, report from i\l!aml, June 11, W63. (J FK Docu-
ment 01'.? 6$9, item 4.)
(lS) Ibid. ~r: . r,
(36) Hal Hendrix, "Raid a Hoa:'!:. Cuban E xt·1e B oss QuIts, " au:um ,_.
ews,
Jaae 23, 1003. ·
(37) Ibid. I ,.
(38) See re!.18, "Selected Cuban Chrono og~. . .. .. •
(39) "Cuba n Anti-Castro Chief by Day Selling Cars m J ersey by ~1ght, New V . CUBAN REVOL UTIONARY COUKCIL (CRC):
Tork Times, August 22, 1964. :NEW ORLEA.i'tS CHAPTER
( 216) Nin~ days after. the a.ssas~in3:tion of th~ ~~esident, the U.~.
Secret Service beg11n an rnvestigat10n rnto the act1v1t1es of Lee Han·ey
Oswald during his residency in New Orleans. (1)
(217) Oswald had been arrested there in August 1963 while dis-
tributin<Y Fnir Pluv for Cuba literature. Some of his leatlets h:id the
address "'544 Cnmp.Strect stamped on them. The Secret Service en-
. deavo1·ed to determine i · Oswald maintained an office at th is
address. U~) .
(218) During the comse of its investigation, the Secret Service as-
certained t hat the ~ew Orleans cha pter of the Cubnn Revolutionary
Council ( CRC) had occupied an othce at fi-H Camp .Slrect. for abo ut
6 month:; durillg HJGl-6~. A t that t ime, S ergio Arcacha Smith was
the ofticial GH C delegate for the New Orleans o.rea. The Secret Service
.also learned tho.t Arca.cha Smith had been fired from bis position uy
the .Miami CRC headquarters in early 1962, allegcclly because he did
not harn the confidence of the Kew Orleans Cuban exile community.
Luis Rabel rep lace<l Arca.cha. Smith and moved the CRU offices to his
home. (,J)
(219) At the time of the Secret Senice investigation, another Cuban
exile, Frank Bartes, headed the New Orleans CRC delegation and
maintained offices in his home in Metairie, a subur b of!\ ew Orleans. (4)
(220) .After an extensirn im·e:>tigation uy the FBI and t h~ S ccrrt
S en· ice regardi ng tlie po::::iiuility tha t o~ wa Jd ren ted otiicc :;pace at 5+:1:
Cantp S t-rcet. the " -,1rren report concludr<l. there ,,·as no endencc that
Os ,vn.ld c\·e r· 11w111taincd an olhce a t tlmt aJ<lrc~:;. (5)
(2:n) T his material only pertains to the committce:s attempt to as-
certain if any actfritics of tl1e CRC had any relutionship to OswakFs
activities in !\cw Orleans.
(22:3) The Cununittee que;:;tionccl the first New Orlen.ns dcle<rn.te to
the CRC, S ergio Arcacha Smith. ( 6) H e told the committee tlrnt he
arri ,·eel in :\Iiami in August 1960 and, n.t the request of A ntonio de
Varon~, a Tdirector of the CRC,,.,ag!·eecl to .es~n:blish n chapter of this
group 111 ); C\Y Ol'leans A rcachn. ::)mLth...ruisrn1t1n.lL\:.n.1for.clcd.free ottice._ _ __
spacc in tire I.falter ~mg; he la te r rc11tcJ ;pnee at 5H Camp
S trcct. (7) . ·
· ( ~2:3) D mfog his tennre as ·head of the New Odeans clcle!!n.tion.
Arcaclrn. mith endeavored to raise funds by seJlin.,. CRC bonds, anci
was instrumental in organizing seycral rallies to pr~mote the cause of
the Cubna <'.'xilcs.(8)
(2:64) Arcaclin. Smith said he had never seen. Qs,nlcl iu Xew Orleans
and, from what h e had react Oswald was n ot even in that city at the
same time ..\.rcaclUl Smith li ,;eel there. ( 9) \\,Then Ire was rel ie,·e·cl of hi:;;
yft_iciul _ p o,.;ition with th e CH.C in e1tt'ly-lV6l: Arcacha Jei'C?-.-e\v·
· Orleun::i.( 70) ----··- -··- · ~·--- --- - ---.. ·-· - ~ ··~, --~---·· ·····- ··
(61)
.. ~ -!l l ~ ... 7•1 - .-
 - --...-... -.... ..--·
- ~ . ~ .... .... .. ··--- ·-- .

62
(225) Ao:J!gj1l!c..Smith's..rep lacemcnt, Luis Rabel, assumed the dE>lr.-
gn.te duties 1n""Jilnttary 1962 but, he told th e committee. f01md it neces-
sary to resign by Octob~r of that year because his job en tailed exten- REFE RE:\CES
sive traveling.(11) During bis sh ort tenure, Rabel said he organized (1) Secret Senlce report, "Lee Hnr\"ey Oswald," December 9, 1963, Secret
several r allies and brought in prominent Miami speakers to inspire Sen ice Xo. C0- :!- 34,030 (JFK Document 003; 5:J) .
(2) I bid.
the New Ol'leu.ns Cuban exile community.(W) Othe r tha n O'Oing t o . (3') -Ibid.
the Camp Street address to remove oflice materials left the re by (4) Ibid. .
Arcacha Smitl1. Rabel said he h ad no connection ,,jth the building (5) ··,Report of tbe P resident's Commission on the A ssas~lnat ion o! President
and never saw Os,rnJd in New Orleans. {13) K ennedy" ( Washington, D.C. i:.;.s. Go\·e rn.ment Printing Office, 19G-i) , p. 292
(herei nafter Warren report).
(226) Frank Bar tes, former president of Consolidated R ailroads in (6 ) l:;taJI Inter~iew of Sergio. Arcacha Smith. J uly 7, 1978, H ouse Select
Cuba, (14) became the :tlrird designated delegate of tJ1e ~ew Orleans Committee on Asi>ussinations ( JFK Documen t 010458) .
('iJ J <l.atpp.12, ':l .'I.
CRC chapter . H e reported t lie actiYitics of the group regularly to
lhe FBI( /.5) and 'vas primarily concerned with so licitation of mont hly ( SJ D eposition of Luis Rabel, May 11, 1!l78, H ouse Select Committee on
Assassinations, pp. 2il, 47 ( J FK D ocument 0090&0) .
pledges from C ubans fo r the purchase of arms fo r t hei r counlrnnen ([J J Id. at pp. :!~-~:!.
actively engn•"l'cl in the fight ag ainst Castro. (16) e rrpol'tcd· t11a t (1 0) ::lee ref. 1, p. 4. .
he hucl pmchasecl a n ::H- 2 l'ifle wi th c~Jlections a ncl clispbyecl it at an (11) See ref. S, R 11 bel d~position. p . 45.
October 19G:·~ mcetinO' for "psvcholog1cal reasons." (17) 13a r tes said,
(1 2 J I<l . at p. 41.
( l fJ J Id . at pp . 127- 128. .
however, because of tl1e rate of collections at that time, the grnup was (14) .FBI .repo t t, January 20, 1965 (JFK Document 000305), Item 9) .
able t o send only enough money to the )fiami CRC heacl<1uarters to (1 5) I bid .. items 1- 8.
purchase one gun pel' month. (18) (16 ) Ilii d., Items 3-4.
(11 J Il.oiu., i tem 4.
f227) On 1\ovemuer 15, 1!)63, a CHC meeting was held at Ga llier (18) I bid.
H a ll. Antonio de Varona was invited to come to .Kmv Orleans to speak (1!1 ) l biu., item 5.
to the C uba n exiles nnd bolster thei r morale. (19) He stayed at the ( 20) Ibid.
home of Agustin Guita r t, (BO) uncle of Silvia Odio. Staff interview of Fran k Bartes , March 15, 1978, H ouse Select Com-
( 21 )
(~:28) Bartrs told the committee he hea ded the r.-cw Odc>ans <lclc- mittee on Assassinations, p. 2 (JF K Document 007252).
(22) I bid.
g ation until the ('RC was dissolwcl in l !)G4. (21 ) D nri ng hi$ trnure. (23) I d. at p. 7.
he said. he maintainecl the CR C office in his home. (252) He could not (l-i 1 lrl. :t l p. 17.
(!!:)) Ihid.
recall ever having vi:;ited the 5-ld: Camp Street office mai ntained bv (Eli) !Li d.
.AJ:cacha S mit h in 1961-62. (23) • (27) !hid .
{220) After Carlos I h ing uier and Oswald ha d been a rrestcll in a .( 28) I d. at p, 18.
street sculHr, Bnrtes nppen.recl in court with Bring uier. (Z4) Alt lt ough ( 29) I bid.
n ot a CH.C memuel', Bring11ier \YfiS respected by RattPs iUl d it was
as a s how of s upport that Ba r tes appcarrd a t B ring uier's hC'arin!!. (.25)
(230) Aft el' the h cnr.ing, the n ews media surrounded Oswa)d fo r
: a sta tcnwn t , Bnrt<'s saitl. At this p oint, Bal'tes got in to an argument
with the m edia nnt1 Oswald because the Cuunns u·ere not being tri 1·en
un opportuni ty to present th('ir vicws. (f!C) Jfc al:;o 8pokr to n n"'F [) J
agr m tl1a t clay, wa l'ni ng tl1ut Os \\·nTQ was a poten t ia ll y da 11~l'rn11s
man. (27) Dnrtcs dcclint•cl to identify th e agent to the corn1i1ittee,
say in g- only thn.t he hnd had frequent contact with 11im during this
prriocl of time. (~8) Bartes said h e had no other contact witl1
__O~wald. (Z9) --- -.._
(2~1 ) The l'VidrncC' \\Ould se<'m to indicate, the1'C'fore, t lr at the Xr'v
Orleans chapter of the CRC hncl no relationship with Oswald othe r
-_th an the brief encounter with Burtl's, and in no way was officially
in vol".'_ed in an y a cfo'ities that tonched npon th ose of Oswa ld.
- -- · S~1bmitted by: - '·-- ·-·
G ,\ETOX J. F O:K7.T,
I nvestigatm·.
ELIZABET H J . PA ~n:n.
R esea1•0/,e1•.
 122
. be (Martin) bnd made in jest about the KennedJ· assnssfoa~ion.
a n;mar~ t ry Delphine Roberts, who was also pre.~ent. tolcl thf' comrn11 tee
9
Rnnt!!ter !'eCre n to blows when .Martin tried to remove ce1·tail1 tiles from the
the two me_ n Cll~!w o! Jac:k ::Uartin Fell. 15, 19i8, Honse Select Committee on
olflce ~see . tenpi 3 (J F K Docume;1 t 000212) a nd in ter\· ie\\ of Delpllioe P o iut!;
10
\s."ll~!c'l.Dll tlOn:', . • • . . . ' . . 3 (J F K
• · ' July 6. 19i8. B ouse Select Committee on .,.ssa ssmatioos, p. .• . . . '-· .. "::
RDolierts. t OO""iS) ) Th e original police rep<>rt referenced abo>e inulcates Bams- XJII. 544 CA:MP STREET A.ND RELATED EVEXTS
terocumen
a nd llnrtin '"' were· engaged "in various.
· d1scuss1ons
· a bou t per soon
· l no d polit·1caJ
subjects" "·beu the matter of tile long-cllstauce telephone calls came up aud tI.1e -~ ( 460) On Au"u:>t 9, 19G3, Lee Ha.rvey Oswald wns a rrested on Canal
coul'ersation gre1v heated. • S t rnet iu New Orleans and charged with disturbing the peace. (1) The
g~~l ~b~~- interde" - of G. ·Wra.'" Gil !. Xo v . 2y. l!J63. p. 219. S A .T._ Smith ; FBI arrest was the result of a confrontation with anti-C.u;tro C11ban exifo
telet)·pe. Nov. 26. H!tJ3, to SAC Dallas null Di rec tor from SAC, ~ew Orlt"am;, Carlos Bringnier and t,,-o of his associates, Miguel Cruz and Celso
pp. 2-3, 7, and 15. H ernandez.(2 ) Oswakl was hand ing 011t p ro-Ca!'tro leaflets($) when
(184) ·Ibid.
(185 ) Ibid., pp. 2-4 a nd 7- 8 ; letter from Jack l\Inrtlu to Richard Robey, F..-L\ Bringuier , H ern uuclez ru1d Cruz approached hi m. (4) When H ernandez
in vesti ~ n t or. ~ 0''- 2ri. 1~6:~. FA.. \. vnl. 4 (.T. F . K. Documf!nt OH!JO.,J) . tried to take the leaflets from Oswa1cl, a shouting match begnn ; (5) the
(1 86 ) FBI r eport, .Kov. 25, 1963, interview of Layton Mnrteu s, St. Hoyerson, N ew Orleans police t hen interrnned, arrest ing all fo ut· indi\·iduals.( C)
p. 2 {p . 302 ). ( 461 ) Sn.mples of Oswald's litera.turo were confiscated by the po-
(187) FBI report, XoY. 25, 196.3, interview of ..-\.1\'in B eaulloeuf by S..-\. Sch effer
(p. 307). lice. (7) One of the pamphlets bore the haml-stamped imprint of an
(188) FBI report, inten-iew of Larton Martens, Ko>. 27, 1963, SA.. Hoversou, address for the pro-Castro Fair Play for Cul111 Co1111n itfee- of \Yhich
p. 2 (p. 303 ) . Oswald \YaS the president and only member in Xew Orleans- as ':5+!
(189) Ibid. Camp Street, Ne" Orlea ns, La."(8)
(190) FBI teletype, No>. 26, 1963. to Director f rom SAC. i:\e" • Orleans, p . 16.
(191) Ibid .. Se<· ret Serl"ice report. Dec. 13, 19113. C0- 2--3-1. 030, p. 4 ( J . F . K. ( 462) T his pamphlet was among the materials turned over bv the
Document 003840) . New Orleans police departm en t . to the Secret Service folJo,Ying the
(192) FBI teletype, Nov. 26, 1963, to Director from SAC Xe1,· Orleans. pp. assassination. (9) The Secret Service and the FBI then set out to im·es-
11- 17 ; Secret Sen·ice r eport. Dec. 13, 1963, C0- 2-31'---030, 11. 3 (J . F. K. Docu- tigate the 54:4 Camp Str eet address. ( 10) These agencies estab1ished
ment 00313-!0 J.
( 19!J J FBI teletype. ~ov . 26, 1063. to Direc tor from S.\C Xew Orleam:, p p . l'.!- 13 ; senral facts : ·
staten!ent by D:ll"irl W . Ferr le in FBT fi ll'. p. ;)F:O. Xo. +t-206-t Dec. 10. 195:~. (463) The address h ad been stamped with a home print ing k it in the
(1 94) FBI tele type, N pv. 2 6, 1963, to Director from SaC Xew Orleans, p. 13; same manner Oswald had stamped ot her lite rat ure with his alias "A: J.
F BI inten iew of G. Wray Gill, KOY. 27, 1963.
(1 95) FBI i n te~ 1· iew of DaYid Ferrie. XoY. 26.1963, K o'. 89- 69, pp. 3-4. Ferrie's Ridell" or "L. H. Oswald,1' (11) indic::tti ng it was by Os"·alclls own
a N il'it i1is for the period :\'ov. 22-2fi. 1063 a re rlescri becl in detail in t hi s report ; . hand that the 544 Camp Street address was printed on the pnmphlet .
see a lso FBI inten·i e1'I: of Meh·in Coffey, ~" "· 30. 196.'3, Ke"- Or lea ni;, S AE. Wall . (4G-1:) It was learned al so tha.t Oswald had written t o the nation al
(19 11 ) FBI report. ?\o. 62- lOfJOfi0--2143. D ec. 18. J!l63. . president of the Fair Play for Cuba Commi t tee: Vincent T. Lee. rm .
( 197 ) FBI report. X o. 62-l0901J0-:JH3. De1.. 18. 19!l3, p. 1, inte rview of Lee
F lc tr her. I\
Angnst 1, 1963, 8 days before his a rrest. (12) In the letter. Oswahl
(198) Ibi d. mentioned he h ad r ented an office for his local FPCC ch a pter , but ,,·as
(/99) Ibid. told to vacate after 3 days because the buildi ng " as to be re-
( 200) FBI r eport. N o. 62- J0!)060- 2H3. Dec:. 18. 1963. p . J . in te1»iew of Clrnrl;: m odel ed. (13 ) ·
TI<>llnml. ~'P nie call<'tl ahea cl on X11v. 22. J!Jf!.3. arrivPcl Xo1·. :!:>,. HJli3 hetw een 3 :i'IO
and 5 :30, did not discuss opera tiug r ink a s F er ri e bad suggestPcl he would. (465) The FBI and the Secret Sen-ice investigation a pparent.h · fn-
( 201) FBI teletype, Nov. 26, 19G3, to Directo r !rom S AC, Xew Or leans, p. 14. cnsecl on whether or n ot Os,rnlcl act ually had r enterl an office at the 5H
(202) ~'BI report, No. 62- 109060--2143. Dec. 18. 196$, p. 2. · Camp Street address. (14)
(203) FBI report, No. 62-109060-2143, Dec. 18, 1963, p. l. .(466) In inte.rviews with the 1:BI and .the Secrrt Ser vice, the bniM-
( .204) FBI rep<>rt, No. 62-109060-2143, Dec. 18, 1063, p. 2. Hotel registr a tion
card No. 38063; checked in 11 p.m., Nov. 23, 1963; checked out Xov. 24, 1003. :Urs. m g owner, _Sam ~ewman, d emed rentmg an office to Oswalrl. (4-?)
Shirley Dial, clerk a t the Driftwood Mo tor Hotel, r ecalled three individuals Others rcntmg o_ffice space at ;)44 C~m p Street. w~re qnestionrd , b~1t
checked out at aro und 10 a .m. on Nov. 24, 1963. n one- recalled sccrng Os,Yald at the ~ ewmnn B m lcling or el~ewhere m
(205 ) FBI repo rt, Ko. 109060-2143, Dec. 18, 1963, fh·e calls made from X r w Orlrnns. (16)
Alamotel. Houston. and one call made from Dri ft wood ~roto r H otel, Galveston.
( 20G) FBI r eport, No. 62-109060--2143, Dec. 18, 1963, p. 1. ( 4GT) D uring the course of that inYe!'t ig o.ti o ri . however , th Srl'!'r t
' ( 207) FBI rep<>rt, No. 62-109060-2143, Dec. 18, 196-3, p. 1- Jndicated Ferrie S t'rdcr. receirnd in forma tion that an office in the Newman R11 ildi!1g-
called 94:7-G435 in New Orleans collect. ha <l brC'n rent rtl to the C:ul1:m Rernlutionn1T C'onnril frnm O ctober
<208) De1 1o~i tion of Mrs. J esse Garner , Hou ~f! Select Committee on Assossina- HH11 thrn11gh F r•l1runn· 19f.:2.(17) L r.adrr!' o{th<> CR(' wcrr ronlartf'rl
t ions, p. 34. Xnte : While Mrs. Garner believes it was the night of thE' a ssassina-
t ion, it wonld appear, given that Ferrie le!t Kew Orleans that evening t hat nnd a'1 krr) if the~· hail any n s:.:oci ~tion with or kno11·lrdgr of o~wa lrl
F erri e ma.r ha>e come by her house on n la ter date. ' or t lw Fall' Play for Cuba. Committee. (18) The Cubans said they had
(.209) Ibicl. non<> bccatt!'c thC'y hacl vacated the building 15 months prior to Os-
( ZJIJ ) Ferrie file, Item DF-7, Mar. 11, 1968, Garrison tile (J. F. K . Document
008840) . wald 's appP:1nincr in Xcw OrlN1 n ~.( / .9 )
(211 ) FBI rep<>rt, Nov. 27, 1963, interriew of Roy, p. 212, McCoy 105- 82!'.i55-10, ( 123)
SA. CallendeL

1:24
( .l-fiS) T he investig ation of a possible connect ioi;, bet rr,een Oswa l<l
and the 544 Camp S t reet acl~lrcss was closecl. {~O) !ho ' '-arrcn Co11~­
m is..:;ion fin d ing!' concurred with th~ S~cret S er n ce report tl~at 1:0 a<lrh -
tiona l evidence h acl been found to m d1cate Oswald ever marntamed an
office a t th e 544 Camp Street a ddress. (21)
( 46D) T he committee im·estigatecl the possibility o.f a conn~ct~on
bet ween Os"·ald and 544 Camp Street and developed evidence pomt mg
to a different result. · uncover ed nothing of sign ificance in ~he appearance <;>f Thorn~ey'.s
( 470) T hr. comn~ittee learned that the X ewman . Bu~lding occupied
t he corner lot facm~ L nfayet te S quare. O n one side its address was
;)t l Camp Street. (~!2J I ts other en trance was addressed 5~1 L afayette
S treet. (ZS) It was a three-story grani te structu re owned an d opera~cd
b:v Sam Newmn n as a r ental income p rop erty fo r commercial
offices. (~4).
(-1:71 ) T he com mitt ee ~nte rvie,>ed S a m N"ewmnn and ~th?r "' i tnr~f:es
to obtain a com plet e h st of the occu )ants of the bmlclrng fo r the
p r.iod from "J [n.y HJ(i:\. wlH'11 Oswald arrind in X e\'I' Orleans, to Srp-
temher 1!-H):i, 1>hen he <lepa rted.
t -1:1~ ) New man rold the comm ittee h e had great <liflicnlt.y renting
sp ace in the buikling. (~5) Consequently, thr.re were fe w tenan t~ there
in tho.summer of HlG3. 'fhr Camp S treet add rrss ' 'as the mum en-
trance to offices for two "·orkers' associations : th e H otel, Motel, an d
l\.e:>taurn.nt '\\orkN'S: union ancl the ,_\.malgamn.ted Association of
Street E lectric R ailway and ~fotor Coach E mployees of .Americn.( £1))
It was a.lso t he t?ntra.m:e that lrd to the qnarters of the building's jani-
tor. J ames A r th ns. (g7) T here was onlv one office at the L afayette
Street add ress, that of Guy B an ister A ssociates, a priva~e invest igati•~e
firm .(28) T ho oflkt' S once. rented by t he Cubnn Revolutionary C0tmc11
a t 5M C nmp Street st ill lav empty. (~.'}) H_:\fo.ncuso~s," a small coffee
shop, was located on th e g-rou nd floor with its own cntrancr. onto the
corner of Camp and La fayette Street s. (30)
(±73) T he committee located and inlerYi.r1>e<l indiviclnals assor,iatecl
with these organ iza tions. '\Vhenrnr possible. t he cornmitt('e obtainerl
releva11t recor ds from the org anizations to check: fo r any li nk to Os-
wald or persons implicated in tl1e a.ssn"sinat ion in\'Csti;rntio.n. Th e. com-
mittee invesLigation p r oduced no evidence of a ny connect11m bet\Ye('ll
Qs,vald a nd .n.ny person or orga.niza.ti.nns occupying tl1t> Xe"·mun
Bnil d~ng in 1963, except for that im·oh·ing Guy Banister's .._p ri,·:i.te
ck lect1ve a~ency . . recall ever ha,-ing seen Oswalcl. (49) l\foncnso was not intervjewed by
( 474) B efore discussion of the in vestigation of the Banister offirc,
this material sets forth t he r esults of thl1 investigation into the other
occupants of 544 Cnmp St.rcet.
(475) T he H otel , Motel , and TiestauranL Employers lTnion is kno"·n
t oday as the Hotel and H cstaura nt Employees n.nd B:utr.n<lers' Union
( Intcrnational ). (91) Alth ough the commit.tee was unable to locate
personnel who had worked in t.lte office n.t :>++ Camp St rcrl. a.ncl had
been interviewed by t he Secret S ervice fol lowing t lm assassinat.ion. t he
committee did obtain a. ';master" members11ip list from t lie union. (.1::! )
T he lists contain c-11 names of mc111lie1-s fo r tlw wars J!)C~ thron~l 1 lflfi-l
that. wcl'C st11tl iPd for na111es of a:osor·i1tt<·s of Os1rnl rl or others r;f intt•r-
e:-;t. in thr i111·esti!!':i t io11 . ..:\.mong- the namQ:-; n.ppeurin!! on t he list as a
member from O ctol>c r 30, l~H>:!, ·'through April l!l!i:~" \\as Kerry
•'
' 125
T hornh')'.(SS) who had been an :ic<prnintan<'<' of Osw:tlcl's f<?r "~or 4:
months" in l(),j9 when bolh "ere statio11ed at the E l Toro ~Iarme Corps
base in S anta. Ana , Calif. (34) Later , Thornley ]earned of Oswald's
defection to the Soviet -nion from newspaper accounts. (35) T horn-
. ley found the story so inter esting that he set out to write a no\·el based
on Oswald's defection. (36)
( 476) K ever thcless, the committee's investigation of K erry T hornley
n ame on the list of members of the umon. As refl ected m the umon s
r ecords, T hornley dropped his membership after April 1063. (S7)
T hornley had left Kew Orleans to travel to California and iiiexicd and
did not 're.tum t o New O rleans until A ugust 196~,(38) leaving little
overlap of t ime in "·hieh Oswald and Thornley could have possibly
come in r.ontact.
( 477) Thornley firmly denied con tact with Os\>n.l<l at. 5H Cnmp
Street in Now Orleans or at any time since his iiforine Corps
days. ( 3.?) His statements ha rn been co no borated and no evidence h as
. been found to contra.diet him.
(±78 ) The committee a lso loen.r<'rl nnc1 intenie"-ed Gt>orge S. Gay,
nr<'S<>nt. pr0c;iclrnt, of th e A malgnmaiwl Association of Street Electric
R ailway an d :Motor E mployees of A meriea. (40) Gay hn.s been presi-
dent. of the nnion since 1DG0(41) and ccnfinncd for t he committee thnt
the m~ ion~s office was 1ocnted in the -Yen-m:m TI11ilding in lVG!l. (42)
Y\hilc Gav rei te ra t1'c1 'l"fba t he h:lCl told S t>cret Srn·vicc agents. that he
d icl not rccnll e,·er secina Oswald in the. builtling, (45') he told the com-
m ittee h0 wns not in the office. Yer:' mnch d nc to fr<'£lnent business
t rips. (44.) Ho snid he did not m ingle wilh the other tcnnnts in the
huihling. (.~.-i) Gay belic-.-~c1 the nnion·s secretnr~' at the time. :i\frs.
En~eni n. Donnelly. w0111r1 have more. infor mation ahout others in the
Newman B ui lding. (46) S uhsrquent attem pts to locat e Donnoll_y prowd
futile and she was believed clf'ceased. (47) "'l1 nfortunate1:v, she was net
questioned liy investigating ofiicin.ls follo"ing the nssassinntion of
P residrnt K ennedy.
(..J:T9) .Ja<'k :\ fnnc nso. o-rrner nf 1 fancuso~s Coffee Sl1op located on the
ground floor of t h e Newman Build ing. was interviewed by committee
im·ef:tian to rs and <inestionecl about h is customers. ( 48) 1fancuso r e-
called t h n.t Guy Banister and h is nssocjates .Jack l\Iartin and David
FPtT ie. ,·er<' "stendy" r.nstomers, hut .M ancuso could not p ersonally
F BI or Secret S ervice agen ts following the assnssin:i.tion. (50)
(480) ,Jnm<'s Arthus was interviewed by Srcret Service agents im-
mediately follow ing the assassination. (51) He told the agents thn.t an
unknown man hncl attempted to r ent an office a.t 544 Co.mp Street, but
that be had di sro11rnged him. (5~) .A.rthns could not dPscribe the man
ancl re<'ommend0rl the ogcnts speak with "Mrs. Downing," presui:ried
-to be M rs. D onne Uy, Rince she had also seen the man and could poss1bly
pro,ide a d esr,ript ion of him. (53) A s p ointed out nbove, Mrs. D on-
nelly wn.s not. interviewed by either the Secret Service or the FBI on
t his matter. The committee learned that A rthus died in 1067. (54)
( d ~l) T lw F BI :rn<l the Secret SenicP apnnrrntly fnilPd to rturstion
'."? 11 the occ1innnts of 544- Cnmp Street, inr.l ndin g a wi tness who may
h am h ad informn.tion about a man wh o had attempted to rent space
4:l -044-7~ -· -9
 126
there. While the FBI did speak to Guy Banister, th~re is no indication
from the report of that interview that Banister was nsk~d any ques-
tions about Oswald. Instead, he was asked about Sengo Arca.cha
Smith and the Cuban Revolutionary Council. (55)
(482) The overn;ll i~vestigation of the 544: Ci.:mp Street ~s~1Je at the
time of the assassmat1on was not thorough. It lS not surpnsrng, then,
that significant links were never discovered during the original in-
vestigation. The committee concentrated on an investigntion of thC'
activities and individuals in and around the office of Guy Banister,
since th.is was the area of the least investigation in the days iollmYin~
the assassination. Various resources were consulted by the committee
for information regar ding Banister and his colleagues. These in-
cluded: originnl documents from Banister's office collected during the
1!)()7-6!) investigu.tion into the Kennedy assassination by the New Or-
leans District Attorney ; investigati'e reports of the district attorney's
office dating from that investigation; materials amassed during the
Ul61-G3 investigation of David Ferrie by F ederal Aviation Adminis-
tration officials including transcripts of Ferrie's g-rievance hearings;
information obtained from Aaron K ohn of the Metropolitan Crime
Commission of Xe'' Or:<'1111s: n.nd informabnn ohtninN from reviews
of r elevant files of the FBI , Secret Service, DOD and CIA. In addi-
tion, tho committee interviewed several surviving witnesses, many of
whom ho.d worked for or with Guv Banister.
t 48:1) Accordin ~ to o:-te 0f .Banister 's mm bio.2'n~phirn1 ~:ketches
dated Murch 19<H. he wr..f' horn in a log cabin in rnml Loni!'in na in
l!JOl the cldc'.'5t of 7 childr<>n.(.56) H <> started his eam.' r in nirn!na.l
justice with the po1i<'e cfop::tl'tment of ?ifonroC', La. (57) In 1!1?,4, hr be-
came o. special agent for the Ul!cncy of the Department of .J u!itice that
was soon t.o be nam<.'cl the Ft>rlPral Bureau of Invest igation . (58)
Banister served in tlw FB I for 20 years, 17 of th ose years as special
a~ent in charge. (69) H e r etired in 195± to become assistant supcr-
in trnd!'nt for thn New Orleans P nlice Department and was n.ssigned
the task of ir.,·cst i.!::n.tin~ po1i:-e cmTupti...,idf;O) Aftpr n fr lli•1;:r ont
with the mayor of Xrn- Orleans. allrgcdly onr B:'l..nistrr's n.tt~mpt to
ha,,c the mavor indi cted on rl!rrl',!:!'t:>'> d "ma.lfenPancr, Ptc.". Ihnic:ter
qnit. public service and fo rmed his mrn prh·ate detective ugC'ncy, Guy
I3 n ni~tc r _.\..ss<x-iat<'s. Inr. (fiJ)
( 484:) Accor·rling t o FBI files re,·ic"l'cl by r.onm1ittrP staff: :Rn n i~ter
also became excessively active in anti-Communist activities after his
separation from th~ FBI and trstiJif'd bQfo 1·e rnl'irn1:=: inYe~ti ,~nting
bn<lirs nhrrnt. thn dangers of commnni<=m.ff,'?} T h<' CL\. fi!C' OT'. H n:v
rnan istrr inrli<'atc1l lh~ a~~('ncy con~i<l"°recl in ~~rptcmbrr 1%0 nc:in~ nn y
. R:llli~t!'J" Ass1wiatr.s for th!' collrction nf foreizn intclli!rt•ncr. l' nt n lh-
ma.t~ly decirl('(l n~ainst it ( G.J'), for several rca~ons. (C4) · E arly in H>G t,
Banister hclpecl draw up a charter for tho Frienclr. of D C':nocrntic
, Cuba , nn ·orgnnizntion set up as the fundraising :irrn of Scr~io ArrnrJrn.
\ Smith's branch of the Cnban R evolutionary Connci l. (65) Ba11istcr
\ d escribed his work for the Council :
\ Our work wns primarily to gather food and clothino- for
~1e refugees. However bccnuse of my being known in°con-
I 127
I
i
nection with that, [and] my background being known with
.l:\.rcachu. Sm.ith and others, I h ave had high-ranking Uuban
/ refugees in my office asking me how to go undergrou11cl, and
I I g::ixc them diagrams for that. I have talk<'d to militnl'y and
·· political lenders from t,Le rnrious pro,·iuces of Cul;a thtLt have
slipped out aJ1Cl slipped back. ( 60)
( 483) The FBI files o.l.;;o indicate Banister was perfot'ming another
sen-ice for the Cuban exile g ro up. H e ran background invc:itigatjons
on those Cuban studen ts on the ca.mpu:-; of Loui...::inmi. State Unfrcrsit.r
who wished to be members of Arcacha Smith 1s auli-Castro group,
ferreting out any pro-Castro sympathizers who might be amollg
them. (07) Banister also ta l kl~.1 !:>am Nemna n in to leasing 54:4 Camp
Street to th~ Cui; an Hernlutiunury Council. (C8)
(4815 ) It was prolmbly a r e!·alt of such :mti-()a>;tro nctiritiP.'i tkt
B'.rn~ stcr l~ccame acqnai11tcd with Da:.-id .Ferric .. F cl'riC', an Ea~tr1:n
Air.l ines p1lot, was a.lso l':dremely active m Serg10 Arcnclia Smiths
ant~-Castro :;roup. (U.?) Ferrie sh:ncd Banister's anti-Communist ~md
anti-Castro fc:n-or. \ 70)
( 487) Both Fenie and l3ani::;ter were implic:'ttetl in a raid in fate
l!JGl against n nlllaitio1;s drpot in H ouma., L u., in wh.ich rnrioas
weapons, gre11od~:: _and :.;mm u ~1ition were st?1cn. (71) l3anist2r's ro:e
m ay ·h am be~n l11 1 u~ed t o stonng the matenel which was rcportculy
1 en stacked m Ba.~:1_ster'::i b~1ck room_ by _se,·cral witnesses. (73) Oth~rs
.' who actuaUy p r.r11c1p nt e>d m the ra1(l, mcl u~le ~Uitb~w Blacb11on, ii
i F errie associate anc1 fot11:er Ci\·il .ii:· P atl'Ol c:ulct r..nd Scn•·io .A..rc::i.ciia
j Smith. ( l-J ) ' .""
; ( 488) In F ebrnary l!JG2, :Ferrie rcquested Bn.nister's assistance in
figh~rng his recent dismissal frcm Er.stern Airlines. (74) Banister ia -
I vest1gt1terl the ca.se for Ferrie's defense to char,,.es brotwht by th e ai•·-
line and local Kew Orleans police of crin1es arr~inst nabire and exto~·­
t ion. (7;J) Jn exchange, Ferr ie pro,ided Ba~istcr research services,
such ns analysis cf a_ntopsy reports. (70) Banister worked with Fenic·s
lawyer, G. ·wra1• Gill. on thi.;; matter until its cu1mination in Ferrie's
h earing before the Airline Pilot's grievance board in the summer of
1D6:J. (77) Banisrer testified on Ferrie's behalf during those hl'a r-
ings. (78) According to the statements of witnesses in the faD of 1963
F erric n.nd Banister worked together again 'With G. Wray Gill for tJ1~
defense of Kew Orleans organized cri me hend Carlos )fareello on a
d r.portation case. (79) Lit!' le is known of Banister's ex:ict confribution
to thnt invrsti.!!ation which cnde<l in a.cq11ittal on the dny and at almost
the precise l1our that P resident Kennedy \\GS shot.(80}
( ~ S!:l) T~1e Jon.<;-s~nnd i ng relationship of FerriP and Bani!"ter is sig-
mficant. sm ce F erne bccaD1c a suspect in the K ennedy assassination
soon after it hacl occurrcd.(81) The information to the district at-
torney's office thnt had put the spotljght on Fr.rric harl emanated from
Banister assoc;iate, .Tack Martin. (89) As rletailecl elsewhere in this
stuff report, although F erric was cleared of suspicinn in the n ss~>;ina­
tion .during the original im•estiga.tion, the committee found evidence
\
I
of o. possihic n.ssocintion between Ferrie and Oswald.
( 490) Although flani!"ter "as quest ioned by th<' FBI foll owinrr the
\ assassinatfon in regard to the activities of the CRC at 544 Camp Street,
\

128
the FBI and t he Secret S er vice failed to discover the signiftcance of
B a nister 's connection to 544 Camp S t r eet; Banister :s close associat ion
with a suspect in the assassination, D avid F errie ; and Ban ister's close
nssocfot ion with Ferrieis accuser , J ack Marti n- all of which r aised
tho question of what, if anything, was Bn.ruster's r ela tionship to L ee
Ha rn~y Os 'l'l"ald.
( 491) 'W itnesses i n terviewed by tne committee indicate Banister was
Mrn re of O swald and his F ai r P lay for Cuba Committee b<>tor e th e
assassination. Bnnister:s br ot her , R oss Banist er , who is emp1°'·ed bv
the L ouisiana. S ta t e P olice, told t he committee that his brotl1er lrn<l
mentioned seein.°' O swald b and out F air P by for Cub a lite ra t nre on
one occasion .(83) R oss Banister theorized O swulcl hn rl usec1 th e 544
Camp Street address on h is literature t o cmhn.rrnss G ny. (8.fl Doss
Da nister d id confir m Guy:s int er est in t h~ assn!'sinatirm aml 0 :" \nl lcl.
bnt. knew of n o d ir ect association betwC'en O::w·alcl and H uniste>r.
(4.02) I van E. "BHF N itschke, a fri <md n.ncl b usiness n~::>ociate nn c1
former F B I agcnt.(85) corr ohnrat N; thnt 13:tnistcr 'l\llS co~ iznnt of
·O sw ald:s leaflet distribntin g. Xitschke was d eposerl by t he com mi ttee
in .Tuly 1!.>78.(86 ) IIP testi fied that h e h ad known Banist er 'l\l1Pn th ev
'.n~ re both in the FBI nn<l fo r n. shor t t ime ' vorked for Ban ister in tlle
office in th e N ewm nn B uildin g. ( 87)
(49:-}) Nitschke sn.id he n ever sn.w L ee Har ~ey O swald :i.t :'\+4 Camp
S treet nnd does n ot k now if B anister eve r met O swald . (88) Xen~rt h e­
lrss. N itsch ke r ecnlls that B~nistrr becnme "in tcmc;tC'd i n O!'wa lcl"
rlurin;z th2 summer of 1Dfi3 '\\hen O sm1l rl h n.c1. been cli!'tribati nrr h nnd-
bills. ( 89) Nitsd1ke recal ls B anist c>r h::icl somr of the!"~ h:ll1cl h i11s in
bis office o r made reference t o them. (.90) F1·om ehe con text of the con-
yersation, however , h e w as n ot pkasr.d. (.9.1)
.:' ( 494) D el phine R oberts, Banister is long--time frien d ri.nrl !"crr0tnry,
stated to the comm ittee that Banister h nd becom e extremely nn !rrV
w ith .Tam es A r t h us nnd S nm 'Yr.wmnn m·C'r Oswalcrs u se of° the '5-!4
~np S t r eet :i<ldrPSS on his handbills. ( !-J2) .._ __.,....-
~J5) The committee q uestimH'd S am :'rcwman rP.rrnrdi n~ R nbcrts'
nll raa tion. ~e wm ::m. conkl not r c<'nll ever sc>ein t" Os 'l'l"al rl or r enting
sr nc·c> to him. (.93) H e d id rrcal L h owr.,-cr . nski 11a n v onn rr m an w ho
'\\U S i n n~e office Oll" 0 nscrl by the C11hnn Tiex ol11tionary ' C:nnn<' il to
1<> nv\'.\. (.9.D 'N'ewm :m clicl not t hin k t his pC' r::nn w ns Osm1 l c1. (.?Fi) . ~cw­
rnn.n .thr.orbecl t.ha:t if O s"n l rl "as nsing t.h c> .'544: ('nmp S t r crt n cldr css
and ha~l Jm:v link t.o .the bu ilcli n !!'. it woul d h a.ve hecn t:hrough :i cnn-
' 1irr.tTon to the C uban ·n evolu ti"onarf C1ol.incil or B ani ster's officr. ( .96)
( 4-!'J () ) The commi ttee qnes tionr rl o th rr inclivic111nls oner. a ffil ia.ted
with CT1w n an ist r r. i ncl ucli ng : .To;;rph N rwb rrin,gh and Y ernrm G Prrles,
insest.ign tors '\\l10 had worke.d w ith Th n ist r r in l!)()3; (91) :Ma1·v H elrn
R r cn{!rl. one of t wo ~ecretarics in B nn istcr:s office from n.pprnxim11.tely
.Tui:i-e HH\3 t.o D ecember.1DG3 : (.98) L onisc Dc>rker : a secr ctnry in Ranis -
tc' 1"s offire for t he l1enoc1 from O ctol1er 1nr.1 to .Tnnnnr v 1062; (/J.9)
.Tosep~1 Oster , one time p n.rt.ner of B anister's who set n p his· own privnte
d etective agency , Southern R esear ch, in 19il8; ( 100 ) and Carlos Quir-
og a , t lm C11ban exile who visi ted O swald at his h ome on apnrQximat clv
A n m 1st 113. l !lfi~, l'mdeavor ing t o 1earn mo r e> n.bont. t11e F PCC!. (JOJ)
Quirogn told t he comm i t tee he frequen tly visited R anister 's offke nnd
JvJancuso's coffee sho p in the com pan y of S ergio Arcacha Sm i th and
129
D avid Ferr ie.when all w ere heavil y i nvolved in Cuban exile acti1'ities.
.UO~). Y et tlus would h :.we been in 1961 and1962. (10.1) ) fone of thcsc
md1v1dunls r ecalled seeing O swald n.t 5-!4 Camp S treet. Severnl wit -
ne~ses recomm ended the committee s peak w ith J ack Martin or Del-
p hine Rohe rt~ since t hey were in most ronta~t witl~ B nnister .(104)
( 497 ) i\fartlll and R ober ts have bot h heen m ter v1ewecl bv t he com-
~ttce on se,·er :il occasions. R oberts. who initially refused to speak
w1t~1 the committee s taff. told t he com mittee sh e was very active in
ant1-Com 1!1tm ist ~ctiviti es in t he ear ly lDGO's.(105) She said she
w ork0d wi~ h 1_3amster ns n Yol nnteer tvp i ng co rresponden ce. m aking
fil es and ch p prng nmv!'pnprt~ because Danii:;ter was ll"Orkin O' fo r \'; hat
R obc:-ts helievc>cl in . (JM ) R oberts chimed Bn.nistel' hnd m~ es:tensh re
.file on C1om~ n n ists and foll ow t r~vclers. inc1u<linn; one on L ee H ar vey
0 ->n-n l d . T1·h1ch wns kep t ont of the or i!.!innl filps b(>canse Ilnn istrr
· "11evC' r i?nt aro1111<l to assi!!ni n!! a n nmhcr.to it ."(107) R oherts did not
~·emcmh:,~· what was in the file o ther than thnt it contninrrl rrrneral
m fon n ntrn11 o n _Os:-al rl such as newspape r cl i ppings. (108) R 0h,,rts
also _l'C'l ntw 1 the m c1den t cl rscr ibed p rcviouslv in this section in which
E :.i n.t8trr hC'cn!Tle angry OV<· r o~wa1cl's nse ofthP Camp S treet atl<ll'C'!"S.
( 709) R 0hrrt!' g axe the co1nmittrc h er w r !"ion of nn incident that took
plnce l ntc i n t he enninQ' on th e dav oft.he assnssinntion. Sh<> said .Tack
l\ fa r Hn <'a mC' i n to the office nnd. appr oachecl the a r ea of the office 1'here
( ,t he fi _lcs ,,·r re l~ept, whrn Rnmster wn l ked in . (110) BaniMcr accnsecl
:Mnrt~n nf st r nlmg !"ewrn. l files nnrl hiding them in his coat. (1 JJ) 1n1en
:Mar tin pr'?t0st<>:L Ban istc>r pn 11£,d out his p-nn nncl struck :\far t in on t ho
hc~ d . r:1 11 stng- 111m to hlc>ccl. ( 1JB) R oth men then ":\ent. into Bnnic:ter's
pnvat~ offico an<l contin ued their discussion be'\rond R oberts' ear-
shot. ( 118 ) • · . .. ..
( 4:!)8)_._.Dnriruran ot h C' r in te r virw. R oberts t olrl t he committee that
sm1M <'fl mr into th r. office s0ek in a c>mpl ovm~nt a.nd somPtimc later
/. ~r~1.1rh: :\ fo r!ri a. i n w ith h im. ( ll.0 · Contrn.rv to her ~tatemC'nt!' in the
1m t111 l intr)T1<'W, th:it shr he d nr,·er sren Oswnlrl. she stated thnt she
sa w O sw·a1cl come irito. B_anis~er's office on severn.l occnsi ons.(175)
R ec:-inc::r of n1rh contrncl whons m R ohcrts' stat0ment!' to t he committee
arn.l 1 ·1.r~;: 0 f ~ ncle p0nc10n t <'or r ohon:i.tion of mn n y of h er statement!'. t he
\ I r c>li:iht11 t·" <' f h r r !'tatC'mr nh:i co11Jd not hp n c>t crmin0rl.
l (40!> ) .A N rw O rleans police compln int filed b,· .Tnck M art in on N o-
''Vem~e>r 2:>. 1 !1f\~ . cor robor r- terl R obC'r ts' sto rv i n;,of:n as i t. estnb1isherl
B nmst0r's assnnlt n!la inst .Tnck ~\.fartin w it h t h<> n istoU 116) Accor clin(J'
to t_hr r r'1or t.; ;\fart1n 11 11~1 ~:rni sfrr hnc! l.10Pn clrinki n.~ at. n. har neigh':
honn,ir t_h r . C'w n:n n TI1.11 l clm~, tlw T_'l vis1trcl tl1p B nnistcr's offire nncl
h""~m" '," '·nh ·ccl in ,·n r1 ons ch!"C'nssrnns nhont "nPrsopnl anrl pollticnl
s1~ h1rcts. 'f 11':') T h e:v tlwn h_c>!!an to _nrgi1 0 ahont 11nnnt11ori7.ed long -
rhM:mr·r t" l1>n b0nr cnll!" wh1rh R am!" tr:.> r accnsC'rl :Martin nf makincr
: from thr Offi<'I". ( 778 ) 'T'hP. cl iS<'1l"!'ion hrrnme mf)fP heatPd P. nrl TI11niste~
n1111 r~1 n11 t n. ~.17 m nmrn m r "voh·rr anrl hi~ '\fn rti n on t}1p, hMcl f nnr or
.: five>. !i mc>c; w it h t h r ~n :t of ~· h e gnn.( 11.fJ) Wl1'.'n l\ fortin bC'!!!ln to l1k C'd ,
' n ~ nl ~M· !"t0 )\1:('rl h1 . t m[" h i m :rn c1 M artin ~rnt tn the i·rstroom to clean
j 1111. ( 1. ,(}) TI a lP St<>r tol d ~ fo_rtin to w~tr.h himsC'lf an cl be carr:ful.( 7~1)
i :M nrhn th r:n . w ent _to Ch:m.t:v H osnitnl for t r entmen t. retu rned h omC3
i nml c:illrcl th e p ol 1cP- to fi)0 t.he n m ort. (nta) M artin refused to pr ess
l charges as Jh m s ter w as " h lrn n fat her" to h im. (WS)
1
 130
(500) Mar6n wns questioned by t~e c~rornitter. reg~rding the inci-
drnt and ior infonnntion about Bamster s o!fice. Mart.m to~d the com-
mitt~ he is a pnrt-time investigTttor and writer. ns .he n;a~ m th~ ea~Jy
19mr!i. (n4) :Martin was on~ of the members <;>f B~.mster s m,:esti.~a~1~e
'"pooF nnd wns frequently m and out of Bamster s office. (J~) )fa.1tm
told the committee that on November 22, 1963, he was havmg dnnks
with Banister at n local bar and they got into nn argump,nt. (WfJ) T hey
went to B anister's office and, in the h<'nt of the C)ttarrcl, Banister snid
something to wh!ch ~ffl.rtiI}.__repliEl.dt-~'\Jh~t are you- ~oin~- -to do-kill
l"
mo like ;vou ~.!JJ:lidli.ennedy-~" (197) !>amstcr c1rr._:''.. h p1~to l an cl .beat
.:ll'.u-ti rdn- tlle hf'nd. ( lf88) 1'fartm bel1rnd Hamster '-r6f1JCI: ha ;-e bl led
h~ttt;..,ior·trre1i1.leflrc1ition of Btrnister's secretary, who pleaded ''"ith
Banister not to shoot :\fartin. (J:!.9)
( 501) It was the day after this incident that :\fn rti n rel::?.tcd his
suspicions about Dn"id Fenie. to the 2\ew Orlen n~ district a t tornP~·~s
office. ( 130) Martin hncl at oue time hcP.n a close nssociate of Feni~.
(131) ·F enie told the FJ3I he met Martin in the fall of 1!)61, probably
not Jon~ after Ferrie had met Bn.nister. ( J3g) Martin apparently
shn reel l!'errie's interest in obtninin,'! a positinn with n.n ecclesin.sticn.l
order. altJ1olud1 Ferri<' in si~ed he became inYolverl wjth these rP1igimJs
ordcr5 only to assist l\fartin in a Department of H ealth, Erlncn.tion,
and "\\el fare investi:!l'ntion into the sale of phon_v C<'rtil!ciites of onli na-
tion and consecration. (13~) Ferria sairl he and ~ff!rtin had a falling
out when he pnt J fartin ont of aftor1wy G. \Vrny GilFs office in .Tune
1963. because Gill did not want Mn.rtin "han!!ing around the office."
(7,94) Gi1l said Fenie and l\Iartin had been "close frienclsn until they
i:rot invoh-rd in :m "eccksbstirnl d<';nl wherein ::J[::rtin wa!' snp-pcsed
to represrnt a larp-P. territory of the H oly ApostoJir. Cn..tholic Church
of North Ameri.ca."(135) Martin held Ferrie rnsponsible for not rret~
ting the job a nrl hns "sbndercd Ferrie nt every 01)portunit.~. :: (1.W)
(502) :Martin has n.lso told the committee he Raw Lee Ifarvey Oswald
with FerriP. in Guy l3aniste1·'s office in rnr,:::. (l:J7) NeYerthPlc>ss, in lig-ht
of )fartin ·s pre\i_ous contradictory statemen ts to aut!toritirs shm.· tly
after the assassination in which ~fartin ma rl e no ruch allegation ~bout
having sePn Oswald, ( J-'18) it may be ar~uecl that credence shou ld not
be plncerl in Ual'tin's stntements to the commilteP.
(503) The committf!e sou~ht to trncc Banister's office files that had
been reportedly scattered t~ various incliviclu11ls or agencies soon after
nnnistf'r's denth in .Tune 1%4:.
(504) Jfary Banister Wi1son, Guy Banist rr's widow, told the com-
mit.tee she had not rPtained any of the fi]ps but had ~ven many away
to Ynrions organizations. (139) ::Jirs. ·w il::on snirl she sold some of
Banisfor:s files to tho Louisiana. State policr. in a transnction involving
Russell Willie o:f the State police. (140) She said another portio~ of
the file was !riven to Aaron Kohn of the )Iew Orleans l\fotropohtan
Crim<' Commission. (741) The committee learnerl sewrnl books from
Banister's collection went to Banister's nssociatc, Krnt Com:tne~·. ( 142)
The rr:<;t. of nani::> ter's "extensive" librnrv of books ""[lS clonntecl to the
L011 isinn n. State U niversity Library. (14-1)
( 505) Russell Willie and Joseph Cambre of the L ouisin.nn. State Po-
lice confirmed :for the committee that they purchased from Mary
Banister in Into 1V64 a .five-drawer file containing file folders belonging
131
to the late Guy Banister. (144) The "hnJf-filled" file cabinet contained
10 lar~e manila folders, each subject titled and numbered.(145) qrie
of th~ folders contained a <7 roup of 3" by 511 index cards. (146) Them-
d ex cards contained numbers and subject headings corresponding to
· -, the .file folders in the cabinet.(147) Not ap_the files listed .in the index
were amon C7 those files ofren to the L omsrnna State Police; most of
:the files obt~ined by the State poli~e dealt with Comn:nmist ~oups and
subversive organizations, accordmg to State P ohca Oflice~ Cam-
bre. (1~8) Cambre recalled that.ulthot~gh L ee Harvey Oswald;s name
was not included nmong the mam subJects of the files, Osw.o.ld s name
was included among the main subjects of the file on the Fair Play for
Cuba Committee. (J 49) Cambre· had read t he FPCy file. und found
n ews clippings and a transcript of a rn:dio p_r~grnm m w~1ch 9.~,w~ld
had [Htr: icipatcrl, pl'esumably a tmnscnpt .of tne .:\ 1w:11st. ::..1, 1.Dti". L.c-
bate b0tween Oswnld and Carlos B rin!rl11cr on WDSU rad10. (150)
Unfortunately, this fi le was routinely destroyed in keeping with the
requirements of the Privacy Act. (151)
( 506) Aaron K ohn. managing director of the New qric:ms :J'fetro-
politan Crime Commission, acknowledged that he rcce1Yed files from
Mary Banister Wilson after q-uy B.ani~ter's death. U.5~) ?-'h~ files
recci;-ed by Kolm den.It with an rnvesbq~t10n of ~orrupt10n w1thm the
· New Orleans Police Department, wh ich :1Jn~1st~r had conc~ndC'cl
while he \\°"US assistant superintendent of police m :New Orleans m tho
mid-1950's. (153)
( 507) \:\1 hile the committee was unable to trace or recov~r all of
Banister's files. a partial index of the files was mad~ avmlable by
Jim Garrison, former district attorney of 9~leans Parish, .La .. (154)
Garrison ha:d sent investiCTators to the Lomsrnna State Pohce mtclli-
<Yence section in 1967 duri~I! his investigation .into the assassination of
President Kennc<ly.(155) The index did not mclude the nitmc of L ee
Harvey Oswulcl or the ~air Play for Cuba Committee. (156)
( 508) Thus. the committee could find no documentary pr.oof ·that
Banistar had a file on Lee Harvey Oswald nor could the committee.find
credib le 1\'itnr.sses who ever saw Lee Harvey Oswald and Guy Banister
toCTrthPr. There al'e indications, however , that Banister at leo.st lrnew
ol'Os 'llalrFs Jeaf!ettin<Y activities and probably maintained a file on
him. ~\s fo r .Jnck ~fortin's reasons for calling attention to Ferrie as a
suspect in the assa!'sination, they may not.have bee~ basPd on .Pcrso~al
knowledac-Martin never claimed such mformabon-but his act10n
seems to.have been based on sincere concerns and some le_q itimate sus-
picions, Consr.quently, it is not possible to ~kterrnine defini~ely _the
reasons for Banister's assault on l\Iartin the ru!!11t of the assassmation.
sperincally, whether it had anything to do rnth :Martin's suspicions of
F errie.
(509) The nrimary import of the 544 Camp Street address must be
analvzed within the N'l1text of evidence of a FerriC'-Oswalcl link. un-
fort1inately, tho precise na,t.me of their relationship may never be
known.
( 510) As can be seen by th e committee investigation into F errie's as-
sociations anrl activities throughout his life and especially during the
mimmPr of 196!1. thf\re arc several factors which explain why F errie
and Osw:ild could h ave become closely associated, as imnrobable as
tbjs mny seem:
 132 133

( 511) A. Both men spent considerable time in the same locale: Ferrie REFERE;"'CES
frequently visited the office of Guy Banister in the building n.t 544 {1) Report of the President's Commission on the. A~snssin~tion of Presiu;,~t
Camp Street ;* Oswald worked only one block n.way and had nsed 544 "Kennedy {Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Priutmg Office, 196-1), p. 1:?.8
(her(,!innfter cited ns the Warren Report) .
Camp Street a s the address of the Fn.ir Plny for Cuba Committee. Ad-
ditionally, the testimony of a num ber of ·witnesses from Clinton, Ln., . -. ((82)) ll:Ibid .. ,. before the President's Commission on the assassination of Presi-
plncinlT Oswald and Ferrie together in early September 1VG3, may be . dent Kennedy ennnoS(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Governmeu t p ·rm ' ti n,, . ce , 19"V"'1' ) • \Ol •
" Offi
credibk. Evidence also exists to support the belief that o. Ferrie col- :· XXYT, CE-20G6 A and n (hereinafter ci~ed as Warren Co01mlss1on Henrlr,;gs) . _
U l warr!'u Report, p. 7'.!S: Deposition of Cnrlos Briugnier, i\lay 1-. 19 •:·
league, Guy Bo.nister, knew Oswald's pro-Castro leafiettin~. Hon~e Select Committee on Assassilmtions, pp. 12V-129 {J. F. K. Documc t
(51:?,) B. Both men had similar, fervent interest in pobticnl topics, 0090S·l l.
especially the Cuban question. Although F errie stood firmly on the ( 5) I hi cl.
anti-Castro side of the issue a.ncl Oswald was involved in pro-Castro (6) "'arren Report, p. S2G.
activities, this alone would not rule out the possibility of n..n Oswald- ( '7) Ilild.
(8) XXYI, Warren Commis!>ion H earmgs, · p . .,oo , CE·-3120' Pamphlet• "The
F on ie association. Crime .Against C'uhn.'' Corliss Lamont. . N o 10G3
( 513) Oswald, on at least one occasion, made a friendly ov~r­ (9\ Jhit.l., Yol. XXVI, p. 11, CE-3119, Secret SerV1ce Report, • ov. 3 , '
ture to a h."Ilown anti-Castro activist, Carlos Bringuier, the New Or- C0- 2- 34 O~O. 1onoGO-l66S ... 26 1 n63
(10) iuid.; FBI teletype, FOIA matcri:tls, 62- " • "ov. • " •
leans delegate to the St.udent Revolutionary Directorate (DRE)
and even offered Bringuier assistance in military training of Cuban ppd;~· XXYI, Warren Commi~sion H earings, CE-2966 A. and B.
exiles. The Oswu.ld-Ferrie association may have _begun in the same (12 J !hid., ; ol. XX, Lee DE-7. .
manner. · · gs·, CE- HH·•
(514) C. Significant to the argument that OsTI"ald and Ferrie TI"ere
( t.t l W a r ren R l'port. p. 408; XXII, Warren CommIss10n
(1 ,'J )l'•id. · H eann f .... .
:. r-.,
. .
FBI telet'l'pe FOIA materials, G2-1090G0- 166S, Kov. 26, rn63, pp. 1-S.
associated in 1963 is evidence of prior association in 1955 when Ferrie (1.)) It•fcl. ;'x.xn, Warren Commission Hearings, CE- HB.
was ca.ptain of ::i. Civil Air Patrol squadron and Os"TI"ald a youna cadet. (JG) Il1icl.
This pupil-tencher relationship could have greatly :facilitated their rc- (1i) lh!d.
(J!i) Thiel.
acqna intance and Ferrie's noted ability to influence others could have
been used with Oswald. ~~~l ~~:~:; FP.T teletype, FOIA materials, 62-109060-1668, Nov. 26, 1963, pp.1-3.
(515) D. Ferrie:s ~perience with the underground activities of the ( "l) ~arren Report, pp. 292 and 408. C 'tt n , .
( e2) Deposltlon of Snm Xen·man, Nov. 6. 1978, House Select omm1 ee o
Cuban exile movement and as a private investigator for Cnrlos A.sM ~sinn tions, p. 21 ( J. F. K. Document 014020).
Marcello and Guy Banister might have made him a good candidate (£3) Ihirl.
to participate in a conspiracy plot. H e may not ha,·e knoTI"n whnt was (2.1) Jcl. at p. 5.
to be the outcome of hls actions 1 but once the assassination had been
successfully completed and his own name cleared, F errie wouhl ha\'C ((~:i) Irl.
2Gl XXH. ~2.
rtt p. Warren Commission E earinirs,
~ CE- 1414, Secret Sen1ce Report,
C0-2- 3.i.o:~o. pp. 4-5.
had no reason to l'eveal his lmowlcdge of the plot. Further, fear for ( ~1) ~ee r ef. 22.
hi · a l e revent h. · 0 ( .'?R ) Tr1. at pp . n. 21.
516) 1Vhile it could not be definitely determined "TI"het.her Ferrie (119) Jcl . n t pp. 23-2-!.
had any contact with Oswald after Oswald left :New Orl eans on ( !JO ) Tel. at n. 13. St t, A 11
<ST ) Ontsi(le Contnct Report with Attachment, '.\{rs. Anna ewnr • pr. •
September 24, 1963., until the day of the assassination only 2 months 1978. House SP\ect CommittPe on As.c;a ssinatlons l.T. F . K. Document 0013()4) ·
l ater, the possible Oswald-Ferrie relationship is a significant Oswaltl. ( 82) !hid., attachments: Rosters through October 1V62, April 1963 nod i\Inrcll
association. 19
n 3i Jhicl .. r oster through October 19G2, p. H (first list); roster through April
Submitted by: 19113. p. JR fi;econd list). •
GAETox J. FoNzr ( ~4) FTII teletype. FOIA material, G2-10!10G0-1668. Nov. 26. 1003. p. 9.,
(S5 ) K P.rry Thornley nffidnvit. .Jan. 8. 1916, p. 1, HonsP. Select Comrn.Lttee on
Inve.'Jt(qator. Assnssinatinm: (.T. F. K . Document 012'i40). (Note: '!'Ills statement, ~b1lP. ram~
PnTP.ICIA l\L om~ bling nnc1 ponfusin~. remnins consistent on th e major point that 1'bornley had n
contnct ~ith Osrrald after ser'l"ice in tbe ){nr!n P!'. l
( .~6) Ihirl . : see nlso testimony of Kerry Tborn1ey, i\Iny 18, 1964, XI, W a rren
Commi~~ion R PO.rings. -pp. 9G-!l7. .
• strnn;;ely, although Ferrie seerned to be strai~htfor warcl dnring bis inter-
viel\·s wJth Fill agents in di~cussing his 0111>0siti on to Kennedy, his conU!r,t (8'7) Ont~idl' \ontn ct Report. Mr~. Anna ~te~nrt. Apr. 11. l!l78. Honse RPlert
,~ wlth .Tack }fai·tin, his involvement in t he }forccllo case, et cetern. Ferric de11 ied Commil:tC'e on A!>snssinations, attachment roster through March 1964 ( J. F. K.
ontrii;ht thnt lie bncl e'l"er known "of the Cu han ne..-olut"ionnry Front ma int:1 iniug Docnment. 00736-1).
(38) Fm teletype. FOB. material. 62-1000fl0- 161lR. i;ov. !:!ll. 1!163, p. !).
an office a t 544 Cam p Street, nor does he ha'l"e any knowlecli;e of Sergio Ari:ncha.
Smith maintaining a n office at t hat address during the time he was head of the · ( S9) Thirl. : Secret Sen·ice R eport, Dec. 2. 190.1, 00-2-34.030 ( :r. F. K . Docu·
\ organization and inter after he was replnrPcl."( t 5n 'l'liis is rlenrly in co11 tradic· mE>nt OO~lli:Ol : T hornley te:itlmony, XT. War ren Commission Hearln~s. 110.
tion to the accounts of tlie witnes:ses on this sulJject. I 40) 011t!'i<l.e Contact RE-port. George S. Gn :v. Jnn . 13, 1978, House Select Com·
-\... mittee on Ass:i.i;s inn tions (J. F . K. Docnment005101) .
 134 135
(41) X:XII, Warren Commission Hearings, CE-1414, Secret Service Report, (81) Ibid., par. 39011'.
C0-~4,030. Dec. 9. 1963, p. 5. (82) Ibiu., par. 3!J2.
( 42) Outside Contact Report, George 0. Gay, Jan. 13, 1978, House s·elect Com- (8.'.I ) Outside Contact Report, Rosa Banister, Feb. 20, 1978, House Select Com•
mittee on Assasi<inations (J. F. K. Doi:ument 005191). mittee on Assassinations, p. 3 (J. F. K. Document ~o. 003!ll:ii).
(43) 11.Jid. ; X.."\:II. Warren Commission H earings, CE-1414, Secret Service Re- ,(84) Ibid.
port, C0- 2-34,030. Dec. 9, 1963, p. 5. (85) Ibid.
(44) See ref. 42. (86) Deposition of I.E. "Bill" Nitschke, July 31, 1978, Bouse Select Committe&
(45) Ihid. 1. on Assassinations, pp. 5and12 ( J. F. K. Document No. 012308) .
(46) Il.Jid. (87) Id. at pp. 12-1-L
!.i7) Outside Contact Report, George S. Gny, re: Eugeoin Donnelly, .Tune 6, (88) Id. at pp. 36-37.
1918. Honse 8clect Committee on Ass a~sinntions (J.F.K. Documen t OOfJ115). (89) Ibid.
(.-18) Outsi<le Contact Report, .Tack '.\fancuso, J nn. 20, 1078, Hol1se Select Com- (90) Id. at pp. 38-41.
mltt!'e on Assassinations (J. F. K. Document 014120). (91) Ibid.
(49) Ihid. (92) Outside Conta:ct Report, Delphine Roberts, July 6, 1978, House Select
(50) !hid. Committee on Ass assinations, p. 3 (J. .I!'. K. Doculllent :1\o. OO!)IJW).
(51) X:XVI , Wnrren Commission Hearlogs, CE-3119, Secret Service ·Report, (93) •See ref. 22, p, 27.
Nov. 30, 19G3, C0-2-34,030, p. li:i. UJ4) Icl. at pp. i$5-3G.
(52\ Ihid. 1(95) Ibid.
( .S.'J) Ihid. (96) Id. :it p. 30.
(54) Outside Contact Report, re: James Arthus. June 1, 1978, House Select (97) Outside contact report, Joseph Kewbrougb, .!.pr. 10, 1964, H ouse Select
Committee on Assassinations (J. F. K. Document OOOO-l7l. Committee on Assassinations, p. 1 (J. F. K. Document No. 009113). Newbrough
(55) FBI T <.>letype. FOIA material, 62-109060-2608, l'\ov. 20, 1963. p. 2. w as associated with Banister's agency from appro.timately 1958 to 1964.; Outside
Ui6) 1\fnterinl recei'l"ed from files of New Orlea ns clls trfc t attorney's office per- Contact Report, Vernon Gerdes, Jan. 10, 1978, House Select Co=ittee on .Assas-
tnlnln~ to investigation and trial of Clay Shaw, 1967- 09, attachment D. section 5, sinations (J. F. K. Document No. 005208). Gerdes wns associated with Banister
regardinir Guy Banister, "Biographical Sketch'' (J. F. K. Document 007271). for the period 1960-63.
(57) Ibld. (98) Outside contact report, Mary Helen Brengel, Apr. 6, 1978, House Select
(511) Ihid. Committee on Assassinations, p. 1 (J. F. K. Document No. 008861) .
1(59) Ihld. (99) Kotes of an interview of Louise Decker, Mny 30, 1978, House Select Com-
(fif}) Ihfrt.: FAA mnteria ls. S:n;tP.ms Roa rd of Adjustments Gri evance H enring mittee on Assassinations (J. F. K. Document 015045).
ot Dnvld F errie, testimony of Guy Banister, Aug. 5, 1963, p. 828 (J. F. K. Docu- (100) Outside contact report, J oseph Oster, Jan. 27, 1978, House Select Com-
ment No. 014904). mittee on Assassinations (J. F. K. Document 005207).
((i.l) See ref. 56. (101) Deposition of Carlos Quirogn, May 23, 1978, Bouse Select Committee on
/'( 62) Staff review of FBI files for Guy Banister, Oct. 28, 1078, pp. 1-2. Assassi natlous, pIJ. 21- 27 (.T. F. K. Document 009394).
/ 1( 63) CIA document.
(102) Id. nt pp. 50, 51, and 57.
/ ( 64) Stuff review of FBI files for Guy Banister, Oct. 28, 1978, pp. 1-2. (Note·: (103) Ibid.
! Coinc!<lentnlly, Gernrd F. Tujngue, owner of Gerard F. Toja;:rue, Inc. Forwarding (104) See ref. 22, p. 31. Newman recommended the committee speak with l\Iartin
l Co., who had employed Oswald as a messenger from November 1.95il to J anuary bec:inse he was in Bnnister's office "90 percent of the time; every day almost"
\ 1956, was also a member and officer (vice-president) of F r leods of Democratic and he "kept up with all that stuff" related to the Cubans. See a lso ref. 86. pp.
' - Cuhn (:<:'?t> FBI teletnie. 62-lOOOG0-1608, Jan. 26, 1063, p. 5).) 59-GO. l'<itsc!Jke told the committee, "* • • If you were trying to explore this to
1(65) Ibid. . the f ullest extent, I would say that Delphine (Roberts) would be No. 1 • • •."
1(66) See ref. 00. p. 828. (1 0.'i) Outside contact report, Delphine Roberts, July 6, 1978, House Select
'(67) Stnfl' review of FBI files for Guy Banister. Oct. 28. 1978. pp. 1- 2. Committee on A..o:;sassinations, p. 1 (J. F. K. Document 009979).
(68) Depos ition of Sam Newman, Nov. 6, 1978. Bouse Select Committee on (106) Id. at p. 3.
Assassinations, p. 22 (J-. F. K. Document No. 014020). (107) Ibid.
( 6.9\ 8 tn ff report. "Anti-Castro Activh;t nnrl Organizations and Lee Harvey (108) I bid.
Oswald In New Orleans." Appendix to the Hearinl?s hefore tile Select Committee (109) Ibid.
on A..o;isnssinatlons, House of Representatives, 95th Congress. 2d session (Wasb- (110) Ibid.
in!!ton. D.C.: U.S. GoYernrnent P rinting Office, 1979), vol. X, par. 419ff (here- (111) Ibid.
inafter the Anti-Cast ro Cuban staff report) . (112) Ibid.
(70) Ibicl .. pars. 402 and 418. (113) Ibid.
(il) FBI leletype, FOIA. material, 62-109060-5237, !ifny 7. 1967, pp. 1-2. (11 .~) See ref.105, p. 3.
(72) Outside Contact Report, Vernon Gerdes, Jan. 10, 1978, House Select Com- (115) Ibid.
mittee on Assassinations, p. 3 ( J. F. K. Document No. 005208) ; see ref. GS, p. 49; (116) Guy Banister file, Garrison papers, Aug. 14, 1977, item GB-2, "Report ot
Outside Contact Report, Jack Martin, Dec. 5. 1978, House Select Committee on Offense Against Persons," Ko>. 22, 1063, New Orleans Police Department (J. F. K.
A.ssnssinatlons. p. 6 (J. F. K. Document Ko. 005212). D ocument 002066) . The report indicates the incident took place at 5 :15 p.m. and
(7~) FBI tele type, FOIA material, 62- lO!JOG0-5237, l\Iny 7, 1967, pp. 1-2. was classified as "aggrava ted battery"; the motive w:is "sudden anger ...
(74) See ref. GO. p. 825. (J / 7) I bid.
(75) Thiel., p. 481.
(76) Ibid. (118) 11.Jid.
(119) Il.Jid.
(77) Ibid.
(120) I bid.
(78) Ibid., pp. 825-855.
(lft) I IJid.
•(79\ Outside Contact Report, Mary H elen Brengel, Apr. 6, 1978, House Select (122) I bid.
Committee on A.ssnssinations (J. F . K. Document No. 008801) ; a nd ref. 69, Anti· ( 12:;) lhid.
Cnstro <'u!tn n Staff Report, par. 43!Jfl'. ( 124) Outside contact r eport, Jack :\Iartln, Dec. 5, l!Ji7, House Select Commit-
(80) Ibid. , pnr. 3!l0.
tee on Assnsslnatlous, p. 1 (J. F. K. Docurueut 005212).
 136
(1!5) See r el . SG, pp. 9-16.
(126) ·See r et. 124, p. 3.
(127) I d. a t p. 4.
(128 ) Ibid.
(129) Ibid.
(130 ) FBI In ter views ol Jack Martin, Nov. 25, 1003 and NOT . 27, 1963, Bureau
file No. 89-69. ~'TV. M A11UEL RA Y R IVERO (MRP- JURE)
(1 31 ) F B I inten-lew or G. Wray Gill, Nov. 27, 196.3, Burea u file Ko. 89-69, p . 2.
( 132) FBI iute r \"iew ot D avid Ferrie, Kov. 26, 1003, Bu rea u fi le Ko. ~9, p. 9. (51'i) W hen he first came i nto prominence as n Cuban exile leader,
(U~) See ret. 124, p. l; FBI inten ·iew of G. Wrny Gill, Nov. 27 1963 Bureau
fi le ~o. 89--09. p. 2; and FB I inter view of David F'errle, Nov. 26,
No. 89-()9, p. 9. See a lw FAA Systems Boa rd o f Adjustment Grievance h earings
lOea,
B~reau file li!unuel Rny R ivero was described ns "softspoken and unassuming," a
person of "hi~hest intellect, sincerity, and con \' iction"- iu other words,
f or D a vid F erric, Ju ly 15- 17 and Au g. 5 , 1963, tor more d iscussion or F errle's and a natural leader. (1) I n 194:7, the 23-y~ar-~ld Ray was gr~n~i:d n ~chol­
Ma:-tb's i nvol vement in u n usual religious orders. arship by the 9 ubn;n Mini~try of Public Vv 01:ks to study c1nl engmeer-
(1 34) FBI lnter 'l"lew of Da.,id Fer ri ~. N'o'I'. 26, 1963, Bur eau fil e No. 8.<)...-09, p. 9 .
(135) FBI inter view of G. Wray Gill, Nov. 27, 1963, Bureau fi le ?<;o. 89-{)!l, p . 2. ing at the Umvers1~y of u t'.lh. (:2) R ay wa~ m the United ~U~tcs for _2
(J .%) Ibid. Years before retum m (Y to his native Cuba m 19'.:l:D nntl obt:umng var1-
(137) See ret. 1 ~4 . p. 2. CHIS positions in the e~gincerir;.g fie1d, one ~f which wn::; yroje~t man- : . :
(1 38\ Ibid . ; see also FBI in ter'l"iP.w;:: or J ack M:u·tin, Nov. 25, 1063 a nd NoY'. 27, ncrer for t he constrncbon of the H a vana H ilton H otel.(;,)
1063 ; Sec ret Rerrice lnter'l"iew of J ack :Hartin, Nov. 29, 1963, repor ted in report
('318) Renctin(Y to the excesses of the military r ule of F nlgencio ·....
or De~. 13, I!)G3. p. 5. Mar tin ma kes no mention of the alleged sighting ot Oswald
ancl Ferrie tn.i:;ether. B atista: Ray 01~anized the Civic Resistance ~~o,·emen~ in 1937 and
(13 9 ) Outside contact repor t. ~fary B nnister Wilson, Apr. 7 1978 H ou~ e Select began suvervising sa~lf?tage and acts of t et:ronsm. agamst the G:ov-
.Committee on Assassinat ions ( J. F . K. Document 012448) . ' ' ernment. ( 4) His po h t1cal post um and act1ve res~stance to Batista
( 140 ) I b id .
(141) Ibid . W'US recoon izcd by Fidel Castro who, u pon nssumm,~ control of the
. f 142 ) Ou tside contact repo r t , K ent Courtney, Mar. 19, 1978, Bouse Select Com- Go1·ernm~n t of Cuua, appointed Ifo.y his l\Iinister of Public \Yorks in
mi ttee on Assassinati ons ( J . F . IC D ocument 006616). Fcbruarv 1%9. (5) 'Y\'ithin a few months of his appointment, Ray
(1.~S ) See ref. 139.
con.fidecf to t\\o anti-Castro Cubans thnt he had recognized the symp-
U 44 ) Outside contnct report, R ussell R. W illie. June 8, 1978 , H ouse Select
Committee on As,;nssinations {.J. F. K. D ocum ent 009262) ; outside contact report, toms of commnnism in the Castro regime but was not prepared to con- .... '
J osl:!ph Camhre. June S, 1978, H ouse S elect Committee on Assassi na tions (1 . F. K . spire agn inst. "El Liclcr .Ma.xirnn." (6) .
Doci:ment 0 0!):!63). ( 51V) R a.is tenure in Castro·s government was short ltre~. H e was
U45l n :!rt., outsid e' contact r epor t, Willie. r elie,·cd of his official position in November 19;)!), ('l) No definite reason
(146) Ibid .
U4i) Iblcl. :for th.is sudden mo,·e has been documented but, according to one sourre,
(148) Ou tside <'Ontact report, J oseph Ca mhre, .Tune 8, 1978, H ous e Select Com- Ray did not leave Castro because of ideological or policy <liscrcp-
mittf'e on Assa ssinations {J. F . K. D ocument No. 009263 ). ancies> b ut rather because o:f a personality clash with Castro's M i1,iistcr
(1 .~9) I bi d .
{1.5Q) I bid.
of Labor ,;ho almost shot R ny after u stormy cabinet meeting. (B)
(151 ) I bid . Another theory about h is leaYing was that he opposed Castro's plan
(152 ) Outside contact repor t . Aaron Kohn, J an. 20, 1978, H ouse Select Com- to declare Hubert }fatos a. tr aitor and excGnte the Cuuan revolutionary
ml t tP.e on A!'sassina.tion s ( .T. F. IC Document ~ o. 005121). hero with whom Ray had been associated. (9)
( 153) Ibicl. (520) For whatever reason, Ray did continue to permit his name
(154) Guy Ban ister fi le. Ga rrison papers, Aug. 14, 1977, i tem GB- 1, Index of
R ooster file (.T. F. K. Docu men t No. 002066 ). to be associated with the Castro regime(l O) until ~fay 1960 when he
(155) See rer. H S. formed the Revolutionary :.YfoYement of the People (MRP ) . (11)
(J .56) Gny Baniste r file, Gar rison paper s, Au g. 14, 1!)17, Item GB-1, index: ot (521) The 11IBP was an anti-Castro organization that belic,·ed that
:Banis ter ftle (.J. F . K. Document No. 002006 ). the ideas and aims of the d emocratic left best suited the needs and
( 1~7) FB I i nterv iew of David F errie, Nov. 26, 1963 an d Nol". 27, 1963, Bureau
file 1\o. S!>-69, p. 10. aspirations of the Cuban people. (1~) It did not wish to reinstate th~
lD-±0 Cuban constitution, rather it £avo1·ed continuation of the laws
passed by Castro at the beginning of his r egimc{19) and advocated th13
regulation of private inYcst.ment and nationali;mtion of all uti1i-
t.ics. ( J.11 ) Associated with R n.y in this underground oq!anization were
Rogelio Cisneros, (15) R ufo Lopez Fresquet, F elipe Pazos, and
others. (16) _
(622) Organized in each of Cuba's six provinces, the MRP wns con-
sidered tho most import ant underground gronp. (17) Working in l.<
t ightly orgnnized cells, the leadership in one province was un aware of
the identities of their counterparts in other provinces. ( 18) T he MDC p;,..
(137)

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t GIVE US
THIS DAY .,., . .
·~~"'' --·- ·- - -

HOWARD-.
HUNT
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f ·. . The Inside Story of the
CIA and the Bay of Pigs
'·
Invasion ... by One of Its
-~ - Key Organizers
. J ••

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his coord ina tor n1>1c// Hal f a do1cn l ll'I\ 11 ; in 1t ·~.
fi ..,. urcd in the n·org";~1mfExcu1ti \ v ( :r 11nm irtcl'. d H·
m~J.St no t(' \\'Orth\' of\\ hich 1,·cn:· .\Lu1t1( i !by :rnd th .:.:
sa 1wui ;-, n,1n. Ra1·r1 Cl1ih;'1~ . ·) - -- ---- ··---- -·--
Tli~· ,\lio1111 l!nold dn/ri hed thC' IH '\' g rn11p ;1'1 "1i1 e
n u de us o f a pt 11 \' isic1 11,tl regi me. "
In the corridors 1>f (~u a rtcrs Eye, I sa1,· Bender
12 on ly infrequently , but when l d id he passed· rn c \\' it h
a ,,·ink and a kn uwi11g ~111ilc.
I became e n gros.-ccl in n1 / ne\\' wor k. akern; · <r
Final Preparations ni rrhts at 1 1e o h ce with Kn ight. a nd gr~1dualiy exile
p<~itical con te ntions nHH"ed to the back of n~· mind .
!hen, m early Apn l I attended a dress r he ~1rs~tl
m eeting at ,,·hich for the first time J learn ed the d a te
Because of m · familiarit with Gupton's propaganda of the in va sion. 1 act 1cs a nd strategy were disc ussed,
operations in Miami 1 to> r e o as we as -~s1 ent s c ua 1 !Callon that he
ters e nd while Knight ha ndled worldwide prop- 1~t-.t<>__c.:~~e -~.. e___· __ ·· ur
aganda with em phasi~ Rad io s ,van . sh!ps were actual!}" m Cuban wa~ . .
I continued to see all but military ca ble traffic, and · - At the same time, ·revision of an earlie r tactJCal
read with consuming interest the pla ns concocted by pla n was announced. Gi,·e n the limited f~e l ~apac ity
Jim and Carr to create a new exi le organization. of o ur B-26s, it h ad been ho ped th a t a ref uelmg sto p
Together t hey worked o u t a speec h that Carr would cou Id be arranged at some isolated Ian ding fi eld
d eli\'er to a large exile audien ce, th e thrust of which between Cen tral America and Cuba. The Yucat{m
Peninsula s uggested itself, but the Mc:xican presid.ent
·e was that no furth e r American aid would be forth-
com ing uniess the C uban s fo rm ed a new organiza-
ti o n that included all anti-Castro e le m e nts.
,·eroed it o n th e ostensible grounds t ha t Lhe arrival
and d e parture o f our combat aircraft \\'ou ld attract
This ultimatum was read to Cubans assembled a t t00 much auenti o n . As an alternative he suggested
Miami's Skyway Motel on March 18th , and b y the 1-ve approac h the te rrito rial govern o r of Quinta~a
22nd announcement of the formation of the Cuban Roo for t he one-tim'e use of Cozumel Island's air-
R~lu tionaq CamJCil (CRQ....lvas made m a press strip. The Mexico chief of station did so and was
confe r ence held a t New York 's Belmont-Plaza hotel. refe rred to the :M exican Air Force officer in charge
Miro e m er ged as presid e nt, while Varona continued o f Colltme l's faci li ties. Our proposa l e n visioned
stocking Cowmcl wi th drums of high- test a ircraft
182
183

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gas <tnd rc ruclin g the B-2 Gs <1";-t their way to Cuba.

Th e \k:-..ic:a n officer . hm,·e,-cr, like Mex ico Ci ty traf-
fi<.. cops. \\'a nted a mordirla. in exch a n ge for his brief
lio~ pi tal i t y, a nd ci1ecl four air-con ditioned Thunder-
bird co nn~rtibles as hi s price. H aggling, even the
offer of a cas h cquiYalc nr , brnught no change in th e
officn·s d e mands; hi s hnr1.e 11 venality stuck in CIA's
coll ccti,·e era\\", and Co:w mel was scratche d from
assault pl a nnin g. But had our B:.26s been able to
re fu e l a t Co1. umel a nd so protect the irn·asion
hcac hlwad, fort y Thuntl e rbir<ls wou ld h ave b een a
bargain p rice.
Some cl ays late r Bissell call ed m e into his offi ce
wh er e I met. wilh Barn es and Be nd er. T he C RC
lead e rs ,,·ere d amorin g for advance in vasio n in for-
matio n , but llisscll \OS unwi ll ing to inform t.h em of
the date . Witlidra\\'ing the lead e rs from circula tio n
v.-ou ld be int erpre ted by man y Cubans-includ ing
Castro- as indicating th e invasion was at h a nd. And
si1£.L!.'.-\:1...J~.J.l.1.e _ifJ:~>l ~1~!! .. ~1J.~~.f a n l]_~1. Rav' s :E!~~~~~~. _
· v\i c urns icl cr c cl and njected vari ou s formulas un til
Bissell h <1d to depart, lca vin R th e p roble u1 in my
hands.
~ • " ' <' l"" " ll rnecl tli l · l'o llow ing
tlt;tt tit <.· CRC: con11ni1Lc'<.'

s1 l c p t ctex t ~ unrelated to th e i11\·asio n . Once assem -

ble d , til e)' we re to be Lol<l in vasion d ay was n ear, and
tha t for both perso na l and operational security those
,,·Jio ',\an ted to k a n1 the ;t:-,<;; 1ul t p lans-and be n ow n
1<1 the l>e ad1 hcad-\\·mdd h ave to agree to isolation

'184
..
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Foreword

/ / No event since the communization of China in 19~~"\

has had su ch a profound effect on the United States
/
and its allies as the defeat of the U.S.-traine d Cuban
invasion brigade at the Bay of Pigs in April 196 1.
Out of that humiliation grew the Berlin Wall, the
1; missile crisis, guerrilla warfare throughout Latin
Am erica and Africa, and our Dominican R e public
I: inter\'e ntion. Castro's beachhead triumph open ed a
I bottomless Pando ra's box of difficulties that affected
L
l '.
not only the United States, bu t most of its allies in
l, the Free World.
These bloody a nd subversi\·e eve nts wo uld n o t
\\
I have take n p lace had Castro bee n toppl e d. Instead
I of standing firm , o ur government p yramided cru-.
\
cially wrong decisions a nd allowed Brigade 2 506 to
be d estroye he Ken nedy administration :· ~
·. . Castro all the exc use he n ee ed to gain a ti Th ter oTip
'-,o.n the island of Jose art1 , then moved sh amefacedly
- 13

.-
t.
 • •
·~ ·
·""
.- . - _.,

____ ,(.

caring for her daughter in a ·\vorld she could not determine -~o coherent pl_:
understand. Still, she was f..!T..Q.~d of her position in within CIA to assassinate C
the rnilicia, and hoped that some day before her 11e"art's d es ire of many exile e
looks gave out she cou ld return to her television On July 6 n o less a personal
career. It was the loss of that that rankled more than rvavtsev arrived in Ha,·ana as
I

anything else. ambassador to Castro's Cuba.

In th e morning I flew back to Tampa and t0ok retary in Ottawa in l 9-t6, Ku ch
a connecting flight to Washington where I prepared riedly following the disclosun
a report of my impressions. \Vhen it came to recom- that resulted in rounding up
mendations related to the project, I listed four: ring. Gouzenko had been mili1
l .~l!rnre Cas_tro before ..or coincident w_i!h the clerk a nd identified Kudryay
invasion (a task for Cuban p-.lrtiors.);._ GRU rezidentura. Though per~
2. Destroy 1hc .Cuban radio and te levision trans- ing, Kudryavtsev had a kec11
mitters before or coincident with the invasion; accomplished linguist. Folio"·
3. Destroy the island's microwave relay system just Canada the Soviet appeared i
before the invasion begins: - High Commissioner, th en in
4. Discard a ny thou ght of a popular u rising Counselor. Cuba was Kudr);
as - already been sadorial post, and be fill ed it as
_!!?)!itarily d ecided. international section of th e Co:
My arguments were based on my belief that with- Soviet Union. This high-c
out Castro to inspire them the Rebel Army and indicated profound political i1
milicia would collapse in leaderless confusion. With- nature of which did not becorr.
out radio and television to inform the country, Cas- years la ter when the installatior
tro's heirs would be unable to rally mass support, Cuba became chillingly known
and lacking east-west communications, Raul Castro, J ake invited me to lun ch
as Minister of Defense, would not be able to order Officers Club with Brigadi
his troops to the attack. ~_;:~n._USM~* A few year
Barnes and Bissell read m y report, pondered the ;tailed co CIA, ushman had_

----
recommendations and said tha t it wou ld weigh in the me, and Jake told me that Bob
final planning. (As the months wore on I was to ask ro Vice President .Ni;:c.on .
Barnes repeatedly about action on my principal
recomme ndation only to be told it was "in the hands
of a sp ecia l group." So far as I have been able to *Later commandant c

38
'

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 ' \
.,__,port by Bernie. As we drLi:\ toward Cocon ut Grove
he said . "How wer e thi ngs in Mexico?"
"Ho pe ful. "
"G uatemala?"
"Stable."
/ .... Again his intuition to ok O\'Cr. "B ut in Wash ington
0 Martyrs Fund. and signed my appnl\·al for til e lase
/ thin gs were bad , huh, Eduardo?"
\_____ "Yo u win some, you lose some," 1 said trying to
minimi ze the situation. "A nyway, I'll be leaving here
sh ortly. Afterwards Jim and Will Carr will represent
··e the governme nt to the FRD ."
T he ne ws shocked him . "They don't unde rstand ,"
he ke pt repeatin g. "Th ey just don't understand."
As I entered m y dark house and turned on the
lig hts Be rnie said , "Shall I tell the committee you
want to meet \vi th them?"
"Not tonight. I'm tired. I might say things I'd
regr et. Ask th em to come ind ivid ua ll y beginning at
about ele ven o'clock tomor row."
He gazed around the room in which so much of
conseq uence to the exiles h ad take n place. "What
happens to this place when you leave?"
"Jim will take it ove r. They're find ing another
'
;. ho use for Carr an d his wife."
~r. :'. -
"Eduardo-uh, do you think th e Frente ch an ges
.! .
will affect the in vasion ?"
"Not if they can keep word from reaching the
cam ps."
" Nothing can be don e about it- Ray, I mean?"
"Nothing. See you in the morning, Bernie ."~
I turned in, reflecting tl_iat it was becommg
1creasingly hard to iden tify the enemy.
After breakfast, Juan Paula arrived . We went over
.
J
; 178
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the Frente's hooks toge1hcr. l cxaniincd t.hL· t1 1. d\\ vll-
ing on the long list of n;imc.:s 11nd('r till' } lcwt·s ~111d
tim e. Pau la expressed regret over my dqnrt urc. f'or
ou r relationshi p h ad bee n a good on e:, a n d be yond
th e Fren te con text we ''e re fond of eac. h other . I
reminded h im that Mike ,,·ou ld still bc: h is backup
in Washi ngton and could be rclic:d _ 0 11 unt il my
replaceme n t was fa milia r with Frc nt e f inanccs. Paula
left a nd in tu rn the Ex cc uti \'c Committee mcrn bns
arriYcd, heard the ostensible reaso ns fo r my depar-
tu re a nd reacted for the most part ,,·ith genuine
eml>tio n : Maceo, Hernandez, Antonio Carrillo,
Hevia, T on y. To Dr. Mir6 I for esha dowrd the
nature of the change.
"My guess is, Doctor, you'll be call ed upon to play
a larger role-first in exile unification, then in wh at-
. ,,
ever governing gron p em er ges. .
For a mo me nt he did n ot respo nd . Then he said
gravely, " I think I understand." . . ,,
"Jim , whom you already know, 1s takmg my place.
"Good. I like Jim."
"You'll work as closely with h im as you h ave with
me.
,,
Miro seemed lost in thought. Finall y he tu rned to
me and said. "I want to thank you for your personal
co urtesies to me. Our relationship could have been
a n entirely different one, a relationship I might not
have cared to remember. H owever, it turned ou t far
better than I even h oped it would. and I am deeply
sorry you must leave n ow- before we reach
Havana." H e pau1>ed. " I will see you in Havana,
won't I ?"
179
· ···~~511ff•~iidtiii:lllitl
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sions" filled the \\'a. lin ton a i1\ to rhc wonderment
of those of us ,,·ho still remembered Budapest, the
l~erlin \\'all a11<l the fi1t~ of Brigade 250().
James I3urnha111's ,,·ords suggest au cxplanati1>11
for I he N cw Fro 111 ier's curious a ml1i ,·alc11u.: tow;1 rd
commu rn sm and th e So\'iet Union: "The liucral's
a rm can11ot stri ke "·ith ronsistclll firmness against
communism __ . because the libe ral climl)' feels th;it
in doing so he \\'ould he someh o\\' \\'01111<ling lti1n-
sclL"*
Thl' Alliance for Progrl'SS still h;1s iLs ac!Yocatcs
·t4t a11d its critics. an d L1.S. mon e y is accepted, orten cp1-
ic;tlly. by gon.:rnmc11ts that ,,·otdcl ha,·c applauded a
successfu l conclusion to the Brigade's irn·as ion, but
nm,· increasin g ly distrust A merica n m o ti,·es an<l
pledges.
In addition to my normal work for ~Ir. DullL's. I
,qs assign ed by Bissell to ref!resc nt C IA in the
.J ntc ragency ~:ommittec CJO Cuba. This group. '"71 s
innocuous as its n ame, was m a<le up ·of representa-
ti ves from the United States Informa tio n Agency
. (USIA), the Department of Commerce, and the Pe n-
tago n, and \\-Cts chaired by State in the person of the
Assistant Secr'-'.lary for In te r-American Affairs. HaY-
. ,
in g knmrn this ge ntl ema n of o ld I was not surprised
at the committee's passi\'ity. Anti-Castro propaganda
themes \\Tre discussed ;-ind assigned ro subcommit-
tees for study, as \,·ere economic countermeasures.
Bur in the face of the fact that our "a llies" " ·e1-c sup-
*Suicide of the H'est (New Rochelle, N.\'.:
Arlington I l ouse , I ~)6- ~)-
218
,,r I~' .
;
I
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plying Castro \\·ith e·kr}"hing ht· l ould po:---;ihl~ ll_l'l·d
in the \\';J)' of l'diblcs and spare parts, there \\";JS l1t1l c
! 1t1r c1>111111ittec co.11ld do. Soon the assist;ull set l'l't ;1ry
l l'.tsl'd ;!ltendi11g nH:l·ti11gs . hi:-- pl:ll l' l1l· i11~ 1;1\..1·11 liy
!tis ;1ssisL11ll. \\'} 111hcrly lkR. Crn ·1r, \\ lio~.c k;uln-
ship \\-C found cq11ally ur1inspiri11g.=!: I c:xplaincd ~l.i~
"late of ;1ffoirs to Hi ssdl who, to my grc:it rcl1cl,
rdi cH' <l me of' the Ull\\TJc<>lllC' \ ;tsk, ;1nd ;1ppoi11tl'd
aju 11 ior orlicn in Ill~· pbn· : To this cb~ _ I h;1\'<..' 11n·~· r
)lt':ll cl rurthcr mcntinn ol. th e ((lll)llll 11 l'l', ; llld its
ac hi c\'<: llH.: llts, if a11y, ,1n.· h iclckn Ii 11111 1i ubli( ,-ic'"'
.:.Uk.u Dulles "n: tircd." and s11011 ;1l"tt~._)~!d_1 ;1nl
Biss0-resig1H.:d. Cabell's_~·n·in.: s ~:.<::r~_<!!~E~ ll,':.l~~-= / _
~,· ir h. and I went (o \\'C~ for Tr;1n· B;tn_lS..'S 011 lll>ll-
rcrs far 1-cmo\Td f'rom ( : 11b~; The ;1dminist ration
-~urned exi le politiral groups until it hac~ on~ to its
liking · (~1ir<'> ;ind othe rs ha Ying rcsi~ncd m d1s~usr),
and a limited budget was approYcd !or low-key 111tcl-
li gence collct lion ~pera1io11s ag;iinst C11ha. One CIA_
chief of Cuban operations was tTlllll\ Tcl bcc1_11sc ol
in compatibility ·with Robert Kennedy. The in stant
cause, J was told, was a \\·all poster in the former's
office that read "Th e tree of liberty is wa tered ,,·ith
the blood of patriots."
Too much "G unsmoke stance" for the Attorney
·General.
Before Bissell left he asked ii" I \\·ould be
interested in taking o,·cr th e \I iami end of the 01~cr­
ation. I dcciincd on the ground s that because C. IA
*Apparently Cocrr performed as desired,
for he was soon made an ambassador.
219
 I ftr.JlVfJHJliL \Jl\1J.1i; i tl:... lH HW{~ U.~.· l ~
"-. '- '
· f _F
t. L- •

SENATE RF.SOLUT!ON 60

I-IEARI1'T GS
B EI~orrn '.rIIE

SELECT COM]:fITTEE ON
PRESIDENTIAL CAlJJ>AIG1~ AUTIVJ 11I~}D
UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS
FIRS'l' SESSION

WATERGATE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

Phase I: Watergate Investigation
WASHINGTON, D.C., AUGUST 3, 6, 7; SEPTE:\1BER 24 AND 25, 1973

Book 9
-----

Printed for the USl' or the

Select Committee on Pres idential Cn mp:ilgn Activities

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHlNGTON : lM3

For salo by t he Superin tendent of l>ocumr.nts. U.:". Oonrnrucnt l ' rl n tlrn; ()lflcc
Wnshln!:(on, ll .C . WI O! - l'rico ~3
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\
Dnr·ing l!lt!l arnl 1!1!10. yo';;-;-,1<·rr in Vi<>nnn, Austrin . Prolll 1 ~•
lO:i'.l. yo n wPn' in "\f"xi M C'ity :111<l from 19:i~ to 1n:ir.. ~·<>111· to\·;.1 .
tion ":a s th :ll· of ;~) lit! i":tl :Hl ds1q· t o th.P D1•fe11S<' D <>pa!·ttn<·nf in 1'.
r.\11H'l'lt:a . •)apa11. t"pam. am! s1•n·rnl f.uropran ro1mtt·ws. H1t1·ii....
/ 1wri1H l. y1111 Wl'l'" arti1·r1y itffOh \'tl in the owrtlirow of t h 1· (;
: 111ala11 t'('!!illlC'. .
F rn111 i!l."1'i" ro l!'r(iO. yon W<'l' l' ( · [ . \ >'t a t io n d1i<'f in ~f"!HP 1· i d l'n. 1•.
v.nn· c·m ·!'r wns fir,..t. sC>nc•larv at lhC' .\ m!'rir:rn ('0:1!'111. " 111•n t l11· 1
~nn!fht rn r r ns."i!-!:l yoH f.-. 1111 .tlrnt f•ll>' iti1111. tlwn• w n,; a ).!On1l lii t 1of
pn ic• 01 c· r wl.d hi>r v011 :'hnnld or :'ho11 lcl not hp n•n:::!'ig-n"<I nn.J 1·
\\"('f'l' l'l!llHli'S 1];:1: l' n•O'i1h-11t 1~Pni( o :\an lonC' . tlH· Pn'."ilh·nt 11f r .
{.!ll:ty. was a !'krd to intnn'lH" in ~-our lw hnlf to kC'Pp tl w ,.;t:1tio11 I' .·
.\ t nny p o int of thi;:; sn mm:u·y. wl 1irh is a staff sum111ary. i f \"Ol i '.·
nnv r eason to <li;:n !!rrP, f,...1 frpp to do so. ·
Y on!· ronr \\'rlS as (·011~1 iltan t. fo r· Department of D <' fr11,;p fr,
ifiGO-(i.""i. Jn .\ pril ] % 0, yon W<' r•· orcll'n ' c.1 hn r k to \\vn!'lii ni.rt Pn fr.
Fniiriw \. t o p:11tici p:1tr 1n prPp11 rn lions fo r t11e C11I HI n i 111·:1sio11. y .
n·:-;ig-1w1l fr<im th(• Fort>i,!!"ll S c•nict• in HHiO fo1· p11rpo"c•::. of ohlai11i1·::
mon~ pJfodin• <·n1·t· 1-. 11H)\"Nl to :'.\fl'xico. a nd thl'n to ~ri n rni. posin;..r ;1 -
' · " c r11h romr-.; into an inlt(•i·it:mr.<'.
For t!11• 1wxt l!"l mon is. \·0111· n 1:1 ;; was E< \\·arc1o : \'Ott adl'cl a:.: 1·
,L\.'s wpr<'SC'nt atin- to tit~ C'nhn11 Rnolntionary ('(rn 1wil. thP ,,r,,.
! :cdi\·r post-Cn::;t ro 1!01·t•rn n1l'llt. in "·hose nnnw tlil' i11,·asion ln·i!!.!·'.
I m s l1t•ill,!! trnirn·cl in Gnnt0mala . Y ott l"C'SignNl ~·011r j1>h wlwn c•1•r'. :1.
lfo:put rs at·o~l\ aftt· 1· .r ou WC'l'l' a. .~ignetl with certain pcnpl<- to tlH' l'i_·
1·isional C: on·rnmC'n t o f ('nha n.ll(] W1' nt to ~{i a mi tn ;:rn<' will1 1· ·
· ~ 111inn ( ' 11 111<'.' ·---··· · · -·-·
.\ftr r thr i111·nsio11of1'11 hn faikd. ro11 sPrn~cl as l'"r,..011111 a,:s ist :n'
to CI.\. Di red or. Al!Pn \V. Dnl les. Y our su hscrp1e nt art i \·itiPs :in· n···
entirrly kno wn.
In JD C.'.~ . th(• .\ 11wrir1111 .\ n1ha~sa(l o r i n 3fadricl rd11::0<l to n<'n•pt .' "
as deputy r hi e f of thC'. l or n! ('T:\. st:1tion. H ow1'Yt'r. yon ""'.1'1'. :·.
:Madrid rm unknown lmsin1'58 frolll }!)(i!'I to ]!)<i(i. ,\ rronlin!! to 111fn;·-
mnt ion stn fT Rll pp] iC>s, t hn I!Hifi to 1!lfi7 Nlition of 'Yho ':,; iYho l i~1 j·•\
{ nm as n re tired Cio1·prnnwnt oinrial Ji ,·ini.r in :\fn<lrid.
· You r ctumccl to "'ashin.!!to11 in ll)Ci/4, p11rehnst•d a h rrnw in Potn111:1•••
~Id ., nml retir'l'Cl fro111 thP ( '.L\ on .-\pril :10, 1970.
Frrmr J!)i O tn l!li1. ~·011 wpn• 1 in• prPsi(lPnt of tlw Hol>t•rl H . .\( ul\. 1:
& Co .. whe n' 1·ou ront im w<l to \\' 1ll"k until von h r1•anw :1 \Y hit1· l (n n·"
1'ons11l t:111t in .foh lfl71 11n ti! yo11 rili ;: 111i ~!':d°o11.f11l r:!.1 fl'i"~.
Ts t h 11t. a fa i1· !'l(c•kli nf ynu i· al'! i 1·i t iP:-> or \·0111· en ,:PH !
~fr. H u=--T. J{ pasona!Jh.fai r. \ "PS. sir. ·
St J1:\to1· lt 11;:1·:1:. "Tn,;('ols1Hi awn1·p of t his rntlrP1· l'Xt~·11~i1·p i11t 1·l!.·
1

gl'i1t:l~o::;.:-;, Hay o f Pi:.r;; aml C L\ inrol n •nw nt?

:\fr. H .-:sT. Yt•f:. si 1·.
::-;t'nntr.r H.11rnn. Did yon di f'c 11 !"R thnt ns n prC'ron<lition of 1·0 11 :
t!mployme nt?
:\fr. JlF~T. T hncl di;;<'us;;rcl it with hi m o\·rr a pC' rio<l of ypnrs. .
Senator BAliEH. •\.L the time von wc11t t o work with :'\follen & ( .1..
wf'ro yo n aware of or i:; it. n fn c t. thnt J\fnllPn & ('o. had e\·cr hi>t•!I
C'OO pl»rnt i 1·n with o r haJ any M llll<'Ction with the CL\ ?
~fr. H uxT. Yrs. ~ir. ·
Se.nntor B.\KJ·:n: 'YC'rC' yon a 1rnrc of that~
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• lOS-8342
3JO:plm
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On lfovember 26, 1963, Mr•.
U>UISE CATES, 7527 Rorth ..
ea•t Second Avenue, Miami, Florida, coDtacted the Miami
Office of the Federal Bureau of IJ:Jve1tigation (FBI) and
1tated llr•·
Jt\IUORIE RUDD, re1ident at 103rd .Street and
Rortbve1t Tenth AveDue, Jtlami, told her tbat UE BallVBY
OSWAU> wa1 involved in a demon1tration in downtown JUem1.
Jira. lltJDD bad further •tated, according to Jlr1. CATES, tha.t
O&'WAID bad been picked up by the Miami Police, but no
ebarge• were placed against him. ~

OD Rovember 29, 1963, ,!!.r•. •uga~ JL·,

1025 Northwest 103rd Street. Kl&m~f]~r1da, •tated •he: ..
hid beard the rumor that LEE HARVEY OgJAU> bad been 112
lliami through a·cuban acquaintance, wboae name •he deelin•d
· .·~· .
to divulge, 1tating be 11 afraid to be involved becau1e hi~
family 11 1t111 .in Cuba. Sbe ·aaid be bad claimed tb&t
O §AU> waa among the pick.eta vho demonatrated at the off!.~~ "
of ~!!~...!.t;!olu~_io~ry. ~~ncil (CRC) on Bi1cayne lt>~ l&a-:-l
in Jil&mt. She 1ita' •h~ · recaited the incident generally,· ~m l
tba fact that there ••• rock throwing and •ome arreat1 mr.d~.
OD recontact, Bovember 29, 1963, Jira. BRAZIL •~&te~
•be requeatiooed ber Cuban acquaintance, and be aclmittad t~
ber that be bad ao per.8oD&l knowledge that OSWAIJ) bad hetJr:
ia Jliami, but tbat .be bad. beard aucb talk on tbe atreet •
. . .. . .· .
,

The CllC, 'u ntil April of 1963, wa1 a leading

anti-CASTRO organiZ:Ation at .Miami. beaded by Dr. JOSE JaJt.O
CAIDOM, formerl1 a Law Profe11or at the Univer1ity of
Havana. · ' · -
.•....
···.1.On February 21, 1963, Jlr. 1>05\U> POMERLEAU, Ci~;r
of 111.ami Public Safety Director, ..de available a report of
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(_)

I01 105-8342
.JJO:plm . '

the Miami Police Department relating to the picketing on

February 21, 1963, by the orgaaizatlon "Committee for
Non-Violent Action"• with headquarter• at 325 IAfayette
Street, New York City. Thi• Committee waa deacribed •• ab
international organization that ia alleged to be dedicated
to peace through non-violence. The report reflects thAt
four picket• of tbe Committee bad engaged in the demon1tratioD
·I •t the office location of the CRC, located at 1700 Biscayne
Boulevard, Jliami. Further, that a melee broke out, which
re1ulted in the arrest by police of aeveral Cuban agitators
who were throwing rocks and other debri• at the picke:a, and
the police al10 relieved the picket• of their placards which
protested the military intention• of the Council, and the
picket• were taken into protective cuatody. The four
picket• representing the Committee for Bon-Violent Action
were identified aa: .
GERAU> ~11"14.N, born December 26, 1~36,
at pak ps,rk, J11.n2ls
~.. PEART ~U>, age 69, •c11d~nt p£
1731 .Pa..~1/~;~•. BQ#blitMt, JiatbJ»it-OP, n.c.

12, 'i32, •t

The police report contained no reference to

LIE MR.VEY OSliAU> • either under that name or under tbe
aliaaea O.B. LBE, O. PED- LEE, ALEK .JAMES BIDELL or A. J.
.
BJDELL •
-i •

J
 '

j
Undercover
DAY
I Men1oirs of an American
()\\':'\
I Secret Agent

.VELL

l'FAill

,'.\\ALA

fOl/loDID 1111

Pub!islted by
BERKLEY PUBLlSf-!li'\C CORPORATION
J)istributed hy ·
C. P. PUTNA1W'S SONS

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5 THE CENTHAL INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY
ItJ,.I
I \\'isner's political elout was sullkienl lo qudl tlw complaints. and
I
tJ;-:UKI~ CIA·s Ofllce of Special Operations, the covert
c_ollector ofintclligencc>, Frank \Visner's Ofnce of Policy Coordina-
tion had been designed, largely by Secretary of Defense Forrcstal,
I i•
to be ou1· govern1nent's clandestine action arrn. Its initial cadre \VHS
composed largely of OSS European veterans who had attended Ivy
L?ague colleges. Functionally, 0 PC was organized much like OSO,
with geographic area divisions in the chain or command. The then
CIA director was Admiral Hoscoe Hillenkoctter, whom I had met
or
during ?ne the acln1irnl's inspection trips to \'iennn. FI.e \Vas Frank
Wisner s nominal superior, but lacked Frank Wisne-' Jolitical
power base, which included such men a. o McClov Averell
Harriman, William Draper, Secretary or Defe.nse Forrcstal, and
~ecretary of State Marshall. At headquarters, alongside the rcflcct-
1~1g pool. O_PC c•stablishPd li.1nctional staffs for Paramilitary Opera-
t;ons-, P~l:twal and Psyd1ological \\'arfarc and Economic Warfare.
1_hc I olit1cal and Psychological Warfare stalT, to which I was as-
s;gned: wa". headed by josc·ph Bryan HI, Navy veteran and writer.
1o_assist lum he had brought in writer Finis Farr; Cates Lloyd,
Philadelphia investment b;rnker; Lewis "Pinky" Thompson, a New
)'ork nncl l\Te\v Jersey Hnancier nnd a n1an of n1anr parts; and Carlton
Alsop, late a motion-picture producer and once a well-known Hol-
lywood agent. :\II except Alsop and 1nyselfwe1·e Princeton alumni
Artist-illustrntor Fl ugh Troy joined Bryan's staff and formed ',1
66
'·'
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11;
highly t·o111petent µ;roup of pol1~~~dl c:artoonist' ;.111d pnlt•111iei ... t-...
ThC' Ofnn· orSpL•eial Operations n•sistcd thl' ~n>\\ th ;111d 1·s1M11-
sio11 of ()J>(;, \\·hieh it s:n\'. quite rightly. as <'IH:roal'lii11g 1111 it,
11·orldsddl' 01wralions. In simplP lPr!lls. OSO was lllot!IC!atl'd lo
supply l'O\'l•rt i11tt·lligt·1u·p and ()J>(; \\'<I·' t'l"t'all·d lo utilizl' it <1.!!ai11-.1
the ene 111 \'. 'l'h(• c I}('Ill,.• of ecn 1rsc, \ras i 11tl·rnalio11 al ( :1>1111 n t111 i ... 111 i 11
all of its ~rnrldwide n;;rnift•stal ions.
\-\'isnt"'r nt onct• !Jegan c_•slahlishin~ O\'t•r..,eas stations. parallrlin,l!;
those ,,·hieh ().)() had sineL' the ,,.,u· n1ai11tained in our t•111hassit·s
abroad. 'f'ht> P111h:issit·s rc•sisted our llll\\'l'leo1ne additions, hut
O\'CJ'$(':1S stalling: \\'Pnl- nn <' - " '._...
rl top priority \Vas getting an OPC ehi<.>(.19.J391!]~'i \\'here his
initial mission was lo reverse lta(,-"ST~ft-;:;;r<l political trend an<l
defeat the Communists at the polls in the imminent Italian elec-
tions.
Al Cox, once of Kunming, was dispatched lo Taiwan to bolster the
shakc~1 Nationalist go\'ernnicnt, nc,vly arrived fron1 the conquered
main land. After his initial work Cox was lo become presiden l of Civil
Air Transport, the CIA-owned and operated Nntionalisl airline.
To London went ~len:itt Ruddock, to work with ORD, the small
British equivalent or OPC. By high-level agrcc!llcnt with .the
British, CIA was lo cond11ct no operations, whether by OSO or
OPC, in any part of the empire. With the French we had no s11ch
li1niting arrangen1cnt.
Soon after our 1narriage J)orothy becan1e pregnant and over our
first Christmas miscarried, lo our deep grief. Jler French maid <lid
not like the' isolation of Alexandria so wc>,look a house on Dent Place
in Georgetown and acquired a J11alc for her daehshund. n;1med
Kuchen.
Dorothy's ancestors had settled around Dayton, Ohio. In addition
lo being descended from the Presidential Adams and Harrison
frunilies, 1ny \vife \VHS 011c-eighth Oglala Sioux and brought to our
home numerous Sioux artifacts handed down from her mother's
family.
In Europe Ol'C eflC>rts were aimed at destroying Communist
influence in labor organizntions the press and n1nong youth and
4
students. Tlw electoral campaigns of high-level pro-West ofncials
were aided by 0 PC funding. Within organized labor anti-
 ,. . .·.
:ONSULTANT;
-;"FORM
e ve nts, in re trospect, are often
\ Vatl'rgate was no exce ption .
·all and for t}w intensive grm ing
anJ th e publication of th e P e n-
11 1-aid. " As a good obse r ver of the
..; of the E llsh e rg prosecution?''
·e prosecuting him for the wrong
'<lSp ed of the law that focuses on
ne re posst-'ss ion?" .
111ay lit! that th ere can b e stiffe r
11p s . .. do you think this guy is a
'tlw l ~a.; tprn Establishment which
l think till' whole thing was all
' l you? Jt sl·ems to me indispe ns-
' i h.1t tli e l<·rnper o f the country is
. I think there is a g reat deal of
,, 1y. tlw Silent Majority that is our
hasn't bee n tlone ."
·d. Do )'O U th ink with the right
de.I lw turne d i11to a major public
-. pirntors?"
Hi
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,/
White House Consultant; the " Plumbers" For;,"(· 147
"Yes, I do, but you 've established a qualification he re that l d on' t
know whether it can be met. "
"What's th at?"
"Well , wi th the proper resources."
"W ell , I think th e resources are th e re."
" I would say so, absolute lv."
"Then your answer would .be we should go down the lin<> to nail
the guy cold?"
"Go d own the line to nail the guy cold, yes. And as you know,
man y p e ople, for man y more than myself, have referre d to the
Otepka* case, ym1 know , by way of invidious comparison. Otc pka
gave a few documents to a legally constituted Se natorial committee
and he 's been bounded ever since. And as Jack Kilpatrick said a few
nights ago in his column, it d epends on wh ose ox is being gored."
Presently Colson said , '"The case n ow can be made on g rounds
where I don't St!e that we could lose . .. this case won't be t ried in
court, it will be tried in the newspap e rs. So it's going to take som e
•I
resourceful e ngi neering. . . . "
I said, "I want to see the guy hung if it can he don e to the
advantage of the Administration ."
"I think there arC' ways to do it ancl I don 't th ink this guv is
operating alone ... ·
"\Vell, of course h e isn't operating alo ne. H e's got a cong€'ries of
p eop le who are supporting him, aiding and abetting him ...
" But I'm not so su_re it doesn't go deeper than that." Colso n
mused . 'Tm thinking of the enemy ."
Colson was r eferring tu the Sov ie t Union .
.1
I said , "Of course they stand to profit the most , no qu <.'stion about
it. You've got cod es and policy m aking apparat us strippe d har t• for
public examination , all that sort of th ing. S upposing "'e c:ould )!;et a
i
I
look at the se d ocume nts fro m insidt• tlw Kremlin or Pekin<..r,? H elm s
could be re tired forthwith a nd you'd c.: ul d own 80<;1" of our <.''\ pt•1u li-
turcs ove r ac.:ross th e ri vn [at C l.\ headquartl'r~l . ll" y011 ·\.(' !.!;t> t that '...
kind of thing you clon't need much rnorc . ··
Now Colson inji:cted a n e w id ea: .. \\.hat do \'llll thi nk 1,ftl1c icka of
declassifying a lot of these> old d ocume nts n~1w?"
"l think it's a fin e idea. rm.all in favor oi'il a11d I \\'OU Id particularly
'"A fnriner Stale D<·partment secu rity ollk't·r
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t.Al'!"'1*i' ;,.:;.,.r - sm,•••••••llliimllli•..------------------

UN DERC OVER H' f1it e H ouse Co11sulta11t; th<' .. P/11111 /.

...
-
likl· lo ~vc: th1· Bay of Pig~ stuff ckclass ifie cl including the a lleged as ked me if I were still '' itl1 C l\ . J
.tl!:n: c· nwr:t-; that ca~ t ro mac.le_wi th .JEK_..'..:* , ht.•f'ore and had been \\'orki!ig in pr!'-
0 n \I on cl n ~ . July 6, Colson called me again an cl as keel me tu come li ch man stood up , shooK rn,- hanc\ <!1.•
to tlw \Vh itt· Ho u ~e. H e had b e en think: ng over our conversation, " 'hen \\' C returned to c«iJson's t;: .
h e to ld m e. and the n eed for someone with m y background on the un de rgone the formality of hein~ inl1
White H ous<.> s taff. The administrative aspect h a<l b een explored , liehman , and with that ou t nf tlw v..
and ifl ser ved the White I-iouse as a consultant, I cou ld continue to pn>cessed.
<lraw my C IA a11 nuity. I sp e nt a sh ort time fi llini; 0 11 t i'
''I've got a fu II- time job ," I re minde d Colson , "but if you can work photograph e d by the Secret Sen·ie<: :
it out with Bob Benne tt, I'll be glad to help." House pass. Space was nrnde fo r 11i1 ·
"Su re," Colson sai<l, " and the fir!>t thing l want you to do, How- floor of the Old Executi ve Office 1311 ;
a rd , is to h ecome, le t's say, the reside nt exp e rt on the orig in s of the safe were m oved in. Th e co m b inat11
Vich1am \Var. The last administration cleaned out everything, and technicians and th e combination furn
no one aro und h ere sf:cms to know exactly h ow we go t into the d am n retary , Joan I-fall. That afternoon l
thing. You a nd I know it was a Ke nned'!:_war, but p eople, particu- i\(ottc, and C:olson was i111nH·diatl' I'.
larly the pn:ss. h;n ·e a closed mT;;d on .the subject. " ''D ocs Be nnett think h l'.S got i11:-.i
Colson went un to tell me that the \.Vhite H ou se press office had '' Boh says De ~l ottc ,,·orkcd for ti
\'Oluminous dippings o f the texts of P e ntago n Pape rs an<l reeom- 1960 and knows tlw wh ole gang. B
me n<led that 1 immerse myself in the m .a s soon as possible. O U l. "

So we ag1·ee<l in principle , and whe n 1 re turn ed to my office, Bob "Could !JOU do it?"

Be nne tt told m e that he had agreed to Colson 's request for my " I could do it, b ut- " I shruggccl . ..
have to be a rationale for the ink
-~~a.~t-tirn e services.** ..~
Be nn e tt th e n told m e that a former e mployee ofhis n amed C lifton \ instance'?"
( De ~'l one was anxious to )!:('t bac k into 'Washington politics a nd was ' 'Not a \Vhite H uus<' ~Laffer ." ( \,'
1
1 vol11n tl•e rin g information on the Kt•nn e<lv el~n .. particularly th e I shook mv lwacl.
C h ap p ;tquiddick traged y. Benne tt su gg~s ted I m~ntion this poten- J Colson sai°cl, " You 111ust ha \·e ti'\J t·
tial soun:e to Col!>o n. which I did th e following <lay. , H oward :"
011 Jul y 7 Colson took me to John Ehrlich man's office in the V/hite f " I h av(', but whe n ,·o u 'r<' 11ne1·1 l:
l.- JJ...91tst' p rop e r ancl introduct:'d me to E h r lic h man fo r w h at was te-Oe--' ~( o tte-you take pn: ~a11tio11:-.. 111 "'
our one and on ly m eeting. Colson prefaced his re marks by saying I and certai nl y false d ol'11nwntati o11 ...
\\'as tlw Il owarn Hunt h e had been talking about, and E hrlichman's Colson leane d hack in Ii b l'hair ....
nod signified that 11(.' ha<l indct:'d heard of me b efore. Colson said I Coulcln" t they get ,,Jiat ~·ot1 ncnl :-..
\\'as goi ng to \\'1.>rk o n the Pentagon Pap1..>rs projt'et and Ehrlichman "Th l•\· co11l<l... I said , "l lltt tl tl''. ,·.
them ... · ·
'"\ \'hat wo u Id it tah' to get tht• ti
•C:ul\1111 l<'l'Ul'Jl.J th b ""'"·er~.1tion ancl st•nt thl· ti ansc .-ipt to Bob H aldeman. the
"It's been m y C IA expcril'n<:e tl1
Pn•,idl'nl ·,dud' 1Jf staff. <111 th<· following clay. Colson\ co\'l'ring memo ~aid. " !think it always produced whah.•\'!'I' the \\ 'l 1:
w111dd hl' " o r th 'our tinw lo 111u•t him [Hunt ]. :-.iccdlc>S lo say I dicl nol' c\'l'll approach what " All right. I'll see \\'hat l c;m do
11 « hud lx·1:11 t ul kin~ ulio11t but nwrd y sm111clt•d out his ideas."
.. Tiii' I) ltlO·a-clay <"<>ns11lta!inn !(_.._. w:is ],•ss tlwn I "'''' e a rui n~ with Mullen & Company.

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 INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSASSINATION
OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY

HEARINGS
BEFORE THE

SELECT COMlIITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS

OF THE

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

XIXETY-FIFTH COKGHESS
SE CO:'\D SESSIO:'\

SEl'T E'.\IBER 21, 28. .\..L\D DECE'.\mEn 29, 1Di 8

VOLUME V

Printed for the use of the Select Committee on A ssn!;sin:i.tion s

- ·:. . . ~

U.S. GO\ . l:m:ou-:xT l'lllX'J'I XG OFFICE

3~3i0 0 W.·\SIIIXGT OX : l !>iO

For sale by t be Sugerlntendent ot Documents, U.S. Go,·crnmenc l'rlntlni;: Olflce

Washington. D.C. 20402
S l oc k Xumh"r 11:1 ~ -0 i n-0 4!ll1 i -:;
.!
'·
 /

JFK Extt1B1T F-654

IIo MAFIA
Aspscrs OP THE QUESTIONNAiiE PRESENTED BY THE SELECT COMKITTE& ON ASSASINATioi;s
OP THE ROUSE OF .llEPR&SENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES ,.
· t.• Intormation on the role of the US Mafia in pli!111S to assassinate leaders of
tlM! Cuban .Revolution and other counterrellOlutionary activities is found in
INDEX PAGE "the revelations on this subject made by the Senate Convnittee in its report
on assassination plots against leaders of other countries .
:i::. Alleged visit by Osvald to the Soviet Embassy in 1
Mexico City The Ma£ia ~gan its- activities in Cuba during the • 20s, talc:ing advantage
of t he corruption of the successfve governments of that period.
II. Katia
2
During tho ' 40s , it extended it,. control irecbanisias in a covert vay to the
III. Anti-Cuban activities alld organizations 3 trade unions of vari ou.s sectors, vhich later alloved it a certain amount

••
ot control over everything related to its interests. These interests
Osvald's alleged contact \ii.th <aiban students in Minsk 6 vere strengthened vi.th the March 10 coup, vhich is vhen the Mafia began
to invest its capital in real estate companies and the building of luxury
v. Activities of E. Hovard Hunt in Mexico 6 hotels, casinos and other tourist facilities , in order to push and exploit
tourism.
VI. Kijac:lcing of planes 6
The ¥.afia ' s business administration and operations in 1958 involved control
VI Io Intelligence agencies 7 of g&Jnbl ing casinos in luxury hotels and cabarets .

Appendcxes Santos Trat£icante, the gaJl'bl ing delegate, represented the Mafia
'· l
leadership , ill'ld ll'O.St of the adl:Unistrators of the c asinos vcre Cubans
ASPECTS OP THE QUESTIO?lllAliS PRSSENTI:O l3Y THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASiliATIONS or foreign figures li?ll::cd to the Mafia.
OP nlE HOUSE OP REP.RESENTATIVES OP TiiE UNITED STATES"
The gar.lbling salons verc directed by Maffii!.-appointed chie-i's in charge
Several ;lSpects of the questionnaire presented by the Conoittee i1l'C ansvered ot the organization and operation of tl".e gambling tables.
in this report by topic.
The 1-lafia made great pro!'its from gambling-. For example, the c asino in
r. ALLSG;;D VlSIT l3Y OS'JAI.D TO TH& SOVIET EMBASSY IN ~TEXICO CITY the Hotel Riviera rnade a net profit 0£ $1. 4 million in one year.

On t'his matter, ve believe tbat the Comm.i t t ee should direct i tsell' to the The Mafia' s interests vere not limi ted to glllilbling , 'ho"'evcr. It also
Soviet Govern111e11t. controlled the tra.tfic in drugs, jewels , the currency exchange , vhi~
slavery and. pornographic fil e shows.
Aa far as ve are concerned, ve can point out that , vhen Osval.d asked for
a transit visa on September 27 in order to continue his trip to the Soviet \Ir.en the !I.evolution triu.-r.phed in 1959, alJ. the gambling salons vcre closed.
Unio::i, the Cuban Consulate in Mexico called the Soviet Embassy, ill'ld vas L ater on, they verc rcoper.ed because the ievolutioniU')' Govcrn.-.ent considered
told that authori:ation to grant entry visas to ~ its: country.:bad ~to COIT'C that, even though sa..':\Cs of ~a."lce constituted a social defect, the sudden
L'rom the H.inistry of Foreign llelations in Y.oscov, vhic:h vould tab: around closing of those casinos ;i.r.d cabarets vould ceaD the loss of vork for
faur 1DOnths.
• •• 2

....
 .. '

lie maint.Uned contacts in the Naval. Base 0 " · -- •-- -~

O~ u~t""""'°t Vhere he Pierre Ouang, a French citizen , vas recruited by the CIA in 1961 .
trained mercenarie.s and directed various plarui against Cuba.. He serve<. as inlorJ:1Cr Por agent Francisco Blanco de lo& Cuetos.

In liiami, in the service oP the CIA, he had gotten in t ouch vi th

IV. OSllAL1> 1 S ALLEC:SD CONTACT VITH CUBAN STUD<:NTS IN MINSX

---
such elements as Artime, Tony Varona, Diaz Lanz and Mir6 Cardona
through the Movement 0£ Revolutio~y .Recovery.
Thus Par,none of the Cuban stu:lents vho have studied in Minsk have

Samuel Carballo Horeno

------.; been found to have had any contact 11ith Lee H. Osvald in that city.

He vas arrested in March, 1963, in the oper-ation carried out

against the counterrevolutionary organization Anti-Com.-.unist Civic
Resistance. He had been using £al.s e documents in the
SeraP!n Burgas Sabl6n. Ke had been in the Navy prior to 1959.
Ve believe that this information, just like other statements
included by Priscilla Johnson Y.c:Killan in her book The Making ot a
~ p
0 ~. is Palse, responding to sensationalist interests in the
r _ _aj_dst of the campaign launched to link Cuba vi th OsvaJ.d.

Emil io Adol/o Rivero Caro \--~~--------~~~~~~--------..,,

V. ACTIVITIES OF E. HOWARD HUNT IN t lEXICO
a A CIA <igent vho vas part 0£ a gl'Oup infiltrated into the country ,
. . he had /alse docuincnts made out in the ~ of Carlos Ramirez Vald~s. 'Ile have no information about Hovard Hunt' s activities in

This agent used the pseudon}'IO oP Brand for his CIA activities. VI. llIJACtDIG OF PLANES

Ant\Llio Ramirez Or tiz , a US citizen of Puerto Rican origin, vas the

Adolfo Mendoza
firs t person to hijaclc a plane to Havana , arriving on l'.ay 1 , 1 961.
A CIA agent vho used the pseudonyr.i oP RaUl for hi s enemy activities, He came under CIA orders and oaintained a conflictive and diversionist
he vas inPil tra tcd in to the country vi th Rivero Caro
1
r..en tioned above. attitude during his stay in Cuba.

Jorge Garcia Rubio

He vas tried £or illegal departure from the country and sentenced to
A CIA agent . vho used the pseudonym Tony, he vas infiltrated 11$
tvo years in jail. Ile lc£t our country in 1975, after the Sviss
radio operator of the CIA infil tra~on team.
El:lbassy had intervened with ~e Cuban Ministry ot Foreign A/Pairs on
his behalt.
This group (Rivero Caro, ~;endoza and Garcia Rubio) had the task of
reorganizi ng the counterrevolutionary org anizations after the
On July 24 , 1961, an Eastern Airlines Electra plane vith 33 passengers
failure at Gir6n and oP trying to k ill General o/ the Arr.iy Ralil
aboard, en route .fror.t Tampa to ~:iami, vas diverted to Cuba by a
Castro, vhile staging a Pake attack vhich the US Naval Base in
p~ssenser vho asxed the press cot to reveal his identity for Pear o/
- Guan t.!namo Bay v as to make on i tsel.£.
reprisals against his fatlily in the United States. He told the
journalists t hat he had taken this step because oP repeated ref'Usals
Pierre CNcn Diaz de Ure
on the part ot US officials to allov him to mal:e the tri?•
His real name vas Pierre Ouang Diez de Ure. He vas one of the main
CIA agents involve~ in organizing the attempted assassination o/
On August 9 , 1961 , Albert Charles Caden , a French citizen, hijacked
the Corrr.>an<!er in Chief prepared £or September 28, 1963 , an anni vers J.ry
a PM American Airlines DC-8 e n route froa llouston to Guatem.:Ua. The
of the Pounding of the Co mr.Uttee s £or t he Defense 0£ the Revoluti on
plane v as ret\lrned and the hijaclcer extradited to Mexico at t .h e
(CDRs) . The plan consist:ed in dynamiting the s e 11a ge pipes \Wier
requ est oP the Govenur.ent of that: country. There he vas sentenced
the t.ribu.. ,e .
to s e ven years in prison Por robbery accompanied by violence and
threats .

• •• 6
 • • l.

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S tar Over Cuba." ~nd more recently wrot ·~ th·e book , nr wa s ·/ ·
,
CASTRO' a Prisoner•" based on toe expe-.:-lence a of J OI-IN V.
i .~
./
HARTINO, who had been imprisoned in Cub a clu:.:-i ng tl~ 2 p ?.rio d
Suly, 1959, to October, 1962. With respect ~o this latter
book, he inquire d if the interv:f_e-:...,i.n g Agents of th3 ?B I
r.::.ay hav~ learned any information cor roborating the con~ ·~·~ ::
or the book, inasmuch as he wau an.."<ioua concerning st.ate-
oents in the book which could n o t b e verified eAce~~ by
iuquiry in Cuba which he could Dot conduct.
Mr. WEYL stated that he haa frequent contact
u:!. th Hr. MARTINO, and that approximately two .:i:1on ~.:Cs prev-
ioualy, :Hr. and Mrs. MARTINO had visited at his hom2.
Mr. WEYL stated that he, himself, had no firs th an d
information concerning LEE HARVEY OST~ALD, the family of O~WALD,
JACK RUBY, or the circumstances surroundin.3 the ns3assina-
tion of ?resident JOHN Fo KENNEDY o He said he 13 not ncqual~ t ~c
-wi~h anyone who personally knows OSWALD or RUBY.

of of

t l
-----·-- ...
I . '

o_ ce in Miramar, Hava"aa, ---Cul2.£:- Hr o WEYL said his sourc e

r i , for this information may have been Hr. JOilll EARTINO, who, in
,.:.._,_. - ~--·

turn, may have obtained the information from either BUCi!A.NAN

er FIORINI.
- - -- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - -- -- -- - - -- - -- -- - - - ·-·-·- - -
-5-

On 3/13/64 at Delray Beach. Florida File fj _ _M

_ i<:g ni 15)5-8 342_ ______

by _ __S_p ec:!.al Agents JA.t'1ES Jo O'CONNOR and D o to d i c t a te d _ _ 3JJ5!E_!_

~_ _
GEORGE E o DAVIS, JR o : GK
-r li ! :; ;:-! (.-~;r: .P n t c on t oin 3 r. eit ht- r r eco:nm·!'ndot i o n!' n o r ccH1c l us l ons c1f t h:.· F' !:11. l t •·: thr· ;!" ..~;::•f"' r ~y o t tt:-:· f~ DI end ! ~ !_...:;ci c.! : :
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 UH 105-8342
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i-Iississippi, Hro WEYL said tll.3t he had never heard this,

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pi '!·v33 mentioned in connection with OSWALD. He fur ·:: h2r
stated that he h.ad heard no report: that OS1'tlALD had r 2 turn2 d
from Cuba ".dth noney and had purchased a car. Hr. HZY!. a'lso
stated that he had no knowledge of any associatio11 'by OSWALD
with a gb~l reaiding in Miami.
1j.:;i_,,· ...
I 1.- Hr. WEYL said he did beliei;e tha·;: LEE EA.RV!!:Y OS-
'. r;:y....<,..... H_4l,D had been in Hianli, f1.~~!.9_~_in the p21s::, c.nd it: w:as
; ,,..
~.
i\1 I \/ his recollection t:'hat JIM BUCHANAN, reporter for the PompaDo
-
/ Beach nsun - Sentinel," or possibly the latter's brother,
JERR~HANAN, had told him that OSWALD had attempted to
infil'~te anti-CASTRO groups at Miami, but had been ~~­
jected by the3e groups because he was unc011:municative ~s to
/ h i s background. Mr .. WEYL said that it was probably JIM
:VJ . / DUCH.ARAN who told him th.at his brother . JE!L-0..Y had been in-
volved in a scuffle with LEE HARVEY OS"wALD in downtm·h"l i
;

Hiami, and that JERRY BUC'.r!ANA..~ had punched OSWALD. Hr.

HEYL . said that he recalled that this incident was :;u?posed
to have occurred when OSWALD was obser..red c!.st=i.buti'z~g some
t):t"\1•CASTRO literature in Hiami o Mr o ~':EYL ntated that he re-
gards JIM BUCILA.NAN as :?n intelligent and ~ii:::cu:::-ate report.er,
and therefore took it for granted that OSWALD ~ad bee~ in
Hiami. He said he recalled that OSWALD .reportedly ::ttt.empted
to join the anti-CASTRO organi~ations known as the Directorio
Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE) (Cuban Student Di.r~c to:.:-:ate),
and Unidad Revolucionaric. (UR)(Revolutionary Unity)o

Mro WEYL said he had no corrobora~ive infonn~tion

concerning the alleged stay of OSWALD in Miami, other than

-8-

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2:?. ALL TllE PRl: Sln F.N T 's ~!EN

l \h 1('dwan.J typc<.1 out tile liJ ~t th rec paragraphs o f a story identify-

ing ('Ile of the Waterga te burg!,:.-u:~ as a salaried security coordinator

t .if rhe President':; re-election comm ittee and handed it to an editor on

the c. it) dc.;,k. A minute l:t<cr, Bernstein was looking owr the editor's
'ihoulder. Wo{1dwan.l noticed. Th en Dernstein v,;a., w:ilking back to
his de:)k with the first page of the s to ry; soon he was typing. Wood-
w:-ird fini., IJ..:d the ~cc1ind par e am] passed it to the edito r. Bernstein had
~non r1?!icvcd him of it and was back at his typewrite r. Woodward
ck :cidcd to walk over and find o ut what was happening.
lkrn<>rcin was rewriting the :)tory. Woodward read the rewritten
ve r-;ipn . 1t wa•; better.

1
That night, Woodward dro ve to M cCord 's home, a large two-story
bri ck hu use. classically subu rban, :;ct in a c ul-de-sac.: not far from Route
at
70-S, Lite mai n highway through R ot:k vill c. The lights were on, but
tG no o ne answered the door.
After midnight, Woodward received a call at ho me from Eugene
Bachim ki, the Post's regular nig ht police re porter. The n ight pol ice
beat i' generally considered the worst ass ignme nt a 1 the paper. The
hou rs a re bad- from a bout 6:30 P . M . to 2:30 A.r.r. Bu t Bachinski-
ta ll , goatced and quiet-seemed to like his jo b, or at least he seemed
to like the cops. He had come to know m any of them quite well, saw
a few socially and moved easily on his nightly rounds through the
vario us squads at police headq uarters: homicide, vice (grandly called
the Morals Division) , traffic, intelligence, sex, fraud. robbery-the
ic
catal<'g ue of city life as viewed by the po liceman.
zj B ac hinski had something fro m one of his police sources. Two
i addrc.~s books. belonging to two of the Miami men arrested inside the
r
(

---
Watergate, con tained the namr nnd pho ne nu mber of a Howard E .

-
H unt, wi th the small notations "W. I-lo use" and "W.1-1." Woodward
sat down in a hard chair by his phone a nd checked the telephone di-
rec tory. He fo und a listing fo r E . Howard Hunt, Jr., in Potomac,
M<irylc:ind , the alll ucm horse-country suburb in M ontgomery County.
No ::inswe r.

At the o ffice next morni ng, Woodward m ade a list of the leads. On e
o f McCord's neighbors had said tha t be had seen McCord in an Air

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ALL THE PRESIDENT'S iv1E 305 .1•!
1
\Vas fore\varned, and
licating Colson before
to discuss anything. with the President, that they would andle t
end of it."
What was the President's reaction?
IiI:i
londay's lead story in "Mostly he listened. Then he told John that he must be under a lot of ~ ·!
Lier .11 strain. So he sent him up to the Mountaintop to put his thoughts in Ii . 1
order and get it all down on paper. . . . John came down from Camp 1! l
David expecting that everybody would stand up and say, 'Yes, we .:1 ~.· '

his daily call to John were responsible and the President knew nothing about this. \Ve are I 1·
>On. Bernstein again prepared to accept the consequences and will cooperate with the grand I~ ;
.veen Dean's meeting jury investigation.' ill!J
it's- announcement on "But when John got back to the White House, it became obvious .~ 1·I
'•
that the President had been persuaded by the German shepherds to ·r\.i.·•
'I I'
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in the city's history," keep his losses to a minimum . . . to sacrifice John Dean while trying =·!H
to discourage the indictment of Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Instead of
•.i1ij'·
1t had thrown in his agreeing to cooperate, they are still telling the P that John should walk
'·'I l.'.
j.-·t·
Jhn Dean. the plank for all of them. The P is ready to give John the final shove." r
im anything for sure. Bernstein asked if Dean now believed the President was involved 1!j 1! !

~rlli
ras feeling very .high in the cover-up himself.
gbt thing. It \Vas his "See what other pe~ple say about this first," he replied. "Then we
... 1 '
ed. Then it collapsed can visit again.ii
'i'I 11~
1hink they had to go .. Woodward called his man from CRP. "Dean said in "farch he
wanted to blow this up. Dean has attempted to be honest, but he was
1,·
. ·1:
4 ;•. ":1
taking orders from Haldeman and Ehrlichman. Honesty and following
~ situation.''
. I orders \Vere inconsistent so Dean broke ranks. '
1
1
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'I•,

the 21st? The reporters began another round of calls to the White House.

e is a cancer eating
,ave the Presidency,
1ve to tell everything
· going to jail.' That
> chair stunned, like
I :i.i
.!.ii'
Dean's version of the events· since March 21 was surprisingly easy to
'
confirm. The grip of fear that Haldeman and Ehrlich man had once ex-
ercised seemed to have been broken. Haldeman and Ehrlichman had
acknowledged to certain of their colleagues in the White House that
:', i
they had authorized widespread undercover activities and knew of
·. ,, 1·

payments to the convicted conspirators but maintained that they had

of who would prob-

never specifically approved or ordered anything illegal.
About 7 :45 that night, ·woodward got a call from a Capitol Hill
:II
J ohn told him that
the beginning, that
source with an even bigger story: The New York Daily News would be
on the streets in a few minutes, he said, saying that .Acting FBI
::I
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o kno\V and carried Director Gray had destroyed documents taken fron1 1--Io\vard Hunt's ·!'I
y had told John not White House safe. The documents reportedly destroyed had been in ,. ,, II
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·;;~~~\~ir~fal\IX· .
 ALL THE PRESIDENT'S MEN

two folders. One contained bogus State Department cables fabricated tl

by Hunt to implicate President John F. Kennedy in the 1963 assassina- u
I

tion of South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem. The second was a
dossier stuffed with information collected by Hunt on Senator Edward
Kennedy. The source said the News story was accurate.
Woodward called a Senate aide on the Watergate committee. He
•
confirmed the News account. John Dean had told Assistant Attorney
eneral Henry Petersen about it 10 days before. I
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About 9: 30, the phone at Woodward's desk rang. "Give me a

number to call you on," Deep Throat said. ,,
I

Woodward gave him the number of one of the main city-desk lines.
The call came at once.
"You've heard the Gray story?" Deep Throat asked. "Well it's true.
On June 28 , in a meeting with Ehrlichman and Dean, Gray was told ,.
the files were-quote-'political dynamite' and should-quote-'never
see the light of day.' He was told, quote, 'they could do more damage
than the Watergate bugging itself.' In fact, Ehrlichman had told Dean
earlier in the day, 'You go across the river every day, John. Why don't
you drop the goddamn fucking things in the river?' Gray kept the files
for about a week and then he says he threw them in a burn bag in
his office. He says that he was not exactly told to destroy the files, but ' .\

understood it was absolutely clear what Dean and Ehrlichman

wanted."*
"'
. Bernstein reached Dean's associate.
"You ever hear the expression 'Deep Six'?" he asked. "That's what
Ehrlichman said he wanted done .with those files."
The story was solid. Howard Simons ordered the front page remade
for the second edition.
Bernstein was more shaken by all this than by anything since June
17. It was the language and the context of Ehrlichman's remark to
Dean that troubled him. Just as if they were a couple of Mafiosi
talking to each other in a restaurant, the President's number-two
assistant had said to the President's consigliere: Hey, Joe, we gotta ,_ .

dump this stuff in the river before the boss gets hurt. SI
Howard Simons slouched in a chair, drawing deeply on a cigarette, l
l
* Before the Senate Watergate committee, Gray corrected this. He said then that
he had kcpl the files at his Connecticut home for nearly six months, and had burned
them with the Christmas trash in December 1972. u ·
 • •
· Vete1'ckH,-f Y
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r tJ{' ' PRESIDENTIAL CAMPA~~~,6;~~
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SENATE RESOLUTlON 60

:..:
HEARI!'JGS
·' BBFORE THE
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! SELEC1 COM~IITTEE ON 1

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l PRESIDENrrrAL CAnfPAIGN ACTIVITIES
.• .. r. .•..
·- ··---~ __ ,_ .;:.1 OF THE
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UNITED S'.I1ATES SENATE
: NINETY-THIRD CO:::IGRESS
-. FIRST SESSION
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. •• - if.

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WATERGATE AND RELATED AC'l'IVI'l'IES
-· Phase I: Watergate Investigation
WASI-IJ:-,•GT02'\ D.C., .:(UGUST 3, O, 7; SEP'l'E)IBER 2-1 ANY> 25, 1973

·_.·; Book 9
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•" Printed for the U!'!E' of the
Select Committee on Presld<'ntial Cnmpalgn Actlvitlcs
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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF1CE
'Y'ASIUNGTON : 1&73

· - - - - - - - ---------
:For salo hy tho Suptrlntcudcut r>f DurtJJ;.1·'1!q. 1·. :.:. Oo-•,·rn1. ~··:11 J 'fl1;~: 1: .- i : : :1 ·•·
Washington, D.C. :.!flHr.?- l'r\"I' ~

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,·3sn
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C. 'l'h('n yonr nn~wer \\"Ollhl IH• \\"r.."' f.\hlli·'. hl :.:o clown I ht• Ji 1u· t11 11:lil t lit• ;.:uy r·111'l '!
11. Co (]0\\"11 thP lh1f> to unll tlH• :·~II." 1tnJfi, YP~ .•\_•:. :1111! ,\·1111 know, 111:i.11y pt•o11lt'.
fnr 11u1ny n1on• thnn iuyspJf l\·~r1•fl'rrt·l\ 111 1111· llt1·pl,a 1·;1,.1· y1111 k11n,,· n:-:,
lly \\'llY of enYiclnns [sicl co1npn.riHon. llC'r<' nt('pka ;:av" :i fP\\. dof'11111Pnts ton
Jpg-ally eo11qit1Ht•d ~t•natorial t'111n111it1t·1· :111d !u··~ hi·1-11 lP•Ll:1d1·d P\"1·r _-..i•H·1•
nnd 11s .Tack K.il1mlric·k ~Hid n ft·w 11!;.d!ls :i;..:<1 i11 l,i, ( ... 1111111. it d<'J•l·ln!- .. u
\\'h08<• ox is hE.-ing gore [sie].
-· :: .- C. '\'t•ll, thnt's rl;!hl'. '.l'hP;'I. pilliorl'CI [sic•] this g-ny f•)r a l•1t ]Psi-: lh:1u "·IJ:1t 1111•<;"
A"ll)'S difL 1 ju:::t ]Hl\'l' lht• fl'PllllA" thut lhP Al111ii11l..:tr:1ti11n \'~.Iii.• 1·r··..:,.; j,:.--111· l:-'
UO\\" UYl•l" \\itlt :lilt! for hl'ttt'r ol' \\"01":-01', l dn11·1 !lli11!; it loilrt 11·.; :11 :ill. fr:11dd.'
hPti111sP 1111.rhncly \\"ho \\"11ulcl turn ng-;1in1't us l11·1·a11~·· ,,,.·1"1· auli-J•l"t·-""· \\t··,,.
nlr<•:uly f11rn1•cl lh('111 flj.!"ai11st us.
Tl. ~·ou'r1• nh1'o\ntPly ri.t:llL
C'. ~\.1Hl that at thi!'; point. !ht> profil lo 11:-; in i11 u:dliui: :11n· :-:on of a tiil,·h \\'ho
woulcl :.-te>al a Sl'Cl'Pt <lcwnuient of tlu~ g-o\"Pl'lllllt'!ll n11c\ p11lili...:h ir or \\·011111
0

eonspirC' tn f'tPal It . • . .
IJ. . •. or aid nrHl ngi..ist in it:- ••
- C . •\nd tlint the ea8P now l':lll Le UHHle un that i:r1111111l..: \\)11·n· l clun·r '-t't' !hat
'"P
" T-f.
coulcl los('.
11. hni:; to he> n1:1clp on cri1ni11nl grounds and .. _
.. C. It nl8o hns to he this Cfl!'<', \\'On't he trh•d In the t·o11rt, it will hp tr!(•tl in tht•
.. UP\Y~pnp<•r:;, So it's .!!oin;.:- to takl• !'<OllH' 1·p~o111·eef11l 1·11i:lnP1•rin~ to • . • •
- - ~;. H. \Vell, I ,,·ould think thnt .Taek I\:llpntrlck ,,·ould ht• very :u1u•nnblP to nu
:ip111·c1ad1 nf thi:-; nntlll'I'. You prohabl;y kuow llin1. llo11'I ~·1111'!
r•. Oh, surf', I 1010\\' nil tho:-;p .c11ys \\·l'll.
- 11.
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I sn\\' hint on n hns!lly cou\"Pllt>d tP!t•Yi~lon Jt:i:llt·l ag-nln"t \\ 1'('h~l1•r and J\:il·
patri(']> !~ awfnll.\', an·fullr J!OOtl nn thls. llt"s a Yt'r~· t·lt·ar thinkl'r, ilt>·s 14"nt a
0
.< lt•gnl hnc-k.cro1111cl, ton. I lJt•liP\'t' .

- -
(' \\'plJ, I ju:-:.t n·ant1•rl to ;..;f•t. your rPn1•ti1111 to this nut of purio:o:it.r 11111\ \\"I'
~ hndn't tnlkf'<l about it.
- l(, J \Y:tnt to st•e till' guy hUll/4" if it <'an ht• clonP lo !hp nllYantfll!"t' (lf' tht>
Ad1ni11istration.
C'. ] think ii rnn lie cln11c>, J thin!' lht'r1• nri• \\"a~·,.. to du ii and I dnn·r think 1hi..:
j!ll)' is opt>r:i Ii n;.: :1 lnll<»
T[, \\'ell, of conn:c, he h•n't opt>rntini-:- alonC'. lfP':o: ;::-ot :i conjPri(·s [~ic] of pPOJllt>
\\'ho :irt• suppnrtln~ hhn, :iidlnl!' and nhPlth11!' lli111, lht>rc's 111111ut•slinn ahnul it.
('. Hut, J"1n 11ot ~o snn• it 1101•,.11'! J!O dt-t•pt·r th:111 t!J;lt.
J-1. Oh, rc•ally"t You'n• tlliuldn;.:- of.l!kt.• O'Hrit•IJ or • _ •.
C. Oh no, .1'111 lhlnldu~ of tl11· l'lll'lllY . .
II. , _ tht• n•al 1•111•111.r. \\"t•ll, of 1•011rsc', tlu\\" st:11111 fo prullt 11111r1•. th•· n1nst. 1111
qu1•:-it:ion about it. You·,.,. got <·nclt•..; :nu! po\i1·y 111:1!,:in;.: ap11:1rat11...,· srri1•111•tl
llf':lr for 11ul1lll' t•xa111inalion. nil !lint :-•1rl •1f Illini.:-. ~11pp11~i11;.:: Wt• 1·11ultl ;:1·1 u
look al llH·!'t• doc-111nP11ls fro111 in ...;id•• Iii•• l\:n·1uli11 or l'1•liill1:. JJ,,hu~ (· .. 11!1! 11•·
rc>tirPCl forthwith ;11ul ynn'(l <·lit (}owu !+ti';{ of our t'XJ11•1uli111r1·s 0Y1•r ;t1·ro.~.-.
Un• rin•r. 'J'hat's ri;:hf, yoll·\\1111't llt't'tl 1li1·111 ar1.\·111 .. r1·. Jf ;"1·u11·\·I' g .. t tl1at ld111l
of thin;!. You tlun't lll'l'li 111u1'11 t1111r1•.
(' J think lht•rt• Is n ft>rtilP lh•ld l11•n· 11111l [just tho11gllt I'tl Ir)· It ~111t nH )·011 t"
!-!<'<' whnt JOll thong-lit of It.
Jf. \\"Pll, ns 1 ~ny. J'1n of t\\'O 1nlrHls on it. n:11., \·i .. urally I \va11t tn ~:1·,· thi:-o ;.:11y
l:.ung-. ~Ir 111orC' eautlons :11Hl rt·fh•c·tl\"t' !-.l'lf say:-: "lt>t's uot du it 1111!.·~-.; \\"t· 1·a11
' . clo It to tlu• 11rofit of !ht• ,\dniiHi!-.lrnlin1t.,.
{'. .\llsolut<·ly. \\'hat 11(1 you think of dnin~. !111• itlt·a of tlt·<·la .....;jf~·ing- a lot 1•f
,.---·~·_•':'!£'old doc11111cnts 1u1w?
IT. 1 think it's n finr ldt•n. I'u1 nil in fn\'111' of it :111rl I w1111!1l p:1rfi1·11larly li!.:1· tr1
st•(• tht• Buy of Pl~,.; stuff dt•clu~slflPtl l11dndit1i.: r!it' :lih·~l'!l :1~r1•t·11u·11t tl1at
{':istro 1nade \\;th ,TFK.
C. TH•(·n11s1• you \\·1~1'<' a p11rl of that nnd klH'\\" it \\":IS :t 11hnllt-Y [:-:i<:l.
1.,..-'..C--_.,,"1' I rf'.
('_ J.i~lf>n, l think nnhody is ;.:oinj.!" to J:t•t hurt hy thi~ l'X<'Pl1t tlu• ntltl•r sidt>.
IT. fRl''R !Jop1• ~I). 'l'hls ill!S bf'('ll Yl'r)" dPJIT(>SSill;! HS ron <'":Ill itnaJ:ilH• to ll!I' :111d
I've just hPrn nssu111i11;.: that you h:1\·1· ln•Pll i11volv~·tl up to yon l.110\\" \\·hat
in this ,,·holr lhlr1p; RO fnr.
1-r. \\'pn•u't ;ron the guy who told 111P. nwybP lhl' last thu1• \\"1• \\"(•rt• np 1.. ~-··ur
hcn11'C' for clinnr1-, that if thP truth PYf'r earn!' ont al•<iut 1\:r11n1•1iy and tlu•
l~ny or Pig-~. thnt it would just dl'sl ro.r !llr1n '!
 ·. --· -..· . ' :::;...

•
THE
ENDS
OF ·.
II :.

POWER
H.R.
HALDEMAN ./ ,J
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I' Joseph DiMona '
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This Side of the "SmokinCT Gun"

...
THE ENDS OF POWER

It seems that in all of those Nixon references to the Bay of ~~g~:

.
~-
me to tell you this entire affair may be connected to the Bay
of Pigs, and if it opens up, the Bay of Pigs may be blown. . . ," he was actually referrin to the Kennedy assassination.
Turmoil in the room, Helms gripping the arms of his chair erestmg y, an investigation o the ennedy assassmat10n
leaning forward and shouting, "The Bay of Pigs had nothing was a project I suggested when I first entered the White House.
to do with this. I have no concern about the Bay of Pigs." I had always been intrigued with the conflicting theories of the
Silence. I just sat there. I was absolutely shocked by Helms' assassination. Now I felt we would be in a position to get ail
violent reaction. Again I wondered, what was such dynamite the facts. But Nixon turned me down.)
in the Bay of Pigs story? Finally, I said, "I'm just following According to Schorr, as an outgTOwth of the Bay of Pigs,
my instructions, Dick. This is ·what the President told me to
relay to you."
Helms was settling back. "All right," he said.
But the atmosphere had changed. Now surprisingly, the two
CIA officials expressed no concern about the request that Wal-
ters go to see Gray. And ' Valters later testified that when he ;ind
the CIA mad~ several attempts on Fidel Castro's life. The
Deputy Director of Plans at the CIA at the time was a man •
named Richard Helms.
Unfortunately, Castro knew of the assassination attempts all
the time. On September 7, 1963, a few months before John
Kennedy was assassinated, Ca5tro made a speech in which be
•
Helms went downstairs they talked briefly and Helms said, was quoted, "Lei: Kennedy and his brother Robert take care
"You must remind Mr. Gray of the agreement between the of themselves, since they, too, can be the victims of an attempt
FBI and the CIA that if they run into or expose one another's which will cause their death."
'assets' [a CIA term for 'agents') they will not interfere with After Kennedy was killed, the CIA launched a fantastic
each other." Meaning: "FBI, stop the investigation." Just what cove~-up. Many of the facts about Oswald unavoidably pointed
Kixon wanted. to a Cuban connection.
I went back to see the President and told him his strategy I. Oswald had been arrested in New Orleans in August,
had worked. I had told Helms that the Watergate investiga- 1963, while distributing pro-Castro pamphlets.
tion "tracks back to the Bay of Pigs. So at that point . . . he 2. On a New Orleans radio program he extolled Cuba and
said we'll be very happy to be helpful."
And so the "smoking gun" conversations were created
to rest, stored on a reel, in a closet gathering dust until August,
1974.

Years later, former CBS correspondent Dan Schorr called me .

defended Castro.
3. Less than two months before the assassination Oswald (
visited the Cuban consulate in Mexico City and tried to obtain
a visa.
In a ch illing parallel to their cover-up at Watergate, the CIA
literally erased any connection between Kennedy's assassina-
•
• tion and the CIA. No mention of the Castro assassination at- ..
He was seeking information concerning the FBI investigation
:'\ixon had mounted against him in August, 1971. t~mpt was mad~ to the 'Varren Commission by CIA representa- .
Schorr later sent me his fascinating book Clearing the Air. \ t1ves. In fact, _Count:r-intelligence Chief J ames Angleton of the \
· In it I was interested to find that evidence he had gleaned while CIA called Bill Su lhvan of ~he FBI and rehearsed the questions \
im·estigating the CIA finally cleared up for me the mystery of \ and answers they would give to the ·w arren Commission in- I
the Bay of Pigs connection in those dealings between Nixon vestigators, such as these samples: --- J
and Helms. · ) Q. Was Oswald an agent of the CIA?
It's intriguing when I pnt Schorr's facts together with mine. A. No.
39
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:.'<1 s hi n r. t. on , D . C .
...... .. .

~· !arch 20 , 1~7 8

This is to c e rtify t hat I, i'!a ri.on S . !~:uncy , C 1i cf,

Records Services Se ction, Records l· la na~~c mcn t Division, Fcllc ral

Bureau of Inve st i gation (FBI), United St a t es Depart me nt of

Justice, have custody of a ll officia l fil es 1:1 ain tain c<l a t

Fil l Headquarters, ~·/ ns h ington, D. C.

I c e rtify t hat t he followinr clocumcn ts, t r ue co r i e s

of which ·arc attached he r e to, a r c TTlaintaincd in the files
of f'BI Headquarters:

Ne inoran <lum. Mr. McDe r mot t to ~"!r . J enk ins d<Jtcd EJ/ 7/74,
ca p tionecl "Reuter s Inq uiry llcr,arding Pho to g r aphs Re l a tin g tu
Kenne<ly Assassination • . ,

Memorandum J. J . McDe r mo tt to i··lr. Jt-: nkins ,l2 t ed b /13/74 ,

captioned "Re ut e rs Inq uiry Rega rding Pi1otog r aphs Re l a ti11 r. t o
Kennedy Assassination .''

Air.tel fro m SAC, Wash in g ton Fi e l d to Directo r, FJ~ I,

dated 8/14/74, caption ed "Ass as s ination of Jo hn Fitzg cral<l
Kennedy, Dallas, Texas , 11/22/63. 1 '

Airtel fro m SJ\C , Washington Fi e l d to Di r cc t l)r , p;~ T =

\ dated <J/5/74, captioned ''Assassination of J ohn F itz pc ra.l c~
I Ke nnedy, Dallas, Texas, 11/ 22/63 . "
)
I Memorand um R. E. Gcbha rclt to Mr. Adams Jat cd 9/ l lJ /74 ,
ca p tion ed "Assassination o:f J ohn Fi tz ge rnl <l. Ke nne<ly, Dn ll.1 ~; ,
( Texas, 11/22/63." ·
Ii
~ .Memorandum C . F. lJownin g to Mr. Wh ite dutc: d 9/ 1 2/ 74,
,.
coptioned "Assassina ti on of John Fitzgera l d Kcnne<l y, Da ll:i ~ ,
i
j Texas, 11/22/63."

Memorantlum J. J . :·rc Jo rnott to i·~r . .Jenk i ns d:ltc c1 ~)/ 12/74,

cap tione d ;'Assassi n n.tion of J o:rn Fi tz gc ral tl J.:cnnccly, :•::. ll n s,
Texas, 11/22/63. "
..- -~· ... ·- ... ~-

Airtel f ro m SAC, l'inshington Fiel<l to Di r ector, f-BI,

dated 9/13/74, captioned Ass:iss in3tion of John Fitzgcro.ll
11

Kennedy, Dallas, Tcx:ls, 11/ 22/6 3. 11 •

Memorandum J. J. ~; cDcrmott to J\-Ir . Jenkins dated ~ /13/74,

captioned "Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kenn edy, Dal las,
Texas, 11/22/63 . ''
Airte l from Direc t or, FBI, t o SACs , Da lla s , Chicago
and Washington Field, ela t ed 9/18/74 , captione d ''Ass::issiT1:ition
of ,Tohn Fitzg e ral d Kcnnctly, Da llas, Texa.s , 11/22/ 63 . "

Airtel fr om SAC , Washington Field to Direct or, Fn I ,

dated 9/l ':J/ 74, cap tione d "Assass ination of John FitzEer nld
Ke nnedy, Dallas, Texas, 11/22/ 63. ' 1

Ai rt e 1 f r o'ftl SAC , Chi cago , to Di r ec t or , FBI, 1.la tc<l

9/2 4/74, captioned "Assass in o. tion of Jo hn Fitzgcral<l Kennec.ly ,
Dallas, Texas, 11/ 22/6 3. 11

Ai rt e 1 fro m Di r ec t or , F li I , t o SAC s , D~t 11 as , Chi ca go

and Washington Fi c lcl, <luted D/ 25 /74, captioned "Ass as sin ation
of John Fit~geral<l Kc nn ccly, Dallas, Texas , 11 /22/63."
Laboratory Wo r k Shee t elated CJ/2 7/7 4, cnp ti onctl
" Assassination of John Fitz ge r a ld Kcnnetly, Hal l as , Texas,
11/22/63. 11
Airtel fro m SAC, Chicago, t o Director, f.BI, datc<1
9/24/74, captioned "Assassination of Jo hn Fitz ge rald J\ennctly,
Dallas, Tcxa.s , 11/ 22/6 3. "

Laboratory i'lo r k Shee t dated 9/27/74, capt .:i.onccJ

"Assassination of John Fitz ge r nlcl Kennedy , Dal l ns, 'l'c~cas,
11/22/63."
Laboratory l e tt er to SAC, Chica. go , da t ed 1 0/1 /74,
captione d ' 1Assussinati on of John Fitzgera l d l\e nncdy, D0 ll ns ,
Texas, 11/22/63. "
Laboratory re port to SAC , Ch.icago, da t ed 10/ 1 /7·1,
c ap tioned "Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy , Dal lJ s ,
Texas, 11/22/63. "
Airtel fro m SAC , Da ll ns , to Director , FDI, dated
9/30/74, captioned "Assassi n:ltion of John r:itzgcrnld Kennedy,
Dallas, Texas , 11/2 2/63. 11

- 2 -
 ........... ......

Airte l fro m SAC, Ch i c a r,o, to

Dir e c to r, f l;I, da t c<l
10/1/74, captioned "As sa ss ination of John Pi tz r.c r;il d Ken nedy ,
Dallas, Texas, 11/ 2 2/63. "
Teletyp e from SAC, Dallas, to Dir ~c t o r, FUI, <l ated
10/7/74, captioned "As ~;assination of President John Pitzgcrnld .
Kennedy, Da.llas, Texas, November 22, 1 963: Miscellaneous
Information Concernin g ," with summary note.

i'-femornn<l.um TL E . Gcblrnrdt to ~-Ir . Aciams d a t e <l 1 0 /8/74,

captioned "As's assinati on of J oh n Pitz g cralcl Ke n ned y, Dall a s,
Tex~s, .November 22, 1Y6 3.
11

Teletype fro n1 f'JAC, i1a l ti mor c , t o Di r ec t or , 17BI,

d ated 10/17/74, captioned ' ' J\~snss i n ~t ion of Pr c s i (lc11t J oirn F .
Kennedy, Dallas, Texas , Nov c mucr 22, 1 96 3, r.; i scc ll anc·o u s
Information Concerning ," with sum1:iary n ote .

Memorandum R. r:. Bates to ?·ir . Geb ha r dt dat e d 11/ 6/74,

captioned "Assassination of John Fitzge r ald Ke nn edy, lln llns,
Texas, November 22 , 1963.' '

Memorandum .J. J . McDermott to ;· 1r. J e n k in s d n t ed 1/ 2 1/75,

captioned ' 1Ass uss ina ti on of John Fi tz geral <l Ke n11c cly , Da l 1 as ~
Texas, November 22, 1 963 . "
Airtel fr om SAC, Dallas , to Dir e ctor, FB I, <lat c<l
•2/3 /7 5, cap tionecl ''Assass inat i on of Prc s i <lc n t Joh n Fitz ge r a l d
Ke nnedy, 11/22/6 3, Da lla s , Texas, i\liscell nneous - I n fo r m:-! t i on
Concerning. "
Me mo ra nd um J . E . 0 ' Conne 11 t o · i:Or . Gcbh :i nl t <l n t et:
2/19/75, captione d :•c omm i ss i on on CIA Activ.i t i c s with in tlte
United Stn tes, -Req u c s t f r om I>:.i v i d \'i. Be l in , Excc uti v c Di r :.: c tor
!
I of the Commission. 1 1
I Ai rte 1 from ~) AC, Da 1 las, to Di r e c tor, FBI , cla t e <l
l 2/19 /7 5, captioned "Assassination of Preside nt J ohn Fitz ger ald
Kennedy, Da ll as, Te xa s , 11/ 22 / 6 3, Miscell ane ou s - I n for mntion

l Concerning , " with cncloseLl news pap er articl es f r om ' 'Th e

Dallas Times Heral d . Da lla s, Texas , dated 1/ 28 /7 5 , on <l t he
"Fort Worth Star Tc l egrn m, f o rt North, Te x as , d a t e cl 2/ 5/ 75 . "

Le tter fr om Di re c t o r, Fil I, t o The .l\ tt o r n c y Ge n c r ol,

dat e d 2/26/75, ca p ti oned "Commi ss ion on CI A Ac t i v i ti e s \·t it h
the United S tate s, Re q u es t f r om Davi d lL Uc l in , E xc c utiv ~
Director of t he Comn i ss i ou, '' 1·: i t h cn cl o:>c<l l c t t c r hcacl
memorandum, same ca p ti on .
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 -.

•
Teletype from Director, FBI, to SAC, Da ll as, ~ateJ 1-
4/14/75, captioned "Assassination of John Fitz gcralc.l Kenn edy ,
Dallas, Texas, November 22, 1963 , Misce llaneo us - Infor m ~tion
Concerning . "
Airtel from SAC, Dallas, to Di r ector , FBI, doteJ
4/15/75, captioned ' 'Assass ination of .John Fi tzgcrald Kennccly ' ·
Dallas, Texas, 11/22/ 63 , Misc e llaneous - Informat ion Concerning . 1 '
Ai rtel from SAC, Da lla s, to Director, FDI, dated
4/17/75, captioned "Assassination of John Fitz gerald Ken nedy ,
Dallas, Texas, 11/2 2/63, Miscel l aneous - Infor ma tion Concerning . ' '
Airtel from SAC~ Littl e Rock, to Dire ctor, FRI, <lated
4/17/75, captioned "Assassinatibn of John Fitz gerald k<?nnc c!y ,
Dallas , Texas, 11/ 22/63 , Miscelln.ncous - Infor ma tion Conce rnin g . "
Airtel from SAC, Little Rock, to Direc tor, FBI, <lated
4/21/75, captioned "Assassination of John Fitz ge ral d K('nne<ly,
Dallas, Texas, 11/22/63 , Misce ll aneous - Informa tion Concern ing. ' '
I
I Letter from Di r ector, PDI, to Deputy Attorney Ge nera l,
l dated 4/21/75, captioned "Commission . on CIA Activities \'i i t hi n
'- the United Sta tcs. ''
Laboratory repo rt to ~·lr . Ro be rt n. Olsen, Se nior Couns e 1,
Commission on CIA Activities within the Unite d States,
Wash ington, D. C. 20500, dated 4/21/75, captioned "Commission
on CIA Activities within the United States. "
Letter from J ohn C. Keeney, Actin g Assistant Attorney
General, Criminal Division, to Di r ector , FBI, dated S/2/75,
captioned "Response to I nq uiries Rcgarcling I n vcs tip,ation of
Assassinations . "
Letter to Honorable liarold R. Tyler, Jr . , llcputy
Attorney General, Dcpartmen t of .Jus ti cc, l'/ashington, D. C.
20530, from Robert D. Olsen, Senior Couns e l, Conui!ission on
CIA Ac ti vi ties 11i t hin the Uni te<l States, _<lated 2/5/75.

Laboratory l c tt c l ; to Mr. Hobert n. Ol s en, Se nior

Counsel, Commission on CIA Ac tivities within the Un ited Stat es,
!•/nshington, D. C. 20500, elated 5/15/75, captione d "Commis s ion
on CIA Activities within the United S tates. "

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Lett e r fro1:1 Director, Fn I, to The Depu t y Attorney

I General, dated 5/15/75, cnp ti onc<l ' ' Commission on CI A Activities
I within the Unite<l State s."

!' Letter frorn Director, FDI, to t he Deput y Attorney

General, dated 5/15/7 5 , cnptione<l ''Commission on CIA Act ivities
within the Unit ed States . 11
I
Airtel fro m Director, FBI, to SAC, Little Rock, dated
I 5/16/75. captioned "Ass <tssination of John J!itz gc rnlcl Kennedy ,
Dallas, Tcxast 11/22/63, Miscellaneous - Infornation Conccrn ing . 11
Airtel from Dire ctor, FD I, to SAC, Dal los, cla tc <l
5/19/75, captioneJ "Assass i na tion of John fitz r,c rnl d l\cnnedy ,
Dallas, Texas, 11/22/63 , ~· lisc e ll<1neotts . - In fo r ma tio n Con cerni ng . "
Laboratory l e tter to Mr. Robert 1s . Olsen , Sen ior
Counsel, Commission on CIA Activities within t he Un ited Stat e s,
h'ashington, D. C. 205 0 0, <lated 5/20 /75, ca p tioned " Comr.iission
on CIA Activities within the UniteJ States."
Memorandum from Le r,al Counsel to Hr . J . .B . i\dnr:1s
<lated 5/23/75, caption e d "As sas sination of Johll Fitz ge ral d
Kennedy, Dallas, Texas , ll/22/ G3; Senate Se lect Commi tt c·c
on Intelligence Activiti es . "
Letter fro m Director, Fill, to The Deputy At t or uc/
General, <lated 5/27/7 5, ca ption e<l "Commission on CI A Acti viti es
,.;i thin the Uni tc d Stn tcs. 11
Form FD - 30Z datc<l 1 2/1/63, a t Atlanta, Geo r gi a .
Letterhead memorandum da t ed 3/1 8/G'1 , a t lJa llas,
Texas, captioned " Lee ilarvey Oswa ld. 11
FBI repor t datc<l 1/2 S/G4 nt i·liami., captioned
"Lee Harvey Oswald, aka , IS - R. r i

~-1.::i r 1 on :r:- Rnnw i:-tlll <.~ f -

Records Services Se ction
F'cuer a l Bureau of I nvest i ga tion !
I
Subscribed and Sworn to befo r e me this - - -··· clay of Ma r ch, 1 978 . !
l

~ ly commission expir es

5
, .

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'
·.· ..
l :\
~
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•...·

Ii
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June 1975
l

Report to the President 9

by the _
COMMISSION ON
CIA ACTIVITIES WITHIN
. THE UNITED STATES

I ~
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. . ·.~~:)1 1
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250

C. Office of Legislative Counsel

The Office of L e(l'islati \'e C I · .
USl\ in its le"1.sl· t. ~ i·· · - ou1_1sc 111a 111ta1ns eongrPssional file::; fo r
o a I\ c i:u::;on 1lut1cs. •
These fiJc.s arc reestablished at th I · ·
Con•Trrss · files o1 t. d d. f r >eginmng of each new session of
· Chapter 19
1 re ire or c catcd b .
mcm ~rs aro translerrccl to the
o ,
CL'\. record crnt<'r \ ft . fi .
r- · .· • ei ' 0 years. they are sclecti \·cl y ptH""'Cd
· · tlw hh·s <"<)11t·11·11
u eneralh·. • t l1 c• f o II o\1· .111 .. 1 qi.. f J- "' .
Allegations Concerning the
spom~cnn' l>etwet·n t he member and the CT\ < ~-~ . ( <>t'~l'. llPnts : <:orr0-
Assassination of President Kennedy
g1·csswnal 8eco1·d dealing with the mcm -. ' exlc iyts tom the Crm-
o~· pcrsonn<'l !'<'CJ uN;h:; fo nrn l'Cled to t hl' b(~~' c~nst_1t11cnt employment
b10graphi<'s nncl political d , .· . .. . •\ , ,_< nc.\ b.' the llwmucr. shol't
forc iirn , bl . .. . c_s n1pt101 1:> of the mcrn!)(~r, :tncl copies of all
to ca cs cont.u mng the Haine of t he llH~ nibe r. ' .\ llcgations han• been mndc t hat the CL\. par ticipatcll in the

Conclusions Ii assassination of PresiclP nt ,Joh1t F . K l'nnNl_I" in Da llns . Tt'xas. on

Non•mbcr ~'.!~ l!)(i;l. 'l'wo cli tl'C'rcnt th eories ha n~ bcl'll all rn11ee\l in
s up por t of those all egations. One tlwory is that E. H owanl Ilnnt aml
Frank St111·gis. on bPlrnlf of t he CL\ . per;.;onall~- purtieipnt<'ll in thr
Alt.hough maintenance of most. of rhe ind·. fil - . d
tho A.gene · h b . ices. e;,.., .tn records of i nss11ssination. The other is that tlw CIA had connections with Let'
the -\.gen _Y tas crn n~cessary and proper. the standards ap1>liccl b\· ! I-Ian·<';.· O s"·ald or .Tack Huby ~ or bot h of the111. antl that thos('
- c v a some po mt · d · · · •
cumulatio1; and in . . . "' urm&'. its 1u st.ory h:ixc permitted the ac- I
- 1 connections somehow l<'cl t o t.hc ussns~ination. The Commi:-;sion ,;t;1 tr
ligence or se.c11~·it,·dc~1~n~ o~ uu1tcnals _not' i~eeded for lPgitimatP intel- ha:-; i1we:;ti garcd tl_n•sc alleg11tions.
filcs rehtccl to o"t)~ratfo~e~~1'.\cOlu~c.cl idn tlh'.s cn.~e~o.ry arP many of t he Kc> ith('r the ::;tall' nor the ('01!1111is!'io11 111ttkrloo k :1 fol l n•\·i1•w of
. • u .in t ie act1v1t1es of ti Offi f tlw H epo rt of tht• "'W arren Commission. S 11cl1 a task would ha\·c hrPn
'Secur1t•v concel'nin"' e- cl1.ss1·dent
.. .
· 0<TlOUps. ic tee o
· outside t hP scope o f t he ExPcutiYc 0l'dcr establishing thi:; Comn1is-
Constant
l"ct1·01 f . yjcriln
f"' nce . . bv oency .is essent .ia l to I>rcn•nt. the c~ l-
. the . :\.,,. sion. an1l \1·01Ll d ha1·<' <li\·r r ted the time of the ('0111rnissio n fron 1 ir:-:
' to m ormatwn on p ·t d St · .
fo r p roper intellige11ce acti;.;~~e:. Th~r~\~~Ltt~~t',' ~cs 0""]·1lid1 is not nccdr.cl propt•r fu nction . Th e i1.1 nstigntinn wa:o. l in1itc1l to dPterrni n in~
l1:r· tl C · -· , '· I c er recorn111emled whr t.lt(•r there wns any credible c,·id<'llC<' pointinµ- to CL\ i11rnh:l'mcnt
IC' l omm1s:s10n
· ( h ecomml'ncht . ' io11 -:> ) ,,.1 ·11 c11s·· urc pt!rfl'lI\O'
. of
ess~nt1a or improp<'r m:tteria1s from A<Tcnc:r files. e.. t-> non- in t lw a~sassinat ion of President K cn1w<ly.

sp 1' nrthcr.
·1 Tt. t he Oflice of SPctwitY
. . sl '"'
1 I . i.1· .
IOH < <'Stau ish ( 1) <·entm lizPd I'<' -
: o11s1 >1_ '.;. to ~-on trol .t~1e o~ie n! ng- o f 11<'\\" sccnrity fi]ps not r o11ti1w A. The Theory That Hunt and Sturgis Participated in the
111 nah11 c .rncl ( 11) ,;pcc1hc cnt<'l'la cont mil" r ti
to be collected. rng Le nature of 111atPria b Assassination
The first of the theories i1woln•s r h n.rg cs that E. H ownrcl 1In11t and
F rank Sturgis. both convir.tNI o f burl!lnri7.ing tlll' Ocmocrat.ir Na-
tional Comm ittee hea1lq11arters at t hr \\'a tt•rirn te in l!ll 2. were CIA
e111ployl'<'S or nl!P nts at the t.ime of the assassi nation of the. P rrsiclent in
mu:~. It is fur ther a1h·gccl that they W<'l'C tO~('thcr in Dallas on the day
of the assassination <rnd that sho rtly aftr.r the assassination t hey w er e
found in a rn.ilroad boxcar situated l>ehincl the "grassy knoll," an a rea
located to the right fron t of the Presiclentia1 car at t he time of th<~
assassination.
(251)
 252
T-ncl<'r this tlirol'y. Hunt and ;-:.;t11r;ri:; W l'n' allt',!!'•·d ly in I >a ll a,., on
Xornmuer ~~~ l !>(i;J. nn rl \YPl'C takc·n into custody by t he policl'. lint
wer<'. 111y;:;tcrio11sly rc l1·asp1 \ wi tho11 t lwing boo k1·d. photo;!raphl'ol 01·
fingcrprintl•rl by the polire-althonglt t hey Wl'rc a l~c~lly photo-
gmphed l1y pn·:-::; photographl•r,.; whil1• r lw~· were l.Jl' iug ;iccon1pani1•cl
to 1·1tc D al l:1,.; County Slwriff'3 ollin·.
It is f11r tl ll'r c·o1111·n1h-t l t ha t tlw p1•r:-:011:-- sho l\·n in tlwsr prl'::>S pltoto-
g r nplts lw:1r "st r iking- Pl's1·rnlila1u·1·s·· lo phot O;!l':l phs ta kf' tt o f I l n11r
awl St11 rg·i;; in l!Yi~. P ort ion::; of two :1 111ate11 r 111otio11 pic·rttn• fil 111,; o f
thr. ns,.;n:-:-=i 11 :tt i1 >11 (Z:1p n1dcr and Xix) arc :1 llc•gPd ro ren•al rhe prcs-
cncc1 of Sl' l.t' t"<tl r ifh·mt•n in the an•;t of till' i;rn~sy knoll.
TIH• 1Tu11 t-::-it1t rg is tlH•o ry also rvsts 011 t l1P :1::<s111n ptin11 t lt at :it lt•as r
01w of tli1• :::l11;t::; that st rn <' k P n·s id 1• nt K c111wd r w:is li n 'C\ f ro 111 tl11· an·a
of t he grassy knol I. where Hunt a nd -St urg is ,;ern a lleged to he present.
T hP d irel'tion from 1Yhicli th r :;hots ea1 11!' i:; C' l:tin1!'d to lit> sliowu 1>1·
the backward ant! le ftlrn rd mo1·<'11H'llt of P n•sidl'11 t K e11 ne1h's hod·,.
almost. in imediah•h· after IJl'ing ~r rnck 1>1· that h1111Pt. Takl'll tcw·dln·;.,
t hese pu rported f:~cts :tr<' cite~! as the l1;1sis for (l possiblr con~lusion
that. CL\ personnel participated in the assassinat ion of Pre;;ident
K<'nnecly. ant!, at h•ast inferentially, that th e CL\ it~l'lf was i11 rn\n•d.
The Commission staff i nn~stigatc>d t he S<;,.P ra \ C'lt•n 1cnts o f t hi:;
t lwory to .thC' c•xrent clN·nn' tl IH'l"t•ssan· to n~:-1 •:-s fa irlY tlw a lk o-atim1
of CI.\. par tiC'ipation in the :1ssa:;si 11 ar.ion. The fi1ul i n~~ of th at i 1~n·$ti ­
garion follo w.
Findings
I. The Allegation that Hunt and Sturgis ·w ere CIA Employees or
Agents in 1963
E . fimq1nl H u11t \,·as a n cm p ln)"l'l' of the C' f.\ in ?\01·e111l>e.r l!J(i:3.
H e hncl bct•n :\1t L•111 p loyr t> o f tl1e ( ' L\ fo r t1ia11y y<'ars bdon• t hat. a nd
he 1:011t in1 11•rl to Ill' as:;oci atcd wi t l1 I he CL\ unt il Ii i:; rNiri:nwnt in lHl1 >.
T liro11f!ho11t 1!)(;;~ 111• 1rns assignC'd to duty in " 'ash ington, }).( '., [ll' l'-
fnrmin!! work relat ing to propaga11rla 01wratiou,; in fo 1·<'ig-u <'Ollntril·~.
His cl11ti1·s i1wl11ded tran· I to sc·n·rnl oth el' <'it il's in tl11• r n.i.!:..c5.L"-\tatl',;.
•m not w a1 ' . · 1 . · 1 I ii"r- :--«iil tl rn7l':·iF.lf~.. l~r1:l ,~:it·l~.. h·i ~
fam i ly in t 1c. Yash'i"n.ito11. . ., mi•t rnpol l't:'1';;· -an~a· tl1 ro11gl1011t that
year. and his C'hi lclren att1·nded sc hool th<'n'.
~Fran k :->t 11rg is was not an <'m p loyet• or agent of thr ('I.\. e>i tl11·r in
106:: or at any other l i.ml'. H e :;o tcsti li1•cl under on th h im ~wlt', a ncl :1
searc h of CL\. records fail r cl to <lisconT nny eYid<'lll'l' th ;1t Ji,. liatl
cn r brPn e mpl oycll by thr C IA or h::t(l l•1·l' l' sen ·rd it a::; n11 ag1·11t. in-
formant or other operatil'c. Sturg is te~t ifi ed thnt hC' hncl h<'l'll cngag<'cl
i n Ynriou::; ;'n<hrnt11r<'s·: r<>lating to C uba 11·hif' lt In• o<'l inrd to h an~
hPe n or.!!a ni7.••d a1 ·t fina11('ecl hy th<' C-1.A. H e testified ~ h·J t he· :.,ad pi•: en
253
in fo rmat ion. d irectly anrl i nrl irN·tly, to fodt>ra l gonrn ment o fficials,
who, he uclir1·cd, WCI'!" act ing for t he C L\.. H e fu rther t estified, how-
c1·rr, t ha t at. no t ime die\ ht• Png-age in a ny acti1·ity hal"ing to do with
the assassin~tion of P resid1•llt K e nnedy. on hrhal f of the C:L\. or
ot her11·isr .
2. The Allegation That Hunt and Sturgis Were Together in
Dallas on the Day of th e Assassination
· Hu nt an d Sturg is trst ifil·ll 1mckr o:lth to me111hcl's o f th<' Comrnis-
sion staff. Th1•y both clcn iNl that t hey wer e in D allas on t he clay of the
nssnssi nation. II unt testified that h r. was in the '''as hingtQn, D.C.,
metrnpolitan arpa thrn11.!!·hout t hat clny. nn11 h is testi mony wa!:> sup-
po r ted U.}' two of his rhilclrP11 1 anu a for mer domest ic emp l oyee of tl 1e
Hunt fami ly. St 11rgi~ tl'stificcl t hat hc was in )f i;un i. F lol'icl:- , th rou~h ­
out the clay of t h e 11ssassi11 ntion, a111l his testimony 1rns suppo rted l.>y
tha t of his wi fr and a llt>plH•w of his wi f!'. T he nephe\\". wh o wa s t hrn
l il"ing wit h tl1<' St mg is fam ily, is now 11 practiring attorney in the>
:\[id west.
" 'itli tlw eXl'<'ption of th r domest ie !•111plo.n 'l' of the Hu nt family.
all wit11essrs directls supportin::r the p r cs<'n ce of Hunt and Stnrgis
in \Yash ingt on. D.C'., and ~Iia111i. Fl orid a. on thl' da y of th<' n ~sa !'si-
.--nation a n ' fa m il y nH·ntl11•J's or rc•lt\tin•s ...L<'s:i weiµ-ht 1·1111 bl' assig ned
to tl11• tt·stimony of sueh int!•n•st1·<1 wit tlC's.-.c•:-. if t lil' l'C' .is substanti al
c·,·ich,nrt• to t lw cont rary. In thl' al>sl'IH't• of su\;sta nt ial confl icting- e1·i-
<lP11c·c» ltowpwr. th<' t l'sti 111on ~· of family mcml>e>t~ cannot be clisrr-
gn nled.
H11nt testifies that .he hnd neYer met Fr::rnk S turgis before they were
i n trod ucecl by B erna rd Bn rker in :\fiam i in 1972. Sturgis test ified to
t ht' ;..nmc effed. 1·xrl·pt that hl' clicl not rl'l'al l w hPtl1 er t he introcluc-
ti011 hacl tak<' n phn·l· i11 Inti• l !Yil or c•arly Hll:L ~turgis fu rt her tcsti-
fic1l tlrni whil1• he hatl oft en henrcl of " Edua r do." a CL\. political
ollire r "·ho ha(l h l'en adi1·e i11 the work of the C'uun n RrYolut ionn.ry
Co1111cil in ~ [i a111 i prior to t hl• Hay of Pigs ope ra t ion in .\ pri I 1nfil.
hi· hacl nen•r n11't him and cl i<l not know 1111t il Hl"il oi"· 1!>12 that.
"fo:d11ardo" 'Y'I "
E. Jfmrnnl Ir 1111r. Sturgis hacl also lw<'n active in
- a11ti-Ca,.;tro gro u ps in tl1P :\fi ;1111i an•a he· fore· . d uring ancl af t<' r Hunt's
ass ign 111P11 t 011 tllC' political as p1·L·ts of tlw Hay o f Piµ:s proj ect in 1!)()0
ll !ld P:t rl .\" } fl(; ].
Ot l11•r t (·~t i rnony li nki·cl Jiunt to St11 r:.6s at a da tl' earl irr t han
1n1t. 01w w it1H•ss asserted t hat :-\t11 rgi3 is a 'f 1srmlony111: that his
1111 11\C' is Frank Fiorini; a1Hl that hl' look th<' namP Sturgis fr om a
fictional eltarneter ( Han k S t urgis) in n uorn1 writte n l>y Hunt ~ n
1 A "on " ' ho wn.s 11 111,. ~· ra rs o ld nt tho tlm• could not recall l\ h eth<>r h is parents were
0
present or nb ~ rnt t hnl tlay : the fourth (n od youngest) H unt ch ild "·ns not born then. :'ltrs.
Uu 11 t ::; rtOW l.! C1~,.n~C' •l

l!H9. (B im.i11i R1111). S turgis t estifil'cl l hat his 11ame a t. birth was Fran k
Angelo F io1·in i ; th a t his m ot hl• r··s maide n 11u nw was :\fary Vona ; t hat
h is fn t h pr "s tHlllH' \YaS Angelo Anthon y F io rin i : t hat h is parents wr rn
d i vorccll when h e was a ch i ld ; t h a ! Ji is m o t h e r s uuseq u r nt ly 1·c'm u tTil·<l
n. ma n named R alp h S turgis; a n<l t h a t a t h is m othe r's urg-in g he~
le nrral h• · chanrT '=' cd h is na nw in )forfolk . V irgi n ia . someti me i ll t h e 19:iO's.
t o takl' th e last nan1 e of his st rpfat h1'1·.
_\. st•:trclt of tli c• n• l1' rn11 t r·c11 1r t n·c·nrcl ~ rlisr: los1•d t ha t fl p<'t it ion was
tiled OIL S l•ptC'lllUt' l' :2:1. rn;;~, in t l11' Ci rc u it rou rt of the C it y of Nor-
folk ( Y i rgini:t ) pursu ant t o wlifrli a Frnnk .\. 111.!1' !0 F io r·i no p rt itioned
to change. h is n ame t o Fmnk .Anth ony Sturgis. The p·etition r ecited
tltat his nwt ht•r !tad dirnn·0d his fatl1<'t' aliout 1:) .n ars prcYi ousl:v a nd
!incl nHLtTiNl o ne Hal ph S cm gis. that he had lil'en l i \·ing with h is
rn oth l•r n il of his Jifo. th at h is m ot h e r wns k 110\\' n as ::\fn r y S turgi s,
ancl t h at his st0pfathc r a lso desirNl h im t o ehange his ml rne t o Stur-
gis . .An o rdH of the Conrt \m s entered o n Sep tembe r 23, Hl52 ( the
same date as t he p eti tion) ch anging h is irnnw t o Frank Anthony S t ur-
g i s. T h e o n l e r appears i n the r ecords of t h e Circui t Court o f the C ity
of Norfolk, V i rgin i a. In t he p etit ion n.nd the order relating to t h e
ch a nge of nam c. Fiol'i-ni was misspelled as F iorino.
In the light of t h i s d ocn rncntar y e vide n ce, no weig h t can h e given
t o t he l'l ::ii 111 that Sturgis t ook his 1n·es0 11t 11::11111• fro m 1\ ch aracte r i n
a JI1111t 110 \'el- or tha t t hl· na nw cli ::i n g-c was associated i n a ny wa y
with S tnrgis' kn owing Hnnt before 1971 o r 1D7~.
T hc pe r~onnl'l, pay roll aHd t rnn·J r eco r ds of t h0 ('L \. \\l' l'C' checked
w ith res pect t o R H oward Tinn t. Da il y att endan ce r!'c~onls for t lw
p 0!'i o1l a r<' no longer arnil nl>k• li1'cansl' t he y a r·e d est r oyed. i n th e ordi -
na ry conrsC' of t h l' _\.g-e11cy's records di s posa l system t.hreP years aftr 1·
romp ll't ion of the au clic for each y0:u. ·w h at reco r<l s remain , incl ucl inf!
ann ual lea\'<'. ;..iek k a\·0. a nd trn \·p] records, clisr \ose tha t H11 11t had
n o o ut-of-t own t rn\'cl associat ed wit h h is e mpl oymen t in the month
of NO\·embe r 1963. H e usNl no annu al lean' :1 11 11 t•l en~n h o urs o f sick
le;t \'l' in t h C' two-wet'k pay p er i od e nd in g X o \·e111bc t· ~3 . 1DG:3. T he
<'Xat't el a t e. 01· ela tes 0 11 wh ich t )J(' sic k lr<t Ye \\·as ta ke n <:o uld n ot b0
......,..'i\SCl'rta in cd . Then' is som<' ind iC'a t ion , lro1\'C' \'C'I'. tha t some of these
(•]e \·en h onr:-> of s ic k l0aw rnav h a\·c· hPPll takC'n hy H unt on Non~m ­
lir r ~2.
men. He testificcl t hat·. Oil t lh' aft C' l"ll OOll o f thnt day. he \\'aS
in t hP 1·0111p:rny o f h is wife an d fa m ily in t li <' \ ' ' aslri11g ton , D.C., arca .
rnt hc•r tlr nn at hi s 0mploynwn t d11t i 0~. Tlw t was a Fr irla y, a nd t h0n•-
fon• :r \\·o r king- day for Pmpl oyl'l'S nt the ('L \. Hnnt conld not recall
w h cthC' r h C" was on dut v wi t h the r.IA on the morn ing of that dny.
B rcnn!'P S turg is was .n eve r an agent 01.· em pl oy 0c o{ t hP CIA , t h r
_\~r ncy has no p ers01mel. payroll , lea \·e or trn\·01 record s relating to
h im.
255
I n exam ining t he charge that Hunt a nd S turg is wer e t oget her in
Da llas on the day o f t he assassi nati on: the innstigators we re hand i-
cnppccl by t h e fact that t.hc a lleg ation was fi rst made in Hl74, more t h an
.. tc' n y en. rs afte r t h t• assassin at ion . E\·icle ncc wh ich m ight ha\·e b een
n rn ilable at. a n ea rl ie r t ime was no lon ger ani lab le. C ontacts wi th
rela t in 'S. friPnds. n0ighbors or fcllO\\ employees (who might h ave
known of the whc rt' a bon ts of H u nt nnd S tu rg is on tha t p a r t icul a r day )
could not be reeallecl. Som e o f t h ese persons nre now d ead. Finally ,
reco rds which m ight ha,·e b ee n the sou rce of r ele vant inform a tion no
lon g er; exist.
/ _.. It ca n not be d et C't·rn i ne cl \Yi th cert ainty whe r e Hunt an d Sturgis
( uctua lly \1·er e on the clay of the a:;sussination. However, no credible evi-
\ c1ence was fou nd which would co ntrnclic:t thei r t estimony that t hey were
'· in ~Yashin gto n, D .C.r a nd ::-iiia rn i, F lo rid a , rC'sp ectivcly.
\.
3. Th e A llegation That Hunt and Sturgis Wer e Found Near th e
Scene of the Assassination and Taken to the Dallas County
Sheriff's Offi.ce
T h is a llegation is based u pon a pu rported re!?emblance b etwee n H unt
and S turgis . o n t he one h :rncl . and two pe rsons ' " h o we r e b rie fly taken
..
l
into c ustoch · in Dallas fo1l owing tlw assassination .
T he sho~titig of President K em{cd y occ ur red at abon~ 12 :30 p.m ..
D allas t imr. Oil x onmbe r 2:2. men. 11·lr i le the P reside nt ial m ot orcn.d e
was passi 11g D enley Plaza as it h eacled :r0.n crn lly west ward on E l m
Street. \\~i t nesses to t he shooti ng gaYe the p olice Ya r yi ng acco unt s of
whcr<' th c.\· t h oup:hl th0 shot ;; ha~! cornr from. 0 11 the bas is of t h e soun d
of t h e shots, som e b~l i encl that t hey had come fro m t he T c:)'. aS S chool
• Book Depo~itory build ing ( T SBD ) . w h ich was b ehind and s lig htly to
the right of Presirll·nt K rn 11e<ly whe n h e w as hi t . O t he rs th ought th c
shots h a cl co m<' from o t 111' 1· cli n •ct ion s. L a \\' en forcC'mC'nt officials unc10r-
standab ly condu ct ed a w icl esprc•ncl Sl'ard1 fo r e1·i(l Pn<'<l r0lat i11,!! to thC'
assnss ina t ion .
Scn ·ral h ours a f te r th0 sh ooting. officers of the D a ll as P olice D<'-
I •
pa r tnw n t ch<'c kccl a II m il roa d frC' i~ht. ra rs situat erl 011 t rac ks a nyn·he re
in th e \·ic in ih · of D ea lrY Plaza . . \. bo 11t s ix o r 0ight. pe rs ons, rC"frn·Nl
to as ::rl er0licts ." we re f~uncl in o r n r a1· tlr r frc ig-h t cars. Tl rC'se rw rsons
we re t.ak0n eit.hr r t o t lw 110a rby Da ll as C'ou n t y ShC' r ifl"s offi<:<'. o r t o the
Dallas Polic r D epn.1tnwn t. fo r q11Pst io11 ing".. \. II wr r<' 1·pJr as1'rl ,,·itho 11t.
uny a r rest. record bC'ing mad<', or any fi 11 ~t·rp1 · i n t i 11,!! or phot o_irrnph i ng
) I being don r. by t lw. nnthorit.iPs.
: ~
Amon g t h e six o r eigh t " d c r·el icts '' found in t hf' ,·icini t.y of t hr.
freight cars wern t hree me n w ho, acco rrl ing to t h0 a tw !>t ing- .otfic., rs.·
wer e fou n d in n boxcar nbo-u t one- h a lf mile south of t he scen e of the
assnssi.n a tion. Thc>y we re t a ken to the S h eriff's olnce by t h e D a ll :>.::<
 256
police officr rs. who '~a l kc-cl no rtll\rnrd along the rai l road c.ra cks ro a
poin t wrst of the Texas S chool Book D eposi t o ry , then north to
Houston Street n11d Lac k south to the Sheriff's office. This somewhat
circ uitous rout e was nct11 al ly tlH' most con,·enient. one arni lablr! ac-
cording to the Dal las poli{'.l'men . •\ s I.he police and th e ::derelicts"
passed t.h<' TSTID lmilcling ancl hend Nl for t h t• She ri ff's o ffi ce, t.hey
were photographe1l by Sl' \·1·ral pres." photogniphr r s on t-h<' scene.
Copies of fin~ o f t lu• p lwto.:..:rnphs s!to w·ing tht• ::dcrC'lic ts .. were sub-
mitted to the Com111 ission's staff as e vid en ce.
..:\. '~ihH'SS who Yoluntccrcd his t rstimony s tated o n th e bas is of
h eru -sny that the tltrce ' 1 d<'rrlict s~' in quest-ion were found in a box-
car si tuat0d to the near 11ol'flt1cf'8t of thC' assnssination scrtw, which
would lrn\·e been to thC' right front of tlw Pres iden t ial car at the time
of the shooting. l3rtwC'cn t lt r arr a in 'IThich tha t boxcar was claimed
by tlti s ,,·ittwss robe locatC'<l and that pn rt of Elm S tree t whe re t.he
assassinat ion occnr rerl \\US a ' ·grassy knol l."
Ir. was al lt'g erl by othe r witnessPs ( who " ere associated \Vith the
first witness and who a lso ,·ol untcC'tWl tes timony) that. n bullet fired
from the area oft hat :'grassy knoll" struc k President K ennedy in the
h ead. It. was a lso claime1l by thC' sam e wi tnesses that one of the.> three
photog raphed ': d e re.licts'~ b<'ars n ' ·1<t1·i k ing .. facial r esemblance t o E .
Howard H u nt and t hat anot li <' r of thC'111 bears a .:str iking'· facial
rese m b la nce to Frnuk Stnrgis. Finally. it was alleg ed t hat if those two
ud crclicts .. m~ re, in fa ct, Hunt. and Sturgis, and if t h 0 P_residPnt. \\aS
in fact strnck by a bullet firetl from his .right front, the CIA would
be ;;lt0\rn t.o be imp1it' atecl in the ki lling of Pr·esidl'l1t Kt•nnech-.
The photographs oft.h r ':den•l ic ts " in Dn llas lrnn» bt' r n co1;1pared
'ITith lltm1r.rous known photogi·aphs of TT11nt. and Sturgi s taken both
before:-. a nd a.ftc•r N O\·embcr 22. 1!)():3. E n 'n to n on-e xp0rts it a pp<' a red
that there 'l\as , at best , only n supcd icial resemblance between the
D all as .:ckrcl icts·' ancl Hunt and Sturgis. Tl!(' ·' d t' rclic t"' dlegt· clly
r esC' m b ling Hun t appeared to ue s ubs tantiall y olde r and s maller titan
Hunt.. T he '·der eli ct .. all eged ly resembl ing Sturgis appeared to be
thi 11nr1· I han Sturgis antl to ha\·(' facial fr a.turC'S and hair markecUy
different from those of Sturgis .
0
T he wit11l'SSl'S who t<'::;tifir cl to the "striking 1·i>sC'111bl a n t'c be tween
'
the " derelicts'· and Hunt and Stuq!is wc rl' not show·n to h:H·e any
•p ra lifi !'a t ion~ in p hoto i<l r nt i licati o n beyond that posst>ssed hy the
a\·e rnge lnymnn. Th eir testimony appr ars to ha,·e l10l'n based on n.
rompa r·ison of tlrn 1!)11~ plrotnf!rnplt s of tin• i;drreli cts " with n. single
107~ photograp h of Sturgis and two 1072 photographs of Hunt .
0Yrr fifty photogrhplis taken of Hunt and Sturgis both before ancl
nftH K onmue r 22, 1963, were submitted to the FBI photographic
laborn.tory for a comparison with all known photographs of the "der-
··1i ct~. :· (T b Fn'· ass~· tnhlcd :>. r o ;11pl0t1: srt ,-.f all ;1hot ··::> ra:ph·~ ,..,f
257
the .. ckrelids " taken by t he t hrer p hotog raphers lmo \rn to ha \ "t'
photogmphetl them. ) The comparison was matk by FBI _\.gent
L y nda! L. Sha11eyfolt. a n atio 11a\ly-recognized expe rt in phot o ide nti-
fkation a nd photo ana ly s is.
T hr rrport of . \. gent ShatH•yfcl c, em bodied in .~a~ R~P~)!.OJ.:~~Htcot""".t:>'­
Laboratory. d:itNl .\ pril 21. 107.). and s igned b_ C lar ence :JI. I\..ell<'y .
D i n·r to r of t hl' FBI. conrl mlecl th;lt ':n either , , un n o r
Frank ;-;1 ul'g is appea r· as auy of t he th1·ce (l<' rel icts· arrested in
Dall .ts! Tt•:rns , a::; s hown in t he p h ot og raphs s ubmitted .:·
"" 'ith res pect to Hunt. it was foun d t h at he ha d a mu ch younge r
rtppc•arn1H'C', :1 !:imOoth ancl tightl y contoured chin, and t't more nng11hr·
O I' poin tC'll c hin. romparc1l witl1 tlte .;llercli<' t' ' i 11 'lllC'Stion. Tlw lntl"<'r
was 11111clt olde r, hnd a c hin w ith prot ruding pon cht>s ancl a 111<wr4 t
b ulbo us nose ..
'n 'ith l'espect to ::3tmgis. e,·en more tl isting11is hing clrn.ractC'risties
\YC'l'<' obspn·<'cl. Sturgis lookNl like a Latin, whe r cn.s the ;'de relic t''
h a tl the gPnr rnl apprarn11 ce o f a Xorcl ic. Stur:ris \i;\cl \·cry b lack , wa,·y
hai r- an <l t he "de rel ict '' ltncl l ight or b loll(l nntl strai;!htr r· ha i r.
Sturgis hnd a rat h er round fa t•e w ith square chin lin rs ; the ;'dc rr l icf"
h n<.l an o\·al face with a more 1·otrndell c hi n . Stur)-'."is a n d thl' ·'dPre-
li ct'' h ad rn nrkedly diffr re nJ ra tios lirtwC'r n t he lrn gt!t nf th C'•r n 0c:<'s
an<l tlH' h r i ,,...
rrht of their fo i°·eheads. T l1t·.Y ;1lso had . tl ill'l•re11t ,•,u · and
n ose contours.
Hnnt is apprnximat<'ly fixe foe t nin r in c-hes tal l. a11cl Sturgis is ap -
prox i111atp\y fh·e f Pt' t. c]e,·rn in ch es t all. The FBI labora t ory maclC' n.n
011-s itr stmh in Dallas, using tht' <'<llllf'ras wi t h whi1·lt tlw p l1otoµ-rnplt s
of the ;; ckr~lic ts" wen• o riginally tak en: it conclll.-\t'tl front th0 study
that the .. cll'r clict"' alh•gPcll y rc:;<'mbling Tlllllt was :i l>ont fin• frr t. sc1·<·n
ind l('s tal l, a nc:l tlrat th e .:d ere li l'f. a llt•g-0clly rt'~P1 11 lil i n,!!' ~tur;.!iS """ ~
aho nt :.ix fr1•t t\\'O inch c:; tn l l. with a 0 11 1· inl"h m;1r;_!·i 11 for l'rror i11 1·nd1
tl i r0di011. Th e d i ffcrC' n<:r betwt'<'ll tlw lll'ighl ol' llH• f \\ O .. th•rpli(·b··
was thl'rC' fore abou t se\·<· n i11d ws. w li ih• tl1l' (l i !l'l•n·nL'l~ l>Ph n ·t·n H u nt's
h<'ight ancl th:lt of Stur gis is on ly al iout two ind1t•s .
Till' pholo~r:iph s of tlr<' " cl0r0lid s'" in Da ll as ha,·e lwC'n d ispla~· Nl
i11 \ ' Hl'i O llS 11 e1,·spapers i11 t i lt' rnitPcl Statrs. on national tekY isio!l
f>l"O/.!Ta111s . ;\lid in tlll' .\ pril 28, 1!)7.->. issne of J',• 11-.~ wefk magazi nP. H11t
110 wit nl'S:'C'S ha n • prO\·ickcl l<'Stimnny t h at Pith 0r of tl!t' '·dprelid s"'
,,·:1,.; 1wr-.;o u:d ly kt11J\\"ll t o h<' Hunt or Stnrg i~-a ncl 110 qu.il ifiP1l t'XP"' t
,,·as oll'c·n·d ro n i:t kc Sttl'h an iclen tifi r at ion.
i 4. Th e Allegation That President K ennedy W as S truck in the
i·
H ead by a Bullet Fired F rom His Right F ront
T hl' wittll'!'srs \\'ho presented evidence th<'y bel ie\·cd suffici"nt to
implicate the ('L\ in the ;1ssassinntion of President K ennedy p fnrE>d
 iJ.~ 'V£~'iilJ..;.11u1~ Ut lhL r\~.),~ ~~ U~AT tU.N

OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY

APPENDIX TO
HEARINGS
B B FOltE TUE

SELECT CO~I~IITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS

OF THE

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

XI XETY-FIFTII CO~GRESS

sECO:'\'n s1·:ss1ox

VOLUME VI
PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

)URCH l!li()

Prin ted for the use of the Select Committee on Assassinations

' .... . . ~ ·:. ;· .. _. ~ 1:,

- ·~· ... -j
...
r
.:

, ., -.;·;_. .._,
..:... " ,_
• , .4 •

., . - .=· .._ U.S. GO\'Elt:\~!E:\T PIUXTI:\G OFFICI·:

·....: . --:: ., : i '.-.
·, -: - .
~ 2-370 0 . WASUIXC>TO:\ : rnrn
..=·· · ... ;

.i
, . ~: .

- - -- - -- --- ··--- ---- --- · -------· - - - - - -- - -

.b'or snlc hy t h<' S11(l<'rlntrn1l('nt of llocumru ts. U.8. (;o,·crnmcnt l'rlnthu; Ollie<:
WnsLlni;tou. D.C. 20402
Stock :->o. 05'.?-ll70-0~tl77-1
 :l5U

e
I 655) Since p nncl p "f ~TO independent, rhr probnbiln.y ~i' nUl·
.clo1nly solccting a. group of sixt~c1;- f{;1nales ancl scvcn nudes \Vlth the
a:bove.-clcfi.nccl stntnt nl charncter1st1cs is even s1nallcr:
1

1'6 ~ = (l'o) (P~)

.. -·
~ " ~ ~ : '·~'
-
·F'raURE IV--HJ.-Spectutor's stature relat_iyc lo otllcr b:rstnnclcrs.
( G51) .Consi,~el' lh_en the null hypothesis that t1rn spcctatol' is actlllllly
on1y G;k inches 111 height. If so 1 11c. has 1nn1:1agcc1 to insert hirnscl f nn1ong
ni1 :ipparcntly random p;roup of 2:3 adults o[ whom 7 men ancl 1G
\Yon1cn nrc shorter than he. Snch an elfin arra.y 'vonlcl be unlikely to
congrcgn.tc through chnncc alone in clo,,·nto\Ylt Dallas Tex.
(6G2). 1\.ccorcling to _n, nation1Yic1c anthropo1nctric s1~rvcy of nclnlt
f\_1;icnca1;:s ~ondncted 1q 19GO-G2, :1rn ~necli:m licip;l1t of males was GS.3
l' 6 ~ = (.00102) (.00075)
l' 6 ~ = .0000007
In other words the odds nrc less than n million to one thnt"the spcc-
talol' is as short' as G4, inchcs-.Joscph ;\'.[iltccl''s rcpol"led stature.
( G5G) Fol' the snke of nrgurncnt, it mtt~' be ass1ni;ecl that the ~'1-inch
st:tturc record of Miltccl' understnlcs lns Lnrn height hy two rnchcs,
rnnking hi in GG inches t:n.11. ...'.\_ccorcling l:o the survey ciled n?~~e, nbo~tt
85 percent of: \Yornen nnc1 20 percent o_f ~nen arc 1ess Ui:u1 Gb in?l}es i.n
st:iturn. Using tho sumo :i[l[ll'oach dctndccl nbovc, the prnlmh1hty 1s
ns follo,rs:
=
Po., 9 (J:> 9 u'.5~ .. ) (P o... ~:5M":S1)
Po' 9 =(.074:J) (.0334)
Po., 9 =.0025
Stnlcd as odds, the chances are nhout 25 out of 100,000 that the spce-
t11to1· \\·ns ns short as GG inches.
(G57) J3y the same mclhocl it ca11 be shO\\'Jl that. the prolrnbility the
spectator ,,·ns :lt least. -/0 -inches in he:i~ht is 0.87. 'rhnt is 1 th~ odds nre
about D to l that he 11·ns as t:tll as cstimatecl from the strnct signs.
Oonclusions
(GiiS) J3y t"rn indcpcnclcul; tests, it can be shown thnt th~ spectator
alle"ccl to be ;\[illccr was subslantial11· tn llc1· tlrnn the M1ltccr's re-
pot·t'ccl hcig-ht or G-l±2 inches. The !il'st: 1;1cthoc~ prodclcs 11 height csti-
1nntc of about TO inches· throucrh con1par1::ion ,,~tth tho rcpo!'led d11uen-
sions o[ t\ro street sicrns sho\\~\ in the rnotorc:tdc. r_rhc. second de1non-
stralcs thnt. the prob';,bilit.y of the spectator's height falling within
tlH' ran11'(• lfi\ l'll ·Fat' ~\filtl'l't' is stn tisl ically rc1note.
0
.
( GiiD) ~Tho fint1 ing-s of both tests support llrn conclusion Ihat. the spcc-
tato1· was not ,Joseph -~Liltcc_i::_________

:i
'
rnchcs (lr3 ..> cm) and of females G2.D rnchcs (150.8 cm). Furthermore
abo~t 7 ~icrccnt of men. were nnclcl' 64, inches i11 hcigM: Appl'Oxi~
l.v G~ percent o~ adult te1rnclcs were shortC>l' than G4 mchcs. (921.)
eel cl1flcrcntly, 1f the spectator's stature was only G.J, inches· he
(e) The three tram7>s
1. INTHODUCTION

would ho shortcl' than abont D3 pel'ccnt of adult mc11 and 35 pcr~cnt (GGO) °fnuneclintcly nftcr the as~assination, ltt\Y enf~rce1n:nt oOicers
of ndnlt "'oincn. co1Hluct't•cl a searell of the nrca beluncl the' urn.SS\' knoll in \Yluch SPrl'rnl
(G:j3) As aclnl_t sh1turc is nonna\ly clistt·ibutccl, the prnbnbilily of rni11·on<l boxears \Yero situated. r\..s n re.Sult Or t"l1is search, approxi.-
rnncloinl.r Sl•lcct1ng n. group of lG aclnlt \Y01ncn shorter than G-linchcs n1nh_•ly six to eight. pPrsons \\•ho appcnred to Uc derelicts "·cro tnken
from the general populntion iy ns follows: cillu'r lo the ncnrby" Dallas County Sheriff's ollice, or to Che l)n\las
Police l)eparhnent .for ('\lH'Stioning. 1\.11 \Ycrc rclcnsecl \\'ithouL hclll_!!:
J'".19 (.G5) 1a
td5d1 .. =C1d, Id book:rcl 1 finctc.11·pr:intetlor photogrnphccl. (flg2) 1\111ong these ':clcreJictsn
=.00102 or :1bout l in LOOO. \\
0
l'l'C three ~1C1t "'\vho 1 nccording to the arresting oflirrrs1 had been 1'01~1Hl
(G54)_ The )H obnbility of r:inclomly selecting- n grnup of sc1'l'J\
0 i.n rt hoxcnr approxi1nntcly one-half 1nilc south of the nssnssinnJ.1on
1\.n1er1can 1ncn) four of 1vho1n nrc less t.han G± inches i11 height is as scene. (;J93) As the police led the three derelicts through Denley J>lnzn
follows: · to the. sheriff's ollicc, they were phologl'apl1cc1 by scvcrnl press pho-
tog-1·nplu•rfi. (!'2&4) . . . ,..
c,.
p O' ,,,.... $1 = ,(.07)' (.93) 3 +c, .•
{.07) 3 (.03)' + c, •(.07)' (.93) + c, - (07)' (GGl) ·when nllcgalions of n CIA conncchon w1U1 ]>1:es1clcnt hen-
=.00075, or nbout 75 in 100,000. ' ·' nPlly:s {1l'at.h e1nl'1"1rPd in llH• \"l':trs folio\\·ing- tllC•, ns~ns:>111at1on, Lhe,:.;c
pho.to~1·:1phs l'ccci~·d \Yide p1lhlicity in Jl('.\\·spnpcrs, tC'h•,·ision and in
 • • ..
258
/
thr. April ~>R, 1!l7!'i iss11C' of NC'wswrr k mng-ni1w. (f!:J:}) Tt was cl:iimcd • ·'
' ,,
lhnt t wo of lhr <lC'rC'lids or "tramps," ns thrY lt:icl 1·n111<' lo ho c:tllc<l,
born striking r rsrmhlnncC'S to 'Yat r q.rnk h11i·glnrs E . Ho ward Hunt•
nnd Frnnk Stnqris rrspC'ctinly. (f33C) All<'g-ntions h:wC' hrrn mnclc
thn.t. Hu nt, who hnrl hcC'n n CIA rmpl oyr r in ]!Hi~, St11rg-is. ~d 1 0 , while
Hot. nn ru1plo.\·r1>, ·liatl Jipc•n involn·1l in C" l .\ -rPl:itNl nr t i,·itif's. had bC'en
to:r<'lh l' r in Dallns 011 N owmhr r 2~. lflf)~ :i ntl ha il participntecl in the
nssnssinnt.ion ns pn rt of a CI A ronspi I'll<'.\'. (23t)
(G<l~) h j!)'j:i th r• Ho«lw f1•lkr ('n1 11 111issio11 . ill\'l':-:ti!.!""ting GIA nr-
ti ,·it irs ,,- jf hin 1lw 1-nit·rrl Stah•s :1n1l :11l1•g11tinns <'ntH'P1·11 i11g CL\. com-
pli<'il«y in ll11• K 1·mw•h· :1ssn ss i11 :1fi o1 1. rr.•q11Pf' tr<l !h0 FTH to rompnrr
known phnh1grnphs of Tf11 11 t and Sh1rgi:-:, lnk<'n Jl(•:n fl H' tinw of tlH'
nssnssinnf ion . with photograpl1s o f tl l!' t r:nnp:-: 1':\l'h w: i ,.: sairl to rc-
sC'ml>lc'. ( ~;N?) Af !rr a pl1ntngJ'J l}d :i · ·1.11nl y:-- i" nf f:wi:1 l :111<1 stnt urnl
clw rnd (' I' isl i1·s 0 f t lw 111<'11 i 11 I 1111 ·~I ie11 I. I I11 • F H I \' Jll l<'l 111 lr·d I hat. " nri t her
F,. H oward H unt nor Frn nk Sl 11 rgis np pcar as nny of thP three 'r1cre-
lirls1 nrrrc::fr<l in D:illns, T Px .• :is sl1m\'ll in tlw phnl o!!rn ph,; ,;nhm\ttrd."
(:J3.'J) Tn rrspom=n fo tl w 1!l7!'i Nr\l'sWrC'k story. lh<' CI.\. also c·omlndC'd
n phys iolog iC'al cmupnrison of th<' 1 funt and ~t 11q.!is pl1otogrnphs with
I I 1·h<' t rnmp photogrnplis 1 a nd rraclwcl tl1<• sn nll' 1·011 cl11sio11 as tho FBI.
( f1.7f) )
(GI>~) NPvf'l'thC'lrss, '\Ynrrrn ('01 11111 is'-'ion n it ic-s s t ill ,·ir·w this is.'illC'
ns 1111rC'soh·Nl :incl thC' irlr nt it~- of tlH' t hr<·r I rarnps is --1·ill l'f'!!arrlrcl as
an i111 port:111t p:1rt o f t lll' 1·011..:pi rar '.\' tlwnri1•.... (.?.?/) 1 11 nclcl ition to
tlH• 1T11 nt . :111cl ~ I nn.! i~ r·on 1wd i111 1. th rc•p ot !11 r intli1·id11:tl:-:. T hnmns
Vn ll<'r. F rNl T,0P, Chrisrn :i n, :t lJ(l Dan ie•! (':s r:"wr ·l l. " ·Jin h;n·f' hrrn
11a1 nr1l ns possibl e ro-ro11 spirat ors. l1 :11·r hr Pn :-:11 g£rr'.~ t r>1l as likPl ,V trn mp
rn ncl i<latrs ..
(Ml-I·) fn nn :d t1•m pt lo i1k11! i fy 01· 1•xc•l1td <' I l 1111 t. SI 111'!.!i s nn d t hrse
I'.
''
othr1· incli1·icl11al s as !/Ill' o f til t• ilrrPlid s arr<•!- trd li1· I he• nail as Policl'
J)1' pnrlmrnt. for<'nsir nnthmpoln$!i sts wrrr askrrl t~ 1•xnininr nml com
pnrl'. photographs of t]1C'. t rnmps nnd thr sllSJH'C't Nl in cli,·i1lnnls.

(<i<l:i ) f'an 11 nv of t h r~r. incli ,·irl uals lw po:.: it in•ly i<lrn tifirrl or <'X·
r.ludr 1l as onC' of t.hc t.hre1~ 1rnnq1s1
:l . )f,\Tt: Rl.\!.S

((ili<i ) TIU'('(' frmn7>s. -.\. Sl'l'il'S o r ~ hy 10 hlac·k nncl wh ite· rop_• prints
rl<'pictin::r ono or more of the trnmps \l'C' rr r xa111 i11 <'lf. (Sr1· figs. I V-fiO-
IV- 5<1.) ThC'so \\Cl'!'. t aknn b>· pr<'ss pholo~rnpl1 rrs n=- thr cl,.tain<'C' •
wero bcin,Q' esr.ort C'd through D rnl<'>. Plnzn hy Dal las pol irr officers. A
n umber of <'nln.rgernents of th<' hrads of th r thrC'r in1l iYidunls "ere
a lso p rovided. ·
(GCl7) Photographs of th<' following indi,·iclunls wrr r pxnrninrrl and
c.o mpnrrcl wit.ht.hose of thr trnrnps:
(GCT8) Drmfrl 0 f11•s11·r7l.-Two 11hotoirrnphs. one nn 8 h,r 10 hlnrk nnrl
\\'l1i t·r. lnt r rnl vir w (rn6:l) nncl nw ol'l1c r n 0 hy 0 rol or frontal ,·ie\\
(1 !llifl), wrrn rrvicwrcl.
((j{)!)) F'rrrl T,rr. Ohrismn11.---'l'h r onlr :l\·ail :rhle phnlogrnph "·r.s n
sin~lr. 1mcb tNl hlaek a111l wh it o Rhy 10 p'rint.
 •
®ffirl' uf tl1l' _1\ttun1r2 ®rnrrrrl
•
llJ usqingtnn, 8. ill. 2053 ll
SEP 4 1979

Mr. Alan Jules Weberman

Independent Research Associates
6 Bleecker Street !.:. :.~~··"
New York City, New York 10012 f~i'Jf;.'.r
r.c=w._..
Dear Mr. Weberman:

Attorney General Civiletti bas asked me to thank you for YOUI'

recent letter enclosing a copy of a biography of Jack Ruby you compiled
from documents released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation under the
Freedom of Info1·mation Act.
Your interest and concern are appreciated. You may be sure
that all available materials will be carefully considered as the Final
Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations is reviewed.
---···
Sincerely,

(;) /; _J- ·D 'J/ .,

/'\ o-.-U..e..-vc ./- · // ,:.,, ,.,_;-....._,
Robert L. Keuch
Special Counsel to the
Attorney General
".' •:; .. ~
_-*-~~~.,·

• >
I
I·· ; .
... ·4 •.•

~ ...:::...:·'.\...- '
..... .

OTHER LO RD & T AY LOR STORES
Manhasset , L.I.
Garden C i t y, L .I .
West ches1er . N. Y .
516 627-3000
516 742-7000
914 72 3·7700
Mi ll burn. N .J . 201 376 -4400
Ridgewood-
Para mus , N.J .
Stamford, Co n n .
Lor tC 5<)(.1'1111 • . - - - - ..· - 781- 49 08
Lora Cmrdo \tirm 11; • - - - -781- 1512
Loro Glori• N M11 ~ I I'll IC - - - EN 9--0629
LORA JEWELERS INC . Lorch £rnul H '.!J""1f .. 1[011A v - -AT 9- 2306
l <:rlC.:.·1>1 226- 2647
Lon Jewelers Inc l 'i!.11....-,:-. ~1 - • • 925-6204
lo1:s Juan . :.: I ~t i"i..-ho•••-.A1 .. . . . 795'-4068
l.:.r~ JuJn 8 J4 L«-11-::t1.:.\' - - ... - 927-5837
Loral uis l :.\1·> tr\' ~ r - -- .. ... ZJ( -4341
Loraluz Mn l l J "7-· • · - · - -LVS- 7777
LO<' M l ~of'll•,_ I · . ... ·- .. - 94 2-0791
Lo ra M ' .: '•'lM!•H~11nl;m - - - - - 781-229 1
Lo" Mor i• S; 1 w: IJ - . - - - • 86~2 899
Lon Morla ~r:7Wlc4
Lera Meretdt\ :Y.1JHroomi1
- - - -- M0~7979
- - -966~184
loro Mleuel Ovldio 6 1 WI06 - ·- -222-21 62
Lora Minely •J2 W;IJ.1 - .• - - - - 942-2013
l oro R•hel 2 1Ar<l<n • - - - - - 569-3557
Lora R•rnon S>5 wI 7J - - - - - - 568-6390
Lora R•mon Anlonio 114WI09 - -851)-3815
l or1 Roir Ortu Co rp :·iY.JW J~ - - 279-7394
lo.., 5•1vodor J ?o l)7 - - - - - RE 4-45 44
l ou Tolilo ·,,~ ,,ii, · - -.. -
- 795-1836
LonY ieLC." ' •~•'t f,M -----CH2-3403
l arabe-t Ente:rpns.t' •nt ~KJu SAv - 757-1640
Lone Co 6Muri1 · • • - - - 732-17 95
Lone Colnc '3lt."~ 5". - ·· • ·· - MU 6 .. 7383
lor1c Orl1tn1/ Oreue:s tn c
J40)B.,oy 73~482
lonh Nell e tv I ~ · · - - - - - - 128-1967
Lortin• Card•LGlh S hop Inc
:;II E23 982- 5279
l or,int Jaye J ;.o ~':i4 - - - - • - 989-4508
Loni Corp " " .. ~,, WJ3~, .. - - 697-1105
Loral £1~ctronlc S)'iltm!t
<h•Cflo r ;oi l Ct.l~-
b t!C ll.ar i. 1 1 1r,~ & Rcst arch
'199Cenv.1:PJr •.Av Yo~rs - - 914 968-2500
Mf,e& Cl!""';,u"'°J
al.5 RronxR1"¥t rAY 8J1; 842-9500
Loralyn Collon• Inc I '.f.>OBway
Loran M SS C;.,wl•. Terr
Loron Ntll y ~Ov;i (J8
-- - - - 791-5915
- .. - - ••
la r1nu Grocry iCtJ w:39 -· - - - AU 6--4360
lorind RhodJ L Pr10
Lo..,nd Rhod1 L PhD
40:'nlrl f'I< S ,PL3-2659
1:10cn1rl f'llS CO 5- 3850
Lor•nd Sondor M!J •or... 1r11'1!S - Pl 3-2846
LorondSlevtn 16$(6/i - - - - - 472-9310
LmncPt1r r ll~a mnA• - - - - L07-5J66
LorJnl W•nd1 b 1440Bway - - - 391-1474
Loranao Clarance 462w1s1 - - -281-1873
Lo..,n1e ENz M" 462Vli51 - - - 281-1873
L'Onnattle In<: 1?20ParkA• - - - 87~51 73
l ' Onn1erht Inc inlr decor
1050Par•Av 427-1940
LORANH CASTO CORP
208 W19 LA 4~953
lorantHu10 200£7 1 - - - - -- RH4-4112
Lor>y Jwlr1· Mis Co 93N•"" - - - 349-1 949
Lo,,yno H1<ry 62 Jr.o< - - - - - - 989-5694
Lorbotr Al11 :;15E80 - - - - - - RE 4-1405
lorborr Alex pol•ht 4 W47 - - - JU 2-4073
l orl><r .a. 22Cornoh •· - - - - - - 924-5491
Lorl>rr A 62~Wrn£o"1A• - - - · - 362-4217
Lorber Abt !.O'G•ond - - - - - OR 3-3104
lorl><r Al• n 414 £52 - - - - - - - 751-33"7
Lor brr A1un dr 2"6 'IVSIEr.dAv .: -124-380 3
lorl>tr Chari" F l~BW57 - - - -26!>-5287
Lorbe r D M• l11n 2~ lll6 - - .. - -722- 1635
lorbrr( 27f.1 3 - ... - · - - -- -242- 1902
Lorl>tr f I l WCh,imbo<> - - - - - 349-8471
L• rbtr Fri ed• L ?.20CM1rJI Pies - 581- 3824
l ot ber frltdJ l !wyr
I :J•i'"i Av1.11uc~tN~t~C i.I S 58 6.-3222
Lorr.er HJrry "
'11 -07Cr~scr-11 -. 1Cty
lorbu Htnry l& l ~r., - - - - - 254-499 0
Lorber Henry 2~5(63 - - - - - - 371-3248
Lorlitr Ho...,d l IM M.cOov~•I -47!>-3437
L0<1JerJ 215£68 .. .. - - - - -- - 988-6270
lorbttJohn J 1lJStyvm10vl - ·- -777-413 6
Lorber Jud l1h 3 1S U.; - - - - - -689-215 5
Lorber l1anud Auoc:s
420N rl hrn Blv1 ; C11 Nk - - - - !116 466-1131
Lorbor Lllli•n Mrs •oi;h"tphr - - CH 2-2964
lorb•r Lo rulM JOHr.;ra110 - - - - 243-5169
lorbrrM•rtln A b l'.>s:lOway --594- 2980
lorber Mlrnl Mrs 311 1 Bwa, - - UN ~1 60
Lorber Morrl1 cl rt prn £-OCntr
Lor bar Novell) Colnc 307WJ3 - .. 563-1515
Lorb er P 0 1l• ni~1P.,," - -- · ·· GR 7--469&
larbu R ~J Un111r~t~PI - - - - - •• .. 47 >--0227
lorhtr R ~ Unhs 11 Pt - - - - - - 47 ~227
Lorber Re.:.lty 4 u oc-iattt
~,:1(.t-..·t.111UI lt"U,"\llfN J • - - 201871--40 85
Lorber Rk:h~rd 'J l\'199 - ·.. - 666-8Ll 3
Lotbtr S / '/li t. . 691-7514
Lorbtrb1L11n J ,\ r.H sa · - • - ... 759-2 779
l orberbau m Ruth C 1."'<JW8~ - - TR 3--42 60
l orberfold M.uv~n Inc lV\\ -'I - . 57S-9 560
lurcJ lU.a"u JI.JI• \',' ''' - • - • 6 66- 3409 Lord M.Jnar,t llMnl Corp
l'l1C• Hlitt1CI :? ·l WhJJ - - - · · - 950-87 6~
l urn fr.111<.hco CArciai • S.t 1<1~ 1):" 662 -0288 l ord Mu ta):mnt Cot'p 11 -~t
t orc1 f r.:dcti< " C : ! '( : • .i., 512-6080
Lr,rc1C1.104!!,i.tri r . ··.: • 254-47·11 lord Milrio,.. -.t,.:t \'/\l K
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 •
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
• I
I
I
f.•
for the

SOUTrfl,ERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA, MIAMI DIVISION

Civil Action File No 76-1252-Civ-PP

E. HOWARD ~UNT, JR.,

L
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,Plaintiff,

DEPOSITION OF
r
! .

VICTOR J. WALTER
I,
l THE THIRD PRESS--JOSEPH OKPAKU f
.,
''-'
PUBLISHING CO., INC., a New York i
Vo corporation, and JOSEPH OKPAKU,
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I MICHAEL CANFIELD, ALAN J. WEDER-
'/
j;: MAN and MARIA GRACIA FELICIAl•lD, I·

l
:''('.,i<: Defendants.
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,.,
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'"" 350 Lincoln Road, Suite 422

lf ·~ .,_.,,

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i

APPEARAHCES
M'iarni Beach, Florida 3313 0
Friday, 1:00 p.m.
February 3, 1978

W'
!~ ELLIS S. RUBIN, ESQ.
165 N. E. 26 Terrace
Miami, Florida 33137 Also Present:
. ~'
I

ltr 'i

I~
Attorney for Plaintiff Alan J. !Veberman
1.•
Defendant
!•_1,:, MAP.K J. FRIEDMAN, ESQ.
350 Lincoln Road, Suite 422
Miami Beach, Florida 33139
Attorney for Defendant Weberman

·L1rrir. Janr. tlnl l.rnd

fiilinnu.1! {nurf Rr.pnrt~r
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1800 JL tO. 24 flue., tlpt. 8~0
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I

Q Do you reme1~ber Mr. Weberman giving you a

document indicating that the Secret Service was warned

about Oswals

A Yes, I do remember; there was a document.

Q Were these- CIA documents; if you remember.

A I can't remember which specific agency --

I
'I I remember there was --

I '
!i your memory?
Q If you ·saw the document, it would refresh

I
A That's correct .
•
\ Q Would you ponsider Mr. Weberman as being
·i a person who h-s furnished you with valuable information

''l
·t
in the past?

A I would say that certain information from

Mr. Weberman has proved to be credible.

Q Would you consider hi m to be a conscien-

tious researcher?

A I would say in regard to his research and

.background, as far as the Kennedy assassination goes, he

;i
has a lot of information compiled.
•I

Q Did you furnish Mr. Hunt with any informa-

tion concerning Mr. Weberrnan's knowledge of Marita

" Lorens -- Mr. Weberman's meeting with Marita Lorens prior

to October --

A Sorry .
. "
,.
I
 v

INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSASSINATION

OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY

HEARINGS
BEFORE THE

SELECT COll'IMITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS

OF THE

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

XIKETY-FIFTH CONGRESS
i'ECOXD ::>ESSIOX

SEl'TE)llnm 22, 25, AXD 26, 197R

VOLUME IV

l'ri11ted fo r th(• use of t he !-;eleet Committee 0 11 .\ssus~i11atlo11s

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 ' -·
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The commit b '~ asked the anthropology panel to compare the AP

photo with pidu:-cs of Lovelady and pictures of Oswald, and to try
to come to a dec is ion as to which one it is.
'
·I
\I
•
...
'' .

,,
t

Now on the two other photographic issues that w ill be addre~sed

'.
~ .. ,,
1 by the anthropology pa nel. Shortly after the assass ination , an
. ·:'.~ .,,, arrest was m ade by Da llas police of three shabbi ly dres::;ed men
who had been discovered in a ra ilroad car not for from the grassy
·; ,• knoll that was t.o becom e fam ous for the fact t hat m a ny witnesses
thought they h ad h eard s hots com ing from its vicinity .
.. Press photos were taken of the tram ps. as t hey came to be called,
and publi cation of the photos caused rnnsidernbll' controve rsy, es-
pecially since lhe. tra mps had been released wilhout being booked
or otherwise ide ntified. For years the " tramps" photos we re little
more tha n conversation pi eces, but in 1975, in a book called "Coup
d'Etat in Ame rica," Michael Cran field and Ala n ,J. Webermann
proposed that two of these three tramps were none other than
H oward Hunt a nd Frank Sturgis who had been involved in the
Watergate prosecut ions. An identification of the thi rd tramp, one
··. who has earned the nickname "Frenchy" due to the European look
• ~ f • '
1 ·•
of the cut of his clothing, has a lso been suggested by cr itics con-
' ' necting him to individua ls whose names have come up in private
I '
,,
·! investigations. Critics have dug up another AP photo taken on the
date of the assassination a nd found a n elderly white-haire d man
t hey alleged to be a well-known right-winger named Joseph Mil-
teer. I n a tape recording of a conversation with a police under cover
! • agent in Mia mi on November 9, Hl63, Milteer was heard explaining
how an assassi nation of President Kennedy could be accom plis hed:
Milteer: From nn office building with a high-powered rifl e.
Informant: They ure "real ly g-oi ng. to try to kill him?

.,
..,
.... ' ! :·
Milteer: Oh. yes, its in the workin g .
Milt eer, who is now deceased, was questioned by the FB l out was
~·~ : neve r known to be a n actua l suspect in the Kennedy assassination .
he im lica tions of these questions is enormous, about a Wa tergate
burg lary a n a orme r ong- .1me ce r w o di rected the 1972
.. i break-in might ha ve been involved in the assassi nation or that a
milita nt conservative who had talked of kill ing President Kennedy
\ ··· was sta nding along t.he motllrcade route. These implications are, of
cou rse, of a conspiracy. The com mittee t he refore asked its panel of
anthropologists to compa re t he photos in quest ion with known
phot "S of the men they a llege to show.
The me mbe rs of the a nthropology panel are Ellis Ke rley , profes-
sor of a n thropology, Unive rsity of Mar yla nd; Steven Rosen , asso-
ciate professor of an thropology, Uni versity of Ma ryland; Clyde
Collis Snow, Ch ie f of Physical Anthropol ogy Research, Civil Aero-
medica l Ins titute, Federal Aviation Administration Aeronau t ical
Center , Oklahoma City, Okla.
Dr. Snow, who wi ll be our witn ess t his morning, received a B.S.
degree in zoology from E ristern N ew Mexico Unive rsi ty in 1950, a n
M.S. in zoology from Texas Unive rs ity in 1!)55, and a Ph. D. deg ree
I.
in physical a nthropology from the U nive rs ity of Arizon a in 1%7.
·~r It would be a ppro pria te at this lim e, Mr. Chairman, to call Dr.
.»!..,, Snow .
.:·
1 Chairma n STOK l·:s. The co mmittee calls Dr. S now .
 •
TIME
TUH WEJtlt.LY NEWS MAOAZtNJS:
•
TIM E IS. L I F" E
ROCK E ~ ~~LER

NEW VOJqt( 10 0 20

(2 12) .JU 15- 12 12

BU I L DING

C EN T ER

DEFENDANT'S ATTACHMENT '.;o / n-j ~o

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(212).N?- tJtJtJI (21.PJ o-1w-.Jo()tJ

October 23, 1980

HONORABLE EDWARD B. DAVIS

united States District Court Judge
Southern District of Florida

Dear Judge Da.v is:

I am writing this letter on behalf of Mr. A.J. Weberman. Prior to

entering into private practice, I was an Assistant Corporation Counsel for the
City of New York. While I was so employed I was assigned the defense of two
New York City police detectives in a case brought on by Frank Sturgis,
alleging a violation of his Civil Rights, False Arrest and various other tort .
claims stemming out of the arrest of Frank Sturgis on October 31st, 1977.

Prior to the commencment of the trial of this action and sometime during
the Pre-Trial Discovery stage I left the employ of the City. Prior to my
having left the City of New York, I was assisted in the preparation of the
defense of this case by various investigators in the New York City Police
Department. One of my investigators located an article in a newspaper by the
name of the "Yipster Times". The editor of this particular newspaper was one
A.J. Weberman. The article appeared to be relevant to the defense of the two
detectives in the Frank Sturgis case. I requested that one of my investigators
locate Mr. Weberman and he in turn voluntarily came down to police headquarters
in New York City.

I learned at that time from Mr. Weberman that he was a reseacher and had
done extensive research into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
On subsequent meetings he presented us with various materials that he had
obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, copies of publications of
congressional Hearings and various other articles that he apparently obtained
from numerous types of newspapers and periodicals. It was obvious from
speaking with him and from the materials he supplied he was actively engaged
as a researcher. Additionally, in response to our request he presented my

/ - -- - - - - - -- - --=--'------" - -- -

ATTACHMENT FF
 • ~~F
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(.!/2)1'2 7- tJtJtJI J
( 2/2 o.lW-.JotJtJ

HONORABLE EDWARD B. DAVIS October 23, 1980

Page 2

·. staff with a copy of a book that he had authored with one Michael Canfield
which dealt with the assassination of John F. Kennedy. We were most appreciative
for his help, which we requested. It should be made clear that Mr. Weberman
never approached us, we searched him out and availed ourselves of the cumulative
knowledge he had gained from his apparent years of extensive research on the
issue of the John F. Kennedy assassination and his general research into the
Governmental workings of our country. I might add that myself and my staff
were all duly impressed by his thoroughness and at his apparent active and
full investigative abilities and results.

Very truly yours,

/~
:,·
--1-·
\
Bruce Evan Stahl

BES/dab
 CBS
NE\VS
A D1v1sion of CBS Inc.
• •
524 West 57 SI re el
NewYork. New York 10019
(212) 975-4321

October 22, 19&)

To Whom it may concern:

I have known A . J. Weberman for the better pa.rt of five yea.rs and have found him

to be a deligient and conscientious researcher. His intentions, fran what I have

known, have been in trying to find stories and information that would make

America a better :place for a:u of us to live. Toward that end, Mr. Weberman

has been a credit to us a:u.

Sineerely,

ATTACHMENT GG

Ira Rosen
 DOWN WITH ..i ~~ - · Readers Pick
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NOVEMBER 1980 $1.75

A Top US Government Investigator,

Fed Up with Bureaucratic Charadr
Breaks His Oath of Silence to Rev ;:tn,,. r G-
What Insiders Know About the v~ v
Murder of John F. Kennedy.
His Story Starts with a Cuban Ten·onst,
The Trail Leads to
------r-
Washington, an
Elusive Spymaster
Becomes the Key,
But Then the
Government Stops
the Investigation.
What Will It Take, He Asks,
,, to Find Out What Really Happened
on November 22, 1963 ?
who did was a De mocratic cong. an kcr wo~ld have suspected of leading h i. . ::· ..,- ~:~ ..•
~om Florida , Paul Rogers. Citing "se- on a wild-goose chase. t. ·. ··1 .:: '
rio us kink s in o ur intel ligence syste m, '' The chase began almost immediately ~ .·~ . ..i · ·~~~~~

Rogers called for a joint congressional
committee to oversee the CIA. · ·And
what proof have we," asked Rogers,
·'that this Agency, which in many re-
s pects has the power to preempt forei gn
policy. is no t actually exercis ing thi s
powe r through practices which arc.con-
tradictory to the estab lished policy ob-
jectives o f this government?"
That was in February 1963 . That
m o nth, in. Dallas. u czarist Russ ian
emigrc~ world traveler, and fom1er French
intelligence operat ive named George uc
Mohrenschildt decided to give a dinner
party . He invited a young couple, Lee
and Marina Oswald. who had returned
from Russia the previous summer.
Twelve years late r. with the call from
Senator Schweike r. I began an odyssey distrusted Oswald. kept watch on him.
into the Kennedy assassination that would
be far mo re revea ling that I ever antic-
ipated . It was a journey into a ma7.e that
had g rown. over the years, to bewilder-
ing proportions. Yet what emerged were
similar images a lo ng many of the path-
ways. an indicati on-often only gossa-
mcr--0f a concealed thread emanating
from a common spool.
For ins tan ce, one of the first leads Schweiker checked the Fill files. he found
Schweiker asked me to check out came
from a source he considered impecc able:
Clare Boothe Luce. One of the wealthi-
est women in the world, widow of the
fo under of the Time Inc. publishing em-
pire, a former congresswoman , and US
ambassador to Ita ly. C lare Boothe Luce
was the las t person in the world Schwei-
·• .
afte r Schweiker announced the · forma- ' ""'
lion of the Kennelly assassination sub- ~.:
committee. He was wis ited by Washing- . M
to n re porter Vera G laser, who told him
s he had just inte rviewe d Clare Boothe
Luce and that Luce had g iven her in-
formation rela ting to the assassi natio n.
Schweiker called Luce, who confirmed
the story she had told Glaser.
Luce c laimed that in the earl y ' 60s she
had financially s upported an anti-Castro
C uban gro up running guerriila raids into
C uba from Mi ami . On the evening of
the Kennedy a ssass ination. she received
a call from one of the members of the
group , who tole! her that Oswald had
tried to penetrate his organ ization and
had offered -his services as a potential
Castro assassin. He said that his group
and eventually penetrated a Communist
ce ll where . Oswald was tape-recorded
bragging about being, as Luce reported
it, '·the g reatest sho t in the world with Did C lare Boothe Luce throw red
a te lescopic rin e . " herrings in the path or assassination
Luce said s he told her caller- whose inves tiga tors? Luce had s trong tics
name. she told Schweiker. was "some- to the CIA, a nd m any fruitless
th ing like" Julio Fernandez-to tell the hours were consumed tracking down
FBI about the incident. However. when leads she had given to the
investigative staff.
no repo rt o f any such incident. There
was u recoru o f Oswald havin g ap- kcr thought , was worth c heck ing out.
proached an anti -Cas tro leader in New 1 spent weeks- in Miami . New Or-
Orleans and then s ubsequently getting lea ns. and eve n Pennsy lvania and New
into a street squ abb le with him when the York-attempting to locate this "Jul io
leader saw him di stri buting pro-Castro Fernandez ." To no avail. Later. with
leaflets. but Luce's sto ry was embroi- broader access 10 informatio n as an in-
dered with different details and, Schwei- vesti gato r fo r the Ho use Select Com-
mittee on Assassinations. I d iscovered
why I could not fine.I the right Julio Fer-
nandez: The name. us Luce co ld then-
C IA Directo r William Colby. with whom
she was in touch ut the time, was a con-
cocti on she had made up for Schweike r.
Later, I interviewed Luce at her pent-
house apartment at the Watergate and
told her that her story reminded me of
un Oswald incident in New Orleans in
which he showed up at the sto re of an
anti-Castro leader and volun teered his
services . Luce sa id: "Why, yes. that' s
the same type of thing that happened to
.my boys."
I I When I walked o ut of the Watergate

-...
late that afternoon. I knew o nly one thing
fo r sure: An awful lot of time had been
·-~ spent checking out Luce' s s tory and. in
the end , it led nowhe re .
The last time I saw Luce was shortly
after my interview w ith her. I attended
a luncheon mee ting of the Association
of Former lnte lli ge nce Officer s. Lu ce
was the guest s ca • . was
a vi e ense of the inte lligence
: tablis hmc nt and a review of its suc-
cesses. Clare Boothe Luce. besides being
a guest s peaker ut that meeting, is on the
...__ ~. , ., .;...-..l~ ,')-_~ · · .· ... , --~ · - board o f directors of the Association of
Although the Cuban missile crisis resu lted in a backdown by the Soviet Fo nner Intelligence O ffi cers. That or-
Union and a withdrawal of their missiles from C uba, the negotiations . in 1975 by David
stunned the Cuban exiles. Kennedy pledged lhal lhe US would not inv ade
C ub:•. uncl afkr being cm·ourn ged, finan ced, and trained by the C IA, the
anti-Castro fighters suddenly were targets of a US crackdown. Ti me and again during the Kennedy as-
Nm•f mher /9XOIT/1t' ll'U.1/ri11J(tc111i<111 167
 sassination investigation, the thr.if
.-:...-
an association with intelligence-agency
actltivity ·would appear a nd reappear.
For instance, there was a man who
called Schwciker's office with the in-
fonnatio n that he had seen Lee Harvey
Oswald and Jack Ru.by together at the
Key West airport prior to the Kennedy
assassination. They were with a group
of young peop le . he said, goi ng to Cuba
. to cut sugarcane for Castro. Yes, he said,
he had reported the infom1ation to the
FBI after Kennedy was killed. Again.
Schweiker could find no record of it.
But the man was a respected member of
the community, a successful business-
One man with a history
of muddying the
Kennedy assas~ination
waters showed up early
in the investigations:
Frank Sturgis, one of
E. Howard Hunt's
accomplices in the 1972
Watergate burglary.
man and, when I talked with him . very
credible.
I spent days in Key West attcmrting
to verify the man's story. I questioned
everyone I could find who had worked
at the Key West airport in the early '60s.
A few people remembered that a group
did go through Key West to Cuba to help
Castro cut sugarcane . A Cuban plane did
regularly fly into Key West at one time,
but not during the period the man said
he recalled Oswald, Ruby , and the group
waiting for it in the airport tcm1inal. l
checked every record, fi le, and news-
paper cl ip available and came close to
confirming bits and pieces of the man's
story, but I could not pin down even one
factor. Y ct the man insisted his recol-
lection was accurate. He took me to the
exact spots where he said he had seen
Oswald and Ruby in the airport tcnninal.
In checking ou t hi s story. I spent doz-
e ns of hours with this fellow. We got
friendly. I met his fami ly and was invited
to dinner. One day he happened to show
me rhe photo lab he had at C·h c rear of
his bus iness. l was amazed at the col-
lection of photographic and electronic
gear stocked there . I was doubly amazed
when I noticcJ sitting on the 11oor in a
corner what appcareJ 10 be the housing
of an aerial reconnaissance camera.
l began probing· him about his use of
such equipment. Well, he said, he had
made a number of tri ps into C uba after
Castro ·took over. in order to find out a
few things. He told about once being
suspected of spy ing by Castro's police
and how he was retained and beaten. He
spoke of how he hated Castro and how
he thought Batista, whom he had known
168 The W1.uhi11!!(m1iu11/Nm·emher 1980
personall y. was "one of the best friend.arvey Oswald. a tall, thin Negro with
the United States ever had . " reddish hair, and a Cuban from the con-
When l asked him about the recon- sulatc. Alvarado said he saw the Cuban
naissance camera. he s aid he had flown give the Negro a large sum of money
a number of aerial photographic mis- and then heard the Negro tell Oswald,
sions and proudly explained that he had "I want to kill the man ." According to
designed a special device to pe rmit him Al varado , Oswald replied , "You're not
to trigger the camera. installed in the man enough; I can do it," and the Negro
belly of his plane. from the cockpit. He then gave Oswald $6,500 in large-de-
said he had taken shots of the Russian nomination American bills_
missiles in Cuba long before Kennedy Alvarado, it was later discovered, was
announced they existed . an agent of the Nicaraguan intelligence
For whom, l asked, was he worki ng? service . Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio
" I was told," he said. smiling, "I was Somoza was a strong anti-Castroite and .
working for the United States Informa- a cooperative ;1lly of the CIA. having
tion Agency." I asked if he thought it permitted the Agency to use his cou ntry
possible that he was really working for as a training camp and usscmbly area for
the C IA ? "Yes," he said, "I would the Bay of Pigs invasion . At the time of
think so. "
the Kennedy assassination, Manuel Ar-
I ask~d who had paid for all his so- timc, dubbed by his fellow anti-Castro
phisticated photo and electroni c equip- leaders as the ClA 's "golden boy .' ' still
ment. He looked at me as if r were play- had two training bases in Nicaragua and
ing a game with him and didn't answer a huge arsenal of equipment.
directly. Final ly he gave me a wide grin
and said, "No comment."
The Alvarado fabrication strikes some
researchers as having the hallmarks of
Coul d there be a pattern of misinfor- a counterintelligence scenario, another
mation to the tips that Schweiker was stone thrown in to muddy the already
being fed? The long ride from Key West mu~~y waters.
to Miami along the Overseas Highway .......-:=-..- - - - - -
is one of scenic splendor, the sky blue O ne man with a history of muddying the
and endless, the ocean a vista of white- Kennedy-assassi nation waters showed
caps, the bay a glistening expanse of up early in the Schweiker investigation :
crystal serenity. The beauty escaped me Frank Sturgis. one of E . Howard Hunt's
as I drove home that evening . 1 kcrt accomplices in the Watergate burglary .
thinking of Vince Salandria telling me The names of bo th E. Howard Hunt
how busy I would be kept. and Frank Sturgis h·ad been in the news
in connection with the Kennedy assas-
Many of the early tips that Schweiker sination long before I joined Senator
received contained clements similar to Schweikcr' s sta(f. A group of assassi-
reports that sprung up immediately fo l- nation researchers had contended that
lowing the assassination of President two of the three men in photographs
Kennedy. These reports all indicated that taken in Dallas's Dcalcy Plaza on No-
Lee Harvey Oswald wa s tied to pro-Cas- vember 22. 1963. bore " striking resem-
tro clements or was a Castro agent. blances" to Hunt and Sturgis'. T he m e: n
f 've come to believe. that a few of were reportedly dcrclicts----0r "tr~m1p' "
those early reports may have- some re- as the press came to call them- w11; •
lationship to what I later uncovered . Take were discovered in a boxcar in the rail-
the reports linked to Mexico 'City. Clare road yard behind the grassy knoll . Taken
Boothe Luce maintained that she had to p9lice headquarters . the tramps were
received the telephone call from one bf escorted across Dealcy Plaza. where news
her young Cubans on the evening of photographers took photos of them. The
Kennedy 's assassination. She remem- tramps were questioned and released,
bered that she had been watching tele- without a record of their identities being
vision with her husband in her New York kept.
apartment when the call came through . The Sturgis- Hunt contention was ex-
The caller told her. she said, about Os- amined in early 1975 by the Rockefeller
wald and how he had left New Orleans Commission, which was appointed by
to go to Mexico City before returning Pr:!sident Gerald Fon! to probe illegal
to Dallai;. Yet, on the evening of No- CIA activities in the United States. Re-
vember 22, Oswald's v.isit to Mexico lying on comparative photo analysis per-
City was known by a very few people , formed by the same FBI expert who did
perhaps Marina Oswald und a handful all the Warren Commiss ion's analyses.
of C lA officials--most notably. a few the Rockefeller Commission concluded
in the Agency's Mexico City station. that the men in the tramps photographs
Another attempt to link Oswald to were not Sturgii. and Hunt.
Castro came out of Mexico City im- Ahout the time Schweiker began his
mediately after Oswald was murdered in vestigation, a new book again raised
by Jack Ruby. A y9ung Nicaraguan the Sturgis-Hunt story. Titled Coup d' £tat
named Gilberto Alvarado walked into in America. it was writte n by Michael
the American Embassy and insisted he Canfield and Alan J. Weberman, with
had a story to tell the American ambas- a foreword by Texas Congressman Henry
sad0r, Thomas Mann. Alvarado claimed B. Gonzalez. The book incorporated a
that he had gone to the Cuban embassy novel device: It came with film-positive
in September and while waiting to co n photos of Sturgis and Hunt designed to
duct business had seen three person. be overlaycd on photo graphs of the
talking on a patio a few feet away: Le tramps. Superimposed, the images did

..
--
...... -:-''
..._ . '
"
~·
bear strikin g s imilarities.
I would la ter discover that pho to com-
parison and ana lysis is an exceptionally
nonconclusi ve technique. The Ho use
Assa ssina tion s Committee s pent
$83. 154 on it. Among the phGltographs
we submitted to a pane l of expens fo r
analysis and compariso n were not o nl y
those of Sturgis and Hunt but also those
of other individuals who resembled the
tramps . The pand concluded that Sturgis
and H unt were iw t the tramps in the pho-
tographs. It did .:oncludc th at one of the
tramps-the o ne who resembled Hunt-
was m ost likely a man named Fred Lee
C hri sm an, a right-wing activis t. When
those results c ame in . Committee inves-
tigators were sen t out to find out where
~.....~ ~· ~-~--.,~The
·- ._ ~
:.: .. _.
~.
~....
---------
.,...'·...~:..t
-- , They said, "Frank, if
' ..
} ;i
1 President of the United
States, you're the guy."
.' '
Chris man was on November 22, 1963.
(Chris man had si nce died .) They came
back with o fficial records and eyewit-
ness affidavits that Chrisman was teach-
ing school in the state of Washington the
<lay Kennedy was assassinated. So much
for the conclusiveness of photo analys is .
What was interesting , ho wever. was
the panel's conclusions in its comparison
o f photos o f F rank Sturgis w ith those of
the tramps. It used two comparative
tech ni ques . One it tem1ed "metric traits"'
a nd th e ot he r .. morpho log ical differ-
ences . " One was a compari son of the
measurements nf s ix facia l features and
the ir metri c relatio nsh ips; the other was
si mpl y whether or not various fac ial fea-
tures were s haped the same. T he panel
FBI found Sturgis
at home in Miami.
there's anybody
capable of killing the
concluded that the average deviati on
between the tramp 's features and Stur-
gis's features was "low enough to make
it imposs ible to rule out Stu rgis on the
basis of' metric traits alone. " However,
the panel said, it was the morphological
differences that indicated that Sturgis was
not the tramp . Jn other words, Sturgis
j ust didn't look like the trnmp .
The House Committee"s staff in charge
of the photo panel' s wo rk was an attor-
ney named Jane Downey. One day she
came to me and asked me to help gather
some of the photographs that would be
sent to the panel members for analysis .
I recall asking her at the time to find out
whether or not the experts would take
into -consideration the possihility that the
tramps m ight be wearing sophisticated
disgui ses. That had to be the case if they
were not just real drifters in the wrong
place at the wrong time . (As a member
of Nixon's Wh ite House plumbers. E.
Howard Hunt ha<l obtained disguises from
the C IA 's Technical Services Divi-;ion
and used them on mo re than one job.)
Downey promised she wou ld ask the
p hoto ana ly sts abo ut the use of dis-
guises.
Sevt ;al day!. later Jane Downey to ld
me she had checked with the photo an-
alys ts. 'Tm told that there is no way
they can tell if di i:guises were used , "
she said.
" In other wo rds ... I said. " if the tramps
were in d isguise there would be no way
the analysts could te ll who they really
are?' '
"That's what I'm told.··
"' Then why do a photo co mparison
at all?" I asked. Downey s hru gged her
sho ulders. "Well." I said. "' I hope that
poi nt is me ntio ned in the final repo rt ."
"l"m sure it wi ll be,'" said Downey.
It wasn"t.
. My initial interest in b oth Fnnk Sturgis
and E . Howard Hunt was not predicated
on whether they were the J)ealcy p laza_
tramps. When the Rockefeller Commis-
s ion concluded that Sturgis and Hunt had
not been in Dal las on November 22.
1963. ii raised mo re questions than it
resolve d. Altho ugh the Commission re-
port claimed that Sturgis and Hunt had
alibis for their whereabouts o n Novem-
ber 22. 1963, it concluded: " It cannot
be dete rmined with certainty where Hunt
a nd Sturgis act uall y were o n the day of
the assassination . ·· ~
Nm1•111brr 19110/Tlir \\~ulrin~umit111 169
 It can be determined \vhcrc.nk
. ,.S_turgis \VHS on thc-ch1y after the Kcrfr1-cdy
issassination. The FBl f'ound him at hon1c
in t"vliun1i. "I had f.'131 agents all over
n1y house," be has snid. "They told inc
I 'vas one person they felt had the ca-
pabilities to do it. "!"hey said, 'Frank, if
there's anybody capable or killing .the
President of the United States. you;rc
the guy \Vho can do iL' "
· No\v in his fifties and putting on \vcight,
Sturgis has led ti thousand lives. rnaybc
n1orc. He '\vas born Frank Angelo Fiorini
in Norl"olk, \!irginiu: His parents sepa-
rated \Vhcn he \vas an infant and he grc,v
up \Vith his 1nothcr's fa1nily in Phi!a-.
dclphia's Gcrn1anto,vn. (He \vould later
change his nan1c to his stepfather's, Frank
Anthony Sturgis, \vhen his niother re-
married.)
Frank Sturgis turned seventeen two
days after Jap:in boinbcd Pearl Harbor,
I
I and he dropped out of Gcnnanto\,•n High
I to join the !vlarines. Sturgis \vas shipped
i to the Pacific jungles, \Vhcrc he volun-
teered for the toughest unit in the ~'ra­
rines, the First Raider Battalion. the leg-
endary Edson's· Raiders. He \\•as raught
hO\V to kill \Vith his bar~ h:.1nt!s, infil-
trated into cncn1y enean1p1nents. air-
dropped on con1r11ancJo raids. He sn\V condcn1ncd Castro's Con1r11unism and
Guadalcanal, ]\VO Jirna, Okina\va, three
serious con1bat \vounds, malaria. jaun-
dice, and. in the end, he \Vas diagnosed
as having "exhaustion tind possible psy-
choneurosis." He haci u stay at the Sun
\'alley Naval lv1cdical Center before his
discharge in l 945.
After \Vorld \Var II, Sturgis \Vas a
plainclothes cop in Norfolk, \Vent to
" school part-time at \Vil!iam and ivtary
College, 111anage:d a fc\v bars. trained as
a radio gunner in the Naval Reserves.
crc\ved as a men.:han[ seaman, did a t\vo-
ycar stint with the US Army in Gern1any
\\'here he served \Vi th the Am1cd Forces
Security Agency, \VUS n1arried, \Vid-
O\Vcd, ren1arricd, divorced, and married
again.
Sturgis says he got involved in Cuban
activities in the early '50s \Vhen he \Vent
to J\!1ian1i to visit an uncle \Vho \vas n1ar- :>ion lhat they first n'let just prior ro the the C1A-\verc all involved in a covcr-
ricd to a Cuban. 1·hat' s ho\v he got frit:ndly \Vatcrgatc burglary-Hunt said in l 972, up. l-ie spoke of the possible motivations
\Vith exiled former Cuban President Car-
los Prio, he says. Prio. close to the
A1ncrican niob \Vho rdn Havana's gam-
bling casinos, \vas funding Castro's
I' guerrilla \Var against General Batista.
(Prio \\ ould later be convicted of arms
1
I
sinuggling \Vith a Texan, Robert l\1c-
KcO\Vn. After the Kc_nnedy assassina-
tion, l\•fcKeo\vn.to!d [he FBI that he \\'US
approached by Jack Ruby about a deul
to sell n1i!itary t.:quipn1cnt to· Castro. In
1977. ·a \veck bc/"orc he \~·as scheduled
to intcrvic\V Prio. he \VCnt to the side of
his 1\•tiarrli Beach ho1nc. sat on a chaise
outside the garage, und shot hi1nself in
the heart. He rcrortcdly had nnanciul
problcrns.}
It \vas through Prio. Sturgis snys; that
he infiltrated Cuba to join Ca5tro in the
·mountains. Soon he \Vas a trusted Castro
aide, an e111issary on anns deals all over
the United States and Latin America, a. arrest at \Vutergate and the headlines that \Varren Con1111ission had not been told
daring pilot \vho tlC\\' loads of \vcapons · made him apf;car a bungling burglar, abollt, thus n1aking the Castro retaliation
170 Tht• \\i1,111i11g1011i1111INort•111/Jrr 1980
""
-------··--------t·l!··Sturgis-according to St. George-
blurtcd out the real story behind \Vater-
What struck me about gmc. A few months later, St. George
visited Sturgis in thc·\Vashington, DC,
that initial interview jail. ··1 will never leave this jail alive,"
he says Sturgis told hiin, ''if \vhat \Ve
S
with turgis 'vas his discussed about Watergate docs not re-
Archie Bunker-like main a secret bclWeen us. If you attempt
to publish \Vhat I've told you, l am a
directness. He said he dead man.''
Jn August 1974, St. George published
thought the Kennedy his intcrvie\V \Vith Sturgis in True niag-
azine. In it, he quotes Sturgis as saying:
assassination was "The Bay of Pigs:_hey, that \vas one
definitely a conspiracy S\Vcet rness. I met Ho\va.rd Hunt that
year; he \\'US the poJitica\ officer or the
and that Oswald was exile brigade. Ben1ard Barker \\'US Hunt's
right-hand man, his confidential clcrk-
a patsy. his body servant, really."
Sturgis today denies he ever said that
and curses St. George.
·roday, Sturgis is not hesiranc to adn1it
inco rnountai·n airstrips. l--lc becan1e his disgust \Vith Kennedy after the Pres-
fricndly \Vith unother daredevil pilot, ident made rhe Cuban-rnissilc arrange-
Pcdro Diaz-Lanz, and \vhen, after the mcnt \Vith the Russians. Sturgis \Vas one
rcvolutipn, Castro appointed Diaz-Lanz of the six pilots :>pccially \Yarned by the
chicfofthcRcbcl Air Force, Sturgis\vas Federal Aviation Admini:>tration for
n:.uned the Air Forcc·5 director of sc- niaking raids over Cuba at the tin1e Kcn-
curity. Nine nionths after Castro too~ ncdy \Vas negotiating the delicate deal.
po\ver, J)ia'l.-Lan?. and Sturgis publicly Sturgis \Vas also the co-founder of the
International Anti-Con1n1unist Brigade,
fled to l'vliami. A month later, they \Vere 5omc of \vhom \Vere arrested at their
dropping propaganda leaflets over craining site on· i\l'o Nan1e Key after the
Havana. 111issile crisis.
Frank Sturgis says he \Va:> never an 1\'lY first intervie\v \Vith Frank Sturgis
official, paid agent of the Central Intel- ea1ne not long after he \Vas released from
ligence Agency. "fhc C/1\ has confirn1cd his Watergate sentence. For n1any months
rhis. '{ct, before -the Bay of Pigs and he remained a low-profile figure i-n iv1iami,
aftenvards, during the height of the J1Vl/ not moving around much, not getting his
\VA VE' s secret \Var against Castro, name in the nc\vspaper, not yet back in
Sturgis used equipment, lle\V planes, and action. ·rhat night he talked effusively,
directed assault craft that \Vere suppoP:ehain-sn1oking and d rinking Coke.
by the CIA. He has admitted that the B- Sturgis is a heavy sn1okcr. but never
25 he fle\V On his first lcanet-drop \Vas ouches alcohol.)
maintained \Vi th·$ 10,000 from E. Ho\v- \\'hat struck me about that initial in-
ard Hunt. tervie\v \Vilh Sturgis \Vas his Archie
Bunker-like directness. He said he thought
In tern1s of the Kennedy assassination, the Kennedy assassination \vas dcfi-
ic \vas Sturgis's relationship \Vith Hunt nitely a conspiracy, that Os\vald \Vas a
that dre\v my attention. Both testified patsy, and that the government agen-
undcr oath to the Rockefeller Con1n1is- c.ies-the FBI, the Secret Service, and
Sturgis said in latC 1971 or early 1972. of the anti-Cas[ro groups and their dis-
That seemed strange in vie\V of their like for Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs.
active involvement in l\'liami's anti-Cas- (."!even hated hin1, too," he said.) He
tro activities in the early '60s. Sturgis said he once refused to join the CIA even
claims that although he knc\V of "Ed- though it gave hin1 an application bc-
uardo" at the tin1c, all his contacts\vith cause he thought it \Vas infiltrated at its
hin1 and the funds that came fron1 him highest ranks \Vith double agcnts-
\VCre through Hunt's assistant, Bernard ''possibly the san1c people \Vho con-
Barker. spired to kill Kennedy.'' He said his the-
In October 1972, \vriter Andre\\' St. ory was that the Kennedy assassination
George intcrvie\vt.:d Frank Sturgis in his \Vi.IS a conspiracy involving intelligence
hon1c in l\·lian1i \vhi!c Sturgis \Vas u\vuit- agents in Ru.ssin's KGB, Cuba's intcl-
ing his \Vaterg:tte sentence. J[ \VUS before ligc.ncc service, and the CIA. Actually,
the tramp photos \Vere publicized, before as Sturgis rarnblcd on. there \Va.sn't a
cries for another Kennedy-assassination conspiracy theory he didn't espouse.
in\·c~tigacion bcg~1n to peak, before the Several rnonths Inter, Frank Sturgis
Rockefeller Con1rr1ission \Vas forn1e<l. rnadc that initial intcrviC\V n1ore inter-
St. George \Vas an old rricnd of Sturgis esting. The Schweiker report had just
fron1 theirduys \Vith Cascro in the n1oun- be.en released. 1'hc Church lnrclligence
ta ins. Sturgis \Va5 glad to sec the gre- · Con1mittcc staff had built it on the blocks
garious St. George and, stung by his of Castro-assnssination plo_ts that the
_,,.-,
•
erlay to \vhat 'vas happening.
1'here \Vere other n101ncnts that made
n1e think I \Vas taking Frank Sturgis too
seriously. One evening l \Vas chatting
'vith hin1 on the telephone. At the titne
1 \Vas checking into a fe!\o\V called "El
~into the assassination, you know, the
assassination of John F. Kennedy.''
"Oh," Paul said, "you inean the guy
you killed."
Sturgis's face froze. The smile 'vas
gone. Then he shook his head and smiled
:tr .f

Nlono''-the f\.1onkey-\vho had been again. ''Oh, yeah, sure,'' he said. Paul
described to me as "one of the CIA 's laughed at catching Sturgis off guard.
best-trained Cuban operatives." Sturgis l started laughing, too. He \Vas right.
talked about him for a \Vhile and then Paul \Vas a funny guy.
said he had a friend \Vho could tell rne
a lot more about El l'vlono. The friend, During the first fe\v months I \Vorked for J,.
\Vhon1 I'll call Paul, \Vas an An1erican Senator Seh\veiker, I spent a lot of time ,1
\''-hn fi!l;tl ~pent sc1c11 years in Castro thrashing about in niurky \Vaters. Then,'.,~;.
-]lprri~Js~c~1 ns:::=t~=t"1~C~\~v~J~S~:c:rn~~lllii~'c~c~iJ>~v~na:nqp~l~n~Jt~ii~1g-~_;ione afternoon early in January 197 6, I ._:~·
~fJ a building housing Russian received a call from ~in -;t/
ati~UTliUOCii"Cfatcd a s1nall bar in Sch\veiker's office. i'vlarston was ·i.,
Havana as a front, \Vas rw.trru: u a ch\veiker's staff coordinator on the~'.~f:~
..CUban \vho \Vorkc_d.f0rthe CIA. and \VQS Kennedy investigation. "You can give <.: . '. •·
..:;d~c:;c;ip!.!IJ.y_i.,n;cv~o"'lc;v_,c0od~in~tvc:cle<1!'a"m"'1'-'7
s-;c,,1n,u1~i-~C~oist".r-".oC--"""'nW'on Silvia Odio," he said. '"fhe guys ,J ,·
<"111han activilv. Sturgis said he 'vould over on committee staff told. me they got ·
t_nake arrangements for me to n1eet Paul, \VOrd shc'_s in Puerto Rico. They're get-
but he didn't \Vant to tell Paul that he ting ready to track her do,vn.''
Senator 1-lichard Sch,Yeikcr headed \vas setting hiin up. He said he \Vould "Do \Ve have to tell them,.Davc?"
the Senate Intelligence Gommittee's be having breakfast \Vith Paul the next "Tell them \Vhat?" ·
inve.-:;tigation into the assassination Saturday 1noming at the \Vestv.•ard Ho "I \Vas talking \Vith Silvia Odio this
of John F. l{ciinedy and urged a restaurant in Little Havana and that l morning in tvlian1i."
complete re-investigation. should just stroll in. '"He don't knO\V 1'he Senate Co1nmittec staff had de-
you're gonna be there, so \vhen you get cided that their fina.I report on the Ken-
theory its strong.then1c. there I' JI just put .him on a little bit," nedy assassination could be \Vritten from
The _evening after the report \Vas re- said Sturgis. "\Ve're old friends: I've documents given then1 by the FBI and
leased, Sturgis telephoned. He said he kno,vn hin1 for years. It'll be funny. \Ve CIA. The staffers figured they didn't
had just run across an old friend. a "guy kid \Vi.th each other a lot. He's a funny have time for any investigation in the
\vith the Con1pany," \Vho "revived" his guy." field. But the "Odio incident" bothered
in ind about sorncthing he had con1pletely 1 spotted Sturgis and hi:-; friend in a then1, just a:-; it had bothered the \\'arren
forgotten to tell nie. He no'v recalled back booth \Vhen l 'l.Valked into the West- Comn1ission.
that he had heard about a meeting in \Vard Ho. Sturgis. had his back to the If the \Vurren Comn1ission had found
Havana about t\VO months before the door. l strolled up and slapped him on that Silvia Odio "vas telling the truth, its
Kennedy assassination. At the n1ceting· the shoulder. "Hey, Frank!" l greeted final conclusion that Os\vald \Vas not
\Vere a nurriber of high-ranking men, in- hin1. "Ho\vya been? \Vhat've you been part of a conspiracy \VOUld have been
cluding.Castro, his brother Raul. Rainiro doing'? Haven't seen you around lately.'' undermined. Odio clain1ed that Oswald
Valdez. the chief of Cuban intelligence .. Sturgis looked up \Vith .a surprised yet \Vas one of three nicn \Vho came to the
ChC Guevara and his secretary, ~ranya. blank expression. "Hey. I kno\Y you," door of her apartn1ent in Dallas one eve-
.another Cuban officer, an An1erican he s:iid. ''Sure you do!'' l said, sitting ning in the last \veck of Septen1ber 1963.
kno\vn as '•El tvlexicano,'' and-oh. do,vn beside him. "\Vhcrc do _l kno'v The Con1mission disn1issed Odio's tes-
yeah-Jack Ruby. And the meeting dealt you fron1?" he \vondcrcd aloud. "Frank, timony because, it said, it had "consid-
\Yith plotti"ng the assassination of John hO\V can you forget'!" I said. "NO\\' \Vait crable evidence" that Os\vald had not
F. Kennedy. a minute, don't tell me," said Sturgis, been in Da!las at all that September.
That's \Vhat Sturgis had "con1pletely ·•!'II think of it.'' He cupped his chin It had nothing of the sort. The \Varren
forgot" to tell n1e, Just a bit of infor- in his hand and thought hard. He \Vas Commission's problen1 \Vas that if Os-
mation, \Yith nun1es. a very bad actor and 1 couldn't keep a \Vaid had gone to Dallas on his way from
Suddenly Sturgis was pushing Castro- grin from crossing n1y face. Paul just Ne\V Orleans to ivtcxico City, he \Vould
did-it stories again. stared at us, '\Vondering 'vhat \Vas going have had to have private transportation
on. and, because he did not have a car and
Immediately after the Kennedy assassi- Sturgis kept the act up for about five could not drive, that meant that others
nation, Sturgis \Vas involved in·othcr n1inutes, pounding his forehCad and tak- \Vere involved \Vi th him. And the \Varrcn
stories that proved to be \Vithout foun- ing shots at different names. "Oh, l know Commission did not v.:ant to have to deal
dation. According to FBI documents, I kno\\' l kno'v,'' he \VOuld say in mock \Vi th that.
one involved a reponcr nan1cd James frustration, ''but l '01 dra\ving a blank Nty discovery of Silvia Odio in f\1iami
Buchanan \Vho had \Vritren an article for \Vall!" I couldn't help laughing, more was important bec:iuse in investigating
the Pon1pano Sun Sentinel that quoted at his display at over-dran1atics than at her story l \VOuld open a nc\V area of
Sturgis us saying that Os,vald visited Paul's puzzleincnt. Finally, I reached evidence 'vi th explosive potential. Silvia
tvlian1i in Noven1ber 1962 to contact across the tnble and introduced myself Odio's background is relevant. She \Vas
rv1ian1i-ba!->cd supporters of Fidel Castro by nan1e to Paul. He shook 111y hand and the oldest of tcri children spirited out of
and that, \Vhile in f\·1iti1ni, \vas in tele- then turned to Sturgis. "\Yell. noH' do Cuba \Vhen their parents became active
phone contact \Vith Castro's intelligence you ren1en1ber who he is'!" Paul asked in anti-Cti.stro activity. Her father,
service. him. Sturgis \Vas feigning a mild con- An1ador Odio. \Vas among Cuba's weal-
l was intrigued by \vhy Frank Sturgis vulsion. "Oh, sure, sure," he admitted, thiest n1cn, O\vner of the country's larg-'
\Vould inject himself into the KennecJy- "I really kno\V \Vho be is·. l 'I.Vas just est trucking business and once described
assassination investigation. I \Vas a!so putti n' you on!.. __b~)~',,T/,/:ir~n~c;;;:i~s;;f;~:;-·~·fr~a~n~s~;:?-;;'.;·~~~·~·~+--;---
intrigued by the character of the infor- '' h, '' Pau! said, not getting the point" a 1n merica. But both he and his \Yife,
mation he circulated, imbued as it \\'US th charade. Sarah, \Vere idealists and had fought
\Vith just the right an1ount of detai! and ''Gaeton here,'' Sturgis said, still against dictators fron1 the time of Gen-
tenuous relation to some sort of docu- laughing, "is a friend of mine who is eral ivtach<ido in t ' Os. They \Vere
n1entary evidence. l \VOndcrcd if here, \Vith the. uh. \Vhattaya ca!lit. you kno\v, · n1ong astro's e<irly supporters and
too. there 'vas a eounterintelligcncc ov- the govemn1ent con11nittee that's look- among the first to turn against him \vhcn
Na'>'ember 1980/The H'ashingronian 171
 accord ing to Co nnell. " reality get to• .,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
painful to bear. " Co nnell said s he wit-
nessed S ilvia s uffer these attacks when The third visitor, the
she first arrived in Dall as, but wilh psy- American, was
ch iatric he lp the y e nded- until the Ken-
nedy assassination . introduced to her as
S il via Od fo had moved to Dallas in
March 19 63 . She wante d to lead a quiet "Leon Oswald." She
life, but her des ire to do s ome thing lo said the three men
help get he r parents out of prison led her
and he r s isters to mai ntain contact with appeared tired,
Cuban ex iles who were politically active
and to join the ·ant i-Cas tro gro up c alled unkempt, and
· ~1JRE, which wus founded by her fathe r v unshaven, as if they
. o ld frie nd , Ma no lo Ray. (This was the
. same Manolo Ray .who c lashed with E . had just come from a
Howard Hunt before the Bay o f Pigs.)
By September 1963 , S il via Od io was long trip.
stablished in Dallas ' s C uban-exile com-
munity . She had a dece nt jo b, had her
emotional problems under con trol, and been "Angelo"- but she described him
was plann ing to mo ve into an apartment as her siste r did , ' 'looking m ore Mexican
more comfort able tha n the re ntal unit in than anything e lse. " The third visitor,
which s he and her four children were the American, was introduced to her as
squeezed . M ov ing d ay was set for Mon- " Leon Oswald. " S he said "Leon Os-
d ay, October I, 1963. T he week before wald" acknowle dged the introduction
s he was scheduled to move. her s ister with a very brief reply, perhaps in id i-
Ann ie. then sev e ntee n . ca m e to the omatic S panis h , but she late r decided he
apartme nt to he lp he r pack and to baby- could not understa nd S panish because
s it. W hen the doorbe ll rang e arl y one of his lac k of reaction to her Spa nis h
Silvia Odio s wore to the Warren evening in that last wee k of Septem ber, conversation w ith " Leopo ldo ."
Commission that s he met Lee Annie went to the door to answer it. The re is no doub t in Si lvi a Odio's
Harvey Oswald in the company of Late r I would talk with Annie Od io, mind tha t th is vis itor was Lee Harvey
two Cubans in Dallas in September who is now al so li vi ng in Miami . She Oswald: She was w ith the m en more than
1963. If she could be believed, that is ma rrie d to an arch itec t and has two twenty minu tes and , altho ugh she did
would mean a probable conspiracy. children . She re membered the evening no t permit the m in her apa rtment, she
She was not believed. at S ilvia's apartment in Dallas. O ne o f was less than three feet fro m them as
the men asked to speak to Sarita . He they stood in the well-l it ves tibule. She
" Fidel be traye d the Revolution , " as initially spoke Eng lish. b ut when Ann ie said Oswald and the o the r two men ap-
Amador Odio would later say. W ith lib- answered him in Span ish he spoke S pan- peared tired , unkempt. and unshaven,
eral leader Mano lo Ray, they .helped to ish . Annie to ld h im that Sarita didn 't live as if lhcy had j ust come from a long trip.
form one of the fi rst anti-Castro groups there . " He the n said something- I do n' t "Leopo ldo " to ld Si lvia Od io that the
within C uba. · reca ll exactly what , so mething about he r reason they had com e to her was to get
Am ado r and Sarah Odio were arres ted bei ng m arried-w hic h made me think her he lp in soliciting funds . in the name
by C as tro in Octo ber 196 t" at the ir coun- that they really wanted my sister Silvia . of J UR E , from loca l businessmen . "He
try estate o uts ide Havana . (The Odios l recall putting the chain o n the door to ld me," she recalle d , ' "that he would
had once been hos ts at the wedd ing of while I wen t to get S ilvia ." like for m e to write the m , in Eng lish.
one of Cas tro 's s is ters on that es tate.) Ann ie to ld me that two of the men very nice letters a nd perhaps we could
Later Castro would tum it into a national were L at in- looking and th at o ne was get some fu nds .' '
women ' s prison and Sarah Od io would s horter than the o ther and heavyset. had Silvia was suspicious o f the strangers
s pend eig ht ye ars incarcerated there . dark , s h iny hair, and " looked Me xi- and avoided an y commitment , and the
When he r pare nts we re arrested , S il - can ." S he said the th ird man wa s an co nversatio n ended wi th "Leopoldo"
via Odio was 24 "ye ars o ld, li v ing in American . giving her the impre ssion he would con-
Pue rto Rico w ith her husband and fo ur Annie Odio recalled that Silvia was tact her again . A fter the men left, Silvia
yo ung c hildren . S he had ·attended law initially relucta nt to ta lk w ith the vis itors locked her door a nd went to the windo w
sc hool in C uba fo r a while. After her because she was getting d ressed to go to w atch them . S he saw the m pull away
parents were arrested . her husband was o ut, but she re members S ilvia com ing in a red car that had been parked in front
sent to Germany by the fi rm for whi ch out of the bedroom in her bathrobe to of the apartment.
he was working and s ubs equentJy de- go to the door. T he fo llowing c.Jay or the d ay after-
serted her and their chi ldren. Des titute , Silvia Odio had to le.I me she had been Silvia was never certai n about that- she
she began havi ng e motio nal problems. getting dressed to go ou t when the three rece ived a call fro m ' · Leopo ldo . " She
y that ti me , Silvia 's younger sisters, men came to the doo r. The men were is re latively certai n about the g is t o f what
Annie and Sarita, were se ttled in Dall as. s tand ing in the vest ihul c j ust ins ide the " Leo po le.Jo" to ld her in that te lepho ne
Sarira . a uni vers it y s tudent, had become s mall frpnt porc h . Bnlh lhe porc h and conversatio n, and it is cons istent w ith
fricnc.Jly wi rh a Dallas d ubwornan namcc.J the vestibule had bright o verhead lights. her testimo ny to the W arren C ommis-
Luc ille Connell , who was active in both Silvia sa cd the me n to ld her they were s ion . S he said that "Leopo ldo" told her
the Cuba n Refu gee Cente r there a nd the me m bers o f JU RE and s poke as if they that "the g ringo" had been a Marine ,
Menta l Health A ssociation . W hen Sarita knew both Manolo Ray and her fa ther. that he was an ex pe rt m arksman, a nd
told C onnell of Silvia' s plight . Connell Her conversation. s he s aid . was exc lu- that he wa s · 'kind of l oco."' ' S he rec alled:
made arrangemen ts to have S ilvia and sively wi th the ta ller Latin. w ho iden- " He said that the C u bans, we d id not
·her ch ild ren move to Dallas and fo r S il- tified h imself as " Leopoldo ," although have any g uts because we should ha ve
via to receive psychi atric treatment . he admitted he was givin g her an alias assass inated Ke nnedy after the Bay of
Lucille Connell became S ilvia's cl os- or a "war name ." the use of which was Pigs .''
es~o nnell wou ld later tell co mmon a mo ng anri-C astro acti v ists at
me th at S il via ' s e motional problems re - the time. S he said s he was less certa in On the day Preside nt Kennedy was as-
sultec.J in attacks of sudden fa inting when , of the other Lat in's na'mc--it m ight have s ass ina ted. both S ilv ia and Annie re-
172 The Wushi11/(tonion!Nm·emher /C),~{}
 .... , .
Andrea (Annie) f'.Y\cArdle Blue Hens are training:. ...,(l~T~i.WIT~ -~1~19~~.1; :
making a·TV movie. D-1 I B-1 as,~=-~uij&f?N,·J~.-~.~ t- ~!:>:
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un AGannett newspaper Wilmington, : Otl. •
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.. ·.· : '· , .: loW in mid 60s. De- : ~~ : . •

August 20;1978; Vol. 4, No. 34 3~cents · · .: · -~ils.onA.-a. . . - . ._:;:, · · ·
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· ·;
By JOE TRENTO anc:l ...
· ;:
JACQUIE POWERS .. · nr~! ···~i cc.;\'1 ,aHl~e with m!•t.0rlc!l pert-:'.<.iJ 1..-\ ·
•
Sta!f C'Ol're;j)On:lent& "'.Hu;·1f.; af..~ ge!t prts~nc~· ln D~l!c. ~ . IV u~;;;-. · ; ·-.
WASHINGTON - A secret CIA memorirndurn _, ;Hu-:it's stt-;•y r.lJout s!10ppii1t; in do-.mtovrn W;:~~t- ·.·· · ·
says that E. Howard Hunt was in Dall as the day ~g r_. . ~l:· ~. ~Y~'er story cvr.c v~teJ ap a rc;;U
! • "te··
President John F. Kennedy was murdered and
that top ag ·~ncy officials plotted to cover up
.. of t:·· ,. r: .: Th!:'.' ,:;:;_I 11.'I H\ o;::'b wit ,...... - ~ ;!•·-::"
CU '.~ ~ ";.,•:;~ 1' fl llrl that t!s wl!~ c,..._ .. - " i. . . _ -.-·~-
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H;. :"rt.'s pre.::t-nce there . tio11_:: L 1"•1 '.~'<i;hoe .wa:; kiJlr,:! b • --! ~ :· ~· cr;;~n :ri ,t. ~

Some CIA sources speculate that Hunt . 'l!:., r; ~.'-:'";··:'1 ::.~ii:in c;; ;y,;·1i ii;. :·3 v;Hl c1• 'n h ::~-~~t
thought he was assigned by higher-ups to ar- ingr. ·;.: , ~.~n % the KP.l li1<: ily ;uu;der. ~:
range the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald. ·
. .• p. .,. .... . .. ~.;:j;1' :1.'Dawn ML!l:.:t, gpuk~.>wvr;; .Ji: for tii:: cci11;ni_t:..;

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Sources say Hunt. convicted in the Watergate
conspiracy in 1974, was acting chief of the CIA
station in Mexico City in the _weeks prior to the
KeMedy assassination. Oswald was in Mexico
City, and met with two Soviet KGB agents at the
Russian Embassy there immediately before
leaving for Dallas, according to the official
Warren Commission report. . • Three years after Kennedy's murder, a'nd ·
The 1966 secret memo, now in the hands of the
House assassination committee, places Hunt in
Dallas Nov. 22, 196.1. · •
Richard :\I. Helms, former CIA director, and
J James J . Angleton, former counterintelligence
chief, initialed the memo, according to investi·
gators who made the information available to
tb., Sundav News Journal.
shortly after Helms and Angleton were elevated
to their highest positions in lM CIA they
discqssed the fact that Hunt was in Dahas on
the day of the assassfnalion and that his pres-
ence there bad to be kept secret.
8 Helms and Angleton tho11ght that ne\t1 0C
Hunt's presence in Danas would be damaging to
the agency should it leat out. · shopping and had a Chinese dinner in downtown
• Helms and Angleton felt that a cover story .
-- • - - - m.: '"• h.in" llhewhere the day
tee, said that there .-ould be "no com r.i~nt oi\: ' ·
the report Of ·a m~·m o: We v.ill be holrHn~ ·
detalfod headl\is· In Septer.Jbilr. Beca•: ~a ~ · · .
' tommitto....? n1 ! ~s th•t 11 all I am permitted iii
~~·-.,~· . .,·-·· ~.:..:~.: .1.t:;,.J
say.'' . "
Commttte-c sources told the Sunctay NeWS""
'. ~
. .
of the assassi11 ··~i l)n, .-.ooght to be considered." · .i
,-Journal tlaat both Helms and Angieton had bl.le~- "
' questioMd by committee inve~igator:; buf thl\.t!. ..
Hunt, r~ach~ FTiday at his Mia111l, Fla., the issue of the memo was not raised ~-it~ eith~
home, denied that he waa in Dallas on Nov. 22 witne s~. Sources uy Helms told the commit~­
196.1, and denied that he had been in Mexico City . be c ~ . M not a! . wer specific questions on t · ""
any time after 1961.
" <;IA's invotvem ;:? nt because of " an inabilit
H'unt said that he was in Washington the day remember dates."
of the Kennedy murder. " ... I have plenty of
witnesses. I took ofi at noon that day and went Helms' faulty memory on m ·s inv'
in Chile led to his sentencing last
Washington with my wile." counts of withholding inform ·
Hunt said he knew of no reason for such a SHCIA
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Continued from A· t Helms and Angleton Currently \:.:~:~·'d·;:::··:_;;~;.fAt~) -;~•;'~;'.{~ ~.

~ress, a charge redu~ed Crom per· arc targets bf an . internal CIA ''::;.~_.::·~·)-.· .~:~; f·~~/~~ ..
JUr)' by order of Pr~s1dent Car ti;r. probe an_cl . a ~ew S~nate inle_lll· f.
..., , ...... ·tli-. . ·, ••.-:' · J.
Heims could not be rca c~cd for ~c: ni:•c tp m!11!ttl>e mvestlgatl?n ,:,. •:~·'. ·~·...=:··O•. _; ~.... . .. · ·., .
tomrttchl. A sctt~tary said tht1l into th~ poss1b1 llty that the S?v1<>t · ..-: ·-~~- , ·;.,, ~ , ·.· ... , ...
he was ollt of town and would not KGB penet rated lhc CIA with a , .· ·" i .. :. . ~ , ·)·~·_. , • ; :
bl' a\•allohk . . m?A~g h-!~vel double age_;).~. .::.:. , '· ;':.,"/t.··.. .• ;.: ~·~:.:.: >_:'::'; ~~ ~
Whon A~gloton wa. quc<honed ~"'l?n~ohr, the '"'."'.';.'\ ,, , · ', ',. •, ~ ·j,,,,,.,;·i
by committee slafters . he wa sr t;f A .s.ta tron ctt~c{ ln Ottawa. C.ana~- .
" ~vaslve , " according to a s·oun·e "-4~~lleH--0Ht~
·J :.l~ ··r·/" ::·· .
./ ,. • ': ,.· ;.,,., ... ·<: ·V-::.·''. ·~~-:· .:(,~
who was present. Angleton tould to mv,c strgat~ Angleton s ~nd . ,; J ..·'./ . ,(:_:,:" - ~ .;_ ,j;, :. q;'f.~. ....
not be reached for comment. Helrhs to le in t ht> penetration .
Asked to explain why a poten· Cram ra!'Tl c .,across the J-Iunt "
. . .'f ·r· :. e . ·.: ·: ,'.t ,~.
; \.:._._,, -., .. £C:.;~:.
< ,
tlally damaging covet-lip plot !11errttl_ In .1ls rnole study , one Richard Helms
would be put out on paper: on~ inv.est1gator '>tt!ipei:ts. .
high-level CIA soµr~.e said, " The T~e utg~n cy of the molt· lnvest1· Tht• sa me invest~galors theorize
mem o is very odd. It w as almos t gat1o n w1th1n the agency ha s tha t Hunt was In Dallas that qay
as It An~lctoh was informint:: tc a thed " a morl> in~ensc lev~~ on the orde rs of a high-level CtA
Helms , who had jl.lsl b~corrtt' slhct> ll_1e mcrrtll was discovered , ofli l'i a! who i~ real\\Y was a KGB
dltedor that there was a skele- accord ing to a source close to the mole. Hun! alleged y thought he
to11 ii\ th~ family closet that had. to int;rn.al invcs:i g?_tion. . . was to a rrange that Oswaltl be
be taken care of and this was his he ri.S<' t l .E. r!P. u, pubhc affairs murde red bc:cause he had turned I
re~ponse ... diredor ot t h•· CL\ . to!d t he Sun· t raitor. Actually he was to kill
Ohe co mmittee souree says the d ay Nt>ws J ournal. " I had hea rd Oswald to preven t him from ever 1
mem o "shows the C!A !m•nlve· rumors oi such n 11'Jemo but had tcstlly! ng and tcveallrtg the Rus·
ment in the Kennedy C'ase '.<!\tld been un able to tr a <;k thcrtt t!own . r sinns had ordcted liirtt to kill •
rl.Jii into the CIA hierarchy . We checkt>d w!t h l:iut liaison with th(• Kennedy. the CIA s.outccs specU·
are trying not to get ahelttl of ns!J n!;s:h11 1.: rJn rortimittee and he late. ·
dlltselves but the mind buj:jgles ." dic~n 't ltnO\~' about i t. " ClA investigators are most con-
·.: .
. As part of its $S-mi!lio11 ex.pen- Thi: pos ~i'-''.!~ty of a "mole" or ce rned that eith~r Helms or
dilure on the Kennedy 2.nd Martin double a~ent in the CIA in connec- Anglelbti .tttight be tH!it 111011:! .
Lulher Kihg assassitt<\tions, lhe liott \!Ji ch lJswalti was first Hunt first detailed the existence
. .i ctlthh1ittee contncted a t iHn- brought to light ih E_d\Vafd J . of a sm all CIA assssslrtalit1h teart1
1'titl.ge, Mass., sonics firm t o re- Epsteir1,',s bopk., ·~Legend - The ln an interview with The New
• ~· t
view tape recordings made as Secret Worid of Lee Harvey Os- York Times "?Yhilt> In . prisqn in
. ;-J shots were fired at the Kennedy wald ." k d !jecember 1975 for his role in
. , 1.\ motorcade. Thell btitl tietilil!! 1 Oswa1a's l!l!s Wa tergate . !tke Usassittal!tm
The firm has provided the com- with U.S. , Soviet an d Cub ali itthH- squad, allegedly ht!atieti l:ly Col.
rhlt~t:?e ' s tet hl\it'al staff with tn!\V l!gt!hce. J\i:t-t>i"d!.lig to ~ tistein 's Bo.ris Pash; was oriiered ta ellm!-
evltlehce which shows t!i.st fOU!' ec:ltUr ~t !t~ntlers Dige:;;~ ? ress, nate susp ected double agents and
s}t{j~s and not three were faed. n t wtkl: plibiished tlti? ~oo:;;., Atigl l!- ltlw-tahkihg .officia ls .
the Ke1'nedr car. Sources say this toq wns .ri '!lai.>i source for the Pash's assassination unit was
wot.lid h i;i ve made it imp0~;sible ~~ tH()f.. . . . assigned 'to Angleton, other CIA
:· ... (.·.: for bs w~ld f.o act :!lone. . :.r; '.'.$ 4; ~ ~dtfi~t 1:1.Mcctor named soµrces say .
• 1tom bi ned w i th tht! ttH! lt1b Y\.fri N tinHL:tl ~<JW the tIP. Uint H:uttt's fbhtf.liesi ftjt . sttattg.e
ct:Jvetlttg U.P .Hpnt's jnvo!ver,1ent O~w ~lq _G\! !t~t . act . ;s a . ~u~.~iah pJ-ol~. ~~s. ?een wid~l! repdrt~d '
in ba1.las that aay, what ·.vv)iave q~cu.~,r.f~· ~''.e,. ;~en.~.t;CY ~!J~as~i.n~­ .~e is alleged lo have concocted
sQ tar ptits :.\.real t\(!ril. \~ 0~ t~.1n1 . ... or ~~·~:;s . .f.;<:~ord.ihg .t5 Hie sehcrttlis fdhgittg frt1iti atergale w
Watren Commm;ion v :!r:~ Rln.' 'it .;~.fU ~; ~: 1:\ttlt- '(f;J l.m tht! titM!:'y tb 8 !11ot to hbOltlil.t~ t b1Utr111isl
c btrlmittec source contends. en9 u~e. tl~ tu . ~hether er tlot J &!-= k AnP,~rsorl. liu1't Is alst> the l
· Noscnko wa s telling the troth. author of 45 spy novels. .
. I~ was also learned from CIA
~;. ~-,~~7~~:~----~f;~~~~~~~!::·it~ NJ~~\ga~~~ ~~~::iie~ !~ ~ ;'e~~~ and com mittee sources that dur- •
7
·: ·:
·' ·~ ,..z.-,,.t.,. >. ••/..~ · ·' ' '' • ine defc~tor and out on the CI A ing t he lime that the Warren

~1:;,:?{:f:·j~f~:~;:f!i~~ ;;!~:~~gg~f:~~bt~~1~
Comml~sion was ln\'e11Hg1thrtk the
· kl!nttedy 1u~a!l~ ltt ailbrt, Angll:lutt
met r e g ularly with a member of
L~e commission-the la~e Alle.11 1
~~l l- ..~.~'-<'; ·"-.• . .·-..!,];..•. t:- . ' t.:! tl. to \;1~ t c,b'..ltl~-~ !i~nt : . Dulles ; then ht>llt!. tjf th~ t:IA atlti
N!- t·.1. i;;;. "':".~-f- ·,, -,t .. · ..· · ~ ~· r~'~";:'r, 11pp~:.::1·nnfl· ::::- Ut~. ~<;ene A1}gl~ton's boss. ·

~
·,·.1 ~·1'·/"'.' ;2~ ,_.:: · '. ~~ .:..i:rrt1~ :-i~d :,n: ~e... 1c~ ~1ty al
..,;.Z.fi:·;;.;; ,;_ ·, .· !:li.itles, tin a weei<ly b$sis brief-
f ·.fs ..·>....,!~1 · ... f'.(:~: ··- · "). . · tn~ .t.!r:·~ ti.. Hii:; frlur~l!rJtl~s ~ti 1:11i1~ttltt about tHe Wredtion of
' ; ". ,\ ~·.;:.)·;;. ;. ~\;S\ ~ a: ;. ·-.;._.::;.; scf~ti~l:1-\ ib a lhi!!Ji:-y sf!t\r oy the in•estigatlon . Artg11:!ltlh llt:-
(!J.."\;-{.; ~> "-1:~""'1·· ·....,.<"' 1, :·: , ~tHtle !.ht~ riliH tT.,t\ li~ve3Ug:ltors . cording to so.urt-1!1 1 l11 tUHt tHi~fl!li ·
-~~ ·. '. . ·' - ~ -~'.·~{ .,.:. ,..(:" • r:·~r· h~l~~·( :~ l)s+.alc! wa~ • at!l:lng ~!lYw.on.<t Rpcc11;. bis ~losest iide

i~~B;ii~J~J ~fit~~f~J;:~r~A~~~
nnd the ctk s offkiill liaison wlth
tl1~ ttlttttt1l~~ltlti.
Rm:ea, now r e tired; w u una~
vailnble for comment. His former
wife, who also worked for Angle-
ton, is now working for Cleveland
·· •.:•...,..~ ..~·~~ · • ......,__.. be<.-o~iµ~ e. t:;j,plr agen\ 1and as- Cram as part of the CIA m ole
J a mes Angh~ ron siitnt!<, fth· ~Be Dallis jojj. ;ttvesligatidn team .

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Dane. h prl\'&le detcc 1h·e , C•""Y· hnn Ru thtrtord. O Snit·
l.ry!Di lo •ol,·e !hr ,.io~nt : When his son Is ldllcd In,
death- 9r a beautiful, s:old· 1 bollle. a bcrta\·cd ratl'.c:r
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7 ron.a Ill<! loll!: fin~« of the p:i.I. TurJ<rl<tr. . I . 10 """ ..:.... . . .-,;>< .. C'J'."'' .
law pointed dlmlly ai him.jg lhclo F•rm (It 11) I · · ClllD Prill ts .....1 .... :lt l.~·c "· J.~ ~-"': .~
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11:30
aoo ...._1 ·~·· ·' t.,
o~:na:.c "= ·_."
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1

7 :30 8:4., . " Oc.<llnolion Tokyo," 'll!U.:n. . • Olil Mlal1cU1b h: ~,,,"~; : '". *:'.id.
!]) Arlltilltll1 Te4tJ (l) Ell•. IJtil&a 1 C•ry Grant, J ohn Garlicld. Al 1 0 •30 ·COlOI /'.'.•'~ lh~.u.nt l.!J ~·~
a ,,,.,. ,..,~.... ID C~11t1r't WtrU I submarine crew s:ou r.nto·W Tl••~.,~"' om Sau "1! cud in u~ )'UD !..:!or
.. * . •,

•••••• •••~ •••"'c..:~5~

..-~J~~.,-.•i~~::.~,.1-.-=f.;-!:;~: : im: ;:;·C;:;}.;:~: :;:.: :~-;:~- :--."!'!.~€- - ) ...~••••••••~ !Fo:·;::,;;
Kurt KrtUt•r. Alan Napier.IQ 11-llJ IHsl
.z . 3::0 0 •me Int• (II -I; . II· A'ir T
'64 c·
?Veoa
.. o•... tt'"•
OD rtnt l•,,..in
'The lnvuioa ot Fnnce by
the Bochrs alter tM War of
1870. clllns: lhe parollcl to 0 P11nrenl
·
crJ f_nllCl
0 Elrt Of llc'f
1'ob•cco RQ.d." ll!Kll, -
GcM 'J'\ttnty, Dall& .l.n;sc a'I,
Ow1ry Grape'Ain, ::.i.r)Dm
- ·

· COUii World War 11 condlUon1. 00 PM.It Wiii Tait, ltn fl0 .h a l!H'l llJ Ra:::bcau, Ward Bond. l.Iftt's ,
mm 1,.._ " '.. Fair. Cll1011 • COLOll Jtttrr Lesttt and h!s r:..-:-11y, ' l
12:39 al lttttaf MnJllal
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%:15 mlm YBt Dt T11 Trnt . u • ·orth!e>a u Uwy' re maM.
Sot u ~ u Ila ,ablittty., .
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- GO Tm., o.a.i.. ltn
1:30
:::30
0 lllf 11• Sttry
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1 ID rrll•J 1111111" (I• %1U) 2:45 4:15 · ·"" ..........,.! ., 0 . 1%4 c:mr.;ioJ;L. '
,.... •-•-- t
"" -
"Stnn;cr ln Town," 11!>43) , ,,... lit•• l•Hllll
Oilc Sale, Ann D•;onk, D•· ""
·
0 llrutlilntn(ttl1U).
· • ..:..
(%) T... fsrSctoltl
°"·1
1nounc:NTh~.,-:~i
CTlS fl r <'"
0 Lrfl Of Ute, •en ,;d Ma.nnen. Trouble tn a 3 "Jal.son Stqry," Part IL -· ID ........-rai• 'The or:rr ! r,"
4 .otA •4S ~ o! · ' "'
0 llen-Cltyt9
0 -lldtlllt
II!> ...11 11 (t• 2111)
.
amall t<>wn bctwttn a i;roc:rr ,.,.., .... , I
and a chain ato:rr.. Pt:d~ IA.I " ll I IW .
• O Till U• Trs~. Im w cw.111
00 [a(.J :t.. (ft I) war.
0
-
,..
...
W I.ti Ccw• J Kl&al I ~tes ,. :.:. :
:!al Jettt":-~ 1,,

~,_
.
"Mademo1"lle Fifi," 119U>, j
Sl~ne Simon. John Emuy, •lll Sol-•l.<IS. . eO Lm!:1 'fttel ·
CO C<;u1r1r1D1'
..
.A S:.uu~:P•f\IL
0 n&t!ac rc::'Sllt
c:> ....... ~u:w:..a.ar
·ct the Dr.::Y.:
, publf:2" n.:;:,:J:i
I sw:.~- . '.
••••••!·~~ ·c-:-c-c.~~-. . .-.-~-,,-~--~-,·. :.;· • -
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-
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O ....,_,., Rt11tt
U ......,..., IND•
D DlllUM
da111:h1<r .,.ho, thou.,'"b , ...,.
poor. are h • ppy In a Y.'Orld of
illusion. until • •tr ance r I
•.
* I'~ ** G...
**** ._ BM Clad7a ~
--'ror·
rnmwnt
u
en•
r
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ullt &JI Cbt1tls--....
•
11 ·. Ij puw.~
Ir: U "! j
< • l'4
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Cli» ..... "ar (te 1111) co'""' a.Joni; lo lur d.,,..,, '""" 8IOllVme er ...,,.thJni : :.! c: ~~.~ r eo
"M'r F ..wtie Wit• .. ll!NOI lhdr dreams and wreck tht lr _ ....,,._ t.fnrur ,..,Ice~ ~r II• le j ·
1rm. 0unnr. C..:,
nandolph Scott. AA eaplortT-
...u. rel um. to find her hUI·
G"n1: i;,u.
D tmn'I n ..
(tt 1121)
'"The WonclclfuJ, ~Vonderful '
·
I•
- -..arda. nw plot i. 11rotched'a
ID
bit "thln, but the rndlni la : .
s,w..w.u.r, • ..., ·1
•
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.om llll'J'lllrtl --. 0
-----::na
... band ma rr led - •taln. but

~r.
Copenh•i:cnCircua. ·

·
'
ttl~t-to s:~t ~i!" back,, t:lm 17 lrt..tJllf, (le 1110) (%)Dr. S"lhlJ
·-:--f.tt>~tfr .•ml ..~~!'..lc? r- ·Gtlol•'""'ill-1><' Robtrt-S1a ton!
1 The i;irlah&~e:!'.lstallni·ldeu 10
.!'!._~ct.1i~;; \'.'utttt-s,.rts
rlcto •hm lhtY ·"1 ltwa..
~
.
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rr1
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st
~r
l t ,- - - fiMG '"' ' :1 ·-- · ···- - · ' •
·
.
. 8: IS -- -.- - •
! z.and." abou1 a.pont1ca1bou
hi~• Stu.I<>...,, .., his 1on ...Manoc.,-;· Md !i~t ~l.u!r.r.ll<t' ,;:;.~~_,.
1 ° 11 aY • .
.. ·
rou~ti.
· ·· ·
li~ls·- ··--- -i-E -·
'a F · ., ·- ..:.. 1J {j
A
who
from dc• th l"O<''. 1• WlUla.m mincer. .._u ll'lttr'.1 """"' fir •1tt?~lrll r.11.11 . -1 , _.....
zs.....,0 · I
!
"•30 I1 .. .. .·
Th!s U:ow hu C l1n.. t=l.f1!1, SJtrb . .
rxr. 11l•11SAn1/
~
...._
---~~~--..!A fl•d•l8 fNlt1fJ i .,. •, •, •. · ~. u Kllv Jl::,S - ::!:::·:;·-:
~~......_........._·~ --- e -'~~..~i;J!~~'~ t .___. ,,,, • ~II.,,
''
 .. ' .. ..
BERKLEY PUBLISHING ·CORPORATION
200 MADISON AVE~UE, t\8W YORK, N. Y. 10016

.,...-·
.<' Novembe r 4, - 1974
• • I

\.. .
.. I' L

.. . ,. I

..,.
-'
..
.On Monday and Tuesday, 28 and'· 29 Howard
Ootob.er
Hunt testified . at the Watergate tri~l o f John
Mitchell, J ohn- Ehrlichman , H. ~·. '1-!,.aldeman, et
al. Following his testimony various newspat)ers
·. and news broadcasts c a r _r ied stories that Hunt had
testified he had " prev~~usly wi thheld the truth as
to certain events from the Senate Watergate Commit-
tee and the v;la'terga te Gra.nd Jury ...-- and had al so
lied in his autobiography , UNDERCOVER , copies 'of
which are currently with you fox;- review. (Publ i-
cation date ~s November 11th.)·
i
I
I

'
)
·1
This letter accompanies a - memorandum from Hunt's
own typewriter, and pages h~ nd -marked by Hunt him-
1 seld as to what inaccuracies and misstatements ap-

'
pear in the book ::_ and why. ··
If by chance you need another review copy, please
call.

. --··
Sincerely,
411:fiu.,,1( . / L!4t:
~ II ;
ftt1.
I .
_
, ...,:
/ v Stephen con land, . .
President
-------- --- ----·-

I
"'
/
 .11/1/'/4
.
.··.
.. ·- It must be borne in mind tho. t information to which no tmcr,
.
incli;.din[) mysolf, prov~ously had access is }>eine brought out daily
. ,·
.
at tbe Cover"'Up trials now in progress _. Pages
• •
252,..258 are _inaccurate II
. . . .. ··. '
for exrunple, but I only recent.l.y learned of two tro.nsp«faod ·episodes
\ •"'-• • -' """" I ' " -.~ •t'.':~,. ' ,• ""
bo~ause of 'FBI testimony fix~ng~ the date_ .,_a.fla ·t _imc:' of th.E{ ·sec.ond FBI
. • ·• . -· - ····"'r'" t. '

., . ~ • • - , .,,L

visit to my home, As tor. tne. balance of t~.e · E!Uostionable statements~ .• I •

t ~ . • I

many are . of interest o'n ly to a.ttorney-s engaged in c~rrent litigation'

• t • ' •
·,,,.. .- . . .. . )l. • . .· · , ,

and do riot go to the heart 61' tho matter-'r1hich is that whe n I wrote
~ I '. • . ·• \ .', ..... !

the final portibn of the " book in was s"ettin·~ dowh statements to
~ . ·' :.. . ~ '

., which I ha(ft ~_esti~iea in pub,lic a.Ila priva te for~. Accprdd!ngly,

J . • ~ · · ~"". i~ ...
... ~· :-
co~s is~~ncy was a necessity.
• /

_. .
P, 252. ·r did not 'lea,;e the house at·; a:J..J. on S).l-nday; this ep iscil a
·..
'•· \

as describ e d took place for

., the most part · o~.Monday when the FBI
. .
agents came to my do or -at about_( 5: O~ :PM • T.he conversation with
;

,them·: as · ro la. te d. in tqe bo~:k took place _.Monday PM, not. Sur.day.
. ... . . .,,,,. .. .
- P.•253; I did not phone ~iddy as related. However, after the Bureau
-
agents interrupted my -- pi eking f)n Monday PM, Lid dy phoned :me to

re scind the or~er to le_e.ve town. Otherwise.,..the conversation is

. - ~
.. '
i
'

• . . ~, / ·, ' .
;
correct.
·. ...., _..:. .
I.
P, 255. Thero was b~ly i FBI ~isit as of Sundai the 18th, not two .•
. ;: 6 • . .
P • 25i. Tho time wus~~about 1l:O? PM·. Crowds on t~e st;eet ~were
.,_· .- .r~ called by· mo as lunchtime cr owds; bo-..r nver, thoy were of fico w crkers
' ~ .
• .. . • ( / · fl.
leaving on a . staggered shcedule • At toe bottom pf the page: one, not
• 2 FBI vis its o.t that po.int.
/ P.257. Bennet was l 9av1nrr ror an appointment, not lunch. Below -
·the 1;-BI visit as related .· e.~rlier _on pp.~ 252/3. In sh~rt.• I got
..
home, b egan packine , the FpI cam~ ~nd · ~ent, and Liddy called to
. ,
rosc1nd.th e orders to l eavo town. '·
I
.. . ..... I
.i
I
I
,·J ~
 • ..it\
. •
·- -. } I -2- .··.•..
.~ ..

P • . 258: As I finished pacl~ing, Lisa and Saint Jo!in. r'eturned h( a~·

.
,. not mid-af,( \ernoon • · We left for the o.irp.<;>rt shortly af_terward.
, .
. P. 276: This stat~mcnt is -ambiguous • . I wrote ~~e:rr-·a mo.morandwn

later and gavo it to Bittman who read

,
*·:t ··t-o Paikfnsori:. • r· so , testified 'd
'
at . the trial. ' ...' . . . ... ,.
......_ .----·
- n

,.. ..
.. •r.-
. \. ,
,. •

.·
.: I'.· i.
. 1 .
.- ....
- r ·.. .·- ·~ I ;
:
: I

p. 277 ~ : As ·r rec 011stru-ct ' it I -this was literary license . to omphasizo

·. I . I

r . .' . . . f ;
too nat'u.re of the gov-e rnment 1 s failur~\to produc~ my·-entire safe 1 s .f ~
c·o ntents.
'·

· ./. · \ .' ·
• •
.
.\

'°'
.':,

-~
·f
,, •. !.

principal
.·d.!
.'
1 · .· .. • . - _. .
.- t, ~
: P.284: This ~s ·true. as far a·s it: goes.In fact, the/purpose of my _...,,. ·: ft· j.
. . • ..; . "' . I I
t
.,
J •
letter to Cols·on }-ras t ·o ena'ble BJ:ttman to see Colson and ascertain
fr_ofn Colson whats-if · any~h·i~g, the· \~hite ffo,_,se ~lanned to d'o to
$'' .,. ..
. ,- l
. ,, f
'.
' l

'.
..
._..
..
, ;- . help 'ine out of my-plighto
.
·H.
~' .•.

..
P. 285 ·~.
. -·
The~ Bi ttmb.l)/Co3:son ~o.i)v~rs a~ i?n
·--
as·c ribe c1 to the 2~1d me et-ing !;
'· . . .
ii
actually took place,for the roos t part-;-_ at. their 1st me eting. Whe n
. ... ·- ..
Bit~~an reported. to me CO-lson s banalaties __after the ir 1st m~e tin[S I.
..~ , fl·
.. ...... ti
: ·-urged Bittman to make a final effort to persuape Colson to h a lp me
' - ;

when Bittman spoke with Colson at their ._second ,· alre~dy-s.che duled

:
ii
.. ri
meeting. After the second that mee~ing, Bittma~ r~ported Col~on
.. ,,
had

..
.. . ~ ... ·, .,..
s~id that if, des pi ttr·;'all indications to the contrary, I
.
fl;Ot a long
l1
ti'
...
. .
~

sentence, 11
Well, Ci'.U'istmas come s around every ·year." I interpreted·
-· I i
.t :
~- -
·.: ' ·.:- ~· this to moan that:k the White House ·would do soinothinr; t-o get me out - ·H I .
, Il
· ···. __ or prison by the following Xmas - c~uta.tion,~a;-don, whatever.,( I had
i~
t ;-

never thop beard the torm

•

11
exeeut ive C;lemency". ) My perception of.
#' ' .a
H
. I :

.U
.. what Colson me ant was based. on ' the following : Bittman had prosecuted

__,..I
Jimmy Hoffa who had received an Xmas po.rdon; ill "knew or b~eliov~<l that L
.>..•. Colson ha.d been tho chief force behind Hoffa's pardon; ~o, on tho

alonde~ basis of Cols on ' s "C hrist'mas comas around · every yeo.r 11 I I , .
/

.. pr epn~od to romnin silont ~Jb ut the involvomont of White Ho~no

. ..
 f", • ••

Why ~id
•
J'.. c·lfng to this ·
,._
.-:--
I
.. bigher-µps in \'/ater;,ate and its sequel,
,,- . ~

'. bopci? Because it was· my only one, S:Lrica ha,? given mo a /35-yeo.r provi-
/

sJ.onal sentence,and: although it.was later.roduced 'to 8 yea:(s, at my

e.ge that was a rl:itf:iln:vmmu
. ·. . . . .-- .
. . distinction with little-di'i'forence
;F~.:.:-;;···· ~
in./ ~
,. . ............. . .' .. ~ ··-: :... ·:. . . '
. effect. L ing subsequently .t~.tb.e Grand .:rUX: and the SEinato, .as'I
·. . - ·. -· - . . .. -
.·did, was to i~esorve within~tl~e Whitg .House· 1:1hatetrer feelirig of
--
__:_:._:::..:._::__::.:..;;..~~ , .
1\ • ·.• , . 'r . ._ •. ·· •

m~ght remal.l~ toward me,;-· McCord' bad

'1

obl:l.gl\tJ.on or sympathy ·there·

.,...• ,•• }l- r .·
. l.
already pre·-empted any hang-:out :bouts I· riiight have ;.chosen to take,
I
and 'sirica even rep1;ldicated the:_pre-t;,;_~~ :il.\oe~~·~~· _that ~ittman and
i

Silbert bad 1-(or.)rnd. .out,i.o, 3... counts on.. a guilty

-.
plea. So thero
.. / . I

'
lI . ' i
" ,. v'·. . ~·
'
J ,• ,,..- • I . ;:
,_ ... see_nied ·no hope for roe withi~_.the Judiciary,and what hope ·the1~_e was
'. ·,- I •
' , ...... r
remained"":tn the \·lbite Hous6.
.... -· I . j,,
p. 2 9r.,: tho phx·~wo ·u to cqDsidor my optj.on~n ·was intended by roe to :i .. [I(:
·. .:.
suggest to O'Brien that·I would .1'8o ]'iu:D.lic~1 ·with my lmowledge unless t·.
~ 1~

I.
!
commitments were .kept •. ·-· .' ' '
. -- .
also told Sq.apiro that ( as I had ·told 0 1 Brien) Iw ould
I
I -
.'
·. I -..
, ' l :· I:
"' . . be forced to consider·my options, -. . f •

·..
'. This $60,000 f\gurG wa:;i a pure .irraqcuracy, I had aslrnd. ... ;.
t •~
\ . !
'

: · for· what I bad been rece-ivibnn- !Ilonthly ·- .~3, 000,~Tha~ timos 2 years
or
1, •'ti),'' -··

...
!1 ' [ . '
. ,, r
.

. · 24
• • ..., - · · : · . L..)

months· is :fr,72, 000, not ~i60, DOO as I had" rG called. So my total

i._,.
(
I:···
1:
. . . . . I .·
. r1Jti..ue st wa"s for ~132, eoo •.
,. .
.'
.. ~- .. ' .
, . . .. .. . . I , ...
·-:i:;. 297. I exclud0d Cqlson from this list' of sU:'ccessors, for I ·• •..
still hoped for Hhi:f.Cl House aid ~j1r6ugh him. So, tho statement· o.s
.. I ..
· written, as far as it goGs, is accurate, i
I 11
co.re:Gully" bec"ause I
.r· - P. 308 .: I considered my repliGs had made the

decision to protect highor.-U:ps and so enable tbom to ho Ip me. Tb:ts

• . ' • l - . I
 .e ..
,. .-·--..
-4-
~ ...-~·. ,... - ..
. P. · .?24: I subs titutod this paragraph · in galleys, and i t i s--·accurato.
\ \.
However I liod to Ben-V e:nitite about having r-ece i ved
.. ..
·

. <..--
II
0 had only receritly begun t o hear, about .'.'.Qxecutive

clemencyu,in fact. '$.-hBd, no thin~~ more . than·"d~·~~ on !.~r~~d~;:~t . . ' ·

•
,,.
• 1" • • -
. -. '"'

a ssurance of Christmastime cons.tderat ion~ Neve rthe l ess, I d-'"-d not

. . ....._ .
want to• reve~l that fac~:-~ '. and · ~'q 11°?_~ .. t?. B-~~n-V eni ste ·)
•
• •
•
•
. • 1••
1 . .. . .· . -~
J • ~\
.
•
,
_,. 1"
•

P. 327. · As dosc.ribed in my recerit t es t:l11Jony-~·:, reuqing the White House

, ~ . , 1 • •_ • • ••• -~ "' •

. t a,pe transcr·ipts, and .realiz in.g now the men I ·bad'" l oolced to ·for aid 1raro .··
... . :: . " . . '
q.11 engaged
.
in- a .mad scro.mble f'e>r .tho.)11selves
. .
)rrou~ht forcefully to me ,
"
that they were not l:ri~n: worthy···of my cont inued 19yal ty. I w 111 · admit- t .o
• ~· I
'.
~ . being o.n 11
i°<lfot 11
for ·hav ing pas~d ....3:ny hop~s o~~. ·.Co :J,.s~n 1
s ambiguous .'
~ . 'l
assurance and....lied ji;r§ about highe r:-ups under 6a th.

The Watergate Special Pr osecution _off fee a grees wholeheartedly

; .
/ - .
•t ..
,,,,,. _ '· -.
· tha t. _...1 never tried to 11 blackm~i1 11 the Whit~- House, and fndeed, Denn '·
....
. . .. . . , in . .
· his r .e cent 6estimony said t h8:t the word wa_s his ·own. B~ic~~ail , which · ~ ·· _)·..:
. . ,.
' is another word for extortion, is claiming· and/or takine -money. whi~.h
• •"

· 1s not· due. The money I o.skG-9 fox' we.o r.ioney· prpmi_sed · in July · 1972 ; ·· the
• ;_ Ji ••
I
/
•
• .:
/I ) '
~
- . . f
, poop lo ·who gave 1 t to us · -s-ought us out as my book. makes cle?-r. They ,.
., .
" asked for a budget and it was g i von them. But from / the . f~rst :~he sums
. . I
I

.
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wer~ alwa.ys l ess than promlsed. ( F.red Ln"Ruo lo.tor testif:!.~d that. he

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· : arbitrarily, without the kno~ledge of Mftcha ll o r others , reduced the ." :
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. nraounts of the d~liveries . Thus, wh;il e the sponsors may have beeri
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t
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fir st perplexed then an,a.,ry . over r dpea.ted demandstt thinkinr; al l
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pro~isos h a d been kept to us, tho fa.ct wns that lhe deliveries wore
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e.iwnys in o.rrcars •) Of course I brour;ht ~11 tho pro ssuro '
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to have tho .pr ominos ~~opt, but tho-y- w ero not .
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· \\'alcrg~!fe l1 ct Sc«ruit ur ,255 256 UKDERCO\.GR I
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. were a constant a n no,·anc:e to all of us, in particular to my c hild ren, nearl y completed, ' but some postp ro<luction work nceclcd to. be
t·
who were un ac:custo;ncc.1 to fending off inquiries. ' •. ' d one in New York. T hi;! pDsith·c and negative i1rin ts were the re , · i..
T he 1l\rn FB I \'isit".· plus the ;i<lvtcc of l::twy~r L iddy, began to awai ting my viewing an<l consultation with thc-postpro<luction firm .
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m~i'C?'i1il:-fliii71\"'.fi,r lT1f.Tirst t i.me that perhaps I might indeed need an After a while I3ob Ben11ett ca111c into my office and sliu t the <loor . . , !
attornev. At tl1at point I. 'felt ;ilcgations and ins inuations of my The p:q'>ers sec.med to. lle full of my name, he remark eel and I agrecci= i·
in\·oh-c;11en t in the W.atcrgatc entry coul<l be dealt with thro ugh nonc:om mittallv. Then h e to ld mt• that repor te rs had been. telephon-
silence-at least until ti.re Wh ite Ho use was able to marshal its forces ing him abo u t. me, anci'hc hacl tak.\!11 ~he posilior~ .that he knew
4 Jand under.take rcmcclial·; aq\~~11 . . ·' ·. nothi ng> about my cx trirnffice ac ti\'it ies. " ;
Liddv was· not in touch with me durmg the ·day,* and toward . No t Ion "' before; B~ni'1ett's ~1:unc had surfaced as the founder of a ;:
eq: ning I s ~ ~dic<l my wifc·s I;:uropcan itinerary , th ihking I migl~t' ~ouplc of lwnd;·ed polit ical fui1d-~ais ing COl11lllittces to several of r
phcc a rea~suriN~ t clcpllonc call ~o he r in Lonwm. I ~id not~ .. .,. which my wi(e and I h ad len t our names \\S a matter of courtesy and ;
hO\~·eH· r , do so :ln'<l that n~ht , 1<lespitc the intennittent i·i1?ging of. ; ·. COll\'e11ic11ce to him .* F or several <lays Bennett had bee1\ kept b.usy ~
the tele phone, I fell asleep C,irecl fro11~ thv.-~.tr:1in of the day. \Villi press in qui ries, a.nd I rem inded him that hos tile publicity was t
.O n ;..fGnc.lay morning, the ·~ nineteenth,' I dro~· e to \Vasl1_ington, . I
nothing'new t<j the firm. So fo1' the rest of_the morning .he left.. me I·
\ve nt i11to the Executive Office Buil<ling and visited rny office. As far alone. ,. · · f.
as I could set'. it had not been cn tei:e<l si i1cc m y l ~st visit.·.Th e safe ~1;i...:..uho»L~k~S~~ thjr~y. I got a call from Gordon Li<l~y. His ;
was st ill in place. and· th e few papers on.1m y <,lcsk \Vere u.o disttubed . voice was alm ost hoars!.!, l1is words clipped. "Howard, go down to ~
The morning :icwspaper had car,ric<l ll1); nam e pr?m ine ntly in ;,i. the str_cet and·-\valk west on P~nns ylv.;tnia Avenue as far :ts the . · ~
ston· concern in~ the fi\'C arrcstcc.l men. S·ince I was' in.the building, I \ conw r. Turn lcft.. and rn meet }'OU there .. We'll keep wal ~~ng .... . t
th~t~?l~t .I migh.t as well trp' ~o .~G.t C l:uck ~ol~on's r'c adi~.n to_the "ilO\\' soon?"' t I r
pu tJlicily, so 0 11 the way out. I stc}ppv<l by h1_s office, bu_t Colson ·.~ad · "Hight away. G e t goi ng. " '· . -. • .' 1·
n ot yet arri wd. Joan Hall w:f.; at htr d esk, however, and her eya.s •' . .I <lid as b idden and caught up with Li<lcly, who was ostensibly .:
-wi<l cncc.l whe n she saw me en ter. r~:tding a ne\~:,-;p:ip<:'r at th_c corner of the USIA liuildi1'.g. :\~ I neared · 1-~
.
~- "·\\'di," she exc:bim e cl, 'Tm surprise d ·~o see
W" The tone of her \"Oice ir"ritatccl me. (we nt to her 'clc!~k and said,
here!"

" \\' ht· sl10ul <ln't I bt- here?" ain.l sat down in the eh:tir. "There's one
you
thing I want to tell you, .. I saij . ··and yo u can pass it alo1;g to Chuc k ....
I gestured toward the ceiling. "That safe o f mine upstairs is loaded . " •
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hun, he fe ll mto step w1 tb me and \ Ile w:tlked down E igh teen:~ .
St reet. Te nsely, f:.. l<lcly sa~f. 'They** wan t yo u to get o ut of town.
"Out of tow n?" I was reacting slowly to the unexpected instruc- 1,
t ions. "Where? I <lon't get it."
"Those arc. the orders." Licitly told me .. "They want you to get
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"I sort of though t it m ii;h t be,_". she said. I rose and le ft the tno\·ing, and fast. " ·
E xecuti\·e O!Tice l3uilding for the las t tim e. · . . " \\'l;erc would I.go?" · .. . · (
At \1 ullen & Compa ny the' secre taries and my colleagues were "Il ow about E urope? l) orothy's 'there w ith your children. Why
buzzing over the appearance of my name'" in the paper. I went to my n ot spe nd the rest of the summer O\'er there with them? Or so to
ofTiL·e and he~a·n n.11ormal <lav's work. The Julie Eisenhower publi& Ja maica. An exriense-pai<l \':\Calion ...
s'crv·ic;e tclc \;isi<;n commercial on which I had b ee n working -was .. ; I shook m\' he:i<l. "Gordon. if I leave to\\'n now it \\'ill look as
~ . thou gl~ I'm ; fug!tive-p~irticul~rly ;lfter tht• two visits hy the F BI
• .4,!thuui;h it''".i.' b:t:r r,·,..-:il1·<l that Li<l<l>· s;iw Attornc)' Cc1;~ral Klcin dien>t :1t. the
Uurnii• ~ Trw 1:nlf club :me t.il<l 1-:l.:indi<-n>t that Jnhn :O.li tchdl "''anted Klcin~icnst to haYc -' 4
. •Th<·:>c cummitk<:S w~re to OJ..'U n:' fronts for Tc«'ipt of fund~ from the mil k·p~oducini;
ti.,· arrniL"c.l "'"" n·!c.1,,:d ~tone.:. l\lci11cli..-1H t n;;fu s.cd . .i.nd had I k nown ofh1s n:fus al. my · ·
~ !ndmt rv. •
1uh•...·1•1:..-;1: actinn1 wou!J h.;,·~· lll.-.:n C.i r d iff..-r.. nt frolll wh at the)• were . fo r l would have 1
n: Jki.-'.d that tl.C ..<lmin11trat:un w~ no/ ii;cir.g to provi<li: the 02ui1t:i.nC\.: to which. 1.11e felt we •• .. Pr~side nt~I Co uns.:(John De~. :i.cc-ording to l:ih:r tcstimo~·
~n: c n lit~d .
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Il e t Sequitur•
. 257 I·· 258 UND ERCOVER
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guys- and I do n't like it. I Jon' t rieec:f a vacation : Wh at I do need is a "Sounds like not a 11\d idea."
lawyer. Can you get me on~?" . ·"in New Yor~ r can s tay poised either· to fl>· somewhere else
.. \Vc"ll \\·brk that out late r. " H e glanced at his w ris twatch. 'Tm '- ~Eu rope, for ins~ance-or come back here, de1)ending upon cir-
::lue back in a fc:w minutes; arc you going to go?"' ... I .- cumst:mces. But you r o~iginal o rders convinced me: I ought to get
''If t hat"s )\·hat they want, .. I sai d dubiou sly, " bu t let's get a lawyer If
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out of town . and fast." • . :.i,
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for me. Gordtrn. ". . . i
"I can't argtic aga inst it." .
''You·ve got that .mone); fron~·, ym!r safe, haven't you?" "Do one thi ng for me, will yo u ? And do it now. Cc>t'me a lawyer.
I nodde<l. "Fifteen h undred.: Caddy's got the res t." 1· ¥ When I call )'O U tonight or tomon·o'/, I'll \Van t that lawyer's name, '!
"Well, go as far ::i.s yo u cai;l an tha.t and I'll ge t more money to you G o rdon. " . . . ··
somehow." H e thrus t out his ha.nd and gripped n1ine. . "Ob)', <W,ligo. I'll ge t w ith it."
& livs, awigo," he said, al,inq~t drama tic::illy, clnppe<l my back I lwng ~tp an cl asked the m:i'icl to prer.:~rc my lunch . While that was
\\9 .the fla t 6fh~<; !1and, pivoted anclstro<l e back in the·.J .ire,ction we
., b e ing taken · care of I .called several airlines an<l found ou t tha t
h a<l bee n walking. .· . · <c \- b~cau.se ofoperson nc l strike, fl ig hts to Nc\V York had been c~1 ~ bac:k
\\'hen h e was.out of s!ght ..'I..retraced m y steps t9,:Mullen &· # • • ·,
a~~l th ere ,\vas li~tle choice bu! to gopn a standby lis t for a s ix ~·cl ock
C omp:my :in.cl went into Bob Beh;aet(s· office j ust as....h e was getting . , ...... ,. fligh t .to Kenn~d;: I nternatiohalv\ iq,0rt. ·I
reach· to ·leave for illnc:h..~ \ ' . I=.,:. / · • · , : In nridafter~i·non Lisa:and St. Jo'Tin\dt1rn ed to the ho11se and .t told .. :1
"Bob ... I said , ''I'll be leaving tdwn for ~ ~voile:· bu~ I'll stay in ' -·.. ~- th;m":'f7v"a7l'C:~l~ for New Ycirk and asked them to <lrive rne to
touch."' ·
H e looked at me wordlessly, then nod.ded.· .
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N ational Airport. I added that I had :Som c business in i'\ cw York tl;at
could take mc -.scveral <lavs to take care of and gave them some
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·Tm ll'aving now," I told him and return cp to ·r1r office, \'vhere'I · ; money to cov~r house:hold need~. ·• '" .·~

close<l the door, put a dust cover ove r my, type~vritcr :111<l let myself \ ..... · ~ ·. .
out by the corridor exit where · Li<ldy · and !V'fcCor<l customarily · ·
e~ t er.t'<l. . , -, . . · ~,,~J::- i ;,
· H alf an ho ur la ter I \Vas h ome and throwi ng tbjngs; r.fto ·a suitcase, '.
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including my passport. I was sti ll packing wh'c1\..the tel~ph o n c rang.
Go:-don Lid<lr a(pin. ·'H oward, the onlcrs have been changed.
y . ;lon' t ha\'e to l~~!Vc town :-· • '. ·,
. a momen t I c:onsiclered the chanKc in i1istrudions, then said.
"I don't kno\\' \\'ho's gi\·ing hard-and-fast orde rs, 'thct\ resc indin g
th em in fortv-fivc m in t1 tes, Gordon. bu t I'll sav t his: It · makes me
un easy. Ob\'.iously the decision to send me out of\\'ashington had to
be madc with soml'thing approaching thought and wisdom. But
then rnd<lcn ly to cancel it makes me wonder what the hell's going
on. r vc already told Ocn.nctt I'm leavin'g town , and he didn't ask any
ques tio ns. I've got some company work in !'!ew York and that will be
.my excuse for leaving. Too, once the .children can say I'm i:iot ho~e.
'.t he pres:; won't hound them anymore. So I'm going to·gol]p to New
York this evening anq I'll g<;t~in touch with you from the re."
~t the .~1i~port I got thb last seat on the New York-bounc.1 fligi1t. :\n
hour late r I depbne<l at Kennedy an<l registered at a motel un<lcr :in
- assumed name. From a pay sta tion I telephoned Liddy"s office ai1d
ho.111e;:~u t hc~was not at. ei ther place, an<l after dinner I went to mr
rdom to con.sider. my s it tia t~on. I p ondered Li cld y's mic.kby instruc-
1 · ti ons :ind the ab ru pt abc)ut-facc , "vonder ing wh:it h:id p ossessed
Mi tchell or .Pean or ..\fogrh<ler t o.issue the .orders in thl' fl rs t pbcc. I
wa.s keenly conscio us of a need to consult my wife, talk th ings over
with her and receive the good advice of which I knew her to be so
capable . But Doroth y and two of o~r ch :ld ren were !n London at
Brown's H o tel or at Claridgc's, an<l I was at Kennedy Airpor t in ~cw
Tu~. .
For a whilo I watched tl1c evening news programs, realizing that
the Watcr~tc arrests were figuring in all the media-ballooning. it
see med to me, out of all proportion to the reality of the episode.
to
Fin<.:?.lly,; with the h elp of a sleeping pill, I got sleep, a\voke early
and checked out 'of the motel.
', · In ~fanhiittan I telephoned the postproduction offices and spoke
. with Phjl .Larschan. who ~vas surprised to le~m I~~d come to Ne"';
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W atergate 11 e t Sequitur 253
252
·- U NDERCO VER
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J:hc agent's face fell. ':O:\lay I ask '; he name of your attorney:· Mr. 1
T hat \vas \\'hy the :n:pq rtcrs \\'ere at the house. I assure<l them the
r eporters wan ted to learn abo ut Barker. not about me, and Lisa and Hunt?" . · · · l
' "Sure: ~Ir. G._ Gordon Lid<lr." }·
·- St. John seemed satisfied.
.\1 ~·· h~use \\'as n ow resembling a fort ress under siege. fo an "Is he a member of the D . C.
"I imagine h e'is. He's also a former FBI a('fent."
Bar?" ,,
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attcrn pt to find ou t ,~·hat was going pn' down town. I turned on rad"lo
anJ tel evision an<l listene<l to the broadcasts. Five men h ad b een The agent rall ied a fi1:al time. "Are you"' going 'to : take your I
arrestecl in D'·emocn~tic ~;\tio;~al headquarters. Cameras and elec- .. a tto rne\''s . advice?" · ' . 1l·
. tronie devices had b'~en:-found. The name of E. H oward I-{ un t, a "I cer~din ly um , " I told. him and c}bsed the door. :·- · !
·A Wh ite House aide. had b een fountl in ::i. oQtebook .b elonging to one of I te lephoned Liddy and ~ um marized the Bureau's second visita- [
.. . the men · · ' · ·I. · '' • - • tion. , • ~
So it \\:~11t for .the rest ottlrn.afte.r noon, gain.fog_scopc and d e tail as "CooCl,''.h e.said. "That i\!1ould .hol<l them for a while until we can.. f:
night ~1r1)roac:hed. . get this s traighte:.\ cd ·out." • . · · ·
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To es<.:apc the hot: se f took the ch ildren to out country dub fo r . "Where arc the bovs?" , '
.dinne r, rc~urning home afi.~rn·ttrcl and telling ew:Yr~~ne in the h ouse.· ·,. \
. ::still. in j;iil. ·· , · / :· i .
1 • •• Ch n;~t. whc1tare y_our peopl~~.~ojn('f to get them out?'"' ·
t o let th e te lcphoP'e ring wilhout nn~wer~11,g.- ·I' trie d to reach Liddy' :·
b y tele phone but his lin e ,,\as husv. '·~ • ': · . Frankly, there h~vc been som~probfems I didn't anticipate. You
· I ha,·e no particular rccollec:tion' of how that hi,ght passed . bu t I \ gave \
Ca<ldy th e te n' gr:mcl?"' .. .
re m cm ber a feeling of growing conce rn a s more~ ~etails of the en-try " J kept out fif~~cn hundre d thinking rou or I migh t need it. ....
operation \\'ere made public by the p,olic:e. I knew thµt Pouce Chief.
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·_·w?. may, at ~hat, I-I9ward. I sh ~e<l<lc<l all the green I ha<l i~ my
office: •
Jerry \\'ilson was a poiitical app9in tce, an d I.assunied the White 1
~::!· .
. ' but he .hasn't · ·•
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H m:sc woul<l be able to cfrder him to :i) rele<~se the.'.m c n anp b) stop .:. "Cac.! cly \Vas going to c"all me, made contact ye t. I
t:il,kmg. to ~he p ress. Put n one. '?f this happened. · , \ /guess' ,,iJth Rafferty on the scene he just bowed ou t. " ,
~'=' ~~hen C~<ldy h~
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Sunclar morning I .Jeft .the hollsc carlv an d '1rove to the Olcl Bllt calle<l me later in the clay, told me he .and l

as
Exct:utivc O!n('e I3u il<ling. I cntcrc<l it befor~; went to my of{ice ~affort~ ha<l gone _t ogether to s~e their clients, who w er e net parr
an~] opened my sttfc. . I put the contents of the h vo .i1ttac:he cases into ' .•, tlct~~rly happy at b_c ~ng in Jail,__I_- said, "Why can't you bail them
my safe and lo(ll!<l it again, ·removin~' thr two ~rnpty attachc ca.s.es out. ..
from the oITice and taking them ho me:· As I drove into my property, I "Tj1e charges arc t~o heavy. I don't think th.cy're going to-be able ·
could sec tclc\'ision cameras s ta tioned on Ri ver Roa<l. Reporters to get Hail. " < . .1 · · -

follo,\·ecl my car up the drive on foot but I asked them to leave. · ~ folt mr s ton~ach chill. " I ne\'Cr h eard ofanything you couldn't get
To\\·:irc.l midday the maid a nnounced th at yeste rd ay's FBI men · b ail fo r except murdel', and the briv~ haven't d one tha~ or am·thing
close to it.'" · · ·· - · · ·
had returned. I met th em a t th e door and after they had flashed their
credentials again, th e senior agent said, "Mr. Hunt. have you had a "\Ve!~. they:Ve got hold of your name an<l found ou t yµu were at
chance to talk with your a ttorn ey?i' ,. ' the \Vlutc H ouse, so the thing is getting a lot of publici ty. Besides.
" I have." · the Democmts are getting interested in this , and thi ngs are likely to
T he agent' smil ed expectantly.' ''And what did your attorney ad- get worse before the y get better."
'· vise ·you. :--.Ir. Hunt?" " . · "Listen, Doug, I want t-o go down and see them. That's the leas't I
· '."He told me to have ~othing whatever to do ~1th any law- ,can do. Just ·tell m'e where they are."
~ ~. ' ·
" H~ward, I woul~n't advise it_. For one thing, as I understand it, .
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. enrorcement agency." . . .. . - .
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276,." UNDEnCOVER {ndictmerrts; the Dc(!th of M!J Viife 277;

p a:-:ments h a<l nen:r been fully met. ~ow D orothy was dcali!1g with uns<i.tisfoctory, an<l I l~ft ~,·itlr
the telephone tb.~t>
a distinc t feeling
.. a frie n<l of ~r r., nivcrs," and .she fel.t that with the eiectioi1 w on;__ the ·· the White House had no>v \yashcd its han<ls of us.* .
White H ou se wo'uld he less inclinc<l to live up .to its :i.ss t; rances. On the twe ntieth I me·atior.e<l ffi)' telephone call to CoJson and
~forc.:o\' c r, \she had the lingering feeling th a t because sh·:: was a told Bittman that .I \Voulcl ·ndt:it.: mortgage nor sell my home to
wcman, her rcpre ~c11t~1 tions'· were given less weight than those '?fa . meet the cost of my dcfe1 i:;e. ! stated that I would rather face trial
m ;··.n-n1yselC for e.xan:1ple. For these reasons sht: suggested that I witho11t an attorner than b ... g ~ar my !"imHy by depriving it ·of its

e· call Colson and attclnp'qo ~xpbin tlfe ,s itu.~ition to him . On instrue-

tic:is 0f:-.f r. Ri,>er:\. 'ihc-hjd gi'"~n specific fit1ancial .n~rances tv the
limited economic b.1 "~·
T ·1: days la t c: r, n< · ; 1.- .... . :~,."· i~ J1avi1; 1:· e· n recci\·cd, m)· wife met
;...1.
. ... ;i , i,.~.'.;1dant: .. 1.. · : ~ ;.:t: \»•o ;~r--..'
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. had h<•en ·o·t..:'/. ·i\: ,1' i i,,;i)- fo; th•:-1.;)•J ·
· .... : ._. : . .,ir ht,,.,·er wa~· ''''"'".'- ~ ..:::.. (iuietinr.;-sounci.:.. ~
·~~ -~ :'" >·· ·· '1~: <• ·;.: •. ~, ...\,-, "\; 1~ ~.- 1 )_ ~. ::-f'·l'..;~ inr? tv;t1' hi~
_
wit! J omC's ~kCord : .::.'. , . ·~· • c ~: t an\ o l him th;,it our princi 1)a!s
(;v!i. -:::~ .ea . '.\L11;r' 'Hi1·<· 1:: d u.~:·.1) li:\d '·.';.( cnn:e through. She de-
.. ·f ·\ I ~"' t c C,o·:-L.
. " :.:. .. :;:··,;
. ...· .. ·;. .:.'1. a I •..l\\ :· tne
' n•~ws a::: tnou~
' l 1 he Ii:i d
l
· · ~err
., ' t· f . ', •• ., • t ,.
1 ' I \ • '"" '. ~- t•r d '•-' ~ f' ~q~. ,\.)l( ,._ ::.
\ ( I• • .I, · l)~u CX[><.!<:ta1g ·1t, ,a oc.: t, .. i1 : :~ s:i.: fou .1J inc(lmp:d1c:1sihlc:.
•;,1 the fol'towin~ <i.t}' :.;t.;:..r~a 1>honc booth--not :~ l) 't I ' 0 n !I.I''overnoer • - I '
;, 1u1d' \'Oted' in . tie . : d. c Icct:Jn
[ 11 a ~1on . a' my I.nome •

i
:· . Th e hour ~vas, I belit:\·e, '-twe lve o'clock.. a nd after · " \'
1
! town of P.otornae, ~farybnd, and 011 the following day accompanied
_.rngr:1tulatcd CPl-;_on _on J.h(~ cl~ctor:il victory antl s11g- ' Bittman :md :\littler to the U.S. Courthouse, where 1 was a1lowc.:&to
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.._ . . ...... . . <. J. ·· \\"'" "•1"en11lc
' I ' ' •' '.f. • '"'_''
,·n
tli·,.- \\'hill• \. exam inc> evidence that had be e n ~eizcd fro m nw ,·iobted · White
House oti<•ht to be able ton-et ton-ctJ1er and concentrate uu
Lit~ Lik uf , . House safe. I se:ircl1cd the se ize cf m.ate_rial fo~ my oper~ltional ,
~ t::o ...., '
us seven defendants. _I informed him that d~spite all · p revious
assurances- some of \vhi:.:h had been "met-finilncial
•

s11pport was .l ·' ·'

. :. ·1
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f grc:(tl~" in arrears, partfct~ar)}~ paym ent .of lc.:-gal fees fo,r tl~e defen-
1
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I <lan ts. I bcl ic\'ed the ~·c\·c: n \of .us had behaved n)anfu lly ;md re-
(
marked that this \\'as "a hni-w{lV street." I. told him tha t," i.n th.e ,•
lan rru:we of clandestine scn·ice, ;nonev· ' ' :as ~he cheapest comrno<l-
it,- '"'th~~·e \\'as. 13,. that I meant ·.th~\t men- tlie · Watergate de-
f~ncb:ttS-\\·cre. q;>t l'Xp c nchiblc, but money was. And rnC)[lcY was
bad l~· nC'eclccl for legal tl cfc:nsc :m<l th ~ support of our families.·
Doni t hy had on<:e sug•r<.'.s te d my writing a mc1110r;~ndu111 to Ken-
neth Parkinson, one of tli CREP •lttorncys, summarizing the finan-:-
cial situation ofall sc,·cn men in tc:rms of the assurances given her hy
note boo~, files and telephone list. \)uf dJd. n ot find them.
Bittrnan asked Silbert if he was holding thcm·in a110thcr area, hut
Silbert declared that who.t I had revicw~d was :ill tlicrl' \\':IS. ft was
~'. .' · sufficie nt to convict me, btit any material that colilc/lwr; c bcc1111scd
to co11 struct a defense for:. me 1cas missing : my · opl~ratiorio.l
notebooks, tcl~phonc lists a'ncl -cloc:uments ki...whic·h-Hr.rd"T"'e't"'C'lrded
th~rngR-SS-<>!=-G~tom.-fm~trinc-cptio"11, 1t ien tirr.iirr;-f:;id d~.­
t.lucc_p~.inc i pnb-h)••nam~l-t Il•l1c:-l h\h\:;nt<l t>r-1\n~l-l )c.;u\ -
· On DC'ccmber 4 all defense lawyers mC't for a pretrial meeting :it
Bittrnan's office. Som e of the defendants wC"rc present for ,·aryir:ig
periods of time, nhd I cnco1mtcrcd Pcrnie Barker. with whom I lbd
a brie f con\·crsation . I told him that Doroth~· and I were i::oing to take

I
~1 r. Hi,·crs. I h;1d not don<• so. hut. for cffcd, I now tol<l Cqlson I was the children to Key \ Vest before Chl·istn1as and asked him to make
pbnning to.-..==-i.-.1.·;:vo.~ ....~
\\Tit<: a 111 c:1110r:i11uum an
cl " 1ay 1t . on p.ar.·111son'k. .. .m tl le reservations for us there begin nine; the fifteenth . Ile ·ae;rccd and
I
near future. I slq.~gc~te<l that•~ weck'ur ten clays hence ought to be n<lded that hl! and his wife 1~ ight foin us there for :i da;: or so.
sufllcicnt ·time for Li<ld/s principals to mah• up Che arrcanhmd On the night of the seventh I recei\'ed a spccial-dl'li,·cry lett(-r
, .C!>.prcssc:d my strong h ope th:1t this wouk.l. UC don~ . ) ~ddresscd to me from ~kCord and immcdiatch· took it to Dittman ~lt
I nterjecting from ti:nc to tune, C 61son s responses were cagey.
He put it to me that he h:id not been involve<l,.....vas not involved and
did not want to bl! involved: From this posture, he expbincd, he
could be of more ~ssistancc to me . In sum, Colson's responses were

t
\
·his home~ Its thrust was t.o accuse me of pbnting press stories

.
.

. "
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rSomc: nine months latt:r I w:is sho\,·~·hat purpo~c:d to be a transcript of ou~ tc:k-~honc
c:il\. It h:id been .recorded by Colson for purposes l could only tnt.:tp:'l.:t ~ sel:-scrving.
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'·.
UNDERCOVER
.,.,..
an<' r was ordered to appear at fod~raI district court on Monday,
. January 8. oi1c month to the day after Doro th v's death.
· ,. ?\1e a n\\'hilc, my coclcfen cbnts and the ir attc;rl'\cys had been in-
for med of my decision to plead guilty. I personally notified .Be rnie
Barke r, ,,·ho, when he: arrived in: \Vas hington some <lays in advance
cl th e trial, c::d l ~:cl on m e to explore my motivations more fully. He
co ul_J s_e~ a nd und~rsJanc.l~my_ n1ental d epression, rind I pointed out
to him th at tlie ev1<lqnce agamst me was ovez-,vhclming: M cCord's
bricfc:ase ha <l b d.v n (ound in m y rifle d safe, but the notebooks and •
other p apers whic h c!ould have substantiated a defense that I acted
unde r duly constit\ltu~ authority h~<l not. appeared.
In conscq1ic ncc, I told him·, I was d cfcri·selc.ss.
Barker sai<l, "We ll, Eduardo, you're pleading gu·l lty ·a~<l you
\\'eren:t even arresteCl. ,Tbc five of us we re CakittH red-Ii~m<le<l in the .
office . :i.nd I ha,·c n't bc\·n able .to find out yet from our attorney ,yhat
ne;'s
o u r defens e is going to b'~. He tells µ s a law technic ian, and he'll.
ge t the judge so mad that he'll commit reversible errors and,we can
h:n·e the case th rown out on aP.peal." Barke r lo.o kcd ~t me tho ugh t-
fully . " Docs that .make sense to yo·u?'.' ' • ". ·
.. I d on 't kno\'..- eno ugh a bout hw "to even gi.i"css, "'! told him.'1 · ;
"Besid es, my situa tion is diffclie nt from yo u fs. I've got four childre n "\ - .~ :
to take· care of, De rni~Ja ~ i\_I have t? go.to priso n, I'd }·a t her spend
t~eJast few wec:ks .w1th tl\em. rathc r than in a courtroo\n cxery day.
. I vc got to p rovide for their futurc, and there's rlo wav I can cfo it with
so many other th ings on my mind." ' "
J had written a.letter to Colso n on Dece rn bcr31, asking him to ~ce
A. 11 my uttorncy . .Bill Ilittm a n . I thoug.lit Colson might find my guilty
W'. j pica out of :ha rac tcr, ·an ~- I \\'a n ted llittma n to ·expla in to him the
1 reaso ns f~r it. Too, somcf.\·ecks. before, I had heard tht't t the U.S .•
J Attorney· s Office was nndertakrng research to d e termine in what
m an n er my CI:\ ;mnuity cou Id be te rm in ated, and I wanted Col son 's
p.
h c: Ip in s ta ,.in g th is off. ...C~ l'Vtv e.. I., M ?'U!.
F or his pa rt._ I3ittm:rn w a nted to di~cuss with Colson our motion
for di sclosurc"of evidence that had been taken from my White Ho.use
s::ifc. If the \\'h ite IIousc res iste d the motion, then ihyas hopeless to
p roceed, a nd Bittman needed to knO\~ the White House attitude.
J:hus, Colson gave Bittman an appointmen t op J an uary· 3 .
· As reported r
to me by Bittman, •
Colson said that he understood the
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:
~85
~ reaso ns for z;l)' pica of guilty, that h(.! would k1vc res{'arch dot~ <:>. <ln i·
my p o.s ition vis-:t-vis mr CIA annuity. :111d as_ ~or th e disc!osu.re I
mot.on . h e a~k ·< Bittm;rn .t o ret11rn thL' followrng chy.7\ . [-
;ollowing Bittrna11's SCCO ll( lll l:l'\'icw w i tl1 Co lson, mr ::i ttor:1cy . ('
infor111ecl 111c that' the \Vhite I louse \Vas taking thl' posqi<Jn that I h~tl ::
"abandoned" m v office and s:tfc: therefore, the White' l iouse h:1<l ?·
e very 1ig ltt to c~1ter my "abandoned" property. · ·
\\'bile.t his positio n was useful to the White Ilouse, it n e\·crthcless
c onflict ed with the actu:il ·circum st:rnces: ~!y em ployme nt contract
. with th,e \\' hite Ilousc was o p en'-cndcd: I h ad zH.•\·er rcsi.g ncd-Jny
\Yhitc IIousc con sultahc.:\', nor liad I been di.sd1;1rgc cl. Also. I h ad
. ~i.sitcd 11.ooni ·33s frcquei;tly, lll})'i:ts t yisit ha,· ing bee n on Jun e 19.
. ·:~l y \ Vhite House P.a ss ·and the keys to .m)· office re mained in !TIY
. posscssio11 and h";1d not been asked for by the Secre t S tn· ic'~· D e- · r·
I
' ; · spite all this, th~ \Vhitc IIouse >\·~1s go;ng to res is t -.iur m o t ion.
Bittman had told Colson that I v:as naturally conccrne<J abou t the
i
t_·
" sentence I might be gi\'en ;1~d its length : H e and Colssrn h:ul9c!is· f
cussed th is are a briefly. each of the m agreeing there were , miti~:lt·
in g circumsta·n c~s. anclJJarticularl)~ because r. was 1Jlcadin,g .c:uilt.y, -~
might",~cll recei,·e .a lenien t s ent e nc e, if.not probation. Colsnn.11:"1
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·•
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adde\l. acco rdi ng to my attorney, that \\'hether in o.r out of the-_ \ \lll,te i
-·H o use he, Colson, w ould continue to be my friend aa<l would nd p1 ~
me :m v way he, cou Id in his 1)('r.rn11al capaci ty.* eH'j1 to t,1ki n~ .my f
· ~·
ch il<l r~·n in tok his ..home slwuld that be necessary U...-'."'"ncr-t nn, t
· · ; 1g-fo-Biui~arr;-the-~:td-bec11 110t~ing-uf-sttbs t,L1 .... I..' to th e [·
1J1CClillp;... ': . _f:.~·_rJc. _ ·_ . ~
Col.sons messa;gc die~ ~·)Ulm~ to allcnatc q1y burde n~ . :rncl I j
·· recalled that he. had not eH'n co1nc to the ftt nt'ral home bt'fore my 1·.
wife's interment . sending Joan Ilall. instc:id, \\'ith a h:111thn iiten
lett e r of sympathy- ,~f"'.'lf0\<J"'."f'~4li7,c"&tji::1t:·thf'r;,:::-:~-:1'~~'Mrri:(.:"'7l!'
~t v..~<'"'~"'~od .:mµ;~lf-:t~offf!~~nl t l-stil !·':lpprt>1."l:'rr:"'l'ris
~Uo11. '"' .,...d..J....._{~u' 1-.L- ~f,-: . ",{.c_r/,,~- 1 "-.'.!,
Over the weekend D:irker told me that the our o t 1 H:!ll 11ac11>t:cn
1··.·
disc.:uss ing a possible g uilty plea \\'ith their attorney. \\'ho \\':lS resist-
ing the change . I neither encouraged nor discouraged him Crom
these discuss ions, ·~md when Barke r risked whcthl'r I thou ght our
financial su1)t)ort w~uld cor1tipue in the event we were imprisoned. I
I " •
•Thi>wa.s tn :1111oun1 to :in.uniolicit<."1 k:ttctM:nt byCohon lo I~ prOb'"{l.)norriccr"'·ho."'·~
C\lnductini: my pre...:nt.:nc.: inw>tii;;;1tion. ·
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0

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!d of a Com1nit111e11t
. .
295 296 " Ul\'DEHCO\ER f: ~
I n·quested Dittma n to ;~rrange a m cd ing between Paul 0'£3ri{'n offensi~·e and told l1im fr:rnkly th:it I had expt•ctccl to see Colson and i;!
CHEP a11cl 111.rsdf so I coulc:I review the financia l situation with no.t a .Surrogate. Shapiro then told· me that C olson greatly admire~ {; :
.n in per~on, O"Brie n ha\'ing been the CREP o m c:ial Dorothy had,. •. me and wanted to help me any wa}' he could in his pri\·ate c::~p:ic-ity, .., ~~ ·
but I was tired of these ~malitics and recited Pau l O 'Brien's sug- . .·1
11roac:hed o n her return from E 11.rope. Accordingly. 0 'Orien an cl I
·t pri\·:i:ely ' in early .\I:irch and I told him "that \lr. Rive~s· cle-
e riL·s of funds had nend · been_ sufficie11t to m et•t the fig ures · ·
ge:.tion, the n ou tiinec1 our fun ding difficulties sine(' tl1cy.recccling •
) lllH.'.
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f
i•rinalk a"rt.•ec1 to hc:hH»cn him' antt Dorothy anc..I that as the Despite Shar~iro's stated um~·illingncss to h e:ir my full exp osit ion,
· ~1ths j)ro~ressed, the nrre;p·s \\;ere c:~>nstantly mounting. Now,
·eel as I wa.~ with a prison \ sei)tence. I hop vd. fu nds coulcl be
I insistt>cJ on telling him that I want<·d 1'1.\·o )'e:irs· family Su p port plus
lega l fees in ha n<l he fore \!arch 23 , ·m'}· sentl'nce cbte. Shapiro said '
t~
t 1
1,:

ppJ~ ·,, before l \\'aS ill prison ai:J\i·naJili! to make pru°(.Jc nt Uisposi- he.• would pass along to Colson suc:h portions of our com·ersation as l' I
!l , 1e m . O"l3riL·n saiu he t111'cJers.too<l the problem~ bt~ t felt
... h e saw llt. Uatl,icr angrily I 'tolcl him he shohl<l pass alon.~ the entire ~~· ~
·115c] becomin~ ·1~ss ancJ less c:ffl"c:tive as time went on. I re- coil\'ersation or none of it; and whc:n I left h is office, I fdt that ;f I
ondecJ that inas ;nuch as he: w:is the sole remainingcoa t;\c t \~ th the, n othing ;IScfu l had been a('CQll)plish('cl. .. ' I t;
kno n-11 -;o n n :P oT fo ncls. I was olil igecl to turn t<i hi m. IJ1d'dl'd tha t F ro pi time to time I was v isitefl by Obr·1 I3arker an<l her daughter, T f
might or might no t he a\\";~re of u··1t,ai1l se;.uny t!iipp'l<· l .h acl clo1~e
1 \
~Ia ri;1.Elena.' Frat1ccs Licl<Jr told Jl'ie' tJ1;1t C ordon had beyn sent to ., ll
the.- \\"hit<.: Il o u se and that ifa11 :-·011e'-was desc.•n;mg t) f s11pport-m the" f ederal Co1'rec:tior1al · Institution a1 Danbun·. C o nnecticu t, J;
!, \"of those ac: ti Yities-it was myself. I \vent o n to say 'that if th e P end ing· sen tencing and ga,·e ·,,,,. j,;, address. l w;otc hoth Barker ' Ji
·?!te I louse: was now planning to abandon me; then 1 w ou.Jd.have', , and Lidc.h· :incl recei ved restrained replies because all priso nc>r mail .ft
was ccns~red. Th'C.· n. at the rcco11\mcnclatio11.·of, ..T ony Jac:kson , I it1 ~
0

,:'.1ll 1 ~icl 1 · r .,!l2 \,~T..Jl~ o·I3rien told me he ·\~Ou J<l r~hy my com ' er- \
1
i: 11, lrn c stlg.~cste<l I w rit e a strongly wo.rde~, mem ~ra1~dum . to
•

· b egan t-aking a course in tr~nscc\iclent:il mc<lit;ition whieh. I hop.:d. '.' ·t~ r

: on. This SUJ.!~estion surprised me, for I assoc:1atc<l 0 Dne n,w1th " would rnake pr~son more (·ndurahle. . , ._ it !
l. 1 \l itchc-11, ~~ot Colson. . . '. - - · ScntC'r'1dng was set for .\larc:h .23, a c.b te whose finality con- • i l. I
· Yhr shoula I ..Jo that?'" I asked. · · . .
'" t c c:ausc some of u s feel ir's tiine Colson got into it;--got his feet .. ~ ....
dition~cl my every move and tho11gh5. Ditt man remained somewJ1at
'hopc(ul fli;~t in vlcw of my e;xcmplarj ' life. l would be.gi\'cn pro ha-
~
~~
J't
t Uike the res t of us," 0 'Brien told m e. :- .· tion rathe r than a prison tcm1. but the little I hacl seen of J udge · ~~ !.
I ~a\·c a
nonc:orn mrttnl rc.:ply,- and after O'Brie n ~cparted, I re- 'Siric:a made me pessim istic: .. ~ r · : t
t
a~'jr-·tio~s
of o ur ~~nvcrsation
tq !3ill Bittman; tel!.ing Uittman I . After St. Piitric:k's Day I gave a' p'arty for D a\·i<l and his school f ~~ !
cl o~ention of \\'rtt1ng to Ct>lson, but fdt that Cohon ~houl<l be fr il• nds. a11d ;\ r time a rri\'<.•d to \'isit the four imprisonl'cl men ~in<l ,~:.ff: !' .
p.-~·s e<l of o·nrien's rec~J mme11Jatio11s.
r
· • m vsclf. Il e told 11w four children that they we 1<.: to look 0 11 :1 i111 as :t
Pr sentlv Bittman in for med me tha t I could sec Colson s law
rt: e r, 6a\'icl Shap iro. nt the l~1tter's o ffice on :i-Ia rc:h ·16. I went .
fa ihcr and assured them they conl,d '"'~ to him for ;lO)' and all :
th in.!!s. ~ l" •

en !believing that th t' Shapiro appointment w as m e rely to <lisgu~se , 01~ the ni1rh t of \larch 21 I rcceiq·cJ a phone c:all fro11dlittm:1n, t ;·· l
(.~tin1' between C olson and myself. H oweve r. when Shapiro \vho saicl he ha<l t'eceivccl an envelope fo r me. In the morn in.~ I went f" : 1
v\•.kcl r;;e into hi's_ofiic:e, h e d eclared th~t was Colson 's attorney .
he
cl l as acting in that capa.c ity. I found his manner both arrogant and "
to his h ou se to J.:Ctri~n· it, took the envelope home :l!lC.J there opened
it. The con tt-nts were $75,000- a su m fa r less than Ill )" prc•·ious
; rif.
~j< ··~•my ~" ;drn<rn.~ tl~
r.
estimate of.~or two year's family living c~·;)l'llSC:S f-~i.l:; t tr
$60,000 fo attorney".s· fees already owed. The S4i7,UOO defici t, ~ i ~· ·
~:i:.}:lny the bur~lary of Dr: .D :m~I Ellil?"'b s former psyc:h1:.1t~ut, tk fo rging of State
,h;rii:>'.. '"" ;n p«n ••. ""'"""' On R<•nd jucy
;u
.:p. ;t!n(:nt cahlcs ·: nd the poliuc;il dirty tt!'cl.:s ofDon:ild Se~retti.. knew, I ' ou!cl have to make up mys.clf1 •
fl.;!)!> 0 t !:
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End of a Commitment .- ~97 308 .... Ul\DEHCO~'I;:R

I now re~:lizc:cl
I coul<l cou~t o~
no fu r ther assistance, financial or with thirty oth e r pi-isoners. to the subterrane an entr:rn cc of tl :c

. I
otherwise, from Li<ldy's principa!s-~t itch ell, D e:?n and Ma-
gruder~i;,Jl~;J.!:..~t~~essors. And while I hoped that'provisiq~ h<\~
been made tor Ll~ Miami men, I had no,way of knowing
fed eral courthouse, a fifteen -minu te jou rnc)' frurn the j ail. Seq11cs-
tercd in the Fefonr Tank! I med itated , then killed time by dozing·
until noo n , when my attorneys arri ved . T hey had me \\'rite ·a brief · ,
what, if anything, ha~· been done i'n: th_eir behalf. : statement for tl1e gr'and jury, and at 2 P.~f. I was agaii1 h:mdcufTed : i~
an<l taken up to the · grand jury room, where I was aske<l one [
\ .
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qucs titm. 1 • • i'
:\ . i: According to the prese.t formula, !·declined to answer on grounds ~
"'
. '·"'-:".;.,\
.'· ~\ . .. of my constitutional rig hts to ,remai n silen t and was excused for the I
I
'•
' d ay. I3ack· to the Felony T:ink ui_:til 7 P. ~t. . when I was retu rned to. f
\ D . C. Jail. Q.inne~ \\'<lS over and th~\Cantecn was closed, so I sub- !
• •· a .
,p . ':
·,

,?"'
...,.... . '\.,· .
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sistcc.l on potato cliips and an or:ingc given me by Vi lla. then by on
m y bunk anc1 cons idered t h ~ grand jury. and its no\·el-.to: mt;
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;-':-proce d u ros. ' ' I l
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The room its.~lf \\'as perhaps f\;·e nty by twenty feet and smoke - !
:· . •, '\ I fill ed. Th e' twenty-three jurors comprised a cross sectio n of the D . ~. r~
,,. ' . -·. ~ . ·-·."'. p opubtion , and facing them at a long table were Assist;_mt. U.S. - r
.\ .
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"\
\ Attorneys Silher.t, Glanzer an<l C:i.mt>hell. ACter the foreman ad- 1
ministered 1i1y <p th , I lp d been sdate <l a t th e. end of the tab le [ ;cing t
'... .
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4 -~ .' •
j urors and prose0u tors and near the fe mnle court ste nographer.
\S ilhe rt infor m ed me that I could ask the fore m an. of the grand jury.
~
t
.: t ( ~ , . . ...·.' .
. \.. . ):. . _. -. - -- . ---;-··- · .. .t· . - fo r perm iss ion to eons11lt my a ttorney at any ti mc:- a ~ight I was to 't
f _.
~ ... avaH m yself r>f.frcquentl y . ~uring my many subscque1\t. interrogar I
·' tions. ~ . · . t.
The next m o rn ing's court call c stalilishc d a pattern that ,,·as to
e. ' .
.. .
: ., '
become burden somdv famil iar over the next two mo nths .. 13ut on ·
arriv;il at th e comtlilc>"t;sc w it.h my Jh·c fell ow \\'atergatcrs, \\'e \\'ere
t:ikcn to Judge Si riea's cham bers, whcre we we re granted " use
i immunity'" on applic::1tion of E ar! Silbert. Then I was kd to the gr;1qd t :,:.-

j ury roo m and s~1hjvc:zted t l> four h.-mrs.nf intensive interrogation by t

all three pros(·cutors-<' ac!1 \\'i th h is own s tyle.• and prceoncei\·cd I:.·_

j not ions-am1 1>y g ranc1 jurors, as \\'ell. .

Br nm•: '.\ kCord had testified before the E n·in committee in
"secret" session ;i.nd the grand jury. \\'h:t~ he s:1icl aprwarcJ in tbe
f •
·. .. press. verbat im or in sub st:mcc- Jack Ande rson's colum n. for in -
stance. publi ~he d ',wh ole ~ce t io n s of secret transcrip t, normally a
,

.. ,cri minal offensc. ~

f
l"
' Bceausc of tliis unpreceden ted leakage of gr:rnd Lury proceedings.
I conside red my replies careful!):, for it seemed in) proper that uny
~ ==:r~·- ====-z-- - C:tttn rd . ~
~at"7m ·•;ro1.::rz·r:r==z rn-2rr:___" r f.
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327 .· 328 ll~DEHCOVER

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m emoirs. nncl in ·late F e hni:lry I signed a corilrac:t with the pub- visit br IOe to the ·Wh ite House \V011!d have bt•en noticed by :my
lisher. , ntimber of rel)Ot'terS and could ha\'<.! raisc<l Serious Cjlll'SliOllS con-
Since th e 1'i. in a<lc!ition to <lictatii~rr the m:mu.scri1)t ' l have 011ivcn a cerning a po~sible contin uation of the "co,·cr-up";,...;:wd I w:•s_a \
_p~rol e;:!_ felon-a category of p<·Esons seldom if e':cr acl1n itfe<l, much ~',
b
puhlic: ;1ddrcss-to the ?'\ehraska Press Association in Omah:l-bec.n •. i
intc.·n·il'wc<l on I3uc:kJe,:s Firi1111·U11 e ancl bv ABC-TV News iriven
. "" - 'n
! l ess rn d ted. to the White Hm1se. But more 1111port;1ntlv, I had.· • . ~
an interdc\r to I'eciple rnagazine an<l written a .short piece for th~ nothing to contrihu tc to the defense of the President.· · · I.
first issue · of llarpcr's rc:vi\·ed . \vee~ly m<tgazinc. In addition, I . Afte~ I <lerlined. the sani'e·im·itation was temlcrcd to my atto rney, ~
permitted S\\'c:dish ':rv to film n)e in'mv home for a documentarv · who not on ly refused, but.at my urging rcllortcd th0 ~trange o,·er- · 1
film on nl\' literar\' lifr., \ :· · • to
tu res tlie Office of the Spcc:i;<J Prosctu.to'r. Only Colson. I specu- t
T his l!H;rni11g D.ick \\' illiaihs c'Alec.l from !'-!ei.y,Yor.~ _~o relllind me· . late<l , wo11ld,ha\·c.· had the cl111t:7)ali ~o suggest ..gqoJ old I Iowa rd" .i.s , l
t h . e ' nnil'l hl' arguin!-! my •\pp;i.i_;il on Junc 14, a sc;~nt t\vo weeks a possible last-rc$,ort source 6f aicl and comfor t to the White House.
rj
~m . . . Did I want. to be present? h e asked. I considere,d, then .· 1'he inciden t had th e effect of alicnatihg me even further from the
re member ed Illl(::kley".s jovial comment tha t I better hachi't be . for.· ;~ high est office ill the bn<l. . . .
e,·en· time I'd been in court I'd'lost. So I c.kc:lincc.1 the il'l"t•it~tion. ... Nixon's pr?s1~e~tive_ impcac:hi11cnt f ulisequ en i ly appeared tt_im to
o~ June 1-l, 197·1.'tlw U.S. Cc.i urt,of Appeals beard' oral argu- ....... .. ~ on' the cruc1a~ qucst10n of whe ther h~ ~w,11:,!,ht he \\'as paying
ments from attorneys for Che origi11'1tl \VatergateScv.en. Two of the ·"bl ackmail" for the silc~)cc of'my~df and other5. I3y gi\'ing ,-ali<li.ty to
nine jucl~eS, lio\\'ever, rC(:USCd thc11'i.sc:lves froh1 h c;lriUg the appeal ·\
\ tbis sole and unsupported· allegation of John Dean 's-wh ii~ <l~s- ~
(the~· \vere known co nse rvatives}. thus des troving the court's' cus:. paraging the re.st of Dean·.s testin ~ony-Nixon may have felt that th~
tom:iry liberal -co nservative habnc:c. And ·Dick \ViJliams~ m}' attbir-· picture of him bowing to blac:kn"Rtil threats wou!tl engender public
ney; \\'as unable to prcs(:nt his foll plead ing. ques tio ning from th'e .) I : sympathy ::m<l -bc acc:'cptccl as ;< ration:tlc fur.ithc CO\'Cr-up. ;!tmut
bench sub trac t ing from his a llotted t\\•er\tv-five. ;ninutes. . . "\ ::,,, · which his deception fina ll }' f~rted his resignation. :- · .
At this writing th<.: court's \'crclict is stili to
he made kno\\.1n. Until :.t.11
S 1 t I ie str'Wcnt
,. · ' ·
crv remarns: "D ean sa1'<l . . . D l'an s~1<
· I . . . .. an d
thc.'n J.'ll li\·e. ~ls I did IO 1•rison, one . day a.t a· time, ~uspenclidg "Hunt di<l .. . II un t did ... "and for the rest of nw Ii fe' I ex1;e\;t to.be
long-range pfans u ntil my luture is <l eci<lecr o l)e way 01', anothcr. \ k.no\\'n as a nt\n who tried to blackmail the \\'h.ite H ouse.
\Vatcrgatc has cost nw as much as an)·one involved, anc.l at fiftv-six '
. ,• 1
But !et ;lie 1;1 ~1Kc onc'thini_; pc;-'foctly ckar : I did.not try to ."bbc:k-
I du~'t \yant to go bac:k to ,prison. :':Sut' if-and I h.ar<llj dare mail" the \ Vhitc Hou.se:·1nor did anyone ever offer me "cx ecu tiYe
o.-rm freed . \vlt;it's left of my life will be, <l~votcd to my chil-. • clemency" ,either spontaneou.sl;;' or as an . inducement to remain
r David in particular. and others who mav nee<l me.
• # ' •
~ silent. In<lee<l one of the real ironies of \Vatcrgatt' \\';tS , of c:ourse,
that there was· no "silence" to "buy"; my immuniz:ition meant that I
had to tes~ify to any and all quc~tion.:; or !:-.cc addition:1l charges of
\\'hilc I w:ls in prison . Prt"siclcnt Richard '.'Jixon called me,'Licldv contempt. Lawyers-Nixon and Etu·lidHnan should ha\'e appreciated
n<l my four ~ ! i:un i friends "idiots .. and "jackasses," as the Presidc1;- th al .
ial tapes rcvc:alt:cl . Ci\'c:n the many deletions in those transcripts , I The memoirs set down in this book define my life. It' seems both
;1;cl we were lucky not to have been calle<l nu1ch worse. · - - -- iro.nic .a nd trag)c that I must defend its qu~1lity with those two
E\_· ~n so, <luring the sp'ring, to my astonishment, I w~s invited b}' denials-as though nothing else was of importance, not any of my
Pres1Jc:nti:il attorney~ James St. Clair and Fred Buzhardt to confer
. .
w,ith . thcrn..,at the White H ouse concerning the Presidc11t's dc:fcns~! .'
Tne 1nvit.::i,tior, was outragcou~ly inappropriate for severa:l reasons ~ A
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j11dg111c11/ 0 I 309
324
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UNDEHCO\' ER
hc:-ir,r~· tc~ti1110_11~· o~ mine inwih:i ng .\litchell, ~ta:~rudcr and Dt•:rn ,~1 as clerk •it the fu:m .*Then.>, in the farmhou se .. tlwrc was so:nc
sh o t, J lie p11l>ltc1zNt and so damage m e n whose m noce nc:c before
the i,~w \\':ls {in theory) still presumed. O nh· Conlon Liddv cou ld ll w~\rmth and protec.:tion from the win ter winds , and at least I. \\·as
gi\·:· <lircc.:t testimony to his commissio n fron; those three m~n. and ( · · work iiw w ·
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iring \\'a~hingtoii''in terde:\\'S I bcc:;1mc the ~-pt·c!~:I targ<."t of .· t i

1
Li :lcl~· <lec:li1wd. For this he was hel<l in contempt by Judge Sirica
a_ d sent enced to_an a<ldi:ional eightee n mon ths . Liddy's ll'gal posi- Richa rd I3en-\'c nis te. :1 c:urly-heac.lccl, abrash·e you "ginan \,·Jio hacf
.·
.. l?een a fl'deral pro~e:ct < to r in !\'ew York :rn<l \\':!:; m ;.;ch in the nc:ws
t1on. ,ho\\'e'ver, as·l ' pt!rC('ive<l it, entitled h im to rennin silen t. H~
·'
Jud u n d c.•rgor~ <.· a trial wh i~h was a mockery o f Amcric•~n justice, and duriw~ continui ng _litif:ation o\·cr the Presidential t.i pcs.
... i- c and his attorney belic;\7cd that his co nviction would be reversed Prior to my being sent to Al!rnw~o<l . Bcn-Vc·:1is te'had musetl, in
'Ill appeal. Consequ~.nt!y, for Liddy to tes tify, even unde r immu-.
the prese nce of my ritt9rncys, t h~1 t long-term cri m inals .suc:h as
.• ·'
myself were usually co mm itted to )\tbntJ or Le:1 1.-en\\'or th pen'itt? n-
nitr, could fat~1 lly prc_i'lidic~ the outc:on1c ·of his <1ppeal. Gordon was .
\

< lo n .I·intain this po..~ ture hcforc the H ouse of Representa ti ves sub-
th_iries. His th reat \\'a~ ..r.lear. T hen he launched i·Jtci i:ene\\"e<l d focts
<
i {com .. itte e, and in ~lay, 107·1, he received ,{ii additional ycqr's ' ·
.~ · ; sent: 1cc for cont em pt of Congress. . ' " '-.. · .
,. J rv to shake ·mY previously" sw.om tt•stinwnv o an area of
ft .. ~ particular intcres e :.1 e · • o f cx~c11~i\'c cle:nen e\· to
·.... ' D \'after day I was fakc:ryfrom D.C. Jail to th e fcctCral courtho use,' ". " . . . me. . :.. ·e ~Ile o·n·r o.nc o{el' ag:iin w hether I had been promi.scd
\
eithc: to testify or. to wai t".unoall~d in the F.clony T .m k. my only ·. -:.~
1 • clemepc:y ~>r g lYen ~<~me sign:::l ;i'hatK:lgmenc:y would h~ gi ....<'n l o me; 'i '
/ .\
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d iH· ion an oc:casio1ia) r.c\~lspaper b orro\\.C<l fro !n C1e U.S.' mar- whc 1'. ,I c:ontinunll: re1 lied, in the negat i\'C, he ~:.iid, " Bttllsh:t ~' and J1J t
, _. shal: who were my gt..lrcls. :-..fissi-ng mc;{Js brought about wo·i ghl lt>ss ha en me S .!mc more. · . · , 1

an<l atigue. I was disturhe<l by rc>ports that John DeaQ an<l J e b· Christmas a t. All .:mrnoc was ;b leak. Br then I ·xas i~ .a \\·arm ~
~.

·· .\fag uc.lc_r hac.l approached Silbert's omc·e \vi th offe'rs c;i_f coo'p,eration. \ cind_er-block c.lonnitm·y among who.sc .i>ccup:mt.' \\'as forme r T\f.'p-
;. :\I cai whil ~ , ~Ic.:Cor<l . free, seemed to 1he c'njoying his role as repc n- I I
resc ntatin! C ornelius O.allagh cr of ~cw Jers('y, \\·ho ga\·e me i 1l'LI\ \ <
....~ tant c nsp1rator. H is new attorney, a leadin g local Democrat, was .., ··. \- cl_otl,1.i!1g for my farm work, a gesture> I app reciatl'Cl greatly. Earlier ·1
/::· much ! ) the n.C\\.'~, :nd Ooth the grand jury an.:! Z . vi~'s ubcon1niittee had come to kno\\' the h usband of our former. Kore.an ward. Ste Ill
1 Kim, !1.n<l he,, too, dicl muc:h to ease mr dis m~1~ life at :\tle mn~o<l.
;:·" • in;·e~t.. ' ;>lions ass1.ii1.ecl an alarming ex trajud.ic1ai charac:ter that.was . ·
. ~· Thr~e days·aftcr Christm;t?: I was at work on the farm \\'h e> :' I was
to <l c_t< iorate into almos t opl::n cmnpctition for the admir;\tion oftl\e .• called to the camp supcnnt~·ntle.nt's office ;wcl chewl'd out for li::i\·ing :
, mecl1:1 .. ~
..~ .'i -. T he !'oi-m of my
se.nten c:ing was a co11_s t:rnt preoccupation. Its .. accepted an emcr:tcncy ca_ll the nigh t lwfor<.' fro m our fam ilr hous'c.· -
r . :·p:ovi ional" aspc<.:t c:alle d for an "evah1aHon" to b~ p e rformed 1m . keep,cr. The call ~ 1~1d hc:en monito red. \\'eger informed me- !H't to
_i/ m ; an my ~Ii:uni collt-a~11es by the F e dc:ral Bureau of Prisons. But my surprise-..an d in the.· monitor's opinion th e call \\'as not of an
(~ tl.1c <l.c.· ·ic:t' was no-more: th:m a transi)arcnt and cynical inctho<l of . emergency na tu re. \Vegc.·r warned me a!!;ainst ah11si11g tel l'nhonc
-..... '. e ':ic:t11 ' from us the fin ,11 clrop.c; of blo Dd. The D.C. Jail h;.id no· · .. privileges" and se;1t me back to th-0 fa~m. 1 ht:n, just aft~r the
~<
1
f._.c: ilitil t fo r the: prcsc:ribc<l evaluation, so it was only que~ tjon of a midday meal, I \\·as again.recalle<l from the farmhouse :rnd told to
call \Vill iam ~nyder i11 U.-.ltimon:: \\'h en Snyder :mswered. hl' tol<l
•_.!. tune: htfore we would h e transferred to a federal ins titution-the
. ) time to he <letcrmi!1ed by Silhcrt's an<l Ervi n's inves tigators' arbi- ·' m e the Court of Appeals had ordere d my rdl·:tse pending form .tl
}'.·: trary nC:c><l fo r our availability to t cstifx . ... argu ments ~n my case, and I was to be hrougli t cxiwdit iously to
_ :{ p 0~ kACp"il 5 thde White !louse w ithdrew the nominat.ion of L. · \Vashing ton. I greetec.l the announce m<.• nt in stunnl'<l si lence, chen
" . j .alnc · .-ay as irector of the FBI, and on April 9 t})c New York ~enrs welled in my
eyes. After all these months I cou ld ha: dly bring
~, myself to bdieve the good news. I could see my chil<l:-en ag;!in , li\·e
1{:r. .
-~ •· · 'Ximc:; •f,!portcd Mc:Cor<l's all~gations to the gran~ jury· that my late
_wife'7.ad 1.b l~vcred co.sh to the }tVatergate Seyen in return· for their · .. . .
• , .,.
". at hor~1e_;at least un ti~ the Court of Appeals,. which h :id reversed
.
__S;ric~·~ -cqnte~ptµous rulinps>· decided the m'cl-i.t~ of my c:?.Se.
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94-Tlf C-ONORRSS } ( H.f~PORT
i!tl Scsaiou \~ { No. !l•t-75G

SUPPLEMENTARY .DETAILED STA.FF

REPORTS ON .FOHEIGN AND
"
! 'MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
j
"
BOOK IY

J<'INAL REPORT
OP •rng

TO STTJDY GOVEHXMEXTAL OPEIL\TTONS

'VITIJ UESPF.CT TO

INTELJ,TGENC!c AC'l'TVITIES
UKJ'l'EJJ H'J'A'l'ES HEN" ATE

.I._

.Al'Rll. 23 (und('r nuthority uf thC' ordf'r of .\PJtl1. 14). 1H7U

U.S. GOVERNMENT T'HI!\;TI!-l"C OFFIC't:

70-72.6 u · 'VASJJINO'fON : J97G

}"Qr 1:mle !Jy the 8u11erlutt•1uJent of Ducu11.L1·111,.~· :-i. t.iuv1>r11JJ,l·11t l'ri11tiu..: '11:,e··
' \\·nshlngton, ll.L'. ~fJ.JO'.!- l'rif·•· ~l.'.10

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129
I know I delibcmtc]y, nnd 1c c11lmssy knew it, ovcrslnlcd

I ll1c mcssngo . . . in or(icl" to pcen:nt nncl hnlt; this dnmn prcs-

suro on inc to go Lo the · ·
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"SPECL\L Ol'EHA'rrox~~xr·r . the ~senp1·opn~:lll(
nun1st pc 0
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I·,l l){·I 11"n (l thP. I1·on c71rtai11,

} and
_ ( f "speci·tl opl·t·a: ion:-/'
::,~1:' ~;; l~.~~"i~ ~)~~1fi~~t1;~~Ll,t?~~·F,{~::'.:~:.~'.~11:~:'.:::1~: ~:i.;:rt::; :~ t'. (! :::f.
I :11-1 111gv111:y p
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On llPr<'111l"·1· 2G, lDT;i, the .\"e11• J"OJk Times rcporletl lhal for1m"
CU. ollicer K Jlow:11·L[ Uu11t, ,Jr., told a11 interviewer tlrnt:
: i'!?~'.;:,:· :1 ~ l~il~·: \~ 17.~1 r:::~',i,~nl
1
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.Jh·aJH'lI "I.__ fl 111~t
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,~i::i~:r; .~ : ;, ,::~1~1't( 1·1 .'1 ·l ~.lr\~.1.1 uri,.:·j:',~ 1:~~1~::~
-~' b·isl'il
·t I I th·1I
Oil "'· ,,
•· r·ision inthec'ttl"iy]!);J()s. I('
l
periors in the C l'~'s !':ion~ht• !,stl},itll('~l' " ',~I iiori. J'ash ha<I"run a unit.
1
1
irJ'l!lll SHl'(
fll]c was tole! in the mid-moos that the CIA hnd a small
unit set up to :u·1.,rngc r,,,.
the ass11ssinalion ofsuspcctc1l cloublc hnd the ",F-tlnet l\1pru'i!.i4~t 1:1 .o o1 ... · :-. ! • ..~niretl.:;9
agents n11d si1nilar lO\\·-rnnking oflicinls ... lfunt snid ho rc- \rhieh \\" .. " - u· • • .• ·. !"-:~ I>i . for ()ll(' \\'ho Sllpl'l'\·isetl
cnllctl J1al"ing been told by C!A >upcrio!'s in 1D5.t or lD;i5 ·. ie JJirl'eto1· of ()pt'_1'nt1ons ·• n~11.1JJ~fi-1t lolonl·l· T>ash's !Jrograrn
that .l3oriti 1'. I>a:;h, un .A.g-cncv official, \Vas in charge of t.hc
assassinati · prog1·n111 Ln1!1clics, ronlirni~cl the _f.1~~..., .~ tions nnd kidnapping as
JJ,rnnch ·7 unit~_ \\·as. r(•spon~. ~.lc fo/..1 ~·:J:J~~ ~\~pPrrisor testified that he
M
1 1

1- ras 11lso reported to hnvc saicl thnt he once met with Colonel well as oth~1· ·s~ecrnl ot'.c.t.t ~ol]'. D". ctor of OPC. who aoTcerl at
Pash nntl bronchecl the subject of plnnni11g 1111 nssassi11ation of a sns- consulted 1\'Ilh ' . I k \\ 1~1H~1, t le llf' . . tl - \.H. n·tpp1nu l\·ns
]l 1 1 . . , ji . S( le 1 vet· assass111n o · • P
al~~ iJJ~11·o~f "ct~tc iuu:t.1011~ sifPtJ~~::s,~·~rc
pectccl c!onble agent.
]_l])/·7's i-a i. - • l'l'0Crdi1t1:.f to the
The Committee >tall' inrcstigation concluded tlrnt a special unit
1 1c~uld be spirited ant of the coun-
' · f res IX>hincl the J1·on nr nm · · · '
hcnclccl by Colonel Pash in the cnl'ly tlnys of the CIA was nssignecl, "kidnnppmg o perslllllll, .
n1nong other things, rC'sponsiUilit.r for nssnssinutions nncl kicIHnp- . not in syn1pat.hy \YiL l ti 1e.1:cg1_n1e!
try b_y our peopl~. f?r t H.!11 o~' 1,1, ~~- ~ '
:};ir·
or l·illnnppino· of people \Vhosc
pjngs-i11cJ11din~ nny \rJ1irh 1niglit be directed against, double ngents- ... 0

in the e\·ent Lh11t, such opcratio11s \rcrc nuthorizcd. 1\Tc ]1n.\'c found no in1e1·e~1s were ""'!'!'"11 \01•1~Ts. r11 \Ot belici·c ihnt he hnd been c1~n:·g:ed
e\·idencc: ho\rC'vcr, t11at this uidt perfo1'1ned n11y covert action in,•oh·- Barrs L'nsh. t~s.tihc• t • 1C' .' t! s but nllowpc] for the poss1b1hty
. ig assassinntion or kiclnupping operntions. 3 -1 1\.1thou&'h the "Special
\\·ith rcspons1b1l1ty fo1: assnss111.1 ion'. ibilit f'

Urnt he 11·ns i·icwccl ns if he had such iespons

()pcl'utions'' unit hnd gcitt~ral jurisdiction for ussnss111ndon or kic1-
nappi11g-, it nppC'nrs thnt no such Op(•rntions \\·ere c\•er scriou.sl.Y con-
I siderC'tl by this unit.
I A. Pl'O(J'l'am Bruncli 7: A Special 07Jeratiol18 Unit with Assassination
Jw·is,liction
lJoris 'r. Posh: nn .A. rn1;· colonel spcc.inlizing in inte11igcncc and
countcrintellige11cc, was assigned to the CTA from March 3, 1D·l9, lo
J'nntHll"J" 3, 100:>., nnd worked in connection with the CIA on several
··ejects after llwt. c!nte." In the formative years of the CIA, Pash
) .
Tt ls ronrei,·nble to ine thu1, if so111eo1.1l' in ()l)C h.ad t_hou~~lt
iJ;al nn assnssinntio.n progr',"'\,""t! \' 0 '.!~·j ~:~J.~]lJ7 ~~~~;~~ of
the requirc1nent n11ght ha;c een e'.b.Cr·. I ,r·1s never
tho "catch-a 11'" nature of its r~spons1 I nj . . . ,'· ' . i "
nskcd f·o undertake such plnn111ng. ~t .'\:~s. n?~ 11~J • 11::1b:.~!t~c
that snch plnnning wns 111Y, respon~~bt)~)s· 1 ,~~l~i~t~i;d·iblc to
of the "cntch-all" rntlnre o.l m~' _um , 1 'p u "l l ,,- ·war- i
mc tJrnt othc1·s on the PP [Pol;t1cal "'·'tl S.\ r 10 ?,,, 1c.n . Id
.uo.J Sti1JJ' con Id have. hncl-13 the impresswn that 111} uml \\ ou
f ..

•
sctTCcl as Chief of Prog1':11n Brnnch 7 (Pll/7), a "sicci- ,.. ions" nn<lcrtnkc such plnn111ng. .
unit \\·jthin the Office of ]~oliry C'oorrlin1ttjon, the Ol'Jg·.1nnl clnndes -inc '' n· , Cl . f of p H/7. who served under Pnsh, testified, hot
~c1·,·iccs 01'.!!.·nnizn ! 1011 \rluch \\'as C'\'Cntually trnnsfor1ned info the Dire.c- l he e]m:j . llC cleat: recollection that tho written rharlcr of l 1e
torn ic of Plans. The responsibi!itr for standard forms of co1·crt action
"·as assigned to the six olher progriun branches \ritJ1i11 Ol)C's Sta fl' 3:
~~~~~i;~!"~l;~~.,~:\1~;,~',, m;it included the following !nngnn~c:
poJiticn l \ra rfn re, psychologicn l \ra rf:u·c, ccono111ic \Vtl 1·fn re, escnpo und PB/7 will be responsible for assassinations, k1clnnp1bllg,_nncl
s1;ch olher funclions ns fro1n t.i1ne to t in1e inny o g1 ven
l ernsion) sabot:1gc, nncl countcrsnbotngc. 36 1\.ccording to Colonel l)nsh,
P H/7 wns responsible for "s11ch activities which the otlwr six branches l .t · bv hio-hct·
0
nuthority.""
'bTt r
I didn't spcrificnlly luwc."" Pash tcsfificcl that PB/7 was "not opera- • • • , ·
· 1 ll t the cha1-te1· nlso nssip;nccl lo PB/7 i·espons1 I l .\': ~;
nn~!fu~~~fion~~1ot specific~·lJ.}r
.
• "Ibi<l., pp. 74-76, nssigneci to the other progrn1n brnnches.
ro ]{Clo J'ork 1'imcs, J)ece111her 20, 1075, p, 0.
34
i 3S Boris Pn:::;h tcstiuion.r, Jl!J.,10-18, 2Q. , , r--
Due to !he fact that CI..A hns no recora of clocu1nents "'hich den! with this
I. nspt•ct of P:ish':-; 1111i1 lCIA. lettt•r to 8c•lt-ct Co1n111ittC't'. :rnnu:1ry lG. J:>7U), the 39 E. lJ O\\·nrd 1Ilu1t testi1nonr, 1/10/ 1G•• ~11~. 3,t 30, :>1· ~ ''·!-::!O.
10 Director or Oper:1tions Plrtnning, 1/1-/ • G, pp, lU, 18, -
ConunittL'e hns relh.•d 111io11 the ll•Sti111011y of the prinC'ipal \\'itnesses. Tt should
hp J"C'llH~l111JerptJ that this ·tL'i:;ti1uony l'l'li1tPs t·o CH'ent~ tllnt trnnspirt.'<l t\renty-flrc
11
Jbifl., p. 14.

-·
:rt•:i t·i-:: :1i;o. 12
fbid., p. 1~. ,...
:o.:. <'1.A il'lt<'!' to Sl•It•<·t Cc11ou1itlt't'. .J:tuu;1ry JG, lHiG, .·inoris Pash .1mUnvit, 1/10/~G. _ _ in-:;u. 'flH' CI.\ \\<1~ un:ilJ~c to
M IJirt.'1·tor of Oti~rntions l'launing (Stun· 3), .lnnunr.r 1, lDiG, Jlll. -:t-5. "Dc1n1ly ChiC'f, PH/7, trstiUH1ny, l/u/ !, G, !~l.-\ letter tu SelcL·t Cow1u1tt1.:<.•,
.. :r. Colonel Bori.s '.l'. P:tsh tl'stiluony, p. i:t locate n c:hurh•t' for Progrn1n .Urunch
l/7/7G.) _ "" ·
.u Deputy Chief, Pll/7, 1/u/ 1u, l>· 19•
 ·¥if'
\\_j 130
/

Tlic. IJeputy Chi.rf did !10t l'l'l-:111 any.dis~ussiount the CL\. of tho 0,
sass111nt1011 or k1~lnapp111g nspeets of tlus chartct' byc·u!isc. t•o111p:ul 1
to the <"hnrll'l'S of thC' olht>r progrnin branches, he brlu•yr1l tln1t l'H ;·~
l'iia rt t' I' wa:-; "'JllOl\' 8l'l'l'Pt t hall n11 \" 0 r t hl others ... '''. l Il~ ('011:-.t l'Ut•d I i.1·
1

<'hartPr's t"l'fl'l'l'IH'l' lo "hig:ht·r a1i1hority" to i1H·1udt• ··~t:itt• l)l'J•illl

JJH'lll~ J)Pft'H:-il' l)l'pa1·t11n•nt. Xationnl ~ccnl'ity Council, the l'rl!~ld1·tl;
of the 1·ui1eil ::;tntrs.''"
l~ol'is I>aHh did not l'l~<':dl "partit·uln1· \\·orcling~' inn t·l1artl r that ii: 1

i
~
c..:l11dl'd a l'l'fL'l'l'Jil't' to assa~:.;ination:--. but he did not dispute tht~ tH'
<'Hl'nt·.r of the l>t•putr {'hit·f*:; tC'~tiinony: ··]t c-onld liaYl' bet>n th1·11
"·ithout 1ny fl'<'alling it. but l didn't gi\'l' it nn.r 8Prjo11s l'Onsideratioi:

l
8
brcau~c I knP\\" thnt . . . it "·01ild b1~ bl•yoncl us.'' ~
·rhr- ])irt•rtor of l)pPrntions 1)la11ni11:.; did not rt•C'nll the chnrt1..·r 11f
t1 1)13/T. but. ht' lC'stified !hnt \\'hl•tiH'r or not thcl'l" \\'US n \\·rittt~n directi\\·

11•
i; .\
"jt \\"llS C'll'nr'' to t•,·eryonr in <>PC' thnl n~::.assinntion n1hl kidnappinu
''\\·as \Yithin llH' JHirYiP\\·~· of l)ush's l'l'Slionsibilities." 'l'hc ])i1T·('t•~·
9

teslifird that "th1..• heads of the progr:un b1·anch{·~ •: "·crt• u ll in voh·C'd j 11

! ·. general tli~t·11&;ion:-;. o{ a::;sa~~i1111tion as n tncti(', 11Jthougli the suhjl't'l
dicl not hu,·r n hi,i.d1 pl'iorily/' 11 'l'hl' J)ir1..•<'tor of ()perutions PlnnnitP•
I ! said llrnt. Colour! P1rnh was <'nlrn>le<l with this juriodirtiou not h,;:
cause he had pcrf:or1ned nny nssa~sinailon in the past, but because ht'
I lii had ll general background in rlundcstine opcrntions in \\'"oriel \\~ar

li j
IL"'
;\one of the \\·itneti.SCS tc:>stified that any act.11111 assus::;innlion opera·
tion or plunning \\"HS Cl:\'PI' undertaken liy .Pl~/7, ,rhieh1 "·ns disbandl'cl
along \Yith the other progra111 Ln·anche.s \vhcn th~ D1JI ,,·us for1ncd in
IJ \ lato 10ii2. 5 ~ _l>nsh testified thnt he \\"HS Hnl'\'er in chnrgc of or in\fOl\·cd

I.:'1·. ·1!
~
•e 1 /Jill.
H JlJifl.
•s P1tsh, J/i/70, 11. 22. Pnsh specnlnled that the reason he nu1y ha\'C dis1uissell
., l·harter language relnting to assa~si!lntlon \\"US thnt he ~:t\Y it us n Jlfil't of the
\\·arthue llll'UtUlity currlccl into tl1e ULA'i;; clunclestinc serYi<:es h,r forn1er officer!'

••
•'
,,·ho .ser,·ed 111 the Otlic·l' of Strategic Scr,·ices (OSS) durln~ 'Yurld \\'nr 11:
"J proUnh!.r just sort of glnnccd oYcr it. thinking \\·ell. this is a typicul OS~
uppro;tl'h tu thin!-:'=' . . . tn the111 usin;.:; woril1' lil;:e lhnt is 11u1yhe n conuunn
thing. . . . I think they ft•ll Uig- in talkin!! thnr \\'ll:'>'. •
"•.• Tllere \\·ere so111e ,·ery good u1en in OSS, some c1edicatl·d 1nt•n .••. But
nlso there \\·ere :t lea of e11trt•pn•11cnr~ nnd nllYeuturers . . . . Ho \\'llcu the CL\
\Y:l.S for1necl, n Jot of these people \\'ith these \\'ihl idcns nud ,,·iid appronches
"·ere thert•. So, of course, \\'hen yon say you're ill chnrge of 'nil other ncth·itics'
. . . these fcllO\YS niight hll\'t! ide:is {such ns1 . . . 'it's easier to kill a guy Urnn
to \\'Ot'rr ubout trniliu~ hin1'." (Pn~h.1•11. 1:.-10, 22.)
·~ Directot' of 011erntions Plnuning, 1/1~/70, iip. lS-10, 2Ci.
w Ibid. 11. 1:?.. '!'he l)irector explnined the reason for llisc11ssiou o( :1ssns~i11a­
tion in thP C'arly phase of orgnnzlng OPC after '\Yorld 'Ynr l l:
"One of the things that \\·ns ti1kcn into nccount nncl \\"HS di~<~usscll on n sort
of lnst ditrh hnsls \\'flS nssnssination . . . t'I]t \\'HS n inntter of keepiug up with
the .TonesC'~. p.,·cry ocher power prncticecl, nnd ns fnr us J kno\Y still practices,
nssassinntion if lll'l'd be. ~n. rt>luctnntl.r \\'e took thilt into Ul'l'Ollllt." (Direetor
of OpC'r:itious l 1 lnu11inJ!. l/l~lifo. p. 8.)
~ 1 lllrc<·tnr 11f llJ•l'rnti .. u-> I'L11111in!!. 1/1!.!/ill. p. :..!:t Tl shoul(l ht• noted tilnt,
au1n11;.:- his J11)h•\\'torlhY ;t1:ti\·itit·s in u1ilit:1ry lnlrlllgent·t•. L'oJ.int'l l'n;;h wns c1Pr1>-
r:th'll for his h•a1h•rsh!p 11f tlH• .\l~os :\lission to prott.•ct unl'll':tr 8e(•rets nt .tht•

:.J I-:neh ~lrl·:l dh·i:-;ion in tbt.• I 1llP sulist.•queutl.r 11erfon11ed the functio11s "·hi'cil
t•1111 nf 'Yorltl \\':1r l L

the progr:un hr;Ull'ht':-i i1:nl h:1ndll.'tL

 r. ~-·
'' ..,,.-
133

1•~1s~ion ~lf any L1011bh :nµPnt-l)·pr n<'tivit_,. nn_rpl:tc'P.'·r.~ 'I'hr J)1•p1,1~

1

< Ind o[ l'B/'i also >aid that he knell" ''absolulel.r notlnng'' about 1;:.
ineirJpnt r<•countL d hv I-lnnt.61 ;
1

l'nsh >tat<·d that ·l'B/r would not hare dealt with <louhJ,•-a,,, 1 ,
probl1•n1.s lJl•e:tUSP hi~ un,it \\':tR 1111>1·1• 11J'i1•nteLl to planning- rat.hc•r !1 1a';.
*'op1·1·atio11al'~ :ieli,·ity.ct 1.. ikt•\\'i~r, l'ash\; T)t•puty C'liicf tc•stifit•d 1L~ 11
l'B IT nc,·el' harnllccl cloulile ng<'nl problems.«
Thl' Dit'l'l'tor of Opcmtions Planning testifled. holl"rWr, thaL l'a·h·,
unit wonhl h:n·e had 1·espousihilitv fol' the planning nspects of ch•al 11 ,.,
1rith :i do11hh•·H,!!l'llt. prohlt>lll. f~ut tin• Jlirt'l'{Or \\'US nol. :t\Yal'e of un~
spc•t·ific• in'"'tanres in \\·hich flH• •·sppf·ial ()1Jrratio11s" ltnit had to han.1j1•
a do11l1lr-:q.!"l'llt. prol1h·1n. 'l'hl' I )i1·<·c·tor :--aid that a:-;.r;;:is...;ination or t·oin
I plt•tr i::olation "·ns gl'nerally l'l'gardP<l ns the 111eans of dealing \vitJ 1

I I· n. suspC'ct-c·<l double-ugent.G!.I
('. Assassinati(Jn S11ggc.<tio11s R•)etfrd /,y C!1l Hca,Zq11arters
~ .!
The Deputy Chief of the "Spcci!ll Operntions" nnit reconntl'Cl two
instnnces \\·hero nssassinntion \ra~ seriously snggcstc>cl und, in hotJ 1
'
j
instnnces, was quickly nnd firn1ly rejected nt CIA hendqun1'Lers.
1. Llsian T.earlf'r
The Deputy Chief testified that in the summer of rn+n, while he wns
serdng as Acting Chief of PB/7 because Boris Pash wns out of the
country, lhc Chief of the CIA's politicnl warfare program branch 'DER.,OX
nppronchecl him lo l'equest. the assnssination of an Asinn lcaclc1'. c\fte1· rrr. . TJES'l'TOS OP DISCRF.Dl'l'IXG AC''l'JOX AGAI~s·r .TACK A~ ~ -
nllC'ncling a plnnning ll1C'cling nt thP State J)cpartinPnt, lhe C:hil f of
Tlie \Yushinglon Post recent y re iot· e< that, "nc~or,\lm& to rcli.'.t~lo
1

the polHical hl'nneh-\rho \rns llic (~J_\,s liai:--on \\·ith lhl' 8lntc~ 'i>C'-
partment-tohl Pnsh's deputy that the .l.sian IPacle1· '·mnsl be sent to sou.recs,, forincr CI.t\. ofiicer }~. llo\\·ard Jiunt, _t1 i., tolct n~soc_:~l es.
meeto his ancesl ors." The llrputy C'h il' f of P B/7 t <'SI i fie cl that thl' ftel' t];c \Yntergnte bl'ca\<·in lhul h~' wa' or<lerccl ~n DPcckn\~1/9<1 ~},

\\'ii°'i
11
politie:t1 liranc·h <"hit•f n::;s111·rd hint that· lhC'i'P 1\·as "l1ighe1· a11thol'it\·~' Jnnnnry 197" lo nssussmnte syndm1led columrnsL ,Jue " n erst
for this rc•quest. 111 :1:1 0 Po;t fui7licr rcportecl that Jlunt hacl said that t)1e orcll'l', j
The D~puty Chief referred t.he request to OPC Director Frank
"·
ca;nc froin n "senior ofiicinl in thP Xix on \\yhitc llcn1se.; \~·.t:s ·~cane~. 1 kt'
nt the last minute but only_ nfM· a,,1~:an had Ul'<"ll 'c\ 1°ec to "
11
\Visncr's nssistnnt. Soon thercn fter \Visncr's nssistnnt told the Deputy
('hic•f: "lt hns p;o1H• right to thP top. and tlH." nnS\\"Pl' is no . . . \\"(l 1\ ll(l crson's cknth n1>1>cnl' ncc1dcnt1:1l. , ll ,, 1 ,,
·.t\.ccord1ng
. to the nc,vspapc1. nrt'.ice,] H. un t's 'a c«cu
~
p an
don't engngc in such acth·ities." He instl'ucted the Deputy Chief to
involved the use of 11 poison lo be ohtnrned from n
fo~.~~r CIA physicinn, said the sources, who ndcled th~L the
~!bit!. pp. ~I~. 4.S--l!l. l'a~h nl~n l"tHIPd: ":\Ir. Hnut clui111:-: to hJt\'f' lll:-:c•n.,:->t•ll
the nllC'gecl nssassinnt.ion nuttter \Yith 111(' son1ethuc in J!lfi.t nnd 195ti, nt lcnsl l\.vo
;renrs nfter I left the .Agenry. • . . I ente,goricnlly dc.•ny having- hnd nny dis~
poison ,vas it. vnriety. thU;t \ronld lenve no trace c ur1ng u 1
· nv ic:uhiN"t \YhntsoeY<:>r \\'ith :.\Jr. lfunt during thn~e vflnr.c:" ·nut routine n1edicn1 cxnrn1nnt1on or nutopsy. . , . b
test.iJie(l 1n · 1 ~ • • et JC ore 19fi0 or nft·er Hunt told the soul'~es Ancl~1:so11 wa~ to be nss~SSll!·•tm.1 c~
19Ja-.rrunt \Yas on ns.i:;tgnu1ent to n non-European nntion in the interin1-0ut cause he \\'ns publis1nng sens1t1vc nat1onn] security lnfo11na
thllt it \\"US 111uch n1ore 111.:ely thnt the llll'<'ting took pince in 19:1•.I or 1055, dnrini,: 5
wh!C'h period I1un • •· h • ; • • ·
t:.On in his llnily ne,rs]>npC'l' colu1nn .. .' .
· ' ~ , . - It i:;h•Jnld Ue noted thut Push did nndertnke eertuin prnjl"cts '.!;:b» ('oin1I.itte?-stl!ff has found no evidenc~ of a plan to n:;sas=e
in Unison \\"fth the Cl.A. nfter his forrnnl nssignnient tcr1ninated in Junuury 19U2. ,Jn.ck 1\ndcrson. · ., r • a \fhiLc. l Eouse eHart-ints-rttade.aJ.u...c ··-
l t I ' 1 •
e1 Pnsll, l/7/7G, plJ. 37-38 1 •18-JD.
°' l)eput:r Chief, l'B/7, 1/5/7G, p. 07. ~. ' ,:cd1t hi in by. rc1~derl1;gi1im. incoherent bcior~ n public
ev .Dirt•ctor of 011crutious Plnnuiug, JlII· 27, 3·1. Ile testitic>ll: "111 the iuter-
nationnl clandestine operation~ business, it \\"llS part of the code that ti1e n Deputy Chief, Pl3/7, l/5/7G, 11p. 35-37.
one 111H.l tht• only l't>Illt'tly for tlJt• u11fru1·kl·d doulJIP-ug-ent \\':1s to kHl hi111 ••. ·~ tbitl .. 11p. -ti··•~. :.n.
:uul :tll donlih•·:ir;t•nts latt•\\' thnt. ~rhat was part of tJ1p OC'CllJ1atiounl hnzard of
the jub. . . . So inn i-luu]o\vy sort of n wa~·. \Ve did hnve h1 inirul thnt llO~ibll' :: {~:~~·i1i11•11~1~:;-i~!1:<>;.r~~i·l;u1t 'l'olll _.\~socintes of Ordf·r~ to Kill .J:u·k .AtHll.'r.;•11;,"

li
ns n ln::;t clitl.'h ell\>rt [ass:1sslnntion] nlil!ht C'Ome up. But it didn't conic up \\'lthln bv Uoh 'Yoodwnrd, U/:!1/7J, ll. Al, A.20.
n1y thne there bc('Ull!:ie \ve \\'Cre \"Cl'Y ~lo\Y iu getting on' tht• ground on uny of ·-r:. Jl;id., p. 1.
thl'SO nctivitiC's." (lHn.•etor of Operati•)ll~ Planning:, 1/12/70, p. U).
"DetlUtY Chief, Pll/7, l/~/70, pp. ~8. ~o. 3·1.
 r!
...
··~
v'
134
ll
· nt I ' never 'roceeded bevond lhe plrrn.
nng stage.
,. lftc LOJlllllittcr !-itnfl' inquiry into alienations of c·r~\. in\~olr~JIJL'Ul
in this nutt lPr producl'd no l'\" idencc of such in vol \re1ncn t.
A . .The ill ceting Bri!<'rcn !/01rard ffunt and Charles Colson
• H'!wnr<l !l1111l l<»tifirt! that srm1ewhere in late Jn71 01· <'nl'!y !Ui~
S1?ecrnl Counsel to ~he l'rcs.Hh•n Ch ·I•< Colson l'U!I'.''! I [nnl into J,j,
ofi1cc :l!H1 nskrd h1111 to 11nd a n1L•nns 01 t 1:screcht1ng nc\rspapl·f'
coluJJ1n1st Jnl'k _\ndl'r~on:
~\fr. C'ol~on nt that junclurt• ,\·as--uppenrrcl rnthrr HC"J'\ron~.
Ile . . . had a c·o11u11on \\'ttll \rith J>rc~idl'nt ~ixon's Hnilc in
the Ol<l Executi,·c Oflice Buil<ling, nnd although he tli<l 11ot
glnncl' in thnt l1iI'l'clion, nrr i1nprl•ssion "·ns that he hncl bl'Pll
with till' Pr<•,id<'nt not too long beforo . . . [W]hnl he
jndicntcd to llll' 'ra:-: that ..\fr. .:\.ndPrson had bl'l'OllH~ n urt•nt
thorn in thC' :-:ithl of thr 1~1·<·siclc•nt and that jtc. 1 r~
thought that. one \\'fl\' to disrrPdit·...\.ndcrson \\'a ( 1" • • i
n) )C'flr 111co it•rc•u • 1 1ir on a r:u 10 >ronclcnst. ...
·' .r·r. uc OO\:lf
l-Innt testifircl thnt nPithrr Co ~on nor anyone e sc C':\'CI' n1C'ntioned to
hin1. the possibility of assnssinating- 1\11dcrson, cvl'n jn the sense of
con.t1 ngcncy p]a nnin_g.17
Hunt strrled that Colson llOl'<>t' explieilly mentioned any discussion
''·ith ])1.·p~itlPnt Nixon nhout <1i'><"rC'ditin1r .T:irk .:\nrlrrRon.7 8 ]lunt's
i111prcssion !hat c;o]sou ltad J"('Cl'ntly spok~l \rith tiH· Pl'(•:-;idt>nt bl•for~\
g-iving- hi111 the .:\. ndl'l'SOn assign1nent \Yas :in ".infcrC'IH.'t~" J-lunt clrc"•
fro1n Colson 1s dc1nC'nnor: · B. IJu.nt and Liddy Disc:uss Dmgging Terh.niques with a Former
Colson was normally a. highly controlled individual.' . . . He
\\'as n!.dtnt<"d 1vhrn hr ettlll•tl i11e in. sort. of talki111r to int• nnd
rifli.ng. t~1rough pap<•r::; on his clt•sk, 1\•hich \Vas ~rpry n111ch
nnlikC' hu11. nnd till~ infl'rrner l drc•1v fron1 that \\'UH that he•,
h:ul j11sl hnrl a l'Oll\·l'r:..aUon \Yith the l_"lrc•sillrnt. So "'hPn I
nrt"<'J>fl•11 thr a:-:sign11u·nt I as:-;u11u•tl ns I 11s11nlly tlo \Vith
1
Colson.1lint la• 1vi1s l'ithC'r l'l'flt•etin~ thP dcsirP:-. of the Chief
]~x('cutirr or £'1sr that hr, ns a prcsc.ient stnJi' olliccr. \\'as
:1tle111pting to find n ::;olntion to a problc1n that "\\'HS troubling
his chicf. 79
,Like Hunt. Charle~ Colson testified that he. "nevc1· heard anyone
d.1scuss any p1an to kiH tlack .t\ndPrson,n nor did anyone ever rcqne:st
111n1 to 1nnkr such a plan.80 {)tl!iOH eaald llVL, l:sv·~''"" '•dj<=f'DJJUt the
po~ 'hilitv of ha,·inir <;; •• " • : ; • • <;:. n 1llong- this linC'.8 1
Colson l<':-;t1 lrc t 1nl hl1 \\'tts nskrcl "1nnny ti1nes" bv l")resicll'nl l\Tixon
to tak~ net ion to cli~l·rcclit ,fnt:k .:\nd<'r~on; and aetiOn \\'as uprobnbly"
tnken in response' to tho:.;r requests. 82 C'olson did not. rl•cnll being asked
b 7" 111111t, 1/11/ili, pp. 4 -:..
....'~-. r. Ibid., pp. 11. l:i.
7
I bill., 11.
J 1 t.
I
. Ibirl .. p. lit.
" I
1U
"'' \hnrlt•s
m. lhirl., p.
c· .. 1:-.cin tt·!'titnony, 3/G/7G. JIJI. i, !!O.
10.
s: Ibid., p. 34.
,
'
135
h\~ tla• l)r1':-1id('11{. lo find a nu'all." of dn:!!;;iH'..! .L1t·i~ .\li•l•·r~11,; ''"
r~·ndl' rin•" hi 111 incoherPn t du ri11;.r a puhli(~ n ppl·ara 111·1· .w:
Colsor~ said that the• on]r 1li~1·11:--:--iou~ that Ill' 1"1·1·all~ initi:.rin:!
'•in,·oh·in;:r Ifo\rnril Jf11nt n•,!rarclin~ .Jnck .\n.I1·1"'1J11 \Y(11dd ill' di;· i:i~
the ITT flap" when lw "'nl Hunt to i11t•·1,·i1"' ITT l11l.J1yi,1 I •ita
l~t·nrci.'H ('ol:--on l<·!"'tific•d thnt. his log-:-; ~ho\\' Iha I 111· ll1Pf ,,·ith I '111.1 1111
;\fnrch l·I. l!l7~. mu] he'"''"""'! that ti"• ITT aff<>ir was tli.· >11Li, 1t
of thnt nH'i·ting-. 85 Colson tlicl not r1·(·all if tht> :--11!tj1 <"f of th'U;.!;!ill~ .f.t,·k
.\ ncll't"Fon \\'as r:ti:-;rtl 1l11ri11g tho:-r di~r11:-;;-;ion~."f,
Despit£' Tio"·ard lTnnt's tC'~fiinony that thr di~1~11~sioll of dr11!!_:.:in.!!
tTack ..:\. ndf'r~on \\·n::; nt C'olson's initintivr. 87 ('ol:-on l'C'<'allecl "JT1111t 1111
n. couple of OC'<'asions rntnin;:r to Hlf' \rith .sonu• hare-brainrcl srlu·nit·s)
son1rthin.,. to do \rith dr11g-u·in(J' in\·olving- .Tnck .\.ndf'rson." ,;\llo\-rin,g
fo1· the i~ssibilit\• that. n :-:~ri~1s discussion of the ~uhjrct. took pln('e
0
\\·hirh he did 11ot. l'rrnll. Colson snid thnt ns a routinr 111nltPr he "\\·nnld
disrniss" 1nost such Sll!?'U:rstions C'on1ing- fron1 ITunt.s" Col~on saicl that,
in !:he context of "nsunl slorytellinl!', as opposed to plnnning an opera-
tion n~:tinsl a spreific targ-rt, hr. re-called hrnring IIunt dcsrribt• tech~
nique · · · <lrn s:
I do recnll him telling me about the CIA inducing drul!' re. -
lions and holl' they did it, nn<l the fnrl that it could be en-
,.,. · -- ' rlv through bodily contact. 8 [1
~1~he only serious discussion \vith . : unt n ont 1e c ect of dru::rs on
n. specific' target. that Colson recalled inYolntl a plan to disorient.
l)anie11~1lsbef·g-, '"hich Coli:;on Haid ''nevC'r rcc•rived n \'ery syinpathetic
rraction" fro1n 1ii1n.110
0 IA Physician ~
lfoward Hunt testified that within a few <lavs of the meeting in
\Yhich Colson nssigned hirn to "look inton lnra1ls of rrndcring .Ta<'k
.i\nderson ·incohf'rent during- n puhlic nppenrnncc, lTunt "~ot in tonch
"·ith a retired CT1\.. physician" and :11Tangl•d to n1eet for lunch at the
l rar-.\d11111s Tlotrl Ill \\'":1~hi111rlon. l),( 1.t1 1 l funf tht•n contnl'tr~I er.
Goi·don Liddy. "who at that p<~nt hnd just left the White Hons.• and
moved O\'cr to
the Committee to He-elect lhc President," to inYite
Liddy lo attend the luncheon meeting.
l'.:llhi<l., pp. 33-35.
114
lbitl., Jl, 24.
M Jl!i.t., Jlfl. !?3, 2!),
M fbj tf,, p, 2•1.
fi7 nunt, 1/11/76. p. 10.
'\ Cul~on, pp. 2·1-23.
tv T1ii1l., pp. 30-31.
00
Tbifl., pp, 17, 31.,.35.
tt Jinnt, p. 5. 'Dhf' ph,rsh•lan testified thnt he rccph·rd Hunt's telephon<'
enll shortly prior to ~rnrch 2·1, thP dny on "'hieh the JU(.'(_>tiug took pine<' (Fnrtnf'r
('IA. Ph.n·;i1·lan tt>sthnon,\" I\f'fort• thr XC'unll• ~ubeoru111ittt"l' on IIt>alth Hf th1•
\0111111lltt'l' (•f T.alior uud Puhlir \\"l'ifilrt• :uul the Xt•n:itP Sul..-ururuit1<'f' on A1lrnin-
islrali\'l' J'r:H·li, ... and Prol:t><lun~ of tlu· ('0111111illl·P or tin· .Jucli1>iary, 11/7/f,--;, J!Jl•
3H, 40,) '111is 11lnt"t'S thr U11y-A1lnms Holf'l 111rl'ting within tt•u dn~·s of th<' C"1;s,.n-
tJu11t UlCl'tin.; or :'ilnr1·h 1•1, 1072, whid1 \\'ns rt't'ortle1l in Col~on's logs.
 •'

Ii I - :: .i ., · 011!1 ::: ! • . [ ;· It ' \d ,n•·I' 1· 1.\ pl:_\ ..,i1·i:\Jl IH •1':\\l:-I' "'ii.-it,11 . ' ' ; ·t ' ' t I I • ' ,.
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1
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f lll 'Jl l i ll : t]• \ l::l'o ' i ll \y :_:111•t l 1.'\o! ,i;J itt l: . \i 1, ,\ ,:,l i.-_, \ '.t: • •,' ', .~. \
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'J'Ji;. f,,rni. 1 \ · 1.\ J,; ._, - .. 1a1 : 1.--· ili1·-I r ;1:1 1 l1C' !111.!1 "i1 Ii !l nm a11 il
Lid I·· :11 :lw ll a1 -.\ oi:; l1 1c i!1111 •i 1111 .\l:1ro·l1 ::I. 1'.JI ~. !l o: - 11.! lh;\1 11" j\11•1 011i of h : 1m· 1·lL . . . ): n1:1• vi' : 111·~1· •tt::• !\1.•.:!-- i"'!": : '! \ •· :
k11:·\·." ll un1f.0;:1.1l11i r1.; ,-. !.. u.:" •.rk a l th,·( ' !.\: 1l11r i1.'.i tl:<· t• !t'l'li11~.
' ( ·\ i ' ' 1 1I t · · 1•l .. ••~ i \ 1 •1 I
·· : I111: l .-:1id lii:tr h" \;;1. I :ll1 .. 1iin · !11 a part p f the \\' lti l1• li nt1:'1·:' Tin· ll 1u1l sa;d \w (1r1i111J·' I·l ' 11'\"· 11·t1•1:
• :1 1 .iar 11··' ' "-•i;• ·1, ..... itt· ,:1
1 1 l l · I h' 1•1t -
· -. ,
iihy:-i1·ia11 d:·-·: r iliL•d l lil· p t:rpo:o1· t:!' l he ll il·l'l :n.!! as foil11\\'c : '':t i'or111Pr ( ' L \ I'I1. ·-1 .·::111 w1111 i·: t:1•\\' ,; ·11.i111·~ :111:!! :1 ... 1'. 1 --~ '..'~ 1.
::i nd "i n terJ11s ,,r ,. -ha t '.\I r. ( 'ol,.;011\\':\;:;1 l11uk i il~ :1l1t1ut 11 '" :l"' 1,1pi.1d -
1

I "'a"' :1:-k1:Ll if 1 101tl 1l l wl1i dH:m proridc l>C'hador <l ltt·ring 1

nwdir·ntinn l o ;ill i:vli,·i dn:d. un i< kntilit·cl, :1ml in n u \'• :tY r:il :t 11d 11 I' sh\\11 ld i n-r f11 1!!t'l :d 1il\ll ii. .. :·
('i :i 11'~ ('ol~trn w .-t i !i1'd tlia 111l'1\11 l n11l rec:d l rt'n·l\'lllf!
1·n1illl l <lctcrt •)t \\: .-m i rl<· \ \' (' l'l' .;p<'a idng. I ~:tid I '·0111d
11 such a r('.p~rl
. .

nut. I it:Hl reti r d l i n i!lll. . . . I h:lll n11 ;1cce8'! to :111\' kiml of frolll l I unt ll•' " did hi• n ·.:n 11 wh1•! hC'1· In' r.wr l~·a.nw·1, .!hat a ll\C'l'I mg
!lll'dic:i1w~. Sol clid 11<1 Ljll't1 \ i·k it.0 • ·
:.·n 1at. \\'a:; thr 1·11i1 nl tltf' :1tl'air." H unt :-: :11~1.1ltL' pro1'.<"15;l to d.rng:
took p\:11·1• b 1•t\'..t>•·n 1l11l11 :i ml :t lnrtll l'I' (' \ .\. pl!ysH·,mn.' '-
Tl iC' Jor1 11er (TA pliy &i1·i:111 Lt•.- ti;i,.cl th:ir T1l111 t w:rnlt·1l all ''L~~D-typr .Tac·k .\ 1,,r:-:on " iwi·l'r ;Hh·:1l!•' l',\ lw:;11n1l ,.1111ply t\w .1111 0 1'111 :tt1m1 ·
d rng" i11 or·h·r "'lo 11 t:tk1· ,.01111:1•\ :,· h ·h:1\ ·t· pceuliad y in a 11nbli<.: situa-
t!al\u·ring 111 ph:1.-i'. T 1 ·n · 11:as nc·\Tl' :my
11 1~rop11:-al
o r a11y _lnrth1'l' r~f1:~~­
t io11."' ~ -. c• u.-n 111111 ll' l tl it." .\n·or.\ 111;..:: to ll1111t, ( nl""ll d11l 11ol "n:m 1ll he <\1.,-
l>t·o:; pit <' hi,; inaliil ily 1" pr11 \'i, lt· :1 IJ!'lill\ inr-al tL~ri ll;,! ~111,~t:\ll<'C, the :ippointi•11 :111.\ did not a,.;k l1 in1 to l'XJ'lorc other :ilt··rnat 11·cs.1''" Hu nt
11>r111cr CL\ p nH·t i1io111·r of " n• " 11p:11i01i:1l nu~dit·iw·" tc~t i licd that he
tli:-cl~:'~'"I ~:~~~..U...W;.:. th:· OU(')':i j(l11 al ) I' : ·-·..im:nln~d ·
1 \on't think (\,\son wo11 l1l h:1 Y1 : li11·11 w1\ling to ~et r)~at th ing
conc\1Hh•cl:
a~i'~·in~ sncli a dnt '. ! th1·ou~.d1 111µc,: tinn or a sorpt1on throng n~ 1

/ ·;1; 11! .''" • \ c·..:1>n l in.~ t 1> J l 11rn , t l ll' ,. d i ~1·11,;,.;ell nt rious nll':tns o f a<llli in istcr-
1
drop 0111 111' \ia::is o f ,;illlp ly 111y pr.C'lin~inan· .inq'. my ii li1' \n·re
/ i1w :I d rll!!: p:1i11t ill !.!' illL' :-t;·1·!'i J1~~ \\'lll'l'l Of ti C':ll' ' · f•W ah:::orptl011 l!ll<ll'l' µ:n·:tt pn·-,;tJI'\' f P>ll l th l' ( 'li tl'l l·, X('t:Ul \\'f', ' '"
I t11:·· ·U!-!\i: !1'' 1·:t1111:- 111'_1L1: ha11i1 :· fi \l' it1:hin_!!· l1ottl~:- i 11a1111·llir·i 1~e cahi- Tl1t1s, althn11gh 1l1e p rLispl'd of dr11~~~i1w r:t1lun ;1ii;;t .Ja •1k .\~1.' h·r::-"'.~
1

•
• ll l t. ~1r drnp p:11g a p1P into :1 1: 1H'k1iu l. l1 11nt attch-tl th:d ch1rn1g th r· was t•xplorrd 11;.· \\" :iil\• \ [q ;t:it' 11<.'r:'111111cL 1t appca 1·' tha t t. 11;. p1.u11111 .. _
\ , n 11\'l il L..:: \\·itl: tlw d• ;.·i.1' l' r! .. ·n w;1,; !IO lli,;.; 11:>:::io11 01 t1·,·in1i111e: ·
w:is t\!n ninut ..!ll i u an early ~tag•"
~+:m+-~·:riti1h<l!'
\.,_n ,,":1,...- in:1ti ?1.' ·~
l11• 111:nk it_ ,;.,..h
1 - ,,.,..,,.;,,!':""1r:-,-;i
. ......... i '11-nc-;:r-:lr
-:r
. :': ·;'j1,·.\". .\. l;-:~:7:,>ctor rhat lw
u1 nki11;.r tlii;; i11qnil'.'. 011 1...h :1lf of till' " ' hitc House."'~
\\ · ;1,..
l lunt cli<l Jll)t n'-k tlw (on111•1· C IA physir:inn to procmc uny dru"s
l>l'l'at1 :'1• Ji,. "felt wniitkllt _ .. that if ll"' limn came witcn any co~1-
tr.iih•ll :;11\.1,;bllh'l' \l'l'l'<' nv1•1letl. thnl .\Ir. L i1ldy could ,:ecur1• what wa "

:-.· l1 11n1.
11.;1! l'P· :i.
.. !ljt. 1:t J";.
1:! 1:1. 1; , t: .. r.t : 111 l. i1ld~- :'t1l:111i r: l'1l a sw11r11 -r:1 ll·t:•t ll l I• > th<' C!l111 ·
111 !!!.'l' i11.tio-:tli1t;: l l t:;! \11• •,\ Olll \-1 1'" ;'1:~, - Ill :lll>"W<· I' llllY qlll»-li ..11.- 1111 this Sill•
.i· • l 11111kr hi-; 1-'if1h .\11.. · ;,1\11,..ll i 1•n\·i h ·;!1· and t li;tt 111• w1111 ltl f ·n11l iill it' to n•f1t~('
10 ;111,:\\ .. i' "'1u-l1 q ll•-> lir•• .· 1-1·1·11 i f h:· \\'l'l'l ' l:'r.1 1111·11 n~l' i 1 n1:1hllit y. 1l; . Gortlo11
.. 1.id:i \' :dli1l:1\'ll. '.! ·:--- 71i. 1
.i .: l\ l ~· .' "'h·i :tn. i: : -;~. t: • .:~ :1.
.. / l,: i'P· : ~ ' I :!.

..
1 ••

•· 1 1• I.. pp.·' " 1.:.

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i i-iii, . I' IU.
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 TH~ FANATICAL cloak and daRger.
m~ntalily behind tho Watergate
scandel has triggered iha chilling
theory that a gang of fringe C.l.A.
N ·
·
fanatics could have assassinated
President Kennedy. ·
The S~ir learned this w~k lhal a
detern:.ined rnovc is under way in

•
Congress to fling the assassination
· ·1uiry \vjdc open again .
•r.d ii is being le<l by one of the
nation's n1osi responsible
politic1~ns. Congressman
Henn• ·n. Gonzolez (D-
T~lf.i'
Ile arni a grou~ or supporters
.
· UR
!ia·Je bei!n n1ollrated b•r the.
frightening ''ki11-<>r-be·killcd''
climate created by President
Ni.\on's notorious \\'hllc. !-Iouse
plunil>ers.
The white h1Jt fer\•ar of n1c-n
like E. Ho·ward Hunt and
Gordon LicJdy, whose exploits
rt!arl like a Jam~ nor.0 hook,
J [
By RICHARD L'ESTRANGE
the disturbing facts htts the
bucking of pro1ninent
\\'ashinglun l..iwycr, Bernar.l
Assassin Lee H~rvey

th~ iinclirg lh~l Osw~Jd ,., ~ ·J

alone.
Dul the t'C'cenlly ren::a lee!
Osw2ld...Wil$

'vv;·1at
h~ akme7

h.1 ..·e prornpt~ Cor.gres5rnan --:---.,.--,-· Fensterwald who is dire rt or ol '·\\rhite House horrors"' h:is
Goomiez to ask ho\\· far other
!r.nntics might have gone.
"Cerlainly the premise is
taln extrt?mit;ls irt lht! Cuban cover the identity o[ fringe
exile nto\•emenL C.i.A. men ope-rating during
They also nre :igi!.Jting for the lime of J.F.K.'s killin$.
the Corn1n11tee- l-1 Invl'sligatl!
Assassina Iion"·
111ovr.l hinl to the opimo11 th<tt
Congress 1nust How stt'p in we.re the
He s~ys: "It ran br- pro\·etl wilh n full·sC>al~ jnquiry of its
W 1-.:·J.e
U1ereUtatU1istypeoflhinking an~weni to the raft o(
touid conceiyablv !ca<l to the m~stcrle!i behinU ·the Disturbin·g Uml L('t' llar\·cy o~w:..ild routt! own.
vety horrible -thought or assassinations of the not h;:1ve ca.rried oul the The inquiry, ht! brli~··wr::, I I! l
i:i.ssassination by others.'' he President's bruthtir.. Hobert Pre:;idcnt Johnson rl'rallt'U
nssassinnlion of Pre::;idenl n1ust t?Xandnc ihis
Kennedy :tlvnr."
~1. and P.Iiirlln Luthe1· J\ing, and this p:1rt1cu1Jr brt'cd oi ricent
ow Gonzalez and his grout1 I.he atlen1pted murder of when he came to pow<•r,
a<tvt:: decld~ to get to the Go~·erno_r George \\"~itlacc. saying: 1 '\\'e had been
Unlil now Congrr-ssu1;1n
Conzalez, 11Jt/,..i11gh rritit'al of
prOJ>'JSition:
l'resiLl<>nl 1\i:-nn(.'d_r W..i'; fht'
ohjerl of the u1ti1n..ig:~ubl~
House
·• truth bclund John P., (.1oiv.:i!e·l ha.-, c\·en g:o,1c as operating :i. dan1ncd ~.turder
· l\:enr.l"'<ly's ass.1ssination :1nLI L1r ~1s to dc1nand close Incorporated in the.
its possibl<! J!nk wlth the questioning of tl1e 'i'i'hile House Caribbean."
the \r::irrcn Con1111ission, has
conceded ihnt the cvicicnre il
heard during its inquiry into
h<itl Cd Of C'Xtre111i~l Cub.:i.n C:t·
ilC's and their allies within the
C.:.l .A. an<l other orsnniz.:1tivns.
plurrabers ,j
ha~red he aroused among cer- plu1nbcrs in an atlempt ta· un- The call for :i. frcsl~ look at the .::i~sassinalion supporled They were con\'inced he.hall

I?'"· .
"betr;:iyed" t.hcn1, A1nerica
nnd the Free \Vorld hy r..Jt
doing
ordering the Unitctl State<> Air
F'orcc to support the
:1Lte:npte<l in...-a.sfon or CubJ al
the Bay of Pigs in April, 1~·61. ·
then?'
•
snromled in romp1ctc silence
Conceivable I. nnd mvslcrv." · ·
--------- Speaking Of thc 41 phunlJ~rs",
Jf there \1,·:is :'l consp\rac,.· to Gonz-.tle2.£:tJ:i: .. There S\'Cfll!l
nssassin:ilc Krinn•:!dy - lhit is l..i hen v:icuum. a gap, nf i1 two
to sny that Oswald dill nol .'.let
alone- ther. it is entire\\· con· It11 three )ieJr period in lhclr
hves in whith lh~ir acti :iliC's
cci\'able th:it people JikC tl:is
"·ould be. in\·oh·ed.
~ They were \he sort of nlt:'nlo
I:ire not prcci::::·l;• tl1:fllll'll nnJ
their whereJbo;its not pin ..
• 11 .. "
P0;; :u· . .. . .
whorn assnsstnalion llf G1\'i:'ll lhe r.1LunJ.h1.1hons
 to say ui;u uswalt.l lJJd not net r.o ttirtie J'~;A~peri~·'kt _.th~lr . -~~:~>

r · taise~
.. ~~~;l:'~~~~;:i!•. "."'' -
alone - lhcn il is cntireh· con·
cch·ahlc that people likC this
would be lni'oh·co.
111 1\"hli:l(.)h•lt
lll'C!!not
arc iio:ll•llki.,l · . c ••.· ·'· ..
prriel~ly def'Wd"litttt ·... .- _;c., ··: '.· • -
their "he·re.aJ>ouU.· nut. ·pin--
polnt~.''···:< -·:;: :<· :-;·: · ·~ c'. ~:J:I_•Jl''
. :· ·.-::·-f,
·1:"s1Jt>i<krt~•10> h" · ' They \rcrc Urn sort of n1en to
;-~~~·J'.tt1~--~wa to her "Gl\.•cn the. ratiOOaHriHoM ·'~·'.:i·

l
110111 nssnssinnlion· of
0
\\

ff:.t ·\'·<'-~t.,,t.-~t ..mfeht ha.vd polilic;il encniic.s \\•:is an expressed by some of- lhc!-U
-;;_'J ·. · :.am!'tf'o..UC ro do with
~~:~
-;.:;

.J
i
_···th~ f~

J'Jnt:i.
tJ'lal i:he'1 ln
~ ~ ~~1 iinger Jack

• . eut tli• En~ish

·•
acccptn.hlc parl of their men, and ·given the ndd~ Jn..
"black" operations. rentlvc of some apparent uur.l
or
Among ~he olhcr poinl5 Gon· d f heroicf 'pcrfonnance
zalcz behc\'CS ::hould be in·
I l fl
c ensc o 'v w icy MW ;o3
tht' nalional interest, certatnly
in
.
j
vcstlgaled urc: 1\llt'gntic.r.s of the possibility is there.''
movie .st~r siy.:s conspi.rncy raist'd IH" the
th~re•s r.1.,t·e to jt Conner New Ortear-.s Dt::lrirl Hunti nnd \l'aler"g"ate nc~
lha.n lh~t. 11 1 lo\'e A!lorney Jin1 G:nrison. '! C'l1mplices Frank Slur~is and
A.11eriCJ, p~i.00. ilf'rn:lrd BJrker baa bc~n
"1!'1 hard to ex· Gonz:i\czs:l::s: '·Sa111coithc / togclht>r slr.ci.: before U1c 1961
pla!n. As long is I'm information he presented has fiasco of ihi! l.l:iy or Pjgs
not heen relJUttl'd - invoh mg / • ! · , c
with Jad, I'm happy ind1vh.luals in the Lou1-5i<rnJ. ".t~,cn1p~ o inv;;,ue .astro's
ilnywl'iere. f::lut arc:1 as well as Cubans. , Cuua.
sarae.1c-tt, theO!'s_ fl go·;crnn1cnt agents and CL\.'' D t
.special ~ir.rl of magic
i:1 Ame&.:.;,•., Visits by Lee Hnrvev' _:spGra e
.-.,.. Oswald fron1 I~e\r Orl<.':.111s tO

I~
· Sus~n has just g. Ho,\•ai·d .Hunt's ta!l'sl
::t"' ... ! liiexlco City nt :t tin1e when r:. h 1 I f th f
con:pletad a rnc".1ie ;ia_t,; !Tow:ird Hunt wus the CJ,\ ~t:1· ,ocr., nn nccoutt o e lay ol.
collt!<l Oilty !.l>ry And iU ~~~; tioll t'hicf there. P~gs - Gi'.'C lJs This D.:iy -
Cmy H>ny. :,11:. fi:'.'.f.~. , proYides n chill.Ing glimp::;e o!
sn~ sponds ~ w(~'\§t_~ Go111..1Jez Si"lys; '·You have his and h!s cohorts' 1nentulity.
ereat deal of he! ti:n9 . .~~~{ whol 1 consider an inJdc:qu;itc Ile w: ites: '·N~ c\·cnt since
(~raetictin
. j~?;,'[J,-.." J fol!aw up by the \\'arrcn Com· lhc cm1ununi1.;ilion of China in
CllJiU,!?
~~ ..... _i.;:.,~· !f-.!",~i mission on ac~ivitics iln- 1949 hns !wd such :i piofounJ.

II
dulhcs, ul1lch !.ha
~· ...Jr" n1ccliatcly prior to lhc effectouthctJnit~d~lnlcsnntl
Mies.
\ ..- assnssinntion in\•olvin!:! Its allies ns the defeat or U;e
"".t.1,..!:1ic..l is s}:eer 11/f.' . Oswald and his travels intO l'.S. trained C\;b.1n lnvasloo
1-.aa-v® :u. far a:i buy· ~·.,;. 11c:dco." brigade al th<~ lJ3y or Pjf.s.

'1
i:!l coe1.... "!1;_·. • "lnslead of standing flnn,
And ~1 2n~ef IU.e ' ~. ,.. Assumed the GovtJrn1ncnt pyrn1~1it!~d
rnoN: th;in ;:z~,;..;~ - cru<'i.1lly wrong- dccisic.ns an1l
.,;.,:~···. ;._ 5\~i;.· Hole of Jark Ruby, on~ of allo·R~d Brir,aJ.~ 250ti to he

,/J..· ~if;:,-, . . 1;..

\¥.i~~!;~i-
I
ti-.~:-._~::"'~· the. many key iigures now
dead. \\ho shol Oswald.
Gon.:alez s.1ys: ' I lhink a
rlesttoyed.
"TJ1e J(cnricJy Adminhlrn~
tion yicld~d Castro all the t-a:·
'
rc.··.
,~;
v~~-~-::-i~~
. I better handle CJn bP. obtained
\..::'.".t'.{·";l,.'
! on Huby and his su!"i:.cquent I
ruse J1c needed lo gain a
lighter grip ... then 1nr1vcJ
·~1. ~~il·'
.._~~t.·:::_:~-
... I dcnll~ ~111.l ,lus antccrdcnt ~ha1n!'facC'dly into. th<.:.
f" ~-$::_:~~;-~... , a.ssoc1ations. ' . ~ha:low.'; and ha11~d the ( uban
•.·f ~~~i::~J:_,(1 / .He co_nlinues: 1 'Thc nlos{ 1 '.s~u~~ .. would :;nu ply 1nel1
1.~~§:·-.,""·~, d1sturb1ng n.spect of th<' ,HV.1\, I .
Wl_·{.jf.:;.~J.~ \\';itC'rga!c happenings i~ th{' , Astoui:.hingly, Hunt writes
.. f~f1~\-~
I'

invol\•.emcnt in ccrtnin ! •1b11~1.t O.:;-;·al~! ~n the forcwartl

, ·;:> ·- ~ :~!.~,,,;i;j;A~~«t"~ .··, '':,:· -;}" ::i:~f, I do111!!s!tc affairs of agcnrirs lo ~'.1\·e l1s 1 h1~ D.1y:
i:' ,;. ·~·~~ ~r-% i ,;F.;l;,/!· ···' ;,....,~ ...;~~:;... which had <llway~ ~c·n as~un1- 'Sul!, :.ind l~'l this uot he
.,..:i- ·: ~, :\... .~~~'1:.·· . ,.... ~ . ::r,:..r~~~: · I c<l were not so 11\\'olrcd li'il.c forgolt{'n. ~.ec ll;ir\:cy Oswakt
.t '- ·~·-.-: '· :.. ::·'.'. ~ . .~ ;a}.{~?}{. . ·.~-~ . the C.l.A. and lhe F.n I.
t!
wns a p:irtis_an of f'idcl. Castro
·~· - ~ ~*"l~\f~t "There is a totnt \'oid of nnU nn adnuttcd ~iarx:1sl ~vl~o
·· l
,. · · ::;',,-<·,'
·. . . . .
::A.'tr'
' ?:..~..;~.:.;.
1
knowledge surromiding the ex- n1ade dcsper.ttc _elf~rts lo 1u1n
.tel ncli\•ities of figures thJt the H~"'tl.l<e\·.:>lulton 111 H.1\''.1~a.
·.. . · -~.!~~- hare now Ocen projected into In the en{! ~e ~"s an ac-l1v1sl
h • ... ··:;-··c.. '·. '~~ prominence because of f?r _th~. J·:11r l lar for CutJJ
,iifg.;: \\latcrgntc si.;ch as l.uldy, c~:hn11ltec.,
t:-· ~y;._-,, lloward llunt nnil ,lanics Hut tor:( r.1stro nnd tile Bily
}~~-· :i.tt:CorrJ. of Pigs d1s:ls.tcr lhcn~ would
. ·q.,.
:+
iJ1,
.. I fm~I
. .it very
, . .rnlcil'stu~g
. 111iltce'.
have hecn no such 'coin·
Ant! pcrh<ips no
i_ ~ •.••.:e{~ th~t their cnr~crs and their ass;i.;sin nan1{'d Lee Jl;1;\'CY
' . m:;i.~~~~ doi,.ogs at the l1n1c of 1~3 nre Oswald.'' ·
 --- -- ~

1181111
•-"."".~"!"~.-._!"",_-~~~¥~,c~.:".-~~s-"~!~\~~.:--~~:-h~e:.·:::::.in-~··c;ve this~s :1:··~·-fr~,-,,-n-J-i0:_" 0-"·-_-.-C:-;-,,:;-;-:~-·=-.-.i-;-i·i'-t:___VV
guy a chant'c'." As long a~ President II011"l'. ·rht• President ·hi1nsclf :-cnl pro· Th
stays popular, 1nost J)cn1ocr:.ils in Con- EH_.\ lc·Jpgrarns to J11t·nihers of tht· ;\:c.:-
grcss an~ likt•ly to do just thnt-in the
interest ofthl! part)•, the record a11d llH.•ir
U\\'ll prospects for rl'-cli:ction.
--0,.,v101,1 ALPEArl ...l'hHEIJRYW.HUBSAAD.THOMASM.
DoFAAtlK and ELEANOR CLIFT 1o Wr.sh•ng1on
ERA:
Then There Were Three
The drive for pa.ss;1ge of the Equal
Rights An1cndn1ent-stalled for hvo
years-is 011cc again in gear. In January,
Indinna bcc:a1ne the 35lh stat0 to ratify
the a1ncnchncnt, \Vhich \voulcl 011t/a\\'
discrirnin;i!ion by sex, and f\1orth Caroli-
11a's LC'gisl.il11re \\'as thought like!}' to
n1akc it 3() h)- a narT0.,\· 1nargin this \Veek.
Only h\'O 1nore states \\'Otdc.1 the11 l_1(>
needed-and \vi th fourpri1nc<l to vote on
the 1neasurc, Elli\' s sponsors nrc hopt•ful
__
\'ad11 Lt•gi<;J:1t11re (\\'hi<:h vott'd no ~tnv-
\\';l\'), Ho~alyt111 C:<1rlt•r co1111ni1tt·d h;·r
First Ladyship lo lt·!l'phonc lobbying in
Indiana, nnd \\'hitt• Ho11sc aide• .\lark
S iC' ,Ct'! ha" t nnloH lf.'d ll·gisl;it i\'t' IC"ad1·rs
in '-t'Vf·ral other !>tat<_·s.
Affcrlhi" \\(•t·k's \·ot<.• in !'\orth (:aroli-
na. EH:\ h:uJ.l·rs ,,.jJ/ Iii' looi·.ing, to Flor-
ida, ~ti:,_,onri. llliunis and Okl.tho1na for
thi_• final ro1t1fic1tio11s. One still-111l/'L·-
solved cah.-'h is the llHJ\'PllH.•nt in SPveral
sl;ttes trJ re\ erst• prior \'Ott's to ratifv-
a b.t('k stl'Jl nln•ady takc·n hy Id;1ho,
i'\t.•br.1,.kn nnd ~fc_·une~see and nuder
co11<.;idt·ralion hv otlH•rs. "\Ve dnn·t
think it's !<·gal, b;tt it looks h.:HI," :icl111it-;
Sh1·ila c:n_'f11\v,1ld, t•);et·11li'.'e din:etorof
EH.\nJl·riL .1. St ill. if !•,H,\ .. ta\':> on traek in
thL· 1cn1ai11i11g ll'gi.,J,1tureS this yC'ar,
there sec111s little doubt that it \vill ht!
ratified hy tht• ~l;1reh 1879 dt•ndline.
__c_A_il..,_-H_E,,R=: \
I D
e _ong ry \fl/inter !
Kn11sasf.1rnicrGr.irl\'C;ri!'soul\\',t'I
th<· dn!'tt blc>\\' by .~t "jO iniles
311
f;
drifiinH like SJlO\\" und dcstroyin.!
third, Hl:l}'bc half"' of Ji is 2,:?.00 a<.!
\\ inh•r \\'ht•at. CJ rt• gon \Varn<.·d of a1
ous th real of fore~t fires. Utah offi~
;1skt•d 'l.000 llt'\\' borueo\vlli·rs tn Ji
pulling in tlu•ir l.1\\'ll' 1111t1I spring. 14
chargc•d \\';isliington u·ith stealin~l
ntin, and 11ortlicrn Califor11i<1, \\ij
stCJrcs n1n-:;l of the sf;.lte's ,.,.·ai<~r, hickd
\\'ith so11thl'n1 Cal1fon1ia, \vhk·h
11111C'h of it.
1
'fhe n:1tion' s record drought contk
lo hold the \\'(·3trn1 l.!.S. in its thra!i
\\·,·ek, and in its I rain (';llllL' clu\t sk
crop lu ... sL•s, rain dar11·c..;, ,. 11 ,·ironm,
bl iglit-and a hitter 1nt .. ·1· 11 Lc in<• p 11
1
J
of\villcr. lt ruined a hit in (';afif1 1nii.i~
!illO\\'ed n n1casun.• in t},p Hocki
t!nough, in f:n:l, lo lt)osc_· an aval.inc

.i
that it flnally \vii! be \vrittc11 into the U.S
Constitution this year.
One n1ujor n·ason fOr the surge of opti-
- ....
~
__ __
C:olorado .. But che pn:cipi J
'11.1relr 1noi ... tt•nc-J th<· .s<lil,
n1eteorolog1:.~s (•Xpt•eted the
·--
' 'once
..
entcrt.ainC'c.I a plan to I
HUNT'S TALES \\ aste" Pan;1111an 1,111 dictator •
Cinar Torrijos (~:E\\·S,\.EEK, 1 .
June 18. 1973). In tht• 1nl'an·
OF WATIERGATc
H e \vas the spy \Vho c011nc hack fronl
the he:1t. nn<l he did it I ike tl1c anti-
'\''.
~.

hero of one of his O\vn pulp thrill,•rs-
slipping out of a Florida prison before
da\\"n to bent the press an<l hedgehop-
ping north to Boston on three different
planes. "I've paid n1y price for \\'nter-
gnte," said E. Ho\vni-cl Hunt, ug-cd and
c1nbittere<l by nearly 1,000 days bt!-
hind h<trs for his ringleading role in the
burglary that brought do\\'n a Presi-
dent. And OQ\\', free on parole, he
planned to exact n price of his O\\'ll-
trailing n \\•hole star con1pany of his
hrother 'Vatcrgatc al111nni out onto the
J ccture circuit and retailing his inside
version of the scandal at $2,000 to
S5,000 per telling.
I-iis stun-, as pn.:viC\\'Cd in a filrl'-
\\'t• I! .specCh to sonlt! fc!lcnv in1nnlt•s
nnd in ;i eon1in1-?;·out llC\VS conft>ren<.'C
in Boston, \vill be laced \Vith pity f(ir
hiinsclf. anger at his pursuers-and
tales out of sc·hool about fonll<'r L'lll-
ployers ranging frorn the CIA to Rk·h-
ard :--li ....:011. J·{c ;1ttncked Federal J u<lge
John J. ~iric.i ns n ""ieious, 1nercili•ss"
1nan \\•ho dealt hi111 f(']ony tin1t• fornn
offcnst! tli.d .. ,\·onld have gottt•11 n 30-
day suspL•1Hlt·cl sente11ec ... in nny
other c·ourt.'' Jfc_• r;lil<·d :it the (;JA filr
having "got rid t>f nu· lik1• th1•y H'otild
ha\•c a dend nit" c,ncc ht• got <·aught
a11<l i111pris()lll•d, instead of cnginL'l'r-
ing a p\1nlo11 for hirn. 1-fL' s11ggestt•d
that he n1ight ba\'l' hcatl.•11 John l)l'atl
to the ('onfe.ssional if only the original
.
.
~ ..
'
-· .~f
tiine, Hunt 1n:ide no secret of
his disaITection for his e.'(·
boss. "i\rixon S!~t\'{' hi~ bless·
ing to everything that \vent
on," he said, ancJ to the Boston
press he added: "1\~b:on is the
one l 'vou!<l blanlt!. Tfhc had
opened up in the first fe\1'
·r ... :,
.
~-.
\Vceks and snid, 'Look, these
.(~___......._I
gU}'S \Vere v.;orking for n1c,'
}~~}~ - ·-~ none of \\·hat happened
·/ . f' .. ' \V011!d ha\'c happened .. I
·' "'.""";! hold hi111 responsible for the
1
;~
trngt•dy of \\'ater1,!.1lc."
l·lunl \\'Ore that lnt~l'rh on
_....., ... his slcc\'c. He picturPd hi1n-
' .. '1j sc!f HS a n1an \\'ho had !J,.cn
··- ---~-'- L'l'I
trained to t;:ik(' ordl'rs ("A, a
CIA uffict·r, I \\'as 111•\t•r
Spyn1us11~r Hunt: 1'h1.• pity und 1hc profit l'hargC'd {l) dl'.il \\'ith 1111,.·.t!-
it}·") and \vho 11a<l l11·l'll
\Vatergate proo;et 11tnr. Earl Silbl~rt, broken furobt•)'ing onh.·r~ h L; ;1s.~11 · •t·d
haJ beell \\ ill111g lu pl1.'ot-barg;lin for h;1d l'0/11(' f1-on1 his c:o1111n;1nd1 ' in
hi'> storv. "lfSilhl'rt had ll'd n1e \\'ith a
0
Chi(•f. lfc n1ay in fitt't profit no\v ".1111
carrot i n'>IP:td 1>f healing nit' \Vi!h a his rolt• in thl' sc:andal": h(• has s; ·1•cl
sl il-k," H. nut told his prison u1at<.•s, "he 011 \vith the san1e lL·t·turl' burco11 '.at
\\'Otdd hnvf' had th<' liune [An·hibuldJ books John J)ean. Lt•on Ja\\"OrsJ..1. ih
Cox ciuC'S today." \Vood,,·arcl. C:trl Bt•rnsteiu 11111 1 ·1c
'Paranoid': But J f1111t ..;;n·t·cl ;1 spec:inl Fon:.-., ;111d \\·ill 111nkl' his 0\\'11 tlt·l · .1t
sh:ire of hii; n•..;t•1tl11Jt•J1t for ;'\'ixon-a ~lillt•rsvil\c (P:1.) Sl;lll' (:ollt•! :11
1na11 he dt''ilTilH d as a "'para11oid" 1nid->.!arl·h. B11l ln• h;t'> c·o11u: 11. to
Prt•..,itlt•nt r11nni11g a "g,trri<>on" \\'hitc till' \\1irld g:11111l. p1tlll'h)-'-l')('d. .·p
llou~e. lie prouli->t·d 'iOlllt' /'urlht'r i11 dl·ht ;1111{ afOllt'. lfh \\·jfp dit·~: ··;I
"horror ... torit·s" oJH'L' ht• gel.., ont llll pl.1111· er:1"h ;dh·r hi" l!i7.:?. i11dit·f11· :d,
t!u· t.1lk-for-p.1y 1tn1r :111d dn1pp1•d and ;\I hir.; 1:1n•\\'t•llto pri ... 011.1 torlr. :ht
..;nnu• lt'il'>ing hiut..; a" lo \\'li,tt tlu·~ u~ 1 1. !1P ~aid: "I \Vish I coul,! \ .nr
nlicltt Ii<'; 011 "(;oud l>.1\'.'' a Jlostu11 'l'V l;t'<.'11 up tla•n.· \\'ith her."
{;I Ik s ho\\', ht' cou fi rt II' .;I l hat 11 H'l ll be rs -OfN~.!ISA. \'llll_tAP.,•3 y,,1n !
ol tlie \\'hilt' J lou..,t• "pl11111ht·1".;"' h11d MANNlllG 1n °'-'~' .1n

22 1
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF POSSIBLE HUNT/STURGIS

RELATIONSHIP PRIOR TO 1971

ARTIME
(

DIAZ-LANZ

ATTACHMENT H
 ·. - -··· .·..

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·.-.... . ._..__ _,_..._.., ~···~J{'">---... " ~ -.. ~ ~- ,_.; .- .· 'J. ,-
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.. .....
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···/}: •fr.
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...

: ... .·. .'

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._ •' _ ,. .,, _ j"·U•""" ~ • ,., ,,,.,'

.. : ... ··: ·- .... _......
~

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.""i,... ,..._ .
.
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.· _..
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_":" .
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..... .~·. ·- .. __... .:. ..'
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1 . ~~ ----- :...
..._....

..'-.....::~. ,.r .-
··~··~:-...r~:;::4
....'!
' : .':":··=.;<' ~',:~1~:..;--:-.:·· ·'.•:..··~-- ·.1
: _,.... : .· .. ·..:" . ':.. . "! ...
.... . . ... ~. :·:·.: :.
. _. ·.· ; ·I
.. :..?

··· .. • '.: . ... --

," .· . ·:

'• - J~ )·..
, •,
.... ··=··. - .'
-..........
~. - ~
.
. ..~ . .. '-·

...- -
• f r·~· t· f.· r.: t 1r ! 1~· ... : ~! ·•l t t! fl1 1· ! f ' 1 . i ,1 1 < ',~t!1 • r 11 : ~(' .
.. lint cli1I a .,1·1·1111d hit from up fronl 1lri\'1· li i 111 , ·inl1•111ly ha r kwanl ~
lkl in. a \\ar:t ·P .- la! f a l111111111' 111 1\\ !11 ·
n •d in l.! th. · H1w!: .. fi· l l1 ·r 1·111111111 <:-:illu i n ·
cpliry in to ; till' ( :IA. 'a~ ,..; llatl y: " 1h:n ·•·111 •
d o ubt that <hwald kilf ,·d K1·111H'dy. "
WAS THERE A CONSPIRACY?
The Superbullet: Th" \\'a rre n cn111111 is-
s i11n's 01w-rna11 the ory re~kd heavil~· 1,111
tlw l1 nmtlw~ i s that O s wald's first ,, hot
~trnl'k J l'K i11tfH"11ppl'r hal'k, t•xill'd fr11111
h is thrn,1t, tore th rough the11 Texas Gov .
John Co1111afl~ 's tt1rso a nd r igh t \\'ri st .
and liurrownl into hi s ft. ft thigh . Tu hav('
conec d1 •d tha t the f\\' O 111t•11 wen • h it I"·
sPpar:1t1· s ht1ts wo11lcl l1avl' hel'll tom:.
k11owl1 ·di!< ' :l Sc-<·11111! l!llll; 0 :--wafd :1l111t1s t
<·i·rl:1i nh· .. 011ld 11111 11 :1\·1· fiwd hb d1111 1s\
bolt-ad;1111 r i lk th:ct qui<: kl~·· Y1·t tl w
~i n ).!11' l>11llc ·t ..:aid In h :ivc• l':111s1•cl a ll lhi ..:
da111ag1 · \':11111· :l\\ a\· 111 iral't1 lo 11 sfy 111 1·
M·atllt'd. :\ 11d n 11g n i11.L! ...;111d i1·' of th ·
Za prn d1•r fil 111-1110..: t n·n· ntl y hy Ho lwrt
Grodt•n'. 2 !). a :\1•\\' York opt i<'s 1•;q w rl
l'11rn-11th 1.. u ri 11g \\' itl 1 a piratt ·d pri 11t--
s1·1·111 tu ' 1h .. do1d1ll' n: to .~how K1•111H·d ~·
and Co 1111all y ri ·:w t inl! In tltt ·i r wo1111d, . 1
half~s1·t·1111cl tu 0 111· a11cl a half' s1·1·1111d.,
a p:irt. Thl' t•ond 11s i1111 : tlll'y Ill u s l h av!'
111•1·11 hit Ii\' ...;<• par:1t1 • g 11ns.
The Flaws: T h<' 1warly pri.,t11w 1·1111d1 -
tim1 1•f w hal n ilies <'<1 11 S 11p«rl111lll'I j ,
i 11 d1•t ·d I1ard It• '· ~ p (;ii 11 ; t lu · t ·01 Jl nii ss inn 's
d<·li ·11d1 •rs an · rnos t ly n ·d11t't'<l lo a rg 11i11l!
that it cou ld ban• sun.·i\'l'cl intad lw-
i::111se it did . But tlw douht t• rs an • st11<'k
with tht' pt•rpk·x i11~ q111•sti1111 of
w hat did b ct'Ol!l( ' or tl11• IJ11 lh·t
that hit Kt ·nnc tl y if it didn' t
strike C 111 naP,· as Wl' fl. A11d tlw
fi l111 b a l best a; 11'1i i,:1 u >11~ 1lll thl'
!i111i11~\ of' t h l' ir\\ '0 11 11 ds. To ~o mc
vit•w e rs. Conna.11~· s1·c n1 s to go
.;tiff a lmost s im11lt.1m ·<111sly w ith
l\t' 1111t'd\'·s l'irst \'i s i hk n ·adio n .
;md h is ·ri:.d•t h an d lli1• s 11pward
l'l11td1i 11g hi:; Skrsou -n· f11 ·x1·s
lh :;.i mi g ht s upport a sin).(le -
1111111-t tllt'or\'. Co1111ally',..; 1:1a,1or
read io11 In . I 1i:-. won 111 b dot·~
L·t11111• a ha lf :-.1·cot11! o r so latt-r.
1'.'h e n h1· !il').!illS S.11.!.l!illg I i).!lil·
\>.,1; d, spi n s .11al tli,· 11 s l1111 1p~. l'hoto pb ): S1<m1· 1·011, pirn1·y 1lwor i ~ 1 s
lwaY ih- to hb l1·fi . The 1·t m11n i ~­ prof•·~;. tu n· <" o~nizr \\.' :11t·r~ at1• 1 · ~ •11s pin1-
,io11 t·:~l1 ..d tlii " a dc ·la~ t 'l l 11 '. lt·- tor, :-i111ri.:i, :uul Bunt (alul\ •• t ;111 1t111~ lh r
lion . mid s11h sl'q1w11t :-- t11di1 ·~ by 11tr.... 1r·am1" i11 p o li t•1• 1·11 , t o tl ~ 1war 1111·
UCLA pli~ sit-i"t 13.J~. ,l tJll<'S tt-11d ,1·1·111· .. r llu· i.;. ,..,n ... l y :1; :;;1, .. i1w1 i.. 11
A11ril 28, 1975
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l e. l1 ;1tf l'<'-'' 1!,; l' . I~·•'. f1'llt.'.' 1; 11111d ! Ji.ti
<:1.nn.tll' ·.., rc :tt: ti1n1 \\-~ ;, too C'.\ .tt!!.' t · r : tf t · t !
1
1.. ti.. , . ~ plai11t'd 1 1~ 1111' i111 11,,.'. , .. r 11 11·
hnlll't ; fw :-:ug{!c·~t~ that C c11111afh· \•.a,,
n·at'ling ph '"~i,;ln,!!kall\' to h is wm;nd s.
The Fatal Wound : \\ ' it h g 11l-\\'l't'lll'hin g'
t·l:irity, c;wd,· n ·~ 1tl11w11ps of tlu · Za-
pn 1d(·r fi l111 sho\\' JFK's head snap pi11g
li1r ward 1111d1•r the imp<1l'I nf a lt11ll l'I tli :i!
hi<•\\ :I \ \ a,· 0111· ~id 1 · of Iii,. ; sku ll : 1111: 1; , a
s plit -s1·cu;1d lak r. h is hand ;l lld b .. c! y
lun·h l'\ 't •n more , ·iolt·11 t ly 11p. li :11'k ; :iid
lt •ftwal'< I into J;1d.i1.'~ .ll'lll .~ . Tl w
cln11h1<·rs' th1•11n-:. th at l-:1·;i n,•1h- "as hit
hy scp:1rat<' s li• 1ts. 0111· from tfH; r •·.11· ;1;1d
•H it · fron1 tilt' front. a sing!" 11111 vit • t'r;t llll '
(" r " '" •.,.j,.: I1tt "'111h · ,1 .1 ,..; l'l ·t: 11 ti l a:•:111 .
The Flaws: Ti il' tl hn i t ~: ·lf ' Ii""' :111
'\pfo , 11•11 11f li l;.11d . h r;d11 and i1t 11w !'1.1t!-
lll <' t1h ' pray i11\! 11 r.wan l and ·!t11 \\,;rd.
'"~'.'.• ·,t i11g :1 h it fro111 1111· n ·ar :\ "'' 111111
h ul lt'l " t ri ki11g l..:<'111wd~ frn111 •1p t n 111 I
111i .~ lil lia\·1· 111·1•11 <'\Jit·t·lt'd to prrn h 1, ,. :1
t·.,111p.11al1ll' h11 r,1 h.wk\\ ::rd . h11 t """" i~
\' isild .. . l'h ni('iSI l1111t ·" " ~ 1 11 <!11 ' · ll llOI" ·
'"'<'!'. u111<· l;1dcd ll1:1t a d nuhlt · h it \\•H ild
l1an · 1\ ·q11i n •d a ":.!1a11 l .. " 't·1111d i11 ii l..t
wi th h ·n ti 11w,. ; tli,. 111111111·11!0111 t1 ftl11· l'ir-:t
to drin · f Fl\: l>ad. :111d lc·ftv.·ard so li•rt ·t'-
f11l l~" 11 i~ h~· p11tl11 ·s1~: !h,. 11ir1,·1·1111 ·11 t "' '"
a 11«11r1111 111s1 ·1ila 1· rc·:id io n I<> tlw d :11 11ag1·
tn l-:1·111w1h-'s hr:1i 11.
The Mystery Men: T hi· 1·1111spir:11 un. tli , 1..:
h a,·1· f1111g IJl'c ll l.1sdnat.-d h v a fra nu• in a
sn:o nd a 111<1t<• 11 r 111111 s hot Ii~· On·ill1· :\ix :
1."' . r . ~ --·~._·
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•I ·'
• NATIONAL AFFAIRS
' -•·r " ' 1! ... :. 1... 1... .,,._ ..• 1 l : ~11n ·
:111t11t11{ \\ li: ;1 t :.11 !.\ !•t· ,, r i l'ir· <•\t ·rtl a· !t ip
1d \'. i i. d \'1.! d 1J l H· ;~ ... L d i( 1f1 \~.. U~• JU < ~U fiit. •
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;unt , Jll'1td1 · . . \1~d ( , ritdvo . ! n ti t« lir•,t
"Bi11 \ \ :i p .. l !~~di~ i 11: 1. t!:iil~.... ht I t.~'\ tC.iuu{
l '.'. 11 .!: :d l'"' '';if~ J!.n•1· !I ' •i ' ' .c ... '\;h'ilt"i: II !
th • '.l.. ! j• \ IJ< ft •I t'i !! l1, 11111 '. ! . l it · .. t i:!
- ~·11 ; !.' ' : ._ i~>J r tf if1;1t:..d.;
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: <·l.:t \• . h •• \• t'n!.i.'.lrJ1 l J H1 !J" :11 r: . .:. :}: • ·. 11 1
tt ~ · · g1 11i11u ! 1 ' !- ~t;/ \
: u 1: : . ' ;rnde ; irt · tu ( 1
t'\'<• 11 t11 J,.. id1 •n til'i c d Ptl ' lli\ 1·! ·, .;~ l:u ·
:u:1n lwi1i;; ... It'! ,d1111« a -.~ a -., in ,. and a rt ·
a• 1·1. r1: i1;1.! I;. r ( :!.inl• ,; ;i, d11l1 i1 111:-; ,., ,.,.,
a1111m,:.: '"" " '' di 1·l:ard 11 m,piralt>ri:d i., !:;
WAS OSWALD A GOVERNMENT AGE IH?
The FBI-CIA Connection: T ht• t·o n s pir,w,·
litt ·rat11n.: is shot th m 11gl1 \\' ilh SP<'l.' ll! J -
ti o11 th al O s\\'a fd was an 0 1w ral i\'l' o r at
least an inli1rnwr for o n e o r l>oth a 1rt•n-
l'ir ·s. \'. hid1 \\t ·n· tll<' 11 hl·avi ly in\'nfn·cl
i11 t r\' ill.l! In P<'lll' lratv cl1rn 1 t-~ t il' raclilal
~rn!1p•;. T lw ('I:\ lin ks a!'l· l arµvf ~· s 1:ppn-
, jti 1111s, ha\c·d or 1 .;i11rn• ,, t rik ing oddit ies
in ( >s\'::dd's rc·t'o rcl (! lit: 1 · , 1~1· will. w hich
h· · got :i \l a ri111· Corps dischari.:t'. thc·n
d"l;·d1 ·d t 11 l\1 1.:, i:1. tlu· n <·;1111e ho111 1 • or: :i
l!• >\ 1·r11 !1H' 1'1t j ,.; n~ ) a11 d s n 111t• tli r<'ack 1., m·
•1t 'l'!in11 .. "11 !. \ .irin11 ~ ; wt1 pil- :mrl ,·,la!·•·'
tl1 n11~!1 1 In Iii · in t h1· ( :L\'.·. a11il J1t. Tl 11'
FB I .; t"'' 1.:.. 1r.it lw1 1111:n · l 1: 11 i~·: O~\\'a l 1 1
i11 1;11'1 \\',L.; l'. 11'1'~ i 11~ thr · 11a 11 w :ind ph 111 ,, .
1111111l w1 c.f I >ail. is :1).!1• 11! ,lar11.-, I l1" t\' 111
Iii ~ p 11,k1·I 111111-hno k. an d tltt•re Wt•rt•
ri 111 111r..: --- 1Jll\I .. !t\'11 q1111 t1·d a' f:tct- lhat
II!' \\ : 1· 011 11i, . !,.1n ·:1t1 l"'~Tt1i l "' i11f: ,ri 11 .
.n• t 11111 :. lw r ') - 1 ~ \J .lt ~:! lit ) :1 1; ii 111 f h .
Th~ flaws : Tilt' Cl. \ c.i:i 111·,·1i<>11 n ·.
111ai 11" 'P1T 111al i\'I " p1 · 11di 1, ~ hrti1e ·r in-
q11i r)· i ') tla· Hnck1 •fc ·l l1·r \'nm rn i ss i~ ,11 and
tl ~t· two ( :01 1~rt'"'in11:il t't1l111 11it!t:t · ~ it1-
q 11 iri II'.!11111• t l w agt ·1H· ~· · ~ opt•ra tio11 ~. T!w
FBf', I l< 1~ l y i11si:--tvd lie had t't111ladnl
o ., w:dd u11ly a~ a :11at t1·r ,. f r1111 ii 1," , ur-
\ l' i ll.111c·1• 11!'.1 rt't 11n w d •h·lt·dor. :\11d thl'
1 • 111 fH:lli.~!111w11ts al1out h is i11formant ~ta­
lu s a11d hi~ l'·•~Toll 11 11 mlic r appawntly
111•tt , •••••••
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37
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r~ : , ,·.nr~ = ~.;;::: :' ttt~ :-" h:.c-ic,,·.., · rc :"1?! uuc.~ ~-- :- ~: ! (~ Lrc ~
?t :.:; ~- .:; ·: ~ ! i! :r:Jd of ~ :t c ::..·~ =: ~ :n h ~;~ .~ ~ r.::: ~ i-U: n:J

originated in a huax, hatchr.<l in lk- opinion. he was or \•:as n ~t un c n;pi :>.<c·:· L'p p,:ned to be c.ir;:ying the -pa$'.'1X>rt. ·•
ccmbc r 1003 l>v t\vo T· ·xas newsm::n ;::I(~ of an y i ntc !l igcnr.:c agcnc:· nftl1c Un it<;tl The Fh;;o;;e : Suc·:1 rcc:ods r.rc: of!:c;1 c:ui:-
a Dallas assista nt D.:\. who s a sr;l'ded S ::::.tes'. ·· [f the cnim in~ iiH1uiry din ant 1rn lc~sly made ; ~;e one th:tt :;ay;; 0:.-..vald
the bureau of tapping their phones. As much beyond Hoovc1·'s flat d cni:.i.l, it c!id w.1s 5 fcc-t 8, fo r inst:m('C, is ;;ccompai1i(!d
one of the re porters, Alonzo Hudkins, sub~tantially unde rcut the ~ale th:;t Os- b>· a photograph of Oswa!d standing
recounted it, the thrct.' set out to prove wald drew down $200 a month. The agaii:st 3 w:ill grid o n which his he ight is
their s uspicion by staging a cunforcnce commissim1 tnililisheJ ar. exhau sti'.rc 5 fee t 9. fo ar;y case, if the.re '""::::; no Le~
call, referring to Oswald as an infonnant • 100-p:igc ~:-:atmnr of O swald'!' financt?:> l-brvr.•y Oswald, who ts th~ wc rr.an who
and debatin~ what his numbe r wai'- · over his la$t sevente ;:n mon ths, d u.ring for 35 ycar.s h~ 1)e:en c!:' ir:,i ng hl l:c Lee
S-179 ur 172. Sure e nough, said Hudkin<:, v:hich h t: C1arne<l $3,655 and pinched Hal»e y Osw~l<l's moth:·; ?
an agent materialized within a ha lfhuur. cn:ry p e nny cf it; it unco\·crcJ no evi- The Plumber C~ec:l:>n : A r:umber of
<lropped a fow off-the-point questions. dc!lce th:1t auv hidden he11efoctm w as co11 s pi ratori:1 li~~s. nob b h· cmncdian
then asked <:as ually: "Say, have yo u doubling hi!: il;f•omc under the tcble. Dil.·k Gr<?gory, h:tv{l protnotcd t'he theory
hc:ard <i!? )'thin~ ahout a secre t p:ly rr>ll The No-OswrJd lhwory: F or ye ars, Y;tr- thilt W::iter~at<: C<mspirato l's E . Heward
number O swald may have had?" Hud- :ous conspiracy theorists have posited H unt a!ld Frank Sturgis may ha\'e been
kins piayt'<l du mb. and hr.an] 1rnth ing lhe po~ ~ibiHty that them rr.ay h <we be:::n pr.:!~c1;t-;md in fact bricO y dd;!hcd--at
more of the tale until a !'\c w Ynrk news- two o r eveu three OswaJ<ls, on e the real the ass:is~in::t:on seen!"!. Thd :- " evi-
paper printt~d Hoover's d e nial-before article, the othr)r (or others) assigned by d cace" is a p.-css phnto of t~:c Da.il.i!I
the charge h ad ever reach e d p rint. unknown co11sp\rata 1s to p r<'p!lre weeks pnlic~ with three unidc nti.fi!:d "tra:.'llps"
The 'Dirty Rumor': The commission ' s and month:; ;:ihe ad for h is frame-up by in tow; the short<.: st " f the three looks to
critics maintain that, whatever the mer- planting inciimina.ling clues ubout him. i.omc doubters like Hunt., the t :t1'0 sl Hice
its, it did not pursue the agency connec- In the new wave, Pete r D:tle Scott, a Stmgis. The impl:catfon: the ph:.mbcn-
tions hard enough, and instead took the Berkele y meciic\.·:.:list and ns~;assinat:ion to-bc were snmchow ~soe:iatcd \•:ith tlie
FBI and CJ.-', denial s at face value. The ir buff, has u~Mcd an in geniou s new wr b ·· evc~nts that btoody noond~y in 0 :1!1as.
e xhibit A is a Jatt>ly s urfaced trrmscript of Jde: that there may have been iw red The Fir.vt:: Tht: look-alikcs, on clo~e
a dosed-door commission meeting in O:;walcl ..i.t all. One r:rindp:tl ~mm.-e of inspcct icn, <l ~n ·~. The ''Hunt" !lg:1re
January 1 96~. at whic h staff diwctor J. this specula:i(t;) ii' th ct o~ w:t.l d's seems oldertn H:IO~~. when he would have
Lee Rankin ·bcgnn unhappily: "We <le hdght- ..5 feet H:lt !tis d1~!!th-flu:::ta:1!:t::; bee;n 45. thim he d oes now at 56. llnd the
have a d irtv rumor [ubuut Oswald as in various pliysi1·11l-cxnmin:ition r.:;cor<l'i " Scmgh" D O!>pelg3.I!:;cr is <.:ragg;~r an cf ·
informant S-1 79] . . . and it must be {)\IL'T four \'Cl~fS between 5 f,~et Ji ~md 5 fai:-n thw hii: l"<.':t!-1ifo inc:-...-nation.
wiPf.' d out in sofar as it is possib!CJ to dl) so feet 11. S:\ys St'<1tl: "1'm ri;-ally iul'ri~•.cd
hy this commissio n." What fo llows is a that th~ only rt.'a! Hy of L e e Harvey Wh~t the du 11bt~111 hrtvl! conflmwJ,
long, unflattering debate in whkh !he O !;w.:iM is some do.·umcnts, a passpt)rt nft!?r a dozen years' labor. is that Lt·w
commis~lun wobbles indecisivch· be- which was used by d iffer:-m t pf:'opk'. \Van::n i!1qniry was.-~ fhwcd :md u~ erili-
tween o ffe nd.in ~ Hoover b y mo unt ir!g its \\'ho wa~ L e e 1-brvc y (J;;wa.id ? \\'h oe\';::· cal n;0mcnts n timid one. \Vhu.t thc v h:iv.:
own investigation , o r mere ly a t c<:plin g )'e l to p~c;·»ide is :l satisfying a!tt·ro:i'l!vt: t1J
his word--even o n the a<lvke t>f fonnc r t~<~ ufflcia! U1C{'!)' -·;: hn:,othC!sis th:it
CIA dir~ctor Allen Dulles that H oover d nc.r. n nt r;;qu!re wh 0le ~'11.1:id s of a~ s:is­
would proba! ,J}· lit• if it w en• !:O. 'flu~y .r..1i1:; v~in i~hiny; imo l lli!1 afr and wh()lt>
settle d on a "marriage" of the two a11- p;;l.trn:m~ o f h1wm·.:n C\Jrosphin g S!1:.:cc:s!'·
proac:l1es, but t·ritil·s c harge t!wy did folly ov;.~r u tkeade :md mow to nrolt:c!.
precious little inde pe n den t ir:.quiry. ~.hc ,n . T he.· l:tmspira~y thc(1rist;; 1n:\y. :is
The Flaws: The " rnmor" was an i n~11b­ they claim. have rai:;e<l enous;h rcason-
slautial one h1 start with, a~ th e commi s- .:.ble d :>ubt ta WaIT~:r:t rc•t)pcn imt, the e:ese,
sion staff may have sen sed from th e llr~t; ir. c: l.''1mmilkc ofCnn~'Tess or some ot11e r
one of the Tc;xas lawmtm wh o rn poitc d it open ;md independent fcmun. Eut it
to them, in any cv<·nt, w:1s the ;tsshtan t would be pcrllousiy wis hful thinking to
D.A. who had hc! p ~rl make it up. ~ to~ t c::ped !inch :1<'\ iaq a i;y lo iay a ll doubts to ;
accn untc; of the m eeting, 1nor e0\·er, u n- wst-to make order of the diaos ofDa!la:;, j
kindly omit :r ::;ecund t;l·i:t~n cc f~o m Nov. 22, 1:.1&1, or tv proml!lgatc ~orne ·l
Rankin'~ openin:; n-m ;:rks, in \Vhich he final. .symo;c!n '.'cl "truth" ah:>ut the
admonishes the commission th.1t the <.l:.:ath of'_l nhu F . Ke n aed:•. -;/
country \·.-i!J expect it ••to try to find ou t - -Pel f.A Gr::nt.•AN Wi~1 JOltll J LfliOSAY In Vl~Ofl
the facts . .. [so itJ can fairly Saft ·tn onr Suped;uUct: Beith JFK and C uimc..Hy': c: rtd O..:ttiiU re;"': a..,,

38 New11we ek, April 28, 1975


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'!!l Spl•l'ia l pro,;<'rut or Cox: Dlwlin;.! wit Ii Senat or Sam
·l ··
'I
;'.II ~ said. and the papl·rs '''l•n• t1l'\'l'I' stolen.
':j. ~ • That the White House, trying to justify
)~
its o wn misuse of the Flll in the W ater·
gate case, ordered u p a secret report on
,Ii the abuses pcrpt'!ratcd by past l'rcsi-
dl'11 ls. The jub wt·nt to the bureau's
t,'. I:. so111t>ti111e assistant d irl·ctor, \\' illiam Sul-
' ·111
_f' ...
. ; I
fj\·a11, who has since been promoted b}'
'' i his friends in tlic Administra tion lo a high
'i Jmtke Dcp,utmcnt job. ~~1 1li v:ltl consid-
ered the report so sensiti,·e, Dean has
told im·estigators, that lie typcd it himself
rat lwr than ll't l'\'l'll Ids secretary sec it.
The report, l\E\1·sw1::1::K sourc:cs said,
to le! in anecdotal d etail about how Frank-
li11 D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, J ohn F .
h:t'nnedy an<l Lyndon lfohn~on hacl usC'd
en abused the bureau for political pur-
poses-but curiously omitted '.\t r. l\i.xon's
o ld patron, Dwight EisenhO\\'C'r .
• Tha t some low-level White H ouse offi·
cials at one p oi11 t considered assassinat-
:l ing P :mam;i 's head of G overnment.
D L·an's story is tl.:1t thu Administratio n
suspected high Pananwnian C overnmf' nt
t.
o fficials of b eing invuln·<l in the flow of
ht'roin from Latin AnH:rk:1 into the> U .S.,
ancl were also concc>rncd about strong-
111 an Om;tr T orrijos's um·oopt-rati,·e a tti-
lu<l!.! toward renegotiating the Pana ma
1·
'
Canal lrl'aty. Thus, in D c:.m's telli ng,
~u me o fficbls found a Tmrijos hit d oubly
a tt1 a ctin... The contract, I1e ~a i d, went to
E. I loward Hunt· latc•r a ringleader in
llie w uff: rgate break -in; Hunt, accord -
ing to D ean, had his team in Mexico be ·
f, i rt· the miss ion was uliortl'<l. H unt's law-
r er could not be readied for comment.
• That the W h ite H ouse called off a
promi\ing tax prosecution involving G ov.
George \Vallace's broth er Gerald nfter
" 'nllace agreed to r un as a D emocrat-
not a third-p arty candicliltc- in P rcsidcn·
tial 107 2. Federal a gcuts spent two yt-ars
in1·l·s l igating Ct ralJ \ \'all acc, a1 11011g
ol l11 · r~. in tonncction with sornc ilh•gal
22
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ca nipaig11 c.:011!rib11tio11s to the govrn1<>r
Uy l"OllliJ:lllies d oing business With the
slali ·. "'\Vt:! could li.l\'e glJttc>n dozens of
i11d id111en ts," said one im·cstiga tor. Bu t
tlil' ('asc was sh11t clown nftcr a c·hat
lid \\'t•t•n the Presid ent nnd the governor
aboard Air Forl'C One 011 a llight fro m
Birr11i n~h::t m to !'.Iohile in ?-.luy 1971.
D<' an alleged that \\"allace's part o f the
bargain was to hike his c:mdi<l:lcy into
the De mocra tic primaries- a mo\'c that
wo uld bedc,·il thu Democrat s and sew
up tht• \Vall<Ke \'ull' for ~Ir . Nixon. W al-
l:tcl' had all but Sl'ttled o n rn 1111ing in
some D emocratic primaries a11yway;
Ill' lbtl}' denil'd that h e d id so ns part
of a dl'al \\'ith am·boch--ur tha t he had
spuk<>n to ~Ir. f\:(rnn :1t :ill on the 20-
111i11ull• fl ig ht.
'A Uomh;;lwll E,·ery F h-e :'\ linutcs'
'J'Ji,. p ull'11t i:d fur <la mag<' I<> tlie l'rl:si-
clt•111 au,! th ~· l 'rl's icl•.'llC\' if Dl·.111 maL:s
a 1r;wtio11 o f his ~tl;rit•s sl k k is P 11u 1--
( '\ ' l'll
mo11s. I!h problt•rn is that h l' is thus far
ali11l<', pitting his \\'Ord agaim t tlil' Pr<:si-
d .:11t's. H is ga111b],.. is th :il , by telling
hi:; ~ll>ry in pai11,t:iki11f.( dl'l ail and but -
t r<·~sing it w ith duc1mwn ts \\'lwrc he can,
lie will 11 lti11utvk .Ira~ l'or rohora tinu
pil•cem<>al out of ·thP. oth <:'r prin cipab-
t la' l l:ildl' man~ . J·'.lu lid l11 i:11 1s, C ubons a n1l
lcssl"r fry- u11til tl wi r eo111mon d cfc11sc
comes apart. "Suddtml y,'" says a friend,
"yo u're go iug to look u p and fin d that his
\\'hrilr st,1ry has bct•11 matdiccl by souu•
or all the other wit nessPs." D ean has
accnrdingly spent weeks undergrou11<l
p reparing h ims<'lf with cl1ronologiL·s,
111c·111os nncl notes to l1i111s1•lf- nn ns~·l' 111-
hb1:,· his friends now bdi1·ve may Lt:
the: J uornscby b;1ok of thi: 0-"ixon l'rvsi-
d1•111·>" '" i t's goin~ t,) Ii,· a b o111hsl"'ll
c1·c· ry fh·c 111i1111t.:" f 11r 111:iyl ><' tl 1r<·,• <.by>,"
011<' iu timatu s.1ys 11latt1•r.pf-foct ly. "Jt
i, 11 ·1 goi11g to li<· pl1•as:111t.'"
~..._.......;....:...o----';:._---- - - - -.:.--.-
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T ltc answering straktty a11 ;011g Ni.~c:1
loyalists was to pai11t De:m as a palp .1bl:
g11 il t~· m a n willinp; to say auythin ~ t. 1
s;1vc lii111sc>lf- cvt·11 if it nll':llt ~ hrim~i:11:
clo\\'11 ll1,~ l'rt:siJern·v. The Ni.\0t~i.t'• ..
'·
h .11·1: n111 i11to lru1 1b 1t.'la:cp i11c; th::ir 11',\':1
t rr)l)p~ tugL'lh,·1-. Th,· En·in h . .·1 io•.'.> l!.I•'
by last \\'t:<·k t u n h' d int" a 'u11f,:~, i,1;1 .
!'11r campa ign 111idc.llu 111:111 ; 1 1 ~· 1' '""11i ·
11p to ~i 11s-a11d n :1 111 i 11~ 11. 111 1<'~ . Clil
cl•:putr <lin·l'lur, Jc b ~: t11 : :1 t \l:tgr:i,:
had b:irgai11 t·d hh k -; I i1 11•" '' I· •I' !" 11:1
l')'; he ,;·as sai<l tu lH: Jll• i;·"' I ti, t.- '.
tJ1e hJ.1111P rrir tJ.c h 1, .. ;:.~: ]d 111 -.,•]J. ;-
11ol1udy co1 dd he ~ 11rc. I J.-i! ., 1t \\'. h .I
-._ liad1, tlit' l'1t·,id ..11t"s I ·1>: ,i,·.:· · p,·1;-.
l :l\\"Yl'l', J il..{ '\\ ~ i'-< \ ' agn \ .l id tUI Jl .. ~ t; I
l vid,•11ce agai11\l l l :ddc·i:i:!ll :<11d 1· !
0
lidun.1n, an 1v111! o thl'rs. F .i: ! 11.·r Allo r:.
Gt·11t•ra l J uhn \1itd1c·ll '.'.". '.ti.I ' " ·
lil'\"tl tha t suinc liuu\· 1111 ti 11 ...--i:: ··
peels Elu li1:l11n:m-J{ad ~ 1.....1.-,l liin1 ..
..--.....:_
-.--..::
n1~:111 to hl· foll guy~; fri i: 1.. 1, say l:v
broo d ing an<l intcr1ll i ll< ·11 l l ~· depn.:~~(· ·
:ind h is allcgiance tu h is ol<l curnrad ..
was no lo nger cum ic!C'fvd c«•rt..du. J.::,, .
H aldeman and F.l11 lid1111:<n , the ('." ·"
practors of the old p al.1ct· guard. \I 1 , .
ha \'ing a h a rd timc-pn h :1ps d~ngt'l'(11 ;,
ly so-making thei r stmi<:s jih i: with •11 w
another 011 matters of timC', place a1.d
who said what to whom .
Yr t a b:1sic scen:trin d id <'ll1L·rg;c fru 1:.
the lo ng, rambly depo~ i t io11\ of IIakk-
man and Ehrlichman in the D ernoc-r;1ti"
· civil case, given last month and m.1d1•
public last week. Botlt men denkd a n"
foreknow ledge of \\'ate rgatc, tho11gi1
.Haldeman- plainly anticipating Dean\
testimony-said he was "willing to accepi:
the possib:lity" that D ean ha tl mentioned
the preliminary planning sessiom to h ini
E'arl y in 19i2. Ehrlich man, who claims h f"
took over the in-h ouse im1uiry fro m Dean
last ?\larch, said h e le<tmed that Water·
g ate ~p ym aster G. Cord on Liddy p ro-
posed one p olitical c•spionagc plan b ud ~-
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WASffiNG'!'ON.
I have ne\cr been the sort or person
who scP.s an evil con!Oplracy behind
ever~.' death or every controversial per·
i;on.
Not a CIA-capitalist consph'acy. Not
It Soviet KGB-Communist plot. Not
wh ..n John I<'. Kc~'lr.cdy wa~ a ssassina-
!ed. Not when Martin Luther King was
ldlll"<i. Nl'!ther when ·Patrice Lumumi.ia
was murd.:-red In the Congo, nor when
' 'Papa Doc•· Duvalier just sort o!
"passed :n va y" in Haiti.
I have written nary a. column sup·
porting those who - Dcrcam that Lee
ffan ·e" Oswald was oot the sole kill-
er o! · Kennrdy. J have given not a
single speech supporting Jam1:.3 Earl
Ray's claim 1.hat he ls not responsible
for K lng's murder and that he deserves
a new trial.
As one who once sat on the Forty
Committee, which approved delicate
CIA C'peraiions, and who never heard
a word about tl:e CV\ opcratlor.s, and
who never heard a word about the
CIA'!S killing- -.wybody, obviously l'"e
Jwvcr ~Tabbed TV Ume with a claim
that the U.S. was operating a sort of
:\flu-dcr, lnC'. in the Caribbean or a."ly-
piace c>lse.
* * • CoretL'l :King has now admit.led th:it
I bt•lie\·e that you don't accuse peo-
pie-or govc-rnmcnw-or murder unless
you're able to prove It.
Yet, I con!ess that rm shaken b}•
the rash or recent stories alleging that
the CJA handed out contracts to t he
J.la!ia !or the m urder of assorted peo-,
pie, prC'sun il\bly all foreigners. The
WatC'rg ate r evelations have thrown &!1
. . . . . .. ..-
Carl Ro\van
'·\\fc',·e f oHo\-../Cd h1n1 rei'l.Jla.rly ''
to MC'xko where he meets secrcll:1 with ~.
KING'S KILLER a top Sov1et !nte))[gence o!fic1al, but
.
aura o! 5eml-bc:ic',':lbHHy a.ron nd wh'.lt
wc'\·e n1· v~r been able to get a pholo-
g r :i ph of K i fl~'s friend v.·tth the J~tt.':isla.n 4
used to sel'm to he ridiculous da!ms spy," l " ".l.S lnf0t-nted by '4n Fnt cff i· n r
that o. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard cial. l
Hunt (two ex-CIA oneratl \·~s) were !n T oki ot this, John!:'on U!.;kcd ccrtaln ~ ~\
Dallas the d~tY Kennedy wa, ldllC'rl r:vi! r ights leader., to com·lnce K ing :. 1
and were ?1<'.'.lr the s cene or the crlme. ~hat 1! ho. conti nued t o h~ lnflu!!need :l !
I lis ten with an cc•rle tingle when by this so-calleu so~·let spy, he would d
someone reminds me that Alabn.m:i wreek the civil rights m ovem('11t. ~ lug ~
Gov. Wailacc has speculated lhat somc- a i -rcf"•l to d il1:h the allc.;c<l spy, but
one with money, who stocd to benefit a few " cc;;:,; lalcr .Tohns~n. I a nd olh(?r ·r
politicall~· from ending his third-party top. ,governn~ent oCC!cials were? treated tl
campaign, had to be !inancln{:' and dl- to F"BT· stories (maybe valii!, m aybe c
~
recting Arthur :Bremer, the man now not) that K ing was r1ow seeing tho
i:nprlsonrd for almost ldlllnlt' \Vallacc. nlle~cd Communist secretly.
The terrible truth ts that, after \Va· * * *
Yon sit r~membcrlnir th11t many ~o- >- t
tcrgate, few people doubt any story of pie dctt>slcd King for what he was do- ,.
political madm-ss. Ing to brea!< 11p the old Jim Crow or· t··
A top FBI of!ktal conrldcd to me t!cr. Arteor the FBI launchr d Its whis· s· \
-several ·years ago that th!? late J. E d - P<'ring cam paign, many Amc:r!c:-.ns be- e-
gar Hoc:wcr was livid whr n Dr. Kinfi 1; ~\'Cd he was a "commie'' out t o de- !!- f·
was awa.rd t'd the Nobel Peace Prlzl'. stroy t his C'nuntry. Other segments o! l! I
Hoover talked with a !cw aides ahout this societ:: dcs pi:,eu him for thP. hus h :h j
th(' fact that King iiad tri!'d, a..s a teen· thing s he was s3ylng abont U.S. mlll· 1· ~
ager, to commit sutcldr. Eith!?r Hoover, tary lm•oh·emcnt in Indochina.
or one of his minions, decided t.hat the Yott rcml'mber tho~~ things and arc re
"s uicidal tP.ndency" mis-ht be react i- forced to worH.lcr lf King's a .·:s a ssina- it·
vated 1! the FBI sent to King's wife tion wa s merely th n deed or ooe man, · n,
a sWTeptiUotl3 recording ·made of a James Earl Ray, who a cted solely out Jl
paxty in King's sujte in a Was hlr.gcon of his awn hatreds.
hotel. The more one hears these stories ~
ot nefarious s cheme!J and gross abu~es e3 '
SU<'h a tape was rccel\'cd, b ut she I!! by t he dkty tricksters or the totem- ll-
quoted as sayintr that neither she nor g qnr e comr:mnily, the easier tt be- ie-
her late h usband fell that tt was dam- comes to doubt Uiat James Earl Ray ly
aging to them. So ICing did not commit a cted alone, without Instigation, or or
suicide. without h ~lp or pay rrom others.
lieanwhl1c, In 1964, HOO\'l'I' t old Prr.sl- How polsoned the s.tmosph".?rc be- -<!· ~
dent Johnson (who then told cl\'il righ t!! come.5 when normally trus t ing }Jcople •le
leaders like Roy Wil!t!ns of the NAACP fi nd thcmselvrs susp<>cting t he wors t Gt
e.nd Whitney Yo ung of the National where pclit:cal murders are ln vo!;•cd. d.
-- ·
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t un ·..:i th th~ t.::·.!.n.l ol' RJ..BI>! , RO~::~·i~:-~,
I:1 eonn~c t
MANHARlNO c nd F:OSDEtl ir. Ch l c ai;o, :, s s i otan t lJ. S • A-ctcrne y DCt!!, LL
t1ANIO?~ r~a~:.::£ t f.:C. that .;: c::-t 1:!.n individ•. .u1la i.·: i~o :11ad do:-::Z! ".J~sir.. ~ ;:;3
with R.OTlli·lP.N ~n ttic p2..et, ba intervie'J.4.-;C: .

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 FEDERAL BlJRt:AU i) f INVESTIGATION
\
Febr.1ar:1 :.:· ~ , 1962

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interviet;~d at ths office ·.) f Rr~>r..:.4.'l':~ 1-~~ .A~ti-?:D:L" . CfS -:t.UO
._ogrsn~~stio;n of Gu~a .~xilco le .·: ~::.: a ~:r:1 ·Bi~:~s)T.;: 3oul=;n::::ci ~t
-g-
"T 'I? , ,1..•1
24th St,.. ,.,.. ~ t > ....... Uirr-nf ~f\ 1.lQ'"~ r-'R..,
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snd understcnd!l Sp.:;n:i.ah) L'C?.'\."e.:. .~s :Lr.t;..;;r~~=.;.ltcr !::!.nee Dz;.

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VARONA hsa s limit.~d kl:Ol-11.;.; .\?;<.: {l.f :;}_t: ;:;:\~l :!.c;;-~ l .;.·::g:.~.:lgc • .

Dr. V.AROl·'!..t\ aJ:.- i.e e.·1 t:'h. ~.;:: ho.:; :,.::,;,,: i.-:!~~
Street, Coral C.;hle;s , Flc•r i.da . ..

D!'. VARON-<\ p r»-=~~ e c:~ ~j r~o i. ·~_ fa:.1..r:a i: i·~n relating to d:~
possession by l~01"ifl1A~i of n ·1:n:ge. ~-·.-.i:; ~£ t;;.:.:.-an pesos ii':. 1953 or
1959; and he h1:d no ~tr. c:-. .;lE:tlg~ ~f RGI'fi."'.A~ .~v.:::r ;.os sessing .o::-
attempting to di:>;.·c s .~ c.f .any Cti~.;:;G.ian ''.:...:..:!~..., .

··- - - - -· -- ---·- · - - -- --

·.. /23/62 Ni.1roi, f'J!_::r- id.~

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'SN> CEORGE E. n~:\rrs: (:~~-;­ -?/'>'/ ~2
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. ·illd JOH~ P. L~~Tll!JJ~-· -·-·-- -· ·- -· -

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.., ~ency; U and H a con te nt& arc r. o t co l:.u d t:.ot;l:..~tod O:J t:td a y c 1.1" .. ~t:nc ~ .

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 - FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGA, 10N

I Date __A_p_r_1_1_1._o_,_1_9_6_2_ _

(~;;-;;re EARTONE:Was - inter.viewed_ at h1s office,

Room 551, o1'the· ri~r:i:-Ame~r1~an E3.nk Buildir.g, Miami,
Florida. BARTONE ,;ras adv1s.ed "" he need-not" tr.=.ke a state-
ment; any statement he did make could be used in a co~rt
of law against him; he had the right to cons~lt an attorney
be!'ore making a statement and ir. t .he event he d!d not
wish to discuss this matter no ~hreats or p~omises would
be made to him. ·
BARTONE related .he _ordinarily doea not· talk
?,BI p.gents ~nd had _nq_.in t~nti_o~ -- of .. sa_ying . any~hinE;
w1.t~_
about any of his acquaintances which might cause th.em any
·difficulty; however, he- stated .he -was ·-willing t6 . disc u s~
· other matters with the FBI.
BARTONE stated he did not .know where BROWDER
might be· located, but he added if he did know where
BROWDER might be located he would not advise any law
enforcement agency of BROWDER's whereabouts. BARTONE
stated the last time he heard rrom BROUDER was a few
days before -Chris-cmas when ERO\:!DER telephoned .him on
either one or two occasions. At that time BROWDER related
he was somewhere . out West~ possibly San Antonio, Texas,
and he needed money in order to get back to Miami, Florida,
' .
~ince he told BARTONE he was due to appear ir. Court at
Miami in connection with t he case involving BROWDER's
· .I handling of stolen Canadian Bonds.
( .
BARTONE pointed out that BROWDER had sued
him in Federal .Court in Mi ami in connection with money
BARTONE stated he owed BROWDER. BARTONE pointed out,
however, that he only owed BROWDER abou t $5,000.00 and
the suit filed on behalf of BROWDER against 5ARTONE
claimed BARTONE owed BROWDE~ a c onsiderably large r sum of
money. For this reason w:r:en BROWDER t e lepho::.!ed BARTONE,
BARTONE berated BROWDER for filing the suit at: all and
also ·for filing ~~ for ~uch a large amount because BARTONE
e xplained to BROWDER he in~end ed to pay him the $5 ,000 . QO
or so he owed him and the suit was not necessary. BARTONE

- z. :r-
MIAl·~I 57 - 37 56
On _ _4_/_4'-/_6_2__ 0 t Miami, Fl·o r1da Fi le II __M_I_F._'.r_1_I_8_7_-_1-_ 2_?"--.;;...5_2_ __

by _ _S_A_S_F...,..RE
~~ D-....W,....·--.D....,o...,E.,..R.,_,..NE
.,.._,.,..Rr-,~·JR::-=--·__ . _ _ _ _ Oate dic toted __4~;_
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JORN LLElIIB~N ; . Dam
Th ie d oc.,inen t cont aln a n oll har re comme nda tion" nor concl<l•ion o of th11 Fat. lt ts 1he proi;>erty o : 1~ .. Fc L :in.l la lOClned
'l •....,'.T <hJ,,n c y: fl Ond Itea cont en ta· a f e not tO bv d 1a ti'1butod .:JUtaid o yo~t aqar. cy •
 . ......

MM 87-Wf5.6
MM 87-12552
' recalled at the time BROWDER wanted $500.00 from
BARTONE to help him get back to Miami. BARTONE
' recalled he only had $400. 00 at the time. His
recollection is he agreed to wire BROWDER $200.00 and
stated although he could not-ri"ria- the 'w'estern.. Un1on
receipt for tranam1 tting this. money, he felt conf !dent
he would be able to locate it and would be glad to
furnish the date, destination and amount of the Western
Union Money Order. BARTONE's recollection was he sent
the money order from the 105th Street Branch in
Cleveland, Ohio. BARTONE stated BROWDER..' a suit against
BARTONE was subsequently dismissed as he stated he paid
the difference between the money he sent BROWDER 1n this
Western Union Money Order and the $5,000.00 owed BROWDER
to Mrs. I:ILYAN BROWDER. .
BARTONE pointed out he thought it was a very
stupid thing for BROWDER to jumpbc::in this case since he
only h~d a three year sentence to serve. BARTONE stated
he fel t''- c~nf1dent BROWDER was not 1n the United States·,
though he ·again reiterated he did not know where BROWDER
might be located.
BARTONE was asked if BROWDER had any contacts
in Panama or any other Latin American Country. BARTONE's
only reply was that BROWDER might._have gone anywhere since
he speaks Spanish so well and had been in most of the
Latin American Countries.
BARTONE pointed out that BRO~DER seems to
have detailed data on the geography of many of the La tin
American Countri es because on on~ occasion BROWDER was
able to draw ~Q_-~cc urate map of ah area -' in -tq&-- -'·--.......
R.e.publ-Lc.__ of Cf~D.all! ~ ___s_~~~~}.1.~.- c3:DA __Bf!.OY./PEil,__ §3.~~\~mbe~ o_t.;
C~~~~ _~go)~~-~c;_1-k1ng-oL._ilyJ..ng_~ _P~ ~Q-~.1.~___tpe~~D

-2.y ·-
 Dot• M~rch 2, 1962

( PEDRO LUIS DlA.7.. ;L.Af~'l. ,\ 120 S . W. Jlst Avenue, Mia:ni~

celepho~e CA 6-3~4 .2.", fur~ ~shed t:he fcllc;..iir~ s i~fonntion:

DIAZ t.;2s Co~a!'!der i ::i Chief of the r.ebel Jl..ir ~orce

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to ~.lanuar/ l. 19.~j, ;.;J:-.e.r! t:he
Cuba:..

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·, Cu\..a
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\. ~upplies ~~co Cu ~a frc~ the Ucite ct St3te s. .

"
n.!JV., s ti&ted th~ : h~ -~~d. ~'3·r·er ~~ c2.rtl '=·f .:.;;:ye.~:: !!..~~=­
ALFREDO GARC J....~ a.3 bei~ g i~··:o l~i~C: i::: t r..e pu:::-ch.a.:;i.:.'1 g cf g~I:s
---Fo -1
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hear~ of .:a.rfs !:r.~ :""~S 3c t ic~ in~~·olving t:;.e \.::Se, purch:asa o= s.ala
of any ~~!"J adi.::.n. bc~da fo:- a~y au:.::h pur?o.a e, s ri.ci'. :::1~t ;;r.e J~.lly
26 R.evolut:io::-. c.~iy· Mi::,:~·er-...~~t we.s n z7e~ !.r<':;:~. l";ad :!:.:; ~::.y Z.::'.!!~
p~rch.!.seis" :.n··\f'~l:.,:.~ g 13.'. !':'.g e sums cf ~or.; ey ~ u=h !?. 1. ;:noo 000 .00 c::-
more. Y.ost cf !:.:h t: p·...:?.~"'.ha .::. e5 i::ere of ~. :ni~ c. i::· n=:.~::Jre.

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CA§...'!'~0-~<?F _c~!r.'.~u n. L:; !..2 g C1..1b.a .
,.
· · A~ no ! ke e!..·::b~ :- ::2fo:.:-e o::- 2.f !::e-:- L~:1 cio ~;n£~ 11. of
the BATIS'I"A ::-cg:b. ~ c".!..::. J. ~..:U :::.1~~ ?. :-: .r.r:;-:; !:!:::..:::.::- of .::~,~~yc ~ .e ~- an: -=. .:.
ALF RE.CO CARC L.i\ b-2 !.~ .~ .:::-. , o l":~ d .!.:.:; a.:r:.y ~ c .c·!:. ~.-at:: ::: ~=-s ~s .:. ~~d
above .

fact:a.
D!AZ -"·.. - -
S .... . ,::. ~·

. '. It is to be no c e d tr.. a.t: h e h~'.! !! vc. ry g o o d =>pe a king

dnd ·unde r 's t.a~C.i!:) g k~oi;-1 l e c! ge o f t~e E!1g l ieh lz..~ gu a ge .

On 2_/_2_6_;,_/_6_2_ _ _ ct _ _ _ ?_·~_J._.._·"'_._.!.-'''--!?_<_:._c_~_:!.._d_c.._ ____ _ Fi lo :fi. _..:.i.;;:;.~~=~

=-i==---:E:....;~_;:_-.;;.8..:7...:.~
S ::,_____

SA GEOR·GE E. ;JA~:: '!,, .. .JR . : r::.!:~ D •. .J 3.:"1../ Ci 2

by - - - - - -- -- - -- --- -- - -- -- --- - - - cto c. 1cta~~:J - - - -- - -- - - -
~'~
Thie docu r:u1 n1c:onta lr.1 n <t llh<>r rocot:.e>o nd a t1 o n a r. ::>r c o,nc : u a lc.r> ~ o! tb o F' BI . ! t h 1h o prope r: y o! tb <> F'B I and "' l OQr.e;i t;.
your aQ o ncy; Lt a ad 11• con ~e nt • are n ->t t o be d let:lbuted c. u t s ld• yo.:: ;:zqe nc y.

~·•I /
' .
 . ~'·•
---~--~

MM 87-8756

I
B. R. PICHARDO

On September 14, 1959, neighborhood inquiry ~ : as

conducted jn the area of 57 S. W. 11th Stre~t. PIC!-IAPJ)O's
former address, and n~ighb~rq_~~~ re fltat ~d PIC1L.\E.DO had
l~ha L!:J~ighJ?.Q.rhcc~-EE~ ~;~~-til~.DJ.~~-'";) .tl_l ..;~~dly \IJ~:l t to
UJ>JV wi~.Q.1!.is t:1i.(~. end__d ~tm~ter, aud th~y have ooc-s·~en·-or
:---ra from hiili since.
...
j'(
·~:

-~:...."!.,.·•...~~
Ou §,eptem.P.~;:c~J,,~-'O":!J~~~_L~Q_tl)'._~tra.G~ ~:';t
commonly kno~o as ,FZAf?I< '.2J:o::1n:t~Z.O..E..0=.2 ..·.::-l:.• =..6.Qtb Cot:rt, ~, / \ :-.;-
Miami, Florida, e.rl"Viee<ifSA'.uniL\1LLC!i1ci1iwr.;. thaErive \
qr Cs ix c.ays&go·1h~ had__ ._s.::r~~i?R.jz:1~.ICHA ·~nJ..~.;i~d__aG.oi:>:;_~r \
Cuban i:r.al~ ~~svi:J__g th"i:: :'.(;-~~~·~ ~:.~3~~ ;5050 S_._Jl. 8tJ1 \
StreeC:--P!CF_.L\.RDO tJas tK:n_;;.L~B a hltn s lairt, ~"'"'i~)i_:J,.a_par.t \
Bf° the/1)1l'ironn oftf..~;~~;;:;iIL..il:::voluti~ar.;4~r-?or~ i>(F'AR):>
~eCt,I_b..an w;:1a3_a_t._t.i..::9r.. :~ 0::1,it, \,,v1or;:p:~~i..d that: \
P.!_CHARDO~aar~d co_.12.~t.:.u_psc;:~poo_~-=1li~--4B4'1~ .aft:e.I:... \
excllang!ng_a_br~~.u~z~.ti::l3J-t"EC-.Ct:-::. .., "l ci z:o·:::~~- .~u3.y. :i:i a_ g_ray
B53Chayzolet_~5,._t:h_.UC!-l.UD.Q. 2.!QP.lliI t~n S£<;>_!--~~Q_ ROY \
KATON, ouner of th~· Tal:!liemi..Gu::i. Sha~'.Jo ct->-::!_O\l.~~iC:-::.~;- acd \

l
•;

. .. ·' KErON-iiiijifi~_d tha.L.£.lC!!.J\riDO 1-1_, 4 - bee:i .. trying to buy 50-;e~ti-::- ... ·\

' . 7
On September 15, 1959, SA -IOIDl ~. L~~L"iAN checked
the Clerk of Court f ilc on B~m.'DER. ID thiv?f ile was another
~ffidavit by PICHARDO which is list~d verb~tbl belo~:

"BEFORE ME, the und~r~igncd authority, p~rs~r.ally

appeared EFREN RUDOLFO FICH.~O, ~~~o~ bailJg first
duly sworn on oath, deposes and says:

"1. That your aff~ot had a t~lc!phoI?e coover$a-

tion with Edward Browder, Jr. soc::.et~Ei duri::ig the iirst:
week of March, 1959, ~t ~hich tic~ t~~ latt~r advised
your affiaot of the f~ct t~~t he> Lr0\-1-dor~ h.:!d been
charged with receiving atolan hoods; ~t your affiant

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J
 MM 87-8756

... ..... ' ... .

~...
'~ ·

"was in . Cuba and Browder was in Miemi, Florid.a, at

the time of said call; that your affiant tcld Browder
at that ti.me that your aff iant would either appear
in Miami as a tt1itnesa on behalf of Ero-;.;der or give
his deposition for u~e at Browder's trial when that
time ceme.

"2. That your affiant moved on or ebout May 1,

1959, from the place ~hare he was living at th.a time
of said telephone call and had rio furth~r contact
with Bro~der until after the latter's trial in
June, 1959.
"3. That had your affiant kno~n that Drowder
was being tried he would have cade every ~ffort to
appear in Miami to testify in bah.alf of Browder.
"4 •. That it wa sn't until after Brot.Jder's t:rial
. .' :'
. . ......
~

'
. ~
.
in Jun~, 1959, that your affiant learnsd that Browder
.
~
: ~. had attempted to co=tact your affiau~ during the
J . . . ... •, .
latter part of May and the first week in June.
. ~·
•
...: c
. ..
...: · .. .
~ "5 •.· That th~ reason that your affiant could not
.. .... . ;
J ~~: •

· be reached by Bro~der at ttl: time ~as that your

affiant hsd no telepho~a in his residenca, your ~f£iant
was doing ext~nsive travelling on the island of Cuba>
.¥
• .'" I~ .
... : ~,.
persons at his former residence ~ere net advised of the
.
whereabouts of your affiaot, and, g~nera:ll.y, due to the
.,
.· · ··~
. ·.. :~

....~.
'
chaotic and con fus~d conditions in H.s.vana.
<:>1. ~· .• !': 1 • "Isl
..
Efren R. Pichardo
'
'
;

/ ,..........._
··. . ·.. "Sworn t.o_and subscribed before me, (th!~ - ·3rd> day
o(!epte;;ber, 1959~
' .,: I

··;~ .. i: . · ..~~ . ------

... .,
~
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! ... .~ ..,\ .
.... ''Is/ Marv Stan.atinoa
. ·:,
,
~ .
Notary Public
' . ·• 1·:-
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"My commission e.:pires: State of Florida at Large."
•• f - .:.·:

. ·.! . . ·:. ~; ;
\. . .

.. .:, -~.~ ~··~·

. .. . .

. .. ~ :...
 MM &'-8756 -

The file also reflects that after· several hear-

ings on matter the Judge still upheld his stand that
th~
BROWDER should be granted a new trial •
. . ·"'
.... j
..... ::....
~·

~,
'-
On Nove:nber 2 4 , 1959, PICHARDO appear~d -~-~--~]l_e" \
--
FBI Office in Miami accc~panied by Attorney-aTCF..ARD BOOTH•~­
. ; ...."! BOOTH is the attorney for BROWDER. BOOTH ~ni.aineCftO------\
.. ·.' :. SA. JOHN P. LENIHAN th.at he is the attoroey f;r PICHARDO, )
.•
stated that PICE.~ RDO is new residing in Miami, and state d ;
PICHARDO did not tJant to discuss any phase of the BRCYADE~
... .,~ ~,·. ..:. 1
'

case with Agents of the FBI. ---.l

SA LENIHAN d~termined after meeting PICHARDO,

that he is identical with FBI ~41798B.

On Nov~ber 24, 1959, Immigration & Naturalization

Service (IliS) Investigator JOSEPH THURMAlI, advisad that ll~S
had a case on PIGr~.\RDO.. He related that CHAfil>O c~:L..io
through Customs at · Key Uest, Florida o 1:0VQ!:ber 22 1959),
claimed to be an A~ericao citizen and ~as read.mittLd on that
basis. A search of his luggage, howeverp'isclosed . aSE.ban___ _
Ais_f.9_rs_~--~?iform. For th!it reason, the-. ~d an ~~-.Y~~~g~~
~~~-d~;_wat';.._~~ de te~i.qc_i_f PICF.A~O hsd ~a]:ly._~ ~:;:ved_ in
__the Cuban Air Force,....-i"n
which case PICHAP..n·a 1Nould h ave lost b.is
..'.~ c~~t~~_sh~'B--TllDTI-~-stated ?ICHA"°RDd -apparen-tfy wa~~·-·g_?_i~.g -to
' deny having served 1.J.l-..the Cuban Air Force, -~nd _he..cl_~.t!ga~~~>
...' .....
.i. ..
...:
Attorn~·~~S¥RD @TI!'..J='1._Q_l:.de~_hoJ~.d his' status a·s ~ ·-
. r~t __,- -· - .American citiz~n-'
--.
t 'oaturalized - - --· Mr. THIJ1>...~MA.\I stated that a .hear-
ing was set in- tha- Prct:\imo matter for Dece:nber 4, 1959, but
.. .
:: .~?.
. ., ,·:•:. it was likely that this h~aring ~ould be p9stponed by the
.. ~~ . INS to give them core ·opportuP.ity to investigate the matter
···....
further • .

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el. c c t - .1 u a:.3 . 1'

A \\T h a t d oc s th u t ha ve t o d o with me --

Q Yo u lt.id no i n.tc.r e f; ·C. i n p u r::m i n CJ the s e g oal ::.;?

A I wan int e re sted tn Latin Araerica .

Q Wh a t 'L ime was this, th e da t e , appr o x im u. tcly?

A l 9 i! 9 -· :; 0 •

Q S o y o ,1 we r e in La ti n i\ me ri ca n affa ir£> i n Ro 1Qe ?

A No .

Q In th e Off i c e of Po lic y Co - o rdin at ion?

l\ I w ;1 s .i tl \Vu. sl 1i n gt. 0 ~1.

Q b.nd y u 11 r o n l y· •.:: o n ·~·. :~ c t ;;..itt[-> wi t h t !!C~ Offi c e of

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I

AN
AMERICAN
COMPANY
The Tragedy of
United Fruit
by THOMAS P. McCANN

edited by Henry Scammell

C RO\VN PU BLISHERS, INC., NE\ \! YOH K

• · or.
 .I r_

CUATEi'l'IALA I 59
\._.
friends in govern1nent, issuecl a tough aicle-n1Cn1oirc to 1\rbcnz
in which it rensserted the United States position with respect
to private property. That same ultimatum called for the immedi-
.;
ate return of the land to company ownership. Two tropical
'·
expeditions were arranged for the press nlmost within hours of
the expropriation, each including eleven reporters. They in-
cluded representatives of Time-Life, several large metropolitan
dailies, f'·le111siveeh and the \Vire services. f\n avalanche of pub-
licity favoring United Fruit followed the trips. \Ve also dis·
tributerl a confidential Guatemala Newsletter each week to a list
of 250 American journalists reporting on economic and political
f
events. These Newsletters were so successful that we later
broadened them to include Honduras, Costa Hien and Panama
which meant that for about eight years (1953-1960) a great
deal of the news of Central America which appeared in the
l
North American press was supplied, edited and sometimes made
by United Fruit's public relations department in New York.
In the June 20, 1973, issue of the New Republic, journalist
Tad Szulc, an old Latin-American hand, wrote about how ll.S. .•'
corporations have cooperated in various degrees \\'ith the Clt\
and foreign opposition groups to stage revo1utions and coups
d'etat. He then went into the United Fruit-CIA operation in
Guatemala and said, "The company's Boston headquarters, as l
still vividly recall, was at the time an excellent source for news-
men in following almost on an hourly basis the progress of the
• • ll
1nvas1on.
I ;;n't really say whether the company was the prime mover
in what followed, or simply the prime beneficiary. In any event,
the Central Intelligence Agency mounted a secret invasion of
Guatemala, and United Fruit was involved at every level. I was
told that the CIA even shipped down the weapons hy Fruit
Company boats. (In i\ilay of 1954, Tlie New York Ti1Hes re·
ported on another shipment to Guatemala, saying that the arms
inc1ucled 11sub111achine guns 1 hand grenades, automatic pistols,
and forty riOes bearing hammer and sickle 1narkings." It \\1as a
familiar CIA technique-one I was to use later myself.) I was
also told by two of our tropical executives that the man who
had been picked to lead the revolution, Colonel Carlos Castillo

.-'.
 \ t
60
\
\
\
'
..\ AN AMilH!CAN COMPANY
ArmJs, was provided food an} hovsing on Fruit Company
property just across the Guatemalnn border in Honduras and
that the invading troops were assembled from, on or near the
location of ol!I' Honduran division. Arbenz was overthrown
within a matter of days.
The incident even produced some reasonably believable
atrocity pictures. I don't know where they came [rum, but
someholl' we got hold of some photographs of several bodies-
some had been c;1strated-about to be buried in a mass grave.
The photos got the widest possible circulation and f\rbenz got
all the credit. For all I know, they could just as easily have
been the victims of either side-or of an earthquake. The point
is, they were widely accepted for what they were purported to
be-victin1s of con1n1unisn1.
Armas was not the ClA's or the Fruit Company's first choice;
General Ydigoras Fuentes was. Ydigorns Fuentes wrote in his
book, My \.\far with Co1111111111is111, that "a United Fruit Com-
pany executive and two Git\ agents" came to him for help
during the t\rbenz administration. Ydigoras Fuentes said that
their terms, which he claims to have rejected, were that he
would be the leader of the revolution if he would "favor the
cornpany, crush the unions, and establish a strong~ann govern-
111cnt.11 i\s it turned OUt }' have his turn
cligoras r=uentCS \V35 to
1
at: the presidency anyway-JS Castillo Armas' successor. lt is
likely that one of the two CIA agents to approach Ydigorns
Fuentes was E. Howard Hunt, Jr., later to achieve fame for his
role in \Vatergate and the Ellsberg psychiatrist caper. Hunt's
own attorney identified him as "one of the principal figures in
the overthrow of the Guatemalan government."
Further light on Hunt's actii•ities in Guatemala was shed by
Douglas Hallett, a young man who worked on Charles Colson's
staff in the Nixon White I-louse from June, 1971, to September,
1972, and who shared an office with Hunt. 'Writing in The
i\'ew York Tilllcs ,\/agazin<! of October 20, 1974, Hallett said:
Although he kept his door locked, and locked it behind
him \\'hen he \\"US in hb oilier, l thought I-loward was
a nice enough. if so111L'\\'har foppish, sort, until one
day 11 hen he toU me about his great regret in life.
f
\\'hen he was a C.I t\. f gent prc>iding O\ '" the 195-l
·.~
overthrow uf President 1\rbcnz of Guatemala, he Jud
hdd a group of prisoners on the aiNrip jLht os he i
\\'US about to leave the country. I le decitkd to shn\\' \
mercy and freed them. f\ few \'cars later, he learned \
that one of the prisoners he 'had let go \\'US Che
Guevara, the Cuban re1•olmionary: he said that had
been enough to convince hitn lll'\'{'f to allo\\' hiin'.'lell'
to become cotnpassionate again.
What was the real result of all this effort?
For Guatemala, the new regime of Colonel Castillo t\rmas
\\'<1S no in1proven1cnt O\'Cr the deposed ac.l1nini~tration of Jacob
/\rbenz. lt \Vas illegal to begin \Vith; it \\'as \Veak; it \Vasn't very
smart; and it lent itself to the same l<inds of manipulation and
corruption that had made Guatemala such fertile soil for banana
imperialism at the turn o[ the century. Colonel Annas himself
\vas assassinalcd \Vithin a couple of years, and even today-t\VO
decades since U1iited Fruit Company and the Central Intelli-
gence Agency conspired to make• this hemisphere "safe" for
their peculiar version of dc;111ocracy-Guaten1ala rcrnains one of
the most unstable governments in Central America, as well as
one oF the IllOSt dangerous countries to live in OJ" to visit.
For the United Fruit Company, the part it played in this effort
10 divert t:hc COUrse of history \VHS to prove rar 1110fC costly than
anything envisioned by Arbenz. Tn the first three years follow-
ing the Castillo Annas revolution-invasion which the com-
pany supported, United Fruit took Tommy the Cork's advice
and turned back more than two hundred thousand acres of its
Guatemalan holdings, some for distribution to local fonners, and
all for no recompense whatever. Even at that, For11111e could say
of United Fruit in 1959 that" in Guatemala, Costa Rica and
J-londuras, it is still the largest single private landowner, largest
single business, and largest corporate employer." That same issue
of Fort1111e noted that the United Fruit Company Board of
Directors now included "General Eisc·nholl'ds old cnnuadt··in-
arms, General \\'alter Bedell Smith." Furt1111c f.iikcl to mid that
(~L'Ill'ral S1nith, the 1nan \\'ho had hcen l~i:-.L·nlio\\'L'r's eo111111a1ul·
'··{ng officc'r at the outbreak of \Vorl<l \\'.1r II, had more recently
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f,>2- Jj'jI
AN Ai\IEnICAN COMPANY

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/ sl'rwd under Eisenhower as Director of the Central Intelligence

I : \gcncy. The appointmt:nt of Bedell Smith anticipated by more
! th;w a dec.H.le IlT's election to its board of ex-CI/\ Director
~ kCorn.: in rl1e midst of a similar Latin-American adventure.
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foor the go\·crnnH!nt of the United States, the company's and
! the country's complicity in the Guatemalan :iffair was soon to
.. i pro,·c an cmbarrassml'nt. In order to focus attention elsewhere,
~,
I
• :md to cloud the surface appearance of the administration's true
I \ and close relationship wiLh United Fruit, the Department of
L Justice, just a few weeks after the overthrow of the Arbcnz
government, initiated an action against the company for alleged
violations of the an titrust laws. ( Topic 3 in Ed Whitman's
memo: the antitrust suit which Torn Corcoran allegedly felt
could have been nipped in th~ bud for "a few thousand dollars." )
It was meant as <i public slap on the wrist but it would lead to
1 consequences which fe..,v, if any, of the participants wanted or
~
even suspected at the time.
j'
I Eddie Bernays moved quickly into the strategy of the new
battle. A series of "strange coincidence" editorials began to appear
in newspapers throughout the country, all questioning why the
same government that had received so m uch help in fighting
the "Red J'vlenace" in Guatemala would suddenly act against its
patriotic friend, United Fruit. The year 1954 was near the peak
of the McCarthy era, and it was easy to sell the nation the idea
that communist infiltration in Washington was so \.\..jdespread,
particularly in the Department of Justice, that the antitrust suit
was a way for the Kremlin to strike back. \ Ve did e\'crything we
could to encourage the impression, including the production of
a film entitled, \Vl1y tlw I<re111li11 Hates B111u111as.
Twenty ye;1rs I::iter, as a <lirect result of the company's involve-
ment in the overthrow of the government of Jacob Arbcnz,
U nitcd Fruit's se ve nty-year tenure in the Republic of Guate-
mala would finaily come to an end.
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POWER ON
THE RIGHT
william w. turner

1{amparts 'Press
berkeley, california

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a
ho!d tight idc:o logicgJ l':unto l over A!~P n.:!:~nit'> an~ o t hers
n- • i
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w1tn ovc:·.appP1g jt . \
:i .ieg 1 a 1 ,~<:!'.'.J.
)C
i'\rnung the latter ;;va~;. W. (~ U) B:.i..ni .::t.~ r nf ~,!c v\' t >r?..:ans,
1f, who h·1d bi.:c11 i~ " J' ·rg·'· uf rJ1 •· Ci-:; ...,(!!, r: p 1 .., i'fiL'" ! .rf.-,p·
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11. ret iring in 1955 t () become dcpt! tj' sur·•~l'i Pt•~fl.!.i..:111: o f !'Olicc
<•.t for Ne w Ork-i:Jli~. Upun k::tvi.ng ~l:·~ (.lol ;c.;.:, D~u+i·. ,. ur•C\ H'd .;
d. pri1•:Hr.: inve~tig<:. ti 1,·1; ag,:1 .cy , (;1,1y B;Jni.m ·r A ~;·•o ;;ia i c•., 1.1\', ;·11:
53 1 Lafayc\tc P.(;·L(:c. Th e offil.'.c d oul~kd .i :, ~t 1-...: n·\; ~·-:; 1t •,T tn:-
•.ll
right·wing poli ri o~I .H..:t ivir.:<..::~. n :.i 11i~:tt:1 p u bli ~·:'.1 ;.:d ii 11: 1::c::;:
1.ou h•i.1;:a I J1tc!lif!J'1h·e {)z~;,~s!. ,v h icii dc pic..: i:.!d ir: ~·:·p!·;1 ~ 1 <m r. :,
pa1·t of the Corn •1·1 !1r;1~t cc•w.pir• • ·-~'- .111d .. o tk ct.:d --~ li;:r w:.:n~
reputed to be the !:irgcs'I' fli..:~ of ''ir.:Hi-cornmrnli::;i. i ~rcHi­
gt:m:t: in ':h{· SUH'. l h t;! tro n; th· i'iL~, wt·n· r,·~u br1~· de.-
livered rn the l<1"·:1l F Hi o ffi~:c .
\Vhc-:i1 he "t.1el°c 1~ted " fr:n n the J\\ 11rn tt:1111.:n ii1 19(!~ , j \~~·ry
Brooks, who po:;ses'.;e:; ;i phc1togr:rph ic ;nr.: rnor y, recited on
·a
t~1p1! th..: i: ,m\~'5, ·.!dd rcs:s:.:s, ;~nd b;·~·: r· ch ar~c te ri:-:! t io ns of a
long list 0f per!;<H1s ht: said werL' n :cj.,..1be:-$. f;1c!udcd \':er<: Gay
at
Banister ;Jnd c1n1:- of hi~~ iqvcstjgarors, ~ -l!i[~h f··. \~/aJ·<l ( f)cPugh
htcei· .::un fom.:d w 1lit~ th.!1. d ie:· p.::.ir \'ICrr;; J , H; ml;~: \·:·:) . Ur;.i,Jk~
a tj(~... c·1'1
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calkd th.: i\nti ..Coin.!Tnrni~.t Lc;1gl1·~ ,.., t 't l1·.:: C:Cl'ibbc-a n, wlw.:h
it w as involved in L;.ti n A rncrirnn mtngt1t: fk i;.: :. rr:ed Nev.· O r·
·he !c:ms :.i.aorm :y Mnur i': ·:: !5roob Gri.tli;·, ~ir . .:.:; br.:lo; •ging rn ~lH­
Le:igm:. l cl ed~-:.:d , ;:.r;d d 1 ~r-~ w:.:~ ~. 1i <:h . ,:.• <.ng.: ni:.:Hio1: i 1~
.
= ~ ~.:·
i-k' w Ork.m :. \·,,·il.h {< a:ii;-: ~s ir:-. :1ttc.ri:-:-:,· o:;.r n ·r~o-.·d , a lrhough
t he<·c WilS OL> r;vt.•knc..:'-· it t(Jt) h, in :1: ,· i; 1 l.H;r:;, i~n.:~\Jn L! i)l\ . °d1 r:
name' wa:. ;:r v:!l'!•ll ;or; ,_.n th\.· '\ mi·Cor,1111:! ri: ·,: \1 L1:; ··~'tk 0f
. .'\ rr!cri t.:rt , !)t.:scd in the C~h .i~-"-~~~J 'q 1 Lu!~> nf P" ~· ~: t~ ;dr c. , -. irh
cs- w hich S ~ nn;str r hold ':~)Jlt:.!.ci: w h ile bt":\d:!1; : he: i HI orflet'
)d 1·he1.:. l ,dso ic.:;rnui [h ::i; JcrT}' Brnc.tl;s him:;c !f h'l d ,.._..o ,·kcd
:ile for t1<u;i~:ter :J Prnnd E1 6 ~ . V./h cn i fo1~ li:; io~:;~tl..'d hi1~ 1 . i),rork:-,.
:vc conffrn1,.•d thi~. ~; c ;,;;.Id ir. w:-. ~ :-\ h:·icf c•.T1pl,. 1o;p;r:0..:. ,:or.si:-ri;; g
1k
,mainly ;rf dipp ing awl '.>L• : t iu!f. inco1rn ;:t! :1 1<li.l"·:,;l !.~) .I.~ \\i\: ;; c
irtl.1) dw fi J.c:, and o ver H i rJ··c i:!l l . ·Lti:lin .. ht: th u ughi, 1~ .1.:i

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"'"'""to. J "V"•" " ) • H,IJ Jlll1 1'C ••
the rea l face <>f Frank F inrir. .
,,f the 111 a1 tcr - t ha t he "0111'1 neve r find
him ~clf in a n ew j11h nr a new city. th ;1!
hi ~ true inner need d111\e h im tcm:ird self-
dcfi n i1 io n in terms o f ac tion. a lways ac-
tion- h ad not yet Sl rtr<·k thi.~ rootless
w;i mlerer.
• "Jim l\lcCord. n real dcctronks ex-
pert, we rc:11ly needed h im . lldore be
joined th e team , we trieel Co do elcccronic
.~ur"eillance: it alwa~ s g:n ·e 11.~ trouble.
In the fall of 1971 " e wer e a.~signed to
run a hii.: sweep on T e ddy J..: e nnedy: 'Get
a ll the dirt on him~ · W e h atl the nddr es~cs
uf four i.:irls whu w er e said to h:n •e been
ro111:111dni.: Tedel,\·-one " cut tn Hawaii
"ilh him on a lri11--ancl we worked out
an approach: we called on them one hy
one. suying we were from a O c m ocrntic
r<'.<t•ard1 ori.:a11i:1ation. re~e:ird1ini;: Sena-
tor Kennedy. The w ay ne interviewed
thcst! i.:irls. it b ecame plain in the end we
were no fri ends of Te dd~· ·s. The idea was
to tap their 11hone \\in'~ and listen in
afterw:ml to .<cc "ho they c·:ill cd to report
our l'isit, wh:it th ey said in the first nush
of a nxiety. Well, we pulled off the inter-
views alrii<ht, but we could never find
the ri,i.:ht pair of phone wires to tap: it
was :ill a w:istt'. M cCord wn_~ a hrll of a
sav•·~· j!u~· aboul r lectronics. hut be h ad
trouhle buci?ini.: the DNC i':nt b ecau se
he didn' t k now how. !\kCorcl was too
sec11riQ·-conscious. thnt was wlrnt screwed
us. He 'l\'ns worried that the police and
.~et'11ri1~· units around \\ialeri.:ate would
pick up our lr:ins ml.~sions from the bugs
we planted In the offict' of Larry O'Brien
and Spent'cr Oli ver. To :n ·oid suspicion.
J\kCord inst:1lled thl' l m n s l-powei-ed
tr:msmill<'r hui:.~ he could rig up. The
r esult was lh:1t the tr:insmhsions were
imiudihle to radio unils not .~pedfically
tuned to them. hut theJ were a lmost in-
audihle to our monitor. too. lhe one Al-
fred Ba ldwin w:1s running a aoss the
street in the How:1rd Johnson motel. That
was one reason wh~· 1\frCord came in
with us the nli.:ht we were hu~ed , to turn
up the \•oh1me on the hugs. so to speak."
R y J:inu arr 1 9~3 . Fr:!llk i~ a civilian
aJ!ain. He m oves hack to 1\ fiami. d r iftin g
indifferent! )• through severa l mca nin cles~
iohs. thro ugh a n empty marriage i-o a
lo n g-legged. menn -mouthcd C-uhan nigh1-
d11h t'n te rt :1 in cr. 1!111 thro tJ ,•h his wifo he
c n! crs a new wo rld:· 1hc 1:i a mkstinc m i-
cro~ol'i ety o f C-uhan e x ile~. "\:<)mba ta nts"
:ind "mi lit;1nt s" plotting to overihrow D ic-
tator Fulgem:io Ra tista. For Fran k. mili-
lary life had heen a tlis:ippointmenl, full
of stnilling. pompou ~ :1~sc~. nut here was
a new world o f so litary. volun tar y. almost
tr:mscenden ta lly exis1en tial ac lio n. So
while he h ad noth in,l! :igainst Presid en t
Bat isra. Frank Fiorin i mcll<:d in10 the
C'uh;in und erground as ~ m oo1h l y and ef-
fort l es~ l y :is a m an fulfill ing h is orda ined
d estiny. - a brother; a l ifc~ ty l e in whic h c•1·cr.1·11111·
" D ') ou rcmemhcr whal [Richard]
Helms !the former C:IA l>in~c· l orl testified
about Rol:mdn l\1artine7. [\' ho wa.~ ar-
r cstc:d at Wateri.:ate) to th<• En·in Com-
mittee?" Frank as ~ m e :m;!ril). "He said
Rolando was a sort o f tip~tcr who re-
ported hits a nd lbini.:s ahemt other C uban
76 I TR U E I A UGU ST 197 4
rxues lO inc (.'~. that his pay was s
thing like 100 h11e·ks n month? I.ct. me
tell you so111ethini.:: Holando made Sl 200
a month. nnil if thl' ('omp:m,\' (i.e. the
CIA) paid him 12 tho nsancl. it wo uldn't
ha,·c been cnoui;h. Rolando was ncnr :my
kind of tipster. Wha t he w:1s was a prac-
tico, a CIA boat pilot, \.\ho guided the
clandestine in~ horc runs to Cuba, to Janel
:ii.:cnts or to pkk them up, to bri111.: them
back to K ey West. Tht·re is n o more
dani:erous work. And R o lando h as ten
year~ at ii, more than :m~· one l'ls<'-hc's
made m or e than 200 run~. In i\Jiami.
Rolando is a 1-(oddamn lrcro Inda~ . l11c rc
is not :t Cuban ~hut·., h i11c ho~· nho'cl :1c-
cept a qu~rt er from him : he '.~ ju~t a
i.:iant to th1•111. ,.\ lips ll'r.'·· Fra nk ,1urnk
bis head bitter!~ :11 i\lr. llclms' pcrjnrious
duplidt,\'. "l'hat was a rcall~· fnw blow .
Why clicl llcl111s l'all him that'! What was
he afr:1id of?"
ln 1955 F1a11I.. b<.!~;1 11 ill nrn d a nd.:,tine
night fli~hl < i1110 ("~1ha for fv rm cr Pr.:~ i­
dcnt C:irl l" P110 St1c:i1 1;1,, s nmdirne' d<·-
live ring ra"<"llgc rs (ag,·nh. co11tac1 m en,
underground o rgan izers l. ~omdi m cs eaq:o
(tommy guns. hnnd grenades. plasti<.: ex-
plosives) to be e mployed. in one manner
o r another. aiia i11~1 General Fulgcncio
Bat i,1;1. the hated " f .t1 lh l'lla" who had
become the dictato r o f Cuba h y military
coup.
r>un C. ar io~ Pri<.), who'c Florida rcal -
e~tate h old ings had m a de him one of t he
worl <l"S weal!h ie't m en. wanted to rcl!ain
tht! C ohan 11re~idcncy. But in ea rly J9 56
an ob,curc. stu bborn, reckless young
country la wyt!r named Fide l Ca ~tro. ju~t
out o f jai l in Hava 11a fur plotting againq
the Rali<ta cli ctato nhip. hcg:rn nr,ca n izinf:
a guerr illa in va~i<m o f C uha. h d cl worked
tirclc,,lr in 1\1 iam i and :'\fcx ico lo re c ru it
a team of me n who'c only ·sh ared qual i-
ficat io n wa ~ a stone-cold wi llin !! n c s~ t u
die . And allhllugh Fidd (";i-1ro- had no
money to s p<' nd. no co nncc!ion~ . no prom-
i'e o f lu ~ h re ward < af1cr " I:. victoria"-
o nl y the au~tcrit y o f tow! commitment 10
a ctio n-Frank took leave o f Prc , idc nt
P rio and jllined the t hn:adh:1re CaMro
movemen t. '"You 'cc. P rk1 i ~ a pol itician."
Frank on..:c: c~plai n c d It> m e . " Wha t he
docs is four-tif1hs talk . one-fifth .iction.
Fide l and h i~ !! LIY~ were :ill action. They
needed a re lia ble pilot in 1he worst w:iy,
and so I .~ tart e <l lo fe rry in ' 111 ff fo r th<'m .
Batisra·s sccn:t police eaugh r me nnce.
on the w:iy ou t fro m the nwn nl:iins. They
11ave me a good be;i tini;. Ox-gut whips.
But l wasn' t carrying anything and 1 man-
aged to not say muc h. D:11i~ 1 :i ju, 1 ordered
me de ported . and tha t wa' a lright- I wa.~
o n m y way !O M iami an}1 how. to r ic k up
t he nex t p laneload of ammo."
It seemed at fir, t 1hat in Cub;i i1 \\'US
all there for Frank, 1hat he had fin ally
found w h at he had so deeply and un-
consc io u ~ I \' huncered for : a co111 nn111 it1•
o f men wlio ~cc.;-ptcd h im a s a leader ;m~i
who m:itterc tl ~ h :i re d Fru nl..'s need w !ind
an identit y i:i action. nut poli1ics intcr-
vcncd - C'om11111n ist' ahnopll)' appeare d
all o ver the p lace. n:ccivctl in~tanl olli-
cers' commi" ion\ and hci.:an indoctrinat-
ing t he rebe l 1roop,-and -iu't ;,~ ahrn ptly
the Castro team ~p lit u p. F r:.ink s plit when
the air fon:c comma ntlcr -in -ch i<·f. Pedro
.1z I .a nz. :inu t her darcdc"i l i::uc rJ
rilla pilot . rebelkil a\!ai n" Cn1111n u ni'~
m il ita ry in,tnic1or' ta ~ i11,i: " "'' r the :oir
fon.:c 1r:oi n i111! co11 1\C,, In Scp1c11 1bcr 1 9~ '' ·
Prank and n"iat. tk w tn M iami. annou owc d
the ir h real.. "ith the "C;10,tro-Commu ni, 1
clic.p1c" a nd h.:i::1111c defectors. It w~1s an
act th a t led <li rcctl r w the ll;o}' o f Pigs
fi a~Cll.
" The Uay nf l'iu~ l1 e~·. th<'rc w :i.s o n e
"weet mes,_ I m t l ll oward Hunt that~ car ; .
h e wn' tht politirnl ollicer of Ille exile
hricadc. llern:rrcl llarkt' r w:o~ l111nt's ril!ht ·
hnnd m:rn. hi< c.·onfirh'nti:rl l-krk- hi'
hoeh' sen ant. r e:i ll ~: th:1t'< ho-.. I m et
U:irkcr. I wi'h I h ad n t'nr m et the dumh·
head. You lmow. B.1r k<·r t r~ ll~ (' \' C r~ h o cl)'
to c:1JI him ·,\111..lw.' Thal'o, -.1ppo,cd to h e
his nickname. A man who i., 11wd111 i.s sup-
po.\ed to he.• MJlllt l;iuel of "irilc hard- \
dwri.:•·r . C"all i11g Ba rker ':\f:u:h o' i ~ like
callini:: Uhe rat'e 'Sl11i.:ct·r .' When ht' is
aronncl Hunt. or :nn hc.el\' that's O\'Cf him,
llarkcr ;, like a \'al ~t. S~n·i.fc-~011 know
'l\lial I m ean? 'Sit h r r .·, 'Ir. Hunt . the s1111
won't hothcr ,·on.' II'.~ eli ~g 11 \tin c. 'Yt's\ir.
?\fr. Hunt. let . me r efr esh your drink. sir.'
Enough to m:ike you puke. And Barkrr
is the bil!gest Scrooi:e you ever saw. Hunt
l!h·es him $500, sa)·ini.: ' Round up sonic
men, we h:n ·c :i joh to d o.' So Rarbr
comu downfO\•n an d h e S:l)'S to me: 'l.t't's
han lunch. T nt'l·el some people for 'Ir.
Hunt.' And yo11 knO\\' \\ ht·re "<' end up
hRvlni: lunch? In the t•h eape~t hmnburi:c
joint in '.\liami . ll:irk<'r kept tellin:: me
•f.at four nf thcst hurcers if ~· ou like
F.at fi,·e. They're nor •·c~· hie.' You hr
they aren'l-the) n1st 15 cents apiece.•
Thouch Fr.1 nl. lt,:o lhed Rcrn:o ro n :1rke r
he liked- H ow a rd Hunt. Frank a nd Hun
understood c :1d1 othe r. There wa' ,1 d:i~
µap bet ween them . im mu t11 hl}' woven i
t he \\'a rr and wunf o f thei r li ve': H 1111
helo n_!!ed to the Jtic kc y Club; F r:ink t<
hi~ wife', d11m: h -f>a ,<' 111ent ~oc i;ol ~ccnc·.
ll 11 t they had :i d cq,cr h11nd: !i;11h were
--l-1 11 111 a ~ cxccuti' c. Fr:ink as ··field m :i n"
---'" opcr:tl<.)r~."
Oprr:ot<' r~ :ire rhll n e~o.:s~:tri l y nil'c. wcll-
re!!:mlctl pcork t'\'cn :1 mon f! their own
k in.I ;\ft er rlw Il a\ , ,f P ie~. lh<' in-rector
general of the C l ·\ . l. \'m:in n. Kirkp:it -
ril'k. in\'e,t iC?a tcd 1he d~h: 1 c l e :i nd decided
o perator' we re reo,p,111~ihle fo r it. Opera-
tors were 1101 ju,t the :• "t'nt~ :on.I 1h e l'<>n-
1ro l oOiccr' \\'ho r.1n tlw irw:1.;1<'n pro jc1:t
:1nd r:1n ii inll> l hc J: l'<)ll!HI : opcr:llPr' were
lhe men wh<l would nm pla y hy F~l:ih­
lishmcnt rules. m<'n "ho. a~ Kirkpat ri..-1: -
hil!erly noted. "..:ho'c Ill o pera te out.;idc
th e organi1at ion a l ' t nt~t ure of hoth the
\ IA a nd 1h e intdliµ cm:c sy~t <'111." Shame
on J..:irkpatri«k fo r '.:cmin g ~u rpr i,cd .
After a l l. h e ~ h nu l d h:i ve bL.'en we ll
aware of the f:11.:t th .11 c1pc r:o1ors :ire not
timid h ur.·aucr;r!\. t h .:"\' a rc not 1r immcrs.
lrad i 1i ona l i~ t ~. e 'I iinal(lrs. c li mher~. Op-
era tors a rc s1rcss - ,..: ek<' r~ :ind r i, k-l:o ker'.
horn lo ga rn lile for lifr-:ond -de:oth \ l:lkc,,
Th u" in 1hc sum m er nf 1970 when H unt
1:amc tu :'\ l ia m i :111d 1old Fr.ink Fi,,rini
1hey \\ero.: µoin!! I•' " "1irJ.. for the \\'tri te
H ou,<':· Fr:r nl; ·"J..-.1 fr.,,. que~ti•"''· H :mt
\\'a\ \all.i n): ahm l .. _-t ion. :md r r:onk
ncct kd 11c1io11 th•· " ,1\ , Ji ipwrccl.t·d m.:n
need frc ,.,h wa tcr.
t10 pag '~ ao 1