Bracing Connections Green Book

ADVANCED STEEL COURSE
LATTICED AND BRACED CONNECTIONS
AMANUEL GEBREMESKEL
UNIVERSITY OF WITWATERSRAND
CHAPTER 12:
CONNECTIONS FOR
LATTICE STRUCTURES
AND BRACING
2
Chapter 12: Overview
 12.1 Introduction
 12.2 Typical connections and details
 12.3 Effect of connections on members
 12.4 Nodes in trusses
 12.5 Design of gusseted connections
 12.6 Horizontal bracing
 12.7 Transfer forces
 12.8 Examples
3
Chapter 12.1: Introduction
 What do these have in common?
– Trusses
– Lattice girders and columns
– Lattice towers
– Vertical bracing
– Horizontal bracing
4
 An axially loaded web member attached
to members that act as flanges?
 Different bracing applications utilize
different connection types that can be
broadly classified based on their
– Analysis
– Design
– Detailing
– Fabrication
– Culture (mining, offshore, architectural)
6
Chapter 12.2: Typical connections
and details
and details
 Different bracing applications utilize
different connection types that can be
broadly classified based on their
– Analysis
– Design
– Detailing
– Fabrication
– Culture (mining, offshore, architectural)
8
and details
Bolted light truss connections
and details
Bolted heavy truss
connections
10
and details
Welded light truss
connections
11
and details
Welded heavy truss
connections
12
and details
Vertical bracing
connections
13
and details
Floor bracing
connections
14
and details
Roof bracing
connections
15
Chapter 12.3: Effect of
connections on members
16
 Brace members are typically bolted or
welded to gusset plates or to other
members
 Each type of connection presents
special stresses on the bracing member
17
 Bolted connections
– Members are weakened by bolt holes
(addressed in chapter 3)
– Members are also weakened by
connections that are not in line with their
cross sectional centroids (line of axial
force)
• The effect of this is called shear lag
18
Shear lag for a single angle connected through one leg
Figure 12.3
19
– Design for shear lag based on
• Reduced effective area for axial loads as per
equations 12.1 – 12.5 (SANS 10162‐1)
– Equations provided for angles, H‐sections and other
shapes
• Analyzing the member for combined axial load
and bending (based on eccentricity between
the bolt centerline and the line of axial force)
20
 Welded connections
– Shear lag can occur in welded connections
as well but to a lesser degree because
outstanding leg is also attached to support
– One way to reduce shear lag is to provide
an end weld that is transverse to the line
of force
Figure 12.14
21
– According to clause 12.3.3.3 of SANS10162‐1
shear lag is an issue in angles that have welds
along toe and heel only when L is less than 2w
– See equations 12‐8 – 12.14 for effective areas
when shear lag is a concern
Figure 12.15
22
23
– Book also addresses shear lag in welded
channels and T‐sections
– According to SANS 10162‐1 balancing the
welds about the neutral axis in the figure
below is not necessary unless fatigue is a
concern
Figure 12.17
24
 But how about the plates to which the
members are attached?
– Is there eccentricity on them?
– Should one consider the eccentricity on
them?
– Use SAISC’s four classifications to simplify
the decision
25
 Eccentricity
26
 Eccentricity
27
 Eccentricity
28
 Eccentricity
29
Chapter 12.4: Nodes in trusses
30
Chapter 12.4: Nodes in trusses
 Playing with eccentricities
– Shear and possibly bending have to be
considered when eccentricities cause them
in chord members
Figure 12.18
31
Chapter 12.5: Design of gusseted
connections
32
connections
 The actual distribution of stresses in
gusset plates is very complex
Exceeds yield stress
33
connections
 So why use gussets at all?
 Because they are very easy to fabricate
and erect
34
connections
“It is difficult to believe that there is a
more important or more fundamental
problem in need of further investigation
in the field of structural engineering
than steel gusset plates. They constitute
a formidable problem in stress analysis
capable of further exploitation in the
laboratory…”
R.E. Whitmore, 1952
35
connections
Whitmore’s investigation
36
connections
 The Whitmore section provides an easy
model to estimate the stress distribution
in a gusset plate due to compressive and
tensile stresse (Fig 12.20)
37
connections
 The Whitmore
section for
compression buckling
of the gusset plate
38
connections
 The Whitmore section
for eccentric condition
– Typically ok (above)
– Other wise address
(below)
39
connections
 Misunderstanding the Whitmore
section
40
connections
 Do gusset plates actually fail if under‐
designed ?
41
connections
 So how does one actually analyze the
connection when there are two braces
on one gusset plate ?
Check shear along A‐A
Figure 12.21
Check forces at gusset interface
Figure 12.22
42
connections
 How about a column, beam and brace
attached by a gusset?
Figure 12.24
43
connections
 What is The Uniform Force Method (UFM) ?
– “The UFM is a universally applicable method that can be
used to determine the interface forces for beam‐column‐
brace connections. The resulting forces will satisfy
equilibrium and will be consistent with the boundary
conditions of the plates (there will be no transverse force
applied to a column web). It is also believed that the UFM
will produce the most economical connections in most
cases, since no moments will be applied at the interface
connections.”
44
connections
 Are UFM forces the actual forces in the connection?
– “The forces resulting from the UFM represent one of an
infinite set of force distributions that satisfy equilibrium. It is
unlikely that the forces resulting from the UFM accurately
predict the forces that will exist in service. However, as long
as the limit states are satisfied and sufficient ductility exists,
a design based on the forces resulting from the UFM will be
safe.”
45
connections
 Is there empirical data supporting the use of UFM?
– “Yes. Designs resulting from the UFM have been compared
to full‐scale tests of vertical bracing connections, and there
is good correlation between the two.”
46
connections
 Bill Thornton’s UFM
47
connections
 SAISC’s generalized UFM
48
connections
 SAISC’s generalized UFM
49
connections
 When the connection of the beam to the
column has loads that originate outside the
connection that is being investigated
50
connections
 When the connection is made into the web of
a column and ec = 0, (a)
 When the work point is at the face of the
flange. There is no moment in beam as long
as the line of force is above point E, (b)
Figure 12.26
51
connections
 When the line of force passes through the
intersection of the beam top flange and
column flange the gusset plate is in pure
tension on both faces
Figure 12.27
52
connections
 When the brace is attached to the beam
alone there will be no way to avoid
bending at the gusset plate to beam flange
connection
53
Chapter 12.6: horizontal bracing
54
 Diaphragms in structures are classified as
either rigid or flexible
 At times rigid diaphragms are the
preferred method of lateral load resistance
 One way to achieve rigid diaphragms is by
providing horizontal bracing
55
 Purpose of horizontal bracing
– To provide a mechanism to transfer lateral
forces to vertical bracing
– To reduce floor and roof lateral deflection
from wind, seismic and other lateral loads
– To provide torsional rigidity to the structure
56
 Design process
Possible but unlikely load Fu
Design the
connection for pure
shear and the
boomerang plate for
shear and bending
(a) and Whitmore’s
section (b)
57

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ADVANCED STEEL COURSE

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