CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. SENSOR

Sensor or transducers is defined as a device that receives energy from one system
and transmit it to another, like physical variable into signal variable. Broadly defined,
the sensor is a device which capable of being actuated by energizing input from one
or more transmission media and in turn generating a related signals to one or more
transmission systems. It provides a usable output in response to specified input
measured, which may be physical or mechanical quantity, property, or conditions.
The energy transmitted by these systems may be electrical, mechanical or acoustical.
The nature of electrical output from the transducers depends on the basic principle
involved in the design. The output may be analogue, digital or frequency modulated
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Selecting A Sensor
The sensor has to be physically compatible with its intended applications. There have
eights specification that should be considered while selecting a sensor;

1) Operating range: Chosen to maintain range requirements and good resolution.

2) Sensitivity: Chosen to allow sufficient output.
3) Frequency response and resonant frequency: Flat over the entire desired
range.
4) Environment compatibility: Temperature range, corrosive fluids, pressure,
shocks, interaction, size and mounting restrictions.
5) Minimum sensitivity: To expected stimulus, other than measured
6) Accuracy: Repeatability and calibration errors as well as errors expected due
to sensitivity to other stimuli.
7) Usage and ruggedness: Ruggedness, both of mechanical and electrical
intensities versus size and weight.
8) Electrical parameters: Length and type of cable required, signal to noise ratio
when combined with amplifiers, and frequency response limitations.

For this project, infrared sensor has been chosen. Basically infrared sensor
has two part, light emitter and light detector. The infrared emitters and detectors can
be easily used to sense the absence or presence of object by simply "looking" at them
from the top.

From many type of infrared sensor, GP2D120 has been chosen. This sensor
has special lenses which gave a shorter detection range. It takes a continuous
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distance reading and reports the distance as an analog voltage with a distance range
of 4cm to 30cm. GP2D120 has 3-wire with power, ground and output voltage.
A pulse of infrared light is emitted by the emitter. This light travels out in the
field of view and either hits an object or just keeps on going. In the case of no
object, the light is never reflected and the reading shows no object.

2.2 FAN AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM

Fan is a device to move air or gas. Old English fann referred to a basket or a
shovel for a winnowing. It was a loan from Latin vannus, with the same meaning ,
derived from ventus ' wind' or a related wood. In the sense of 'device of moving air'
the word is attested in 1390; the hand-held first version recorded in 1955

From the history, the earliest fan was founded around 3200 B.C in Egypt.
During these time, electric fan have not invented yet. The fan that exist that time was
made of tied up together of a bird feather and was put on top of long wood paddle. It
was called ' screen fahs' or ' fixed leaf fans'. Figure 2.1 shows the electric fan that is
used by people nowadays.
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Figure 2.1: Electric Fan

This project is controlling fan speed using temperature sensor which is Remote Diode
Temperature Sensor (RTDS). In this project LM88 has been used which one of the
type of RTDS. It has 3 digital comparators and 3 open-drain output which are (O_SPO,
O_SPI, O_CRIT). The digital comparator can be programmed independently to make
a greater than a less than comparison. The hysteresis of each comparator is internally
set 10°C

The three output of the LM88 are connected to the resistor which will be
formed a crude 2-bit DAC. Output from DAC is fed to PNP emitter follower which
will be controlling the voltage on the negative pin of the fan. The range of the voltage
os from 1.25V to 5.7 V. The maximum speed of the fan will be dependent on the
minimum of its output voltage. It is dependent on the drain to source on resistance of
the output.

All of the LM88's output will be deactivated, when the temperature of the diode
is less then the SPO, SPI, and T_CRIT, the output voltage will be set approximately to
5.7V which will be the slowest speed of the fan. The first intermediate fan speed will
only be set when only O_SPO is activated. The second intermediate speed of the fan
will be set both O_SPO and O_SPI are activated. The fourth and the maximum speed
will be set when all three output O_CRIT,O_SPO, O_SPI are activated. The complete
circuit for this project can be referred in figure below.
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Figure 2.2 Low Cost Remote Diode Speed Control

Figure 2.3 Temperature Response Diagram

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Figure 2.4 Fan Voltage Temperature Response

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2.3 TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF A LIGHT BULB

The purpose of this activity with the light bulb is to demonstrate how to control
switched systems. The light bulb's temperature is increased by turning the light bulb
on and the light bulb's temperature is decreased by turning the light bulb off (up to
environmental limits). The light bulb is a binary system with only two states, on or off.
The light bulb is either connected to the AC source or it is not; its intensity cannot be
modulated. In this experiment, we observe the resulting "chattering" behaviour of the
light bulb and investigate alternative methodologies for reducing the frequency of this
chatter, or smoothing the chatter, through the use of dead bands,

In order to implement our temperature control system, we technically don't

need a model of our plant (the light bulb). We can simply employ logic that turns the
light bulb on when the measured temperature is lower than desired and turns the light
bulb off when the temperature is higher than desired. We, however, would like to be
able to explain the resulting behaviour of our control system (and perhaps even attempt
to design the control algorithm in a more intelligent manner). Therefore, we will
generate a model for the thermal behaviour of the light bulb based on its observed
response. This is sometimes referred to as a black box model or a data-driven model.
After we have generated such a model, we will attempt to explain what we have
observed based on our understanding of the underlying physics.

In this experiment our plant is a standard incandescent light bulb where we will
(ultimately) attempt to control the light bulb's temperature. We have chosen a 25 W
bulb in order to keep the maximum temperature within the limits of the temperature
sensor we have chosen. You can also employ other types of bulbs (LED, CFL, etc.).
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For our temperature sensor, we will employ the TMP36 (though many others
can be employed). This sensor measures temperature in Celsius, is quite inexpensive
(a couple of dollars), has adequate range, reasonable accuracy, and doesn't need to be
calibrated. This sensor is also commonly included in many Arduino starter kits that are
in the market place. The temperature sensor can be attached to the surface of the light
bulb employing thermally conductive epoxy, or with adhesive metal tape. The TMP36
is connected to the Arduino Board as shown below. Specifically, if the sensor is
oriented such that the pins are pointed downward and the flat side of the sensor is
facing you, then the leftmost pin is the power (must be between 2.7 V and 5.5 V), the
middle pin is the signal, and the rightmost pin is ground. Power and ground for the
TMP36 are supplied from the Arduino board and the signal, which is a voltage that is
linearly proportional to temperature, is read on one of the board's Analog Inputs.

The light bulb is turned on and off employing a digital output from the Arduino
board via a solid-state relay. The solid-state relay is basically an electrical switch that
can connect/disconnect a (possibly high-power) device to an AC source with a low-
power DC signal. In our case, the AC source comes from a standard wall outlet and
the DC signal is supplied by a Digital Output from our Arduino board. Therefore, our
solid-state relay needs to be able to handle 120-240 V on the AC side (in North
America need 120 V) and the DC side must be able to be controlled with a 5 V signal.
Since our load (the light bulb) is resistive (not inductive) and doesn't require much
current, we don't have to be very particular about the solid-state relay we employ. We
are in particular employing a simple "hockey-puck" style relay. In order to control the
light bulb, we need to insert the relay into the circuit.
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Figure 2.5 Lightbulb Relay Circuit

In this experiment, we will employ Simulink to command the relay, to read the
data from the temperature sensor, and to plot the data in real time. In particular, we
will employ the IO package from the MathWorks.

The Simulink model where you may need to change the COM port in the IO
Setup block to match location where your Arduino board is connected. This model
reads the temperature data via an Analog Read on channel A0. This data is then
converted from counts to degrees Celsius. The raw temperature data is expressed in
numbers of bits. The Arduino Board employs a 10-bit analogue-to-digital converter.
This means (for the default) an Analog Input channel reads a voltage between 0 and 5
V and slices that range into pieces. Therefore, an output of 0 corresponds
to 0 V and an output of 1023 corresponds to 5 V. Since the maximum output voltage
from the TMP36 is 1.75 V, you can get better resolution by employing the on-board
3.3 V source for AREF instead of using the default 5 V. The data in bits is then
converted to millivolts (assuming the default 5 V reference) before being converted to
temperature in degrees Celsius. This last conversion is based on information given in
the datasheet for the TMP36. The model then displays the stored data on a scope and
a display and is written to the MATLAB workspace for further analysis.
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This model commands the relay to be open (1) or closed (0) (corresponding to the light
bulb on and off, respectively) via a Digital Write on channel 9. For starters, we will
employ a step input such that the light bulb is initially off and is turned on once. The
Arduino Analog Read block, Digital Write block, IO Setup block, and Real-Time
Pacer block are all part of the IO package. The remaining blocks are part of standard
Simulink libraries, specifically, they can be found under the Math, Sinks, and Sources
libraries.

Figure 2.6 Analog Read Block

Double-clicking on the Analog Read block, we can change the "Sample time."
The fastest that the system can be sampled, while allowing real-time communication
and plotting with Simulink, is about once every 0.01 seconds. If you try to sample too
quickly, the Simulink model will run slower than real-time, that is, it won't be able to
sample at the rate specified. Since the thermal dynamics of the light bulb are relatively
slow, a sample time of 0.1 is more than sufficient. We will set the sample time within
the Digital Write block to the same value.
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Once the Simulink model has been created, it can then be run to collect a set of data
like that shown below. Specifically, the light bulb is initially at ambient temperature
when the model is started. At time t = 50 seconds the light bulb is turned on (via the
step input) and it is allowed to heat up. We wait 50 seconds before turning the light
bulb on in order to gather sufficient data for estimating the ambient temperature (initial
light bulb temperature). Make sure to run the model for a sufficient amount of the time
for the light bulb temperature to reach steady state.

Figure 2.7 Lightbulb Temperature Step Response Data

ON/OFF Control

Now that we have some intuition about the behaviour of our plant and a model, we can
attempt some strategies for its control. Specifically, we will attempt to control the
temperature of the light bulb. The first approach to control that we will attempt is a
simple ON/OFF controller that turns the light bulb on when the measured temperature
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is less than the desired temperature (error > 0) and turns the light bulb off when the
measured temperature is greater than the desired temperature (error < 0). Below shows
our modified Simulink model with the logic of our ON/OFF controller implemented
using a Switch block with a reference temperature of 75 degrees Celsius.

Figure 2.8 ON/OFF circuit

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2.4 SUMMARY

Based on the literature review, temperature sensor is suitable for this project.
There are many types of sensor such light sensor, motion sensor, temperature sensor,
sound sensor and many more. There are also have 8 steps specification that should be
considered while selecting a sensor as were stated in the literature review.

In order to make this project, the automated fan using temperature system is
the most closes to this project. It use temperature sensor and microcontroller to
controlled the fan. This project use the ATMEL microcontroller because it is cheap
and easy to find.

Besides, the temperature control of a lightbulb also suitable because it use

temperature sensor for a lightbulb and using the Simulink programme to run the
system.