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"DISCLAIMER
The views and conclusions expressed in this
document are those of the author. They are
not intended and should not be thought to
represent official ideas, attitudes, or
policies of any agency of the United States
Government. The author has not had special
access to official information or ideas and
has employed only open-source material
available to any writer on this subject.
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REPORT NUMBER 88-0225
TITLE M- SHOOTDOXN OF KAL 007: ACCIDENT OR CONSPIRACY?
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-ABOU THE AUTHOR
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iv
TABLE OF CONTENT S =....... .- .- I
Preface ...................... iii
About the Author ......................... iV.....
Executive Summary ........... . ............................ vi
Sk) - r---
VH
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A
Part of our College mission is distribution of the
students' problem solving products to DoD
Ssponsors and other interested agencies to
enhance insight into contemporary, defense
related issues. While the College has accepted this
product as meeting academic requirements for
S•r• graduation, the views and opinions expressed or
implied are solely those of the author and should
not be construed as carrying official sanction.
II. Prob em: The first task in this research was to identify
Johnson's logic as well as his con,: lusions.. When this was done,
insight into his wo:,rk from other points of view was ex,:amined by
studying reviews of his bocok. Finally, Johnscon's arguments were
balanced against alternative interpretatio~ns -=-f evidenc=e ais well
as new in for maticon.
vi
0k
"-CONTINUED
vii
CONTINUED
vili
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
On 1 September 1983 at approximately 06:25 local time,
Korean Air Lines (KAL) flight 007 was struck by an air-to-air
missile fired by a Soviet Sukhoi SU-15 fighter in Soviet airspace
above Sakhalin Island. The Korean airline Boeing 747
subsequently crashed into the sea near the southwestern tip of
Sakhalin, taking the lives of all 269 souls on board. It was the
fifth worst air disaster in history (2:1).
1
Chapter Two
SYNOPSIS
Overview
'I 2
6,
Intelligence gatherinq mission (2:243).
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(SCC) in Geneva, not due to meet until sometime in the fall of
1983 (2:73).
Political Perspective
Added to this was the new head of the CIA, William Casey.
Casey came to the Reagan Presidential campaign as its manager at
the suggestion of William Clark (2:86). Casey was a successful
businessman, a self-made millionaire, with experience in the
wartime Office of Strategic Services (OSS) giving him a
background in clandestine operations (2:91). He also had a
reputation for being able to make extremely tough decisions under
pressure, was a risk-taker, and a right-wing hater of the
0 "Eastern WASP Establishment." (2:91) When Casey became Reagan's
appointee as the head of the CIA, he did two things. First, he
tightened security at the Agency making it difficult for even
Congress to know what was happening (2:93). Second, he increased
the number of CIA covert o-erations worldwide to perhaps 12 to
14 (2:94). Clark and Casey, as portrayed by Johnson, were now
0
responsible for the two US organizations most involved in the
events surrounding the last flight of KAL 007.
5
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has other technical flaws the evidence does not support (2:249).
0#
swum=
and William Casey (2:262).
7
Chapter Three
Johnson's-Background
8
Gurj3, New Statesman, and The Listener. His previous books
include African Perspectives, How Long Will South Africa
Suriv.veZ, The Lona March of the French Left,, and The Politics of
Recession." Several reviews repeat this same data; the
conclusions drawn by them from Johnson's biographical information
will be discussed later. Now, what Johnson says of his own
investigation should be addressed.
9
Book Reviews-Other Perspectives
010
James J. Drummey in his review for The New American is, to
say the least, somewhat biased in his critique of Johnson's book.
Phrases like "the Kremlin killers" tend to indicate Mr. Drummey
is not without some prejudice of his own (5:21). Still, he
comments on the political tone of Johnson's book similar to the
review of Windsor's, albeit from a different perspective.
11
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Joel Brinkley, reviewing for the Hew York Times, was not
persuaded by Johnson's logid because of the monumental conspiracy
it requires and the overt political tone. The following quote
sums up his review.
The last review examined extends the thread by seeing the same
problem in Johnson's work, but with a different twist.
N 12
because of Johnson's disinformation (6:18) rather than his
political tone. Fox example, "Johnson asserts that the National
Transportation Safety Board was ordered off the case by the State
Department. I know from my own reporting at the time of the
accident and from rechecking since that (this] is garbage."
(6:18) Treaty requirements dictated, according to Feaver, the
primary responsibility for the investigation rested with the
Soviets or the Koreans, but clearly not with the United States.
Johnson calls Clark's quick departure after the shootdown from
the National Security Advisor position to the relatively quiet
post of secretary of the Interior highly suspicious. Feaver
points out, "Reporters covering the White House at the time know
that the exhausted Clark had been looking for a way out long
before the shootdown and the opportunity presented itself when
former Interior Secretary James Watt put his foot in his mouth
once too often." (6:18) Finally, in using the International
Civil Aviation Organization's report on the accident as it
relates to the possibility of a navigation error due to
misprogramming the inertial navigation system, Johnson limits the
quote. The report actually says that such errors "assumes a
considerable degree of lack of attentiveness on the part of the
entire flight crew but not to a degree unknown in international
civil aviation." (6:s8) Johnson did not include the information
after "flight crew," leaver says of this, "The effort is to make
impossible something that has happened many times, a
misprogrammed computer guiding a carelessly monitored flight.
Just that scenario is the generally accepted explanation among
non-conspirany theorists." (6:18)
13
L4W
Chapter Pour
Anayi
To examine the evidence and how it may explain the fate of
KAL 007, this analysis will accept the arguments made by Johnson
and others that two of the theories are unsupportable. This
paper# therefore, will not address the hypotheses for a fuel-
saving explanation or the Soviet use of electronic Interference.
Instead, it will examine Johnson's argument against the
possibility of a navigation error balanced against the case put
by Murray Sayle that just such an error could well have caused
the tragic sequence of events. Sayle's arguments were documented
in the 26 September 1985 issue of the New York Review of Books,
although it should be noted that his article was not a book
review. The analysis will then consider interpretations of the
evidence by other investigators.
14
puts 007 6.5 miles north of the Bethel VOR when it was observed
on radar to be 12 miles north and too far to the south of
Sakhalin Island to be consistent with the Soviet radar track
(2:245). Sayle's track is closer to the Soviet radar version, or
further north than the ICAO simulation (11:47).
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Sayle, in arguing his case, quotes page 2 of the ICAO
report, whicn states "...with the INS system activated although
not controlling the flight navigation, the crew would have been
provided with regular indications of IWS waypoint passages at or
near the flight plan estimates for such passages and could,
therefore, have been under the impression they were navigating in
the INS mode." (11:57) Sayle also checked with the American Air
Lines Pilots Association (ALPA). Captain John O'Brien, the
Safety Officer for American ALPA and a former Pan American pilot,
explained
16
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"4•. Part of Sayle's reasoning about these events goes back to
the earlier argument of relying solely on the radar data supplied
"by the Soviets. As for the radar information provided by the
Japanese government from their Self Defense Agency, there hai
been much controversey due in large part, according to Sayle, to
the lack of knowledge by the general press about radar (11:57).
To assist Sayle in considering this matter, he was advised by Dr.
Eli Brookner, a consulting scientist to the Raytheon Company on
defense radars. Dr. Brookner considered the Japanese radar data
highly unreliable because of the distances Involved. Wakkanai,
on the north coast of Hokkaido, was the closest station at 160
nautical miles (NM) to the position of KAL 007 at 0312 local time
(11:S7). Dr. Brookner based his opinion in part on the
Radar Handbook edited by Dr. Merrill I. Skolnik of the Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington, which provided estimates of
height error in relation to slant ranges. At 200 NM the expected
error is given as between 4000 and 8000 feet (11:58). The
Wakkanai radar site, at 160 N14, could not have improved the
accuracy enough to determine if flight 007 actually climbed 2000
feet or not, and thus corroborate the Soviet data. As for the
turn over Sakhalin, Sayle goes on to say "We know that when KE007
* appeared on the Japanese radar screen, it was beyond accurate
radar tracking range, as the radar textbook and the Japanese Self
Defense Agency both say." (11:58) Because of the long range
reliability problem of the Japanese radar data, one is left soley
with the Soviot radar track data. Another possibility will be
discussed later.
b.
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individual endorsed the "requirement" to use weather radar in
mapping mode, although since the accident this is probably a
standard precaution (11:55). Sayle does not specifically
account for the other minor criticisms leveled by Johnson, but
one can speculate or turn to other analyses of the incident.
&0_l1_tjrnatIve View
In addition to Sayle's speculation, writer Seymour Hersh has
made an in-depth investigation into the tragedy providing
another point of view. In his book The Taroet Is Destoved he
has addressed many of the same issues Sayle and others have
studied. Hersh concluded that the crew of 007 made a
navigational error in the same innocent manner as Sayle's
hypothesis (1:199-205). However, Hersh believes the error was
made by neglecting to enter all waypoints into the INS during an
inflight reprogramming, resulting in the fatal turn over Sakhalin
(1:225-226). In addition, Hersh made several important
conclusions about the incident based on his research which are
decidedly different from Johnson's. The initial intelligence
that reached the White House was incomplete, yet the Reagan
Administration over-reacted and used the incident for political
advantage because of their mistrust of the Soviets (1:249-250).
When more complete intelligence data and analysis became
available, the Administration did not change its rhetoric, but
"looked the other way" (1:249-250). In this manner Hersh
believes the US Administration made a serious mistake. The
Soyiets also made serious errors in the intercept of 007 (1:239).
Primarily, they failed to positively identify the aircraft before
authorizing the shootdo.in (1:236-237). The incident resulted in
a significant reorganization of their Far East Air Defense Forcn
(1:236). Thus, some of Hersh's conclusions support Sayle's
hypothesis and answer Johnson's criticisms of it.
Other criticisms can be answered by speculation and more of
Hersh's reasonings. Sayle makes no mention of 007's failure to
monitor the emergency frequency of 121.5 MHz, but to guard this
IL channel is considered universally standard in airline and
military aviation. Johnson reports that the Soviets had tried to
contact 107 over this frequency (2:246). Speculating, one can
assume KAL 007 most likely did set up one of its radios to guard
this frequency, but a malfunction occurred preventing 007 from
receiving the Soviet warnings. Even Johnson documents the fact
that during the flight from New York, )071s point of origin, one
of the VHF radios was written up for problems, although it was
reported in good working order in Anchorage (2:4). Concerning
the failure to respond to the Soviet SU-15's tracer fire, one
must rely on the Soviet version of events. The SU-15 pilot,
Major Kasmin, claims he fired tracers "right by his nose." (2:22)
Johnson reports Kasmin was 2000 meters behind 007 when he fired
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and that the tracers maintain their brilliance for almost 3000
meters so that the crew must have been able to see them (2:246).
But Johnson also reports the visibility was poor due to multiple
cloud layers and little moonlight (2:186). Speculating again,
this could have made it harder to see the tracer fire.
Furthermore, just before Major Kasmin fired, KAL 007 requested
and was given authorization by Japanese air traffic control to
climb to 35,000 feet. Hersh claims at the time Kasmin fired, the
aircraft was nose high initiating its climb and the crew's
attention was inside the cockpit flying on instruments (1:284).
This could also explain why the crew had not seen Kasmin's
fighter earlier when he flew nearby to attract their attention
(2:22).
19
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evidence available that casts serious doubt on the possibility of
the intended surveillance mission hypothesis.
20
X1,V
6
Chapter Five
But this paper does not attempt to answer all the questions
that still remain. Did the Soviets believe flight 007 was a
reconnaissance aircraft, an airliner, or just an unidentified
intruder? Did the US have the Information to know what was
happening and thus be able to warn KAL 0077 If so, why didn't
they? Was the initial US response to the incident justified?
These are some of the serious questions that will only be
answered by more research.
21
Can anything be learned from the tragedy? Hopefully there
are lessons that have been learned by both the Soviets and the
US. Both nations need to ensure their mistrust will never again
endanger innocent lives in much a way. At the very least,
this in their obligation to the 269 victims who perished along
with KAL 007.
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.. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Z.
CONTINUED
Unoublished Materials
14. Alvstad, Martin C., Major, USAF. "Red Terror in the Sky:
Soviet Aerial Aggression, 1946-1986." Unpublished
Student Report 87-0095, Air Command and Staft College,
Air University, Maxwell APB, Alabamba, 1987.
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