Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
FULL-SCALE (FS)
( )
SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, dB or dBFS)
The ratio of the RMS value of the measured output signal (peak or full
scale) to the RMS sum of all other spectral components excluding the first
6 harmonics and DC.
UNIPOLAR SINGLE-ENDED
0V
VIN
FS
Analog Input/Output Configurations
TPUT
Temperature sensor,
sensor etc.
etc Consider ADC common-mode requirements
q Vcm = ((Vp
p + Vn)) / 2.
IDEAL remains within ±0.5 LSB error band of final value THD (–dB)
( dB) = 20 × log 2ND HAR/20))2 +
(√((10((–2ND (10((–3RD
3RD HAR/20))2 +
+… (10((–6TH
6TH HAR/20))2 ) Consider differential common-mode requirements
FS
TAL
OG
SLEWING
UE
AMPLITU
VALU
DIGIT
LOW DC
Signal amplitude Defined as maximum rate of change of voltage or current at output fs The ratio of the RMS value of the peak signal amplitude (or full-scale) to INPUT
VIN−
0, DC FREQUENCY
the RMS value of the amplitude of the peak spurious spectral component. 0V
TIME TIME
Phase, etc. Specified as V/sec or A/sec depending on DAC output stage 2
CLOCK / DATA The peak spurious component may or may not be a harmonic.
ADC SAMPLED AND DAC RECONSTRUCTED
QUANTIZED WAVEFORM WAVEFORM Digital information differs from real-world information in two important FEEDTHROUGH
Typically measured for full-scale step size with 10% to 90% error band
respects…it is sampled, and it is quantized. Both of these restrict how
much h iinformation
f ti digital
a di it l signal
i l can contain.
t i CLOCK TO Glitch impulse energy
OUTPUT DELAY
C
Caused db
by unequall propagation
ti d
delays
l within
ithi DAC
CODE =
ZEROSCALE
CODE =
ZEROSCALE
CODE =
MIDSCALE
CODE =
MIDSCALE
CODE =
MIDSCALE + 1
Often measured for midscale LSB transition (011..111 to 100..000) What Resolution Do I Need? Dynamic Range vs. Signal-to-Noise Ratio Requirements
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
TIME
Measured as “area” of glitch impulse with units p/nV-s or p/nA-s
MPLITUDE (dB)
AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE
Good INL is required for open-loop systems and many closed-loop systems.
FUNDAMENTAL
DESIRED SIGNAL IMAGES
DAC output signals are attenuated by sin(π f/fdac)/(π f/fdac) envelope DYNAMIC
ideal ADC will have an RMS QUANTIZATION NOISE LEVEL
74dB
DNL SIGNAL g
The dotted regions indicate where the dynamic
y range
g can be limited by
y signals
g RANGE
ANALOG
G
AM
100
4/8
ACTUAL Created by DAC’s static and dynamic nonlinearities Oversampling relaxes the requirements of the analog antialiasing filter as SIGNAL CHAIN Effective Number of Bits 107dB
ITUDE (dB)
QUANTIZATION
Additive noise/spurs beyond the effects of quantization DAC CLOCK FEEDTHROUGH Sigma delta converters are a good example.
Sigma-delta example 78 = 10log10(FS/2) = NOISE FLOOR (PER Hz) 2
UNCERTAINTY
Duplicate of the desired signal (and its DAC induced harmonics) at
plitude (dB)
2/8 2nd AND 3rd Example: 10-bit ADC with an FSR = 4 V p-p has an LSB = 3.9 mV p-p or 4/2BITS.
140
NON-MONOTONIC
1/8
A DAC is monotonic if its output increases or remains the same for an increment HARMONICS higher Nyquist zones Outputs of DACs need filtering also, and these are called “anti-imaging” Therefore, 4 V / 3.9 mV = 1024 codes. This can also be expressed in dB or 20 × log
152dB
Amp
AMPL
160
in the digital code, i.e., DNL > –1 LSB (a key requirement in a control system). DESIRED SIGNAL filters. They serve essentially the same purpose as the antialiasing filter (1024) = 60 dB.
2nd AND 3rd IMAGE HARMONICS Images are predicted by sampling theory fs fs Kfs
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Conversely, a DAC is nonmonotonic if the output decreases for an increment Kfs ahead of an ADC.
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 in the digital code.
code SFDR 2 2
An ADC has no missing codes if the input voltage is swept over the entire input NSD (dBm/Hz) STOPBAND ATTENUATION = DR STOPBAND ATTENUATION = DR
DIGITAL
DIGITAL INPUT Measured with single-tone output in first Nyquist band (unit is dBc)
range and all output code combinations appear at the converter output. A DNL TRANSITION BAND: fa to fs – fa TRANSITION BAND: fa to Kfs – fa
error of > –0.99 LSB guarantees that the converter will have no missing codes. Difference between single-tone
g amplitude
p to the next highest
g spurious
p
CORNER FREQUENCY: fa CORNER FREQUENCY: fa
tone
FDAC/2 FDAC
Noise Spectral Density (NSD) Quantization: Converter Circuits
FREQUENCY
Frequency
Integration
g of the noise floor in a small frequency
q y band (unit
( is The Size of a Least Significant Bit (LSB)
Converter Errors (Unipolar) dBm/Hz or nV/rtHz)
fa IMAGE
DAC Gain Error is a measure of the span error of the DAC. It is the deviation RMS JITTER TOTAL JITTER = t j (RMS) The total amount of jitter is dependent on
ZERO-CODE
ERROR
in slope of the actual DAC transfer characteristic from the ideal.
NYQUIST ZONE 1 120 10-bit 1024 2/9.77 mV 977 0.098 –60
(BASEBAND) Undersampled analog signal fa sampled @ Fs has images 0.125 ps
the effective aperture jitter within the 12-bit 4096 0.49/2.44 mV 244 0.024 –72
POSITIVE
Gain Error
Ga o is
s usua
usually
yeexpressed
p essed as a pe
percentage
ce tage o
of tthe
e full-scale
u sca e range.
a ge
((aliases)
li ) att | ± KFs ± fa|, 0.5,
| K=0 5 11, 1 5…
1.5 110
0.25 ps SNR = 20log 10
1 converter, as well as the external jitter 14-bit 16,384 122/610 µV 61 0.0061 –84 ADC Amplifier Coupled Circuit
DAC CODE OFFSET
DAC CODE Full-Scale Error is a measure of the output error when full-scale code FREQUENCY 2 π ft j generated by the sampling clock circuit. 16-bit 65,536 30.5/153 µV 15 0.0015 –96
(0xFFFF) is loaded into the DAC register. Ideally, the output should be VREF
0
NYQUIST ZONE 2 0.5Fs A signal with a maximum frequency fa must be sampled at a rate 100 0.5 ps 16 BITS AMP-AVDD
AVDD DRVDD
1 ps These terms are root sum squared to determine 18-bit 262,144 7.6/38 µV 4 0.0004 –108
− 1 LSB. (Full-Scale Error = Offset Error + Gain Error) Fs > 2fa or information about the signal will be lost because of 205Ω
SNR IN dB
B
90 2 ps 14 BITS
the total amount of jitter applied to the signal 20-bit 1,048,576 1.9/9.54 µV 1 0.0001 –120 24Ω 0.1µF 33Ω
aliasing.
aliasing
VIN+
ENOB
BUFFERED OR
Full-Scale Error is typically expressed as a percentage of the full-scale range. chain. 200Ω UNBUFFERED ADC
dV 22-bit 4,194,304 0.47/2.38 µV 0.24 0.000024 –132 ANALOG
80 INPUT +VS
Deadband Errors, DACs with integrated output amplifiers will have 62Ω 10kΩ 10kΩ
GAIN AND
OFFSET
performance degradation, deadbands, at codes outside of the linear region Aliasing occurs whenever Fs < 2fa. 12 BITS TOTAL JITTER = 24-bit 16,777,216 119/596 nV* 0.06 0.000006 –144 VOCM
G = UNITY REQUIRED FOR
UNBUFFERED ADC
2p R C
DEADBAND CODES
70
0.1µF 10kΩ 200Ω
ERROR
Fs NYQUIST ZONE 3 (ADC APERTURE JITTER) + (SAMPLING CLOCK JITTER)
2 2 –VS 10kΩ ADC INTERNAL
of the output amplifier.
amplifier *600 nV is the Johnson Noise in a 10 kHz BW of a 2.2 kΩ resistor @ 25°C.
The concept g is widely
p of aliasing y used in communications
33Ω
S
INPUT Z
27Ω
AMPLIFIER 10 BITS VIN–
The number of deadband codes depends on the DAC output voltage span, the Remember: 10 bits and 10 V FS yields an LSB of 10 mV, 1000 ppm, or 0.1%. 24Ω
OUTPUT
FULL-SCALE FOOTROOM
headroom and footroom of the amplifier, and the power supply rails used. applications such as direct IF-to-digital conversion. 60 ERROR
0.1µF
0 1 F
VCM
VOLTAGE
ERROR
ZERO-CODE
fa VOLTAGE In this example, if a 12-bit ENOB, 74 dB SNR (All other values may be calculated by powers of 2.) 205Ω
ACTUAL NEGATIVE
OFFSET
ERROR
ADC
C Definitions
e to s A signal that has frequency components between fa and fb must 50 is desired for the design with an analog 0.1µF
IDEAL
be sampled at a rate Fs > 2 (fb – fa) in order to prevent alias input frequency of 100 MHz
MHz, then the total
ADC Offset Error is the deviation of the first code transition, for example NYQUIST ZONE 4 1.5Fs 40 jitter required must be 0.5 ps or less.
(000…000) to (000…001) from the ideal (AGND + 1 LSB). Offset error is components from overlapping the signal frequencies.
NEGATIVE typically expressed in LSBs. 30
OFFSET
DAC CODE
ADC Gain Error is the deviation of the last code transition, for example
1 10 100 1000 ENCODE
(111…110) to (111…111) from the ideal (VREF – 1 LSB) after the offset error is 2Fs
adjusted out. Gain error for an ADC does not include the reference error FULL-SCALE ANALOG INPUT FREQUENCY IN MHz dt
and is typically expressed in LSBs.
Your Global Source for RF, Wireless & Energy Technologies l www.richardsonrfpd.com l 800.737.6937 l 630.208.2700
©2011 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.