CHAPTER 5: Traffic Safety

ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: An Overview

 1.2 million person are killed annually in road

accidents worldwide
 20 to 50 million person injured annually in road
accident worldwide

 Developing countries 20 – 200 deaths per 10,000

motor vehicles

 Developed countries 2 – 5 deaths per 10,000

motor vehicles
 Cost of accidents in developing countries is 1% - 2%
of the Gross National Product
Source : World Bank
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: An Overview

ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: An Overview

Source : WHO,2004
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: Introduction

 A road accident is “ a rare, random, multi-

factor event always preceded by a situation
in which one or more road users have failed
to cope with their enviroment, resulting in a
collision on the public highway which should
be recorded by the police”

 Accident are rare because

they do not occur very
often to an individual
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: Introduction

 Accidents are random because they tend to occur
at a variety of relatively unpredictable locations.

 Accidents are multi-factor events because they

can be viewed as sequential chain of events.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: Introduction

Physical pain and

disfigurement
feeling of sorrow
and grief to loved
Physical disabilities
ones

ROAD ACCIDENTS: HOW

THEY AFFECT US
Congestion, travel time
Financial delay on road and
problems inefficiency of logistic
services
Governments will have to
bear the costs of accidents
Transport Policy on Safety

To reduce the loss of life, injuries

and damage to property resulting
from transport accidents. To
provide a more secure environment
for travel.
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accident: Introduction

Road Accidents

HUMAN FACTORS include:

 Perceptual Error
- driver or pedestrian looks but fail too see
- distraction or lack of attention
- misjudgement of speed or distance

 Lack of Skill
- inexperience
- lack of jugdement
- wrong action and decision

 Manner of execution
- deficiency in actions (e.g too fast, closed
following etc)
- deficiency in behaviour (e.g reckless,
aggressive, etc)
Road Accidents

 Impairement
- alcohol, drug
- fatigue, illness, emotional stress

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS include:

 Adverse Road Design

- unsuitable layout and intersections design
- poor visibility due to layout

 Adverse Environment
- slippery road
- flooded surface
- lack of maintenance
Road Accidents

 Inadequate Road Furniture or Marking

- insufficient and/or unclear road signs
- poor street lighting

 Unexpected Obstructions
- roadworks
- parking vehicles

VEHICLE FACTORS include:

 lack of regular maintenance
- defective brakes
- tyre blowouts
 Road Accidents

There are some of the driver errors that lead to motor

vehicle accidents:

• Driving faster than the posted speed limits

• Failing to adjust driving for the road and weather conditions
• Turning left from the far right lane in multi-lane traffic
• Tailgating/ closed following behaviour
• Ignoring Stop, Yield, and other traffic signs
• Rushing through yellow and red traffic lights
• Neglecting to signal before turning
 Road Accidents

Cont’d;
• Talking on a mobile phone when driving
• Punishing other drivers for their driving errors (e.g
immediately changing lane)
• Always using high-beam headlights when approaching
oncoming traffic
• Driving when tired or emotionallly upset
• Avoiding routine car maintenance
 Vehicle Registration

19

0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
18000000
20000000
1 98 2
1 98 3
1 98 4
1 98 5
1 98 6
ROAD SAFETY

1 98 7
1 98 8
1 98 9
1 99 0
1 99 1
1 99 2
1 99 3
1 99 4
1 99 5
1 99 6

Year
1 99 7
1 99 8
2 09 9
Malaysian Experience

2 00 0
2 00 1
2 00 2
2 00 3
2 00 4
Road Accidents Statistic:

2 00 5
2 00 6
2 00 7
2 00 8
09
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000

Road Fatalities
ROAD SAFETY

General Road Accident Statistics and Fatality Index in Malaysia

Year Vehicles Road Number of Fatality Index
Registered Length
(Km) Accidents Death Per 10,000 Per 100,000 Per Billion
Vehicles Population VKT

1996 7,686,684 60,734 189,109 6,304 8.20 29.8 40.4

1997 8,550,469 63,382 215,632 6,302 7.37 29.1 36.3
1998 9,141,357 63,382 211,037 5,740 6.28 25.3 30.9
1999 9,929,951 64,981 223,166 5,794 5.83 25.5 28.7
2000 10,589,804 64,981 250,417 6,035 5.70 26.0 28.0
2001 11,302,545 64,981 265,175 5,849 5.17 25.1 25.5
2002 12,068,144 64,981 279,237 5,887 4.88 25.3 24.0
2003 12,868,934 71,814 298,651 6,282 4.88 25.1 24.0
2004 13,801,297 71,814 326,815 6,228 4.51 24.3 22.2
2005 14,816,407 72,400 328,268 6,200 4.18 23.7 20.6
2006 15,790,732 72,400 341,252 6,287 3.98 23.6 19.6
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accidents Statistic:

Malaysian Experience
Total Number Casualties
Number of Registered
of Road
Vehicles Death Serious Minor
Year Accident
2002 12,068,144 279,711 5,891 8,425 35,236
2003 12,819,248 298,653 6,286 9,040 37,415
2004 13,764,837 326,815 6,228 9,218 38,645
2005 14,733,585 328,164 6,200 9,395 31,417
2006 15,790,73 341,252 6,287 9,253 19,885
2007 16,813,943 363,319 6,282 9,273 18,444
2008 17,733,084 373,071 6,527 8,868 16,879
2009 18,933,237 397,330 6,745 8,849 15,823
2010 20,006,953 414,421 6,872 7,781 13,616
2011 21,311,630 449,040 6,877 6,328 12,365

Source : (PDRM,2012)
ROAD SAFETY

Road Accidents Statistic:

Malaysian Experience

In fact,
Average 6,000 Deaths in Malaysia per year
Which, = 20 Jumbo Jet Crashed/year!!!!
ROAD SAFETY

Statistical life of Malaysian Motorists

RM 1.2 million (Nor Ghani et al. 2011)
6,745 fatality x RM 1.2 million

Huge loss in economy = 1.5% GDP in country

ROAD SAFETY

FATALITY MODEL AND SAFETY TARGET

IN MALAYSIA
10

Forecast (9,127)
8 Reduction
30%
6
Kematian
Ribu

Actual Deaths
4
Target
(6,389))
2

.00007.Vehicle. Population.Road .2073 Data Collection

Death = 2289{exp0 } {exp0
System
0 }
1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
Tahun
ROAD SAFETY

1991: 7.2 deaths per 10,000 vehicles

2000: 5.7 deaths per 10,000 vehicles
2002: 4.9 deaths per 10,000 vehicles
2005: 4.5 deaths per 10,000 vehicles

 Government plans to reduce fatality rate

to 4.0 deaths per 10,000 vehicles in 2010
 By the year 2020, reduce to 2.0 deaths
per 10,000 vehicles
ROAD SAFETY
Fatalities Road in Some Countries

200.00 190.00
185.00

180.00

160.00
Fatalities/10,000 vehs

140.00
140.00
120.00
100.00

80.00 4.5 (2005)

60.00 48.00

40.00 32.50

15.20
20.00 9.10 8.40 5.44 5.30 5.17 5.07 4.30 2.81 1.90 1.81 1.80 1.80 1.44
0.00

Fi A
ng aly
on i

G ain
a
a
lic

d
Re a

Z e ny
Be d
Pa na

ize d
k

d
e
Th ia

M m

S
di

si

pa

re lan
ta

Sw ilan
r
an hi

an
or
es
pu

iu
Tu

ew ma
It
rla

U
ay
hi

it
In
ric top

kis

ap

Ja

Br
lg

al
n
C

al

r
Af Eu

e
at
d
In

Si

N
ROAD SAFETY APPROACHES

The “3E” Solution

 Education

 Enforcement

 Engineering
ROAD SAFETY

 Education

• early childhood road training to initial

driver training.
• attitude changing programs
• road safety education in school
• exercises in pedestrian and cyclist safety
• driver training courses
• safety programmes for the eldery
• campaigns (anti-speeding, seatbelt,
helmet, drink driving etc)
ROAD SAFETY

 Enforcement

• Based on Road Transport Act 1987/1999.

• Imposed summons (drank drivers, non-
wearing seatbelt, helmet, speeding etc)
• enforcing speed traps (i.e AES)
• speed limits on all roads
• introduced public service as penalty
ROAD SAFETY

 Engineering

• Technology changes to motor vehicles:

- automatic transmission
- visibility systems
- Anti-breaking systems
- injury attenuation systems, etc.
ROAD SAFETY

 Engineering (cont’d)
• Road and traffic developments:
- Access control
- improved geometric design
- improved lighting and carriageway delineation
- improad road signing
- separation of vurnerable road user
- identify and treatment for a blakspots
- Road Safety Audit (RSA)
ROAD SAFETY

The New “5E” Approches

 Education

 Enforcement

 Engineering

 Environmental

 Assessment